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<button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Introduction of Islam and the Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonization_(1862–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonization_(1862–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>French colonization (1862–1977)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonization_(1862–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Djibouti_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djibouti_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Djibouti Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Djibouti_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_military_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_military_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Foreign military presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_military_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Location and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Media and telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Djibouti</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 243 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-243" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">243 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboeti" title="Djiboeti – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djiboeti" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschibuti" title="Dschibuti – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dschibuti" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%85%E1%89%A1%E1%89%B2" title="ጅቡቲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጅቡቲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूटी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जिबूटी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibuti" title="Cibuti – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cibuti" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Џибути – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Џибути" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="جيبوتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيبوتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibuti" title="Chibuti – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chibuti" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB" title="Ճիպութի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճիպութի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibouti" title="Gibouti – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Gibouti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C2%B7iboti" title="Dj·iboti – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Dj·iboti" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibuti" title="Xibuti – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xibuti" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimb%C3%BAti" title="Jimbúti – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jimbúti" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibuti" title="Cibuti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cibuti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جیبوتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیبوتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="জিবুতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিবুতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96" title="Джыбуці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джыбуці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96" title="Джыбуці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джыбуці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूती – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिबूती" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibouti" title="Dibouti – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dibouti" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschibuti" title="Dschibuti – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dschibuti" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཇི་བའོ་ཊི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཇི་བའོ་ཊི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibuti" title="Džibuti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džibuti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yibuti" title="Yibuti – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yibuti" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibutsko" title="Džibutsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džibutsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibhuti" title="Jibhuti – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jibhuti" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibuti" title="Gibuti – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gibuti" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibwti" title="Jibwti – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jibwti" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="دجيبوتي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دجيبوتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschibuti" title="Tschibuti – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Tschibuti" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschibuti" title="Dschibuti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschibuti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%8C%DE%A9" title="ޖިބުތީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖިބުތީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81%C5%82%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD" title="Bilį́į́łání Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bilį́į́łání Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibuti" title="Džibuti – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Džibuti" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जिबुटी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जिबुटी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AF" title="Τζιμπουτί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζιμπουτί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yibuti" title="Yibuti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yibuti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cibutio" title="Ĝibutio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝibutio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yibuti" title="Yibuti – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Yibuti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzibuti" title="Dzibuti – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzibuti" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جیبوتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیبوتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzjib%C3%BBty" title="Dzjibûty – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dzjibûty" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuuti" title="Jibuuti – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Jibuuti" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibuti" title="Cibuti – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Cibuti" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diob%C3%B9taidh" title="Diobùtaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Diobùtaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूती – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जिबूती" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B6%80%ED%8B%B0" title="지부티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지부티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti_(%C6%99asa)" title="Jibuti (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jibuti (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB" title="Ջիբութի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջիբութի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिबूती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAibuti" title="Dźibuti – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dźibuti" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibuti" title="Džibuti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džibuti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="ডিজিবোটি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ডিজিবোটি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJibhuthi" title="IJibhuthi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IJibhuthi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djib%C3%BAt%C3%AD" title="Djibútí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Djibútí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibuti" title="Gibuti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gibuti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99" title="ג'יבוטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יבוטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibuuti" title="Cibuuti – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cibuuti" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜಿಬೂಟಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿಬೂಟಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yib%C3%BAti" title="Yibúti – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Yibúti" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჯიბუტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯიბუტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibouti" title="Jibouti – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jibouti" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibutia" title="Jibutia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jibutia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_(peyi)" title="Djibouti (peyi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Djibouti (peyi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEb%C3%BBt%C3%AE" title="Cîbûtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cîbûtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Жибути – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жибути" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibuti" title="Gibuti – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gibuti" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດຈິບູຕີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຈິບູຕີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibutum" title="Gibutum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gibutum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibutija" title="Džibutija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džibutija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschibuti" title="Dschibuti – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dschibuti" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibutis" title="Džibutis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džibutis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibuti" title="Gibuti – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gibuti" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibuti" title="Džibuti – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Džibuti" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibuti" title="Gibuti – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gibuti" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsibuti" title="Dzsibuti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsibuti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूती – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जिबूती" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Џибути – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џибути" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibot%E1%BB%B3" title="Jibotỳ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jibotỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="ജിബൂട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിബൂട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ibuti" title="Ġibuti – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġibuti" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip%C5%ABti" title="Tipūti – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tipūti" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जिबूती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჯიბუტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯიბუტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جيبوتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيبوتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جیبوتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیبوتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯗ꯭ꯖꯤꯕꯧꯇꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗ꯭ꯖꯤꯕꯧꯇꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Жибути – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жибути" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျီဘူတီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျီဘူတီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_(land)" title="Djibouti (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Djibouti (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="जिबुती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जिबुती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जिबुटी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जिबुटी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%96%E3%83%81" title="ジブチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジブチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschibuuti" title="Dschibuuti – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dschibuuti" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuuti" title="Jibuuti – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jibuuti" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiboti" title="Jiboti – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jiboti" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuutii" title="Jibuutii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jibuutii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਿਬੂਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿਬੂਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूटी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जिबूटी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جبوتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جبوتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="جيبوتي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جيبوتي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuuti" title="Jibuuti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jibuuti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8" title="ជីបូ៊ទី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជីបូ៊ទី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschibuti" title="Dschibuti – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dschibuti" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCibuti" title="Dżibuti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżibuti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibuti" title="Cibuti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cibuti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwuti" title="Yiwuti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yiwuti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96" title="Джібуті – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джібуті" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Джибути – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джибути" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Дьибути – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьибути" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जिबूटी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जिबूटी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibut%C3%B9ii" title="Dibutùii – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Dibutùii" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibuti" title="Gibuti – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gibuti" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschibuti" title="Dschibuti – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dschibuti" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhibuti" title="Xhibuti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhibuti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbuti" title="Gibbuti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gibbuti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92" title="ජිබුටි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජිබුටි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="جبوتي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جبوتي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJibhuthi" title="IJibhuthi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJibhuthi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibutsko" title="Džibutsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džibutsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibuti" title="Džibuti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džibuti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCibuti" title="Dżibuti – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dżibuti" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuuti" title="Jabuuti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jabuuti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جیبووتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیبووتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Џибути – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џибути" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibuti" title="Džibuti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džibuti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80" title="சீபூத்தீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீபூத்தீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Djibuti" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Җибути – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җибути" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျီႇပူးတီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျီႇပူးတီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="జిబౌటి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జిబౌటి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศจิบูตี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศจิบูตี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%82%E1%89%A1%E1%89%B2" title="ጂቡቲ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጂቡቲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Ҷибутӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷибутӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8A%E1%8F%97" title="ᏥᏊᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏥᏊᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibuti" title="Cibuti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cibuti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%B1buti" title="Ji̱buti – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ji̱buti" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD)" title="Джибути (кун) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Джибути (кун)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96" title="Джибуті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джибуті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جبوتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جبوتی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جىبۇتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جىبۇتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEibuti" title="Džibuti – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Džibuti" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibut%C3%A4n" title="Cibutän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cibutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90" title="吉布提 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="吉布提" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90" title="吉布提 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吉布提" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99" title="דזשיבוטי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשיבוטי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%ACb%C3%BAt%C3%AC" title="Djìbútì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Djìbútì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90" title="吉布提 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吉布提" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibuti" title="Cibuti – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cibuti" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_(land)" title="Djibouti (land) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Djibouti (land)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C4%97botis" title="Džėbotis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džėbotis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90" title="吉布提 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉布提" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijibuti" title="Dijibuti – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Dijibuti" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jibuti" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibutit%C3%B2" title="Jibutitò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Jibutitò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Djibouti" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cibuti" title="Čibuti – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Čibuti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89" title="ⵊⵉⴱⵓⵜⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵊⵉⴱⵓⵜⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q977#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Djibouti" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&oldid=1258695100" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Djibouti" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q977" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Djibouti&params=11_30_N_43_00_E_type:country_region:DJ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.500°N 43.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.500; 43.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the Horn of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in the Horn of Africa. For its capital city, see <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Djibouti (disambiguation)">Djibouti (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Djibouti" title="Special:EditPage/Djibouti">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Djibouti%22">"Djibouti"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Djibouti%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Djibouti%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Djibouti%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Djibouti%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Djibouti%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Djibouti</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:90%;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية جيبوتي</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République de Djibouti</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)</span></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><span title="Afar-language text"><i lang="aa">Gabuutih Ummuuno</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Djibouti"><img alt="Flag of Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/125px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/188px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/250px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Djibouti" title="Flag of Djibouti">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Djibouti"><img alt="Emblem of Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Djibouti" title="Emblem of Djibouti"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><br /><span title="Somali-language text"><span lang="so" style="font-style: normal;">Midnimo, Sinnaan, Nabad</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)</span><br /><span title="Afar-language text"><span lang="aa" style="font-style: normal;">Inkittiino, Qeedala, Wagari</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Unité, Égalité, Paix</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">اتحاد، مساواة، سلام</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en" style="font-style: normal;">Unity, Equality, Peace</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(anthem)" title="Djibouti (anthem)">Djibouti</a></i><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="The_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/The_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg/The_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/The_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=aa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aa" label="Qafár af ‪(aa)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=abs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="abs" label="bahasa ambon ‪(abs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=aeb-arab&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aeb-Arab" label="تونسي ‪(aeb-arab)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=ch&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ch" label="Chamoru ‪(ch)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=so&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="so" label="Soomaaliga ‪(so)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Djiboutian_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Djibouti_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Djibouti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Djibouti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Djibouti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Djibouti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Djibouti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Djibouti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Djibouti_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Location_Djibouti_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Djibouti_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Location_Djibouti_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Djibouti_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Location_Djibouti_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Djibouti_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Djibouti&params=11_36_N_43_10_E_type:city_region:DJ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.600°N 43.167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.600; 43.167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="National languages">National languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> 60%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> 35%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> 5%</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">94% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<br />6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Djiboutians" title="Djiboutians">Djiboutian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Djibouti" title="Politics of Djibouti">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary dictatorship">hereditary dictatorship</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Djibouti">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government of Djibouti">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdoulkader_Kamil_Mohamed" title="Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed">Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Djibouti)" title="National Assembly (Djibouti)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Obock_Territory" title="Obock Territory">Obock Territory</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1862</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1883</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of the Afars and Issas</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_412" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 412">Admitted to the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Djibouti" title="Constitution of Djibouti">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 September 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,200<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (9,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">146th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">0.09 (20 km² / 7.7 sq mi)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Djibouti" title="Demographics of Djibouti">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,066,809<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">46.0/km<sup>2</sup> (119.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">168th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $7.193 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DJ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">167th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $6,985<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DJ_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">137th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3.873 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DJ_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">172nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3,761<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DJ_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">126th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2017)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 41.6<sup id="cite_ref-cia-gini_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-gini-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.509<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">171st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Djiboutian franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">DJF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3</span> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Djibouti" title="Telephone numbers in Djibouti">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B253" class="mw-redirect" title="+253">+253</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DJ" title="ISO 3166-2:DJ">DJ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.dj" title=".dj">.dj</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Djibouti</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Djibouti</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, bordered by <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> in the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> to the east. The country has an area of 23,200 km<sup>2</sup> (8,958 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In antiquity, the territory, together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland, was part of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, now in Somaliland, was the seat of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat</a> Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> was established after the ruling <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> sultans signed treaties with the French,<sup id="cite_ref-Uwechue_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uwechue-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_Somaliland_Hist_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911_Somaliland_Hist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apcoatf-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ethiopian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Ethiopian Railway">railroad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>) allowed it to quickly supersede <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> as the port for southern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was renamed the <a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of the Afars and the Issas</a> in 1967. A decade later, the Djiboutian people <a href="/wiki/1977_Afars_and_Issas_independence_referendum" title="1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum">voted for independence</a>. This officially marked the establishment of the <i>Republic of Djibouti</i>, named after its <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">capital city</a>. The new state joined the United Nations in its first year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">armed conflict</a>, which ended in a power-sharing agreement in 2000 between the ruling party and the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Djibouti is a multi-ethnic nation with a population of 1,066,809 at the census held on 20 May 2024<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">the smallest</a> in mainland Africa). French and Arabic are its two official languages; Afar and Somali are national languages. About 94% of Djiboutians adhere to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the official religion and has been predominant in the region for more than 1,000 years. The <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> make up the two largest ethnic groups, with the former comprising the majority of the population. Both speak a language of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Djibouti is near some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, controlling access to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. It serves as a key refuelling and transshipment center and the principal maritime port for imports from and exports to neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. A burgeoning commercial hub, the nation is the site of various foreign military bases. The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a> (IGAD) regional body also has its headquarters in Djibouti City.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2></div> <p><i>Djibouti</i> is officially known as the <i>Republic of Djibouti</i>. In local languages it is known as <i>Gabuuti</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>) and <i>Jabuuti</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country is named for its capital, the <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">City of Djibouti</a>. The etymology of the name is disputed. There are several theories and legends about its origin, varying based on ethnicity. One theory derives it from the <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> word <span title="Afar-language romanization"><i lang="aa-Latn">gabouti</i></span>, meaning "plate", possibly referring to the area's geographical features.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another connects it to <i>gabood</i>, meaning "upland/plateau".<sup id="cite_ref-culturetrip_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturetrip-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Djibouti could also mean "Land of <i>Tehuti</i>" or "Land of <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <i>Djehuti</i>/ <i>Djehuty</i>)", after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> moon god.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under French administration, from 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a> was called "<a href="/wiki/Obock_Territory" title="Obock Territory">Obock</a>". While 1897 to 1967 the area was known as <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> (French: <i>Côte française des Somalis</i>), and from 1967 to 1977 as the <a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of the Afars and the Issas</a> (French: <i>Territoire français des Afars et des Issas</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">History of Djibouti</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Djibouti" title="Special:EditPage/Djibouti">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottery_of_Asa_Koma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pottery_of_Asa_Koma.JPG/170px-Pottery_of_Asa_Koma.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pottery_of_Asa_Koma.JPG/255px-Pottery_of_Asa_Koma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pottery_of_Asa_Koma.JPG/340px-Pottery_of_Asa_Koma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Geometric design pottery found in <a href="/wiki/Asa_Koma" title="Asa Koma">Asa Koma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> region has often been considered a primary crossing point for early hominins following a southern coastal route from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p><p>The Djibouti area has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. According to linguists, the first <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking populations arrived in the region during this period from the family's proposed <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic Urheimat">urheimat</a> ("original homeland") in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench143144_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench143144-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cut stones dated about 3 million years old have been collected in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Abbe" title="Lake Abbe">Lake Abbe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the Gobaad plain (between Dikhil and Lake Abbe), the remains of the extinct elephant <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_recki" title="Palaeoloxodon recki">Palaeoloxodon recki</a></i> were also discovered, visibly butchered using basalt tools found nearby. These remains would date from 1.4 million years BCE. Subsequently, other similar sites were identified as probably the work of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i>. An <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> site (from 800,000 to 400,000 years BCE), where <a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a> was cut, was excavated in the 1990s, in Gombourta, between <a href="/wiki/Damerdjog" class="mw-redirect" title="Damerdjog">Damerdjog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loyada" title="Loyada">Loyada</a>, 15 km south of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a>. Finally, in Gobaad, a <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> jaw was found, dating from 100,000 BCE. On <a href="/wiki/Ghoubbet-el-Kharab" title="Ghoubbet-el-Kharab">Devil's Island</a>, tools dating back 6,000 years have been found, which were used to open shells. In the area at the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Ghoubbet-el-Kharab" title="Ghoubbet-el-Kharab">Goubet</a> (Dankalélo, not far from Devil's Island), circular stone structures and fragments of painted <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> have also been discovered. Previous investigators have also reported a fragmentary maxilla, attributed to an older form of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> and dated to c. 250 Ka, from the valley of the Dagadlé Wadi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehistoric_of_Djibouti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Prehistoric_of_Djibouti.png/330px-Prehistoric_of_Djibouti.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Prehistoric_of_Djibouti.png/495px-Prehistoric_of_Djibouti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Prehistoric_of_Djibouti.png/660px-Prehistoric_of_Djibouti.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Prehistoric rock art and tombs in Djibouti</figcaption></figure> <p>Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at <a href="/wiki/Asa_Koma" title="Asa Koma">Asa Koma</a>, an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plain. The site's ware is characterized by punctate and incision geometric designs, which bear a similarity to the Sabir culture phase 1 ceramics from Ma'layba in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Arabia">Southern Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohvah_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohvah-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-horned humpless cattle bones have likewise been discovered at Asa Koma, suggesting that domesticated cattle were present by around 3,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Connah_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connah-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at <a href="/wiki/Dorra" title="Dorra">Dorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balho" title="Balho">Balho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amvjaa_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amvjaa-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Handoga" title="Handoga">Handoga</a>, dated to the fourth millennium BCE, has in turn yielded obsidian microliths and plain ceramics used by early nomadic pastoralists with domesticated cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site of Wakrita is a small <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> establishment located on a <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> in the tectonic depression of Gobaad in Djibouti in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. The 2005 excavations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> yielded abundant ceramics that enabled us to define one Neolithic cultural facies of this <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a>, which was also identified at the nearby site of <a href="/wiki/Asa_Koma" title="Asa Koma">Asa Koma</a>. The faunal remains confirm the importance of fishing in Neolithic settlements close to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Abbe" title="Lake Abbe">Lake Abbé</a>, but also the importance of bovine husbandry and, for the first time in this area, evidence for caprine herding practices. Radiocarbon dating places this occupation at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, similar in range to Asa Koma. These two sites represent the oldest evidence of herding in the region, and they provide a better understanding of the development of Neolithic societies in this region. </p><p>Up to 4000 years BCE, the region benefited from a climate very different from the one it knows today and probably close to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>. The water resources were numerous with lakes in Gobaad, lakes Assal and Abbé larger and resembling real bodies of water. The humans therefore lived by gathering, fishing and hunting. The region was populated by a very rich fauna: <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felines</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="African Buffalo">buffaloes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino">rhinos</a>, etc., as evidenced, for example, by the bestiary of cave paintings at <a href="/wiki/Balho" title="Balho">Balho</a>. In the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE, few nomads settled around the lakes and practiced fishing and cattle breeding. The burial of an 18-year-old woman, dating from this period, as well as the bones of hunted animals, bone tools and small <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">jewels</a> have been unearthed. By about 1500 BCE, the climate was already beginning to change, with sources of fresh water becoming more scarce. Engravings show dromedaries (animal of arid zones), some of which are ridden by armed warriors. The sedentary people now returned to a nomadic life. Stone <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> of various shapes and sheltering graves dating from this period have been unearthed all over the territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></div> <p>The earliest recorded ancient Egyptian expedition to Punt was organized by <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> (25th century BC), returning with cargoes of <i>antyue</i> and Puntites. However, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> from Punt is recorded as having been in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> as early as the time of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Subsequently, there were more expeditions to Punt in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth</a> dynasties of Egypt. In the Twelfth Dynasty, trade with Punt was celebrated in popular literature in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Shipwrecked_Sailor" title="Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor">Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor</a></i>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Puntites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Three_Puntites.jpg/220px-Three_Puntites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Three_Puntites.jpg/330px-Three_Puntites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Three_Puntites.jpg/440px-Three_Puntites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>The Hatshepsut Punt Relief depicting three men in Puntite dress bearing gifts</figcaption></figure><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> (11th dynasty, ca. 2000 BC), an officer named <a href="/wiki/Hannu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannu">Hannu</a> organized one or more voyages to Punt, but it is uncertain whether he personally traveled on these expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trading missions of the 12th dynasty pharaohs <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> had also successfully navigated their way to and from the mysterious land of Punt.<sup id="cite_ref-p145_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p145-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> built a <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> fleet to facilitate trade between the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> and points south as far as Punt to bring mortuary goods to <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> in exchange for Nubian gold. Hatshepsut personally made the most famous ancient Egyptian expedition that sailed to Punt. Her <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">artists revealing</a> much about the royals, inhabitants, habitation and variety of trees on the island, revealing it as the "Land of the Gods, a region far to the east in the direction of the sunrise, blessed with products for religious purposes", where traders returned with gold, ivory, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, aromatic resins, animal skins, live animals, eye-makeup cosmetics, fragrant woods, and cinnamon.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Queen Hatshepsut</a> in the 15th century BC, ships regularly crossed the Red Sea in order to obtain <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, copper, carved amulets, <a href="/wiki/Naptha" class="mw-redirect" title="Naptha">naptha</a> and other goods transported overland and down the Dead Sea to Elat at the head of the gulf of Aqaba where they were joined with <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> coming north both by sea and overland along trade routes through the mountains running north along the east coast of the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with northern Ethiopia, Somaliland, Eritrea and the Red Sea coast of Sudan, Djibouti is considered the most likely location of the territory known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Punt</a></i> (or <i>Ta Netjeru</i>, meaning "God's Land"). The first mention of the Land of Punt dates to the 25th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puntites were a nation of people who had close relations with Ancient Egypt during the reign of the 5th dynasty Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> and the 18th dynasty Queen <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the temple murals at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a>, the Land of Punt was ruled at that time by King Parahu and Queen Ati.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages">Introduction of Islam and the Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Adal_(historical_region)" title="Adal (historical region)">Adal (historical region)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></div><p> The <i>Adal</i> (also <i>Awdal</i>, <i>Adl</i>, or <i>Adel</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Somalia_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somalia-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was centered around <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established by the local <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> clans in the early 9th century. Zeila attracted merchants from around the world, contributing to the wealth of the city. Zeila is an ancient city and it was one of the earliest cities in the world to embrace <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">hijra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>'s two-<a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn_(Somalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Somalia)">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a> dates to the 7th century, and is the oldest mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Btgpb_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Btgpb-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Historical_sources_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_sources-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Somalia_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somalia-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Al-Yaqubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yaqubi">Al-Yaqubi</a>, an Arab Muslim scholar and traveler, wrote that the Kingdom of Adal was a small wealthy kingdom and that Zeila served as the headquarters for the kingdom, which dated back to the beginning of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyamer1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyamer1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewispohoa_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewispohoa-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG/220px-YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG/330px-YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG/440px-YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>The Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Adal_(historical_region)" title="Adal (historical region)">Adal</a> (right) and his troops battling King <a href="/wiki/Yagbe%27u_Seyon_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia">Yagbea-Sion</a> and his men depicted in <a href="/wiki/Livre_des_merveilles_(BNF_Fr2810)" title="Livre des merveilles (BNF Fr2810)">Livre Des Merveilles</a></figcaption></figure><p>The earliest reference to Adal was following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Makhzumi_dynasty" title="Makhzumi dynasty">Makhzumi dynasty</a> in July 1288 when <a href="/wiki/Ali_Baziyu" title="Ali Baziyu">'Ali Baziyu</a> led a campaign in Adal and <a href="/wiki/Mora_(historical_region)" title="Mora (historical region)">Mora</a> which was concluded by the killing of the lords of Adal and <a href="/wiki/Mora_(historical_region)" title="Mora (historical region)">Mora</a>, the victorious Sultan then annexed Adal and Mora to his Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adal is also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in 1295 as a state continuously in conflict with Abyssinia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to fourteenth century <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari" title="Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari">Al Umari</a>, Adal was one of the founding regions of the <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Biqulzar" title="Biqulzar">Biqulzar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makhzumi_dynasty" title="Makhzumi dynasty">Shewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwelgora" title="Kwelgora">Kwelgora</a>, Shimi, Jamme and Laboo.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabitant low land portion east of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. Including north of the <a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Lake_Abbe" title="Lake Abbe">Lake Abbe</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Ethiopia_border" title="Djibouti–Ethiopia border">Djibouti–Ethiopia border</a> as well as the territory between <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Districts within Adal included <a href="/wiki/Hubat" title="Hubat">Hubat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gidaya" title="Gidaya">Gidaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hargaya" title="Hargaya">Hargaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also occasionally included the <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiya Sultanate">Hadiya Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was mostly located in modern day <a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a> and had <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> as a capital city but also controlled other interior towns like <a href="/wiki/Abasa,_Awdal" title="Abasa, Awdal">Abasa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dakkar" title="Dakkar">Dakkar</a> extending into the <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harar plateau</a> to the south-east and modern day Djibouti in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png/220px-The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png/330px-The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png/440px-The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png 2x" data-file-width="3527" data-file-height="3503" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a>'s realm in the 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a> are regarded by scholars as the founders of the Ifat Sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifat first emerged when Umar Ibn Dunyā-ḥawaz, later to be known as Sultan <a href="/wiki/Umar_Walasma" title="Umar Walasma">Umar Walasma</a>, carved out his own kingdom and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Shewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Shewa">Sultanate of Shewa</a> located in northern <a href="/wiki/Hararghe" title="Hararghe">Hararghe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1288 Sultan Wali Asma successfully imposed his rule on <a href="/wiki/Hubat" title="Hubat">Hubat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and other Muslim states in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_Ethiopia_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_Ethiopia-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Walashma's military acts as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in the Horn of Africa in much the same way as Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekuno Amlak of Ethiopia">Yekuno Amlak</a> was attempting to consolidate the Christian territories in the highlands during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1320 a conflict between the Christian monarch and Muslim Ifat leaders began. The conflict was precipitated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D2-22_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2-22-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluk ruler Al-Nasir Muhammad was persecuting <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Christian Copts</a> and destroying Coptic churches. The Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a> sent an envoy with a warning to the Mamluk ruler that if he did not stop the persecution of Christians in Egypt, he would retaliate against Muslims under his rule and would starve the peoples of Egypt by diverting the course of the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-D222_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D222-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F122_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F122-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pankhurst, of the two threats, the diversion of Nile was an idle threat and the Egyptian sultan dismissed it because he likely realized this to be so. The fear that the Ethiopians might tamper with the Nile, states Pankhurst, was nevertheless to remain with Egyptians for many centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-D222_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D222-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sabr_ad-Din_I" title="Sabr ad-Din I">Sabr ad-Din's</a> rebellion was not an attempt to achieve independence, but to become emperor of a Muslim Ethiopia. Amda Seyon's royal chronicle states that Sabr ad-Din proclaimed: </p> <dl><dd>"I wish to be King of all Ethiopia; I will rule the Christians according to their law and I will destroy their churches...I will nominate governors in all the provinces of Ethiopia, as does the King of <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Zion</a> (Ethiopia)...I will transform the churches into mosques. I will subjugate and convert the King of the Christians to my religion, I will make him a provincial governor, and if he refuses to be converted I will hand him over to one of the shepherds, called Warjeke [i.e. <a href="/wiki/Werji_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Werji people">Warjih</a>], that he may be made a keeper of camels. As for the Queen Jan Mangesha, his wife, I will employ her to grind corn. I will make my residence at Marade [i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tegulet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegulet">Tegulet</a>], the capital of his kingdom."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In fact, after his first incursion, Sabr ad-Din appointed governors for nearby and neighboring provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Fatagar" title="Fatagar">Fatagar</a> and Alamalé, as well as far-off provinces in the north like <a href="/wiki/Damot_(historical_region)" title="Damot (historical region)">Damot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amhara_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara province">Amhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angot" title="Angot">Angot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enderta_Province" title="Enderta Province">Inderta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a>. He also threatened to plant <i><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a></i> at the capital, a stimulant used by Muslims but forbidden to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1376, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_ad-Din_II" title="Sa'ad ad-Din II">Sa'ad ad-Din Abdul Muhammad</a>, also called Sa'ad ad-Din II, succeeded his brother and came to power, who continued to attack the Abyssinian Christian army. He attacked regional chiefs such as at Zalan and Hadeya, who supported the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-rp51_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp51-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mordechai Abir, Sa'ad ad-Din II raids against the Ethiopian empire were largely hit-and-run type, which hardened the resolve of the Christian ruler to end the Muslim rule in their east.<sup id="cite_ref-Abir2013p25_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abir2013p25-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 15th century, the Ethiopian Emperor who was likely <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a> collected a large army to respond.<sup id="cite_ref-rp51_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp51-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He branded the Muslims of the surrounding area "enemies of the Lord", and invaded Ifat. After much war, Ifat's troops were defeated in 1403 on the Harar plateau, Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din subsequently fled to Zeila where Ethiopian soldiers pursued him.<sup id="cite_ref-rp51_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp51-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> narrates:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> pursued Sa'd al-Din as far as the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, in the ocean, where he took refuge. The Amhara besieged him there, and deprived him of water; at last one of the impious showed them a way by which they could reach him. When they came upon him a battle ensued; and after three days the water failed. Sa'd al Din was wounded in the forehead and fell to the ground, whereupon they pierced him with their swords. But he died happily, falling in God's cause.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adalite_Population.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Adalite_Population.png/278px-Adalite_Population.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Adalite_Population.png/417px-Adalite_Population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Adalite_Population.png/556px-Adalite_Population.png 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of Adal's traditional costumes worn by the local inhabitants</figcaption></figure> <p>After Sa'ad ad-Din's death “the strength of the Muslims was abated”, as Maqrizi states, and then the Amhara settled in the country “and from the ravaged mosques and they made churches”. The followers of Islam were said to have been harassed for over twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources disagree on which Ethiopian Emperor conducted this campaign. According to the medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Makrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Makrizi">al-Makrizi</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawit I of Ethiopia">Dawit I</a> in 1403 pursued the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Adal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Adal">Sultan of Adal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_ad-Din_II" title="Sa'ad ad-Din II">Sa'ad ad-Din II</a>, to Zeila, where he killed the Sultan and sacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>. However, another contemporary source dates the death of Sa'ad ad-Din II to 1410, and credits Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yeshaq_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshaq I of Ethiopia">Yeshaq</a> with the slaying.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His children and the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a> would flee to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> where they would live in exile until 1415.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1415, <a href="/wiki/Sabr_ad-Din_III" title="Sabr ad-Din III">Sabr ad-Din III</a>, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_ad-Din_II" title="Sa'ad ad-Din II">Sa'ad ad-Din II</a>, would return to Adal from his exile in Arabia to restore his father's throne.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would proclaim himself "king of Adal" after his return from Yemen to the <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> plateau and established his new capital at <a href="/wiki/Dakkar" title="Dakkar">Dakkar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabr ad-Din III and his brothers would defeat an army of 20,000 men led by an unnamed commander hoping to restore the "lost Amhara rule". The victorious king then returned to his capital, but gave the order to his many followers to continue and extend the war against the Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica:_O-X_-_Google_Books2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica:_O-X_-_Google_Books2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cairn_Info_p._1172_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cairn_Info_p._1172-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Names_in_Medieval_Ethiopia_and_their_Symbolism2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Names_in_Medieval_Ethiopia_and_their_Symbolism2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor of Ethiopia <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_I" title="Tewodros I">Tewodros I</a> was soon killed by the Adal Sultanate upon the return of Sa'ad ad-Din's heirs to the Horn of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica:_O-X_-_Google_Books2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica:_O-X_-_Google_Books2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cairn_Info_p._1172_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cairn_Info_p._1172-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Names_in_Medieval_Ethiopia_and_their_Symbolism2_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Names_in_Medieval_Ethiopia_and_their_Symbolism2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sabr_ad-Din_III" title="Sabr ad-Din III">Sabr ad-Din III</a> died a natural death and was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Mansur_ad-Din_of_Adal" title="Mansur ad-Din of Adal">Mansur ad-Din</a> who invaded the capital and royal seat of the Solomonic Empire and drove Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawit I of Ethiopia">Dawit I</a> to Yedaya where according to <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a>, Sultan Mansur destroyed a Solomonic army and killed the Emperor. He then advanced to the mountains of Mokha, where he encountered a 30,000 strong Solomonic army. The Adalite soldiers surrounded their enemies and for two months besieged the trapped Solomonic soldiers until a truce was declared in Mansur's favour. During this period, Adal emerged as a centre of Muslim resistance against the expanding Christian Abyssinian kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewispd3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewispd3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adal would thereafter govern all of the territory formerly ruled by the Ifat Sultanate,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the land further east all the way from the <a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Mandeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab el Mandeb">Bab el Mandeb</a> to Cape Guardafui, according to Leo Africanus.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michigan_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michigan-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adal is mentioned by name in the 14th century in the context of the battles between the Muslims of the Somali and Afar seaboard and the Abyssinian King <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Houtsma_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houtsma-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adal originally had its capital in the port city of Zeila, situated in the western Awdal region. The polity at the time was an <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emirate</a> in the larger <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Ifat Sultanate</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewispd_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewispd-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Ahmad_Gragn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Young_Ahmad_Gragn.png/220px-Young_Ahmad_Gragn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Young_Ahmad_Gragn.png/330px-Young_Ahmad_Gragn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Young_Ahmad_Gragn.png/440px-Young_Ahmad_Gragn.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the young <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim</a> demonstrating his strength</figcaption></figure> <p>According to I.M. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties consisting of Somalized Arabs or Arabized Somalis, who also ruled over the similarly established <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Benadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadir">Benadir</a> region to the south. Adal's history from this founding period forth would be characterized by a succession of battles with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewispohoa_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewispohoa-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height, the Adal kingdom controlled large parts of modern-day Djibouti, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and Ethiopia. Between <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loyada" title="Loyada">Loyada</a> are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a>. The structures are associated with graves of rectangular shape flanked by vertical slabs, as also found in <a href="/wiki/Tiya" title="Tiya">Tiya</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-Fattovich_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fattovich-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, archaeological excavations at Tiya have yielded tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Utps_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utps-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1997, 118 stelae were reported in the area. Along with the stelae in the <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Zone" title="Hadiya Zone">Hadiya Zone</a>, the structures are identified by local residents as <i>Yegragn Dingay</i> or "Gran's stone", in reference to Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> (Ahmad "Gurey" or "Gran"), ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukui_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukui-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> was a military leader of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> in the northern Horn of Africa. Between 1529 and 1543, he embarked on a campaign referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Futuh Al-Habash</a>, bringing the three-quarters of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia" title="Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> empire.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an army composed of Afar, Harari (Harla), and Somalis,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Ghazi's forces came close to extinguishing the ancient Ethiopian kingdom, slaughtering any Ethiopian who refused to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the span of fourteen years the Imam was able to conquer the heartland of the country, wreaking havoc on the Christian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bahri Negash joined Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos" title="Gelawdewos">Gelawdewos</a> and the Portuguese in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Battle of Wayna Daga</a>, where tradition states that Imam Ahmad was shot in the chest by a Portuguese musketeer named João de Castilho, who had charged alone into the Muslim lines and died. The wounded Imam was then beheaded by an Ethiopian cavalry commander, <i>Azmach</i> Calite.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Imam's soldiers learned of his death, they fled the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflict provided an opportunity for the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo people</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">conquer and migrate</a> into the historically <a href="/wiki/Gafat_people" title="Gafat people">Gafat</a> land of <a href="/wiki/Welega" class="mw-redirect" title="Welega">Welega</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a> and eastward to the walls of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, establishing new territories.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collapse of the Adal Sultanate led to the formation of multiple rump states such as <a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Aussa" title="Imamate of Aussa">Aussa</a>, Tadjourah and Rahayto.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Egypt</a> being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> alarmed the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabian</a> merchants, who were afraid of these new Turkish conquerors hence they chose to travel towards Adal's shores.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also followed by Indian merchants fleeing from the same enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans noticing this sudden mass movement, hastidly occupied <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeyla</a> and established a customs house and <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> patrolling the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 17th century, when the Ottomans were compelled to retire from Zeyla, the town and its environs such as <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> fell under the control of the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Mokha" title="Mokha">Mocha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sana'a</a>, who had leased the territory to a Sana'a merchant called <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> Al-Barr.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeyla was subsequently ruled by an Emir, whom Mordechai Abir suggested had "some vague claim to authority over all of the <i>Sahil</i>, but whose real authority did not extend very far beyond the walls of the town." Assisted by cannons and a few mercenaries armed with <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlocks</a>, the governor succeeded in fending off incursions by both the disunited nomads of the interior, who had penetrated the area, as well as brigands in the Gulf of Aden.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> claimed complete independence, it was considered subordinate to Zeyla as the sultan would received an annual stipend from the local governor.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abubakr Pasha explained to Vice-Admiral Alphonse Fleuriot de Langle that when the Imam of Sana'a still controlled the Yemeni coast, some soldiers sent to Tadjoura were one day massacred by the inhabitants of the city. The governor of Mocha then dispatched a new detachment to avenge them. Rather than suffer these reprisals, the city preferred to commit to paying the Imam, each year at the time of the fairs, a perpetual annuity which the governor of Zeyla would be responsible for extracting.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tadjourah's vizier Mahammed Mahammed renewed it for the benefit of the Turkish pasha of <a href="/wiki/Al_Hudaydah" title="Al Hudaydah">Al-Hodeida</a> although the Ottoman Empire never exercised political right over Tadjoura.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammed Al-Barr would later be succeeded as governor of Zeila and its dependencies(<i>Sahil</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Sharmarke_Ali_Saleh" title="Sharmarke Ali Saleh">Sharmake Ali Salih</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, Pasha of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, came to control <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> included. The Governor Abou Baker ordered the Egyptian garrison at <a href="/wiki/Sagallo" title="Sagallo">Sagallo</a> to retire to <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>. The cruiser Seignelay reached Sagallo shortly after the Egyptians had departed. French troops occupied the fort despite protests from the British Agent in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, Major Frederick Mercer Hunter, who dispatched troops to safeguard British and Egyptian interests in <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and prevent further extension of French influence in that direction.<sup id="cite_ref-awdalpress.com_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awdalpress.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1566.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1566.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/330px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/440px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Ottoman Eyalet</a> in 1566</figcaption></figure><p>On 14 April 1884 the Commander of the patrol sloop L'Inferent reported on the Egyptian occupation in the Gulf of Tadjoura. The Commander of the patrol sloop Le Vaudreuil reported that the Egyptians were occupying the interior between <a href="/wiki/Obock" title="Obock">Obock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a> of Ethiopia signed an accord with Great Britain to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and the Somaliland littoral. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a>. Léonce Lagarde deployed a patrol sloop to <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> the following night. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonization_(1862–1977)"><span id="French_colonization_.281862.E2.80.931977.29"></span>French colonization (1862–1977)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Obock_Territory" title="Obock Territory">Obock Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of the Afars and the Issas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_c%C3%B4te_fran%C3%A7aise_(...)Meunier_Alexandre_btv1b53062311r_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carte_de_la_c%C3%B4te_fran%C3%A7aise_%28...%29Meunier_Alexandre_btv1b53062311r_1.jpg/220px-Carte_de_la_c%C3%B4te_fran%C3%A7aise_%28...%29Meunier_Alexandre_btv1b53062311r_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carte_de_la_c%C3%B4te_fran%C3%A7aise_%28...%29Meunier_Alexandre_btv1b53062311r_1.jpg/330px-Carte_de_la_c%C3%B4te_fran%C3%A7aise_%28...%29Meunier_Alexandre_btv1b53062311r_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carte_de_la_c%C3%B4te_fran%C3%A7aise_%28...%29Meunier_Alexandre_btv1b53062311r_1.jpg/440px-Carte_de_la_c%C3%B4te_fran%C3%A7aise_%28...%29Meunier_Alexandre_btv1b53062311r_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Map of the French Somali Coast and neighboring regions in 1870</figcaption></figure><p>The boundaries of the present-day Djibouti state were established as the first French establishment in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. The March 11, 1862, agreement the <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, Raieta Dini Ahmet, signed in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was a treaty where the Afars sold lands surrounding in <a href="/wiki/Obock" title="Obock">Obock</a>. The French were interested in having a <a href="/wiki/Coaling_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Coaling station">coaling station</a> for <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a>, which would become especially important upon the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869. (Up to that time French ships had to buy coal at the British port of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> across the gulf, an unwise dependency in case of war.) Later on, that treaty was used by the captain of the Fleuriot de Langle to colonize the south of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 26, 1885, the French signed another treaty with the Issas where the latter would become a protectorate under the French.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg/220px-Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg/330px-Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg/440px-Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>Solemn procession of Muslims using Sudanese lyres to celebrate Eid in 1913</figcaption></figure><p>It was established between 1883 and 1887, after the ruling <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> sultans each signed a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uwechue_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uwechue-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apcoatf-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ivanovitch_Achinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov">Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> adventurer, to establish a settlement at <a href="/wiki/Sagallo" title="Sagallo">Sagallo</a> in 1889 was promptly thwarted by French forces after just one month. In 1894, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Lagarde" title="Léonce Lagarde">Léonce Lagarde</a> established a permanent French administration in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Djibouti">city of Djibouti</a> and named the region <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ethiopian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Ethiopian Railway">Imperial Ethiopian Railway</a> west into <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> turned the <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">port of Djibouti</a> into a boomtown of 15,000<sup id="cite_ref-EBD_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBD-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a time when <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> was the only city in Ethiopia to exceed that.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the population fell after the completion of the railwayline to <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> and the original company failed and required a government bail-out, the rail link allowed the territory to quickly supersede the caravan-based trade carried on at <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (then in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> area of <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a>) and become the premier port for <a href="/wiki/Harari_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Harari coffee">coffee</a> and other goods leaving southern Ethiopia and the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> through <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_Abokob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ahmed_Abokob.jpg/220px-Ahmed_Abokob.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ahmed_Abokob.jpg/330px-Ahmed_Abokob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ahmed_Abokob.jpg/440px-Ahmed_Abokob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Ahmed Abokob, a Somali tirailleur from Djibouti, who participated in <a href="/wiki/WW1" class="mw-redirect" title="WW1">WW1</a></figcaption></figure><p>The 6th Somali Marching Battalion was formed in Madagascar on May 11, 1916, with recruits from the <a href="/wiki/French_Somali_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="French Somali Coast">French Somali Coast</a> and renamed the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion_of_Somali_Tirailleurs" title="1st Battalion of Somali Tirailleurs">1st Battalion of Somali Tirailleurs</a> upon arrival in France in June. Originally intended as a staging unit, the battalion’s officers responded to the Somalis' desire to fight, leading to their participation alongside the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_d%27infanterie-chars_de_marine" title="Régiment d'infanterie-chars de marine">RICM</a> in the October 1916 assault on Fort Douaumont. For their distinguished role, the battalion's companies were awarded the Croix de Guerre, and the RICM flag received the Legion of Honor. Reorganized as a combat unit by December 1916, the battalion fought at Chemin des Dames in May 1917 and later in significant battles such as Malmaison, the 3rd Battle of the Aisne, and the 2nd Battle of the Marne, earning multiple citations and the right to wear the Croix de Guerre fourragère. Of the 2,434 riflemen deployed, 517 were killed and 1,200 wounded in Europe. </p><p>After the Italian <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">invasion and occupation of Ethiopia</a> in the mid-1930s, constant border skirmishes occurred between French forces in French Somaliland and Italian forces in <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>. In June 1940, during the early stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">France fell</a> and the colony was then ruled by the pro-<a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy (French) government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImbert-Vier2008226–29_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImbert-Vier2008226–29-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British and Commonwealth forces fought the neighboring Italians during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>. In 1941, the Italians were defeated and the Vichy forces in French Somaliland were isolated. The Vichy French administration continued to hold out in the colony for over a year after the Italian collapse. In response, the British blockaded the port of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a> but it could not prevent local French from providing information on the passing ship convoys. In 1942, about 4,000 <a href="/wiki/British_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="British troops">British troops</a> occupied the city. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbsworth1953564_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbsworth1953564-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion_of_Somali_Tirailleurs" title="1st Battalion of Somali Tirailleurs">battalion</a> from French Somaliland participated in the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, on the eve of neighboring Somalia's independence in 1960, a <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_overseas_territory_referendum,_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="French Somaliland overseas territory referendum, 1958">referendum</a> was held in Djibouti to decide whether to remain with France or to be an independent country. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident French.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrington2006_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrington2006-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also allegations of widespread <a href="/wiki/Vote_rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote rigging">vote rigging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of those who had voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia as had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Harbi" title="Mahmoud Harbi">Mahmoud Harbi</a>, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later under suspicious circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrington2006_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrington2006-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_aerial_view_of_Djibouti_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/An_aerial_view_of_Djibouti_City.jpg/220px-An_aerial_view_of_Djibouti_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/An_aerial_view_of_Djibouti_City.jpg/330px-An_aerial_view_of_Djibouti_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/An_aerial_view_of_Djibouti_City.jpg/440px-An_aerial_view_of_Djibouti_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti City</a>, the capital of Djibouti</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1966, France rejected the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' recommendation that it should grant French Somaliland independence. In August of the same year, an official visit to the territory by then French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, was also met with demonstrations and rioting.<sup id="cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apcoatf-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nwvol_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nwvol-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the protests, de Gaulle ordered another referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-Nwvol_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nwvol-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, a <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_independence_referendum,_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="French Somaliland independence referendum, 1967">second plebiscite</a> was held to determine the fate of the territory. Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France. Voting was also divided along ethnic lines, with the resident Somalis generally voting for independence, with the goal of eventual union with Somalia, and the Afars largely opting to remain associated with France.<sup id="cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apcoatf-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was again marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Aufsnas_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aufsnas-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the plebiscite was held, the former <i>Côte française des Somalis</i> (French Somaliland) was renamed to <i>Territoire français des Afars et des Issas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tioipeami_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tioipeami-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Announcement of the plebiscite results sparked civil unrest, including several deaths. France also increased its military force along the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-Tioipeami_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tioipeami-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_C%C3%B4te_des_Somalis_Symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_C%C3%B4te_des_Somalis_Symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_C%C3%B4te_des_Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis">Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1960s, the struggle for independence was led by the <a href="/wiki/Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_C%C3%B4te_des_Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis">Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast</a> (FLCS), who waged an armed struggle for independence with much of its violence aimed at French personnel. FLCS used to initiate few mounting cross-border operations into <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> from <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a> to attacks on French targets. On March 24, 1975, the Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis kidnapped the French Ambassador to Somalia, Jean Guery, to be exchanged against two activists of FLCS members who were both serving life terms in mainland <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. He was exchanged for the two FLCS members in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FLCS was recognized as a national liberation movement by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> (OAU), which participated in its financing. The FLCS evolved its demands between the request of integration in a possible "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>" influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali government</a> or the simple independence of the territory. In 1975 the African People's League for the Independence (LPAI) and FLCS met in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> with several meeting later they finally opted for independence path, causing tensions with <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, members of the <a href="/wiki/Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_C%C3%B4te_des_Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis">Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis</a> which sought Djibouti's independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, also clashed with the Gendarmerie Nationale Intervention Group over a bus hijacking en route to <a href="/wiki/Loyada" title="Loyada">Loyada</a>. This event, by showing the difficulties of maintaining the French colonial presence in Djibouti, was an important step in the <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>. The likelihood of a third <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> appearing successful for the French had grown even dimmer. The prohibitive cost of maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>, France's last outpost on the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>, was another factor that compelled observers to doubt that the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> would attempt to hold on to the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Nwvol_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nwvol-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Djibouti_Republic">Djibouti Republic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed_proclaiming_the_Djibouti_Declaration_of_Independence_on_27_June_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed_proclaiming_the_Djibouti_Declaration_of_Independence_on_27_June_1977.jpg/220px-Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed_proclaiming_the_Djibouti_Declaration_of_Independence_on_27_June_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed_proclaiming_the_Djibouti_Declaration_of_Independence_on_27_June_1977.jpg/330px-Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed_proclaiming_the_Djibouti_Declaration_of_Independence_on_27_June_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed_proclaiming_the_Djibouti_Declaration_of_Independence_on_27_June_1977.jpg/440px-Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed_proclaiming_the_Djibouti_Declaration_of_Independence_on_27_June_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Dini_Ahmed" title="Ahmed Dini Ahmed">Ahmed Dini Ahmed</a> proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/1977_Afars_and_Issas_independence_referendum" title="1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum">third independence referendum</a> was held in the <a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of the Afars and the Issas</a> on 8 May 1977. The previous referendums were held in <a href="/wiki/1958_French_Somaliland_overseas_territory_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 French Somaliland overseas territory referendum">1958</a> and <a href="/wiki/1967_French_Somaliland_independence_referendum" title="1967 French Somaliland independence referendum">1967</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kseoah_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kseoah-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aufsnas_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aufsnas-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which rejected <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. This referendum backed independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A landslide 98.8% of the electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Djibouti)" title="Independence Day (Djibouti)">Djibouti's independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nwvol_131-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nwvol-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon" title="Hassan Gouled Aptidon">Hassan Gouled Aptidon</a>, an Issa (ethnic Somali) politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, became the nation's first president (1977–1999).<sup id="cite_ref-Barrington2006_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrington2006-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its first year, Djibouti joined the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and the United Nations. In 1986, the nascent republic was also among the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a> regional development organization. During the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>, influential Issa politicians envisioned a Greater Djibouti or "Issa-land", where Djibouti's borders would extend from the Red Sea to <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That dream was dashed towards the end of the war as Somali forces were routed from Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">armed conflict</a> between Djibouti's ruling <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Rally_for_Progress" title="People's Rally for Progress">People's Rally for Progress</a> (PRP) party and the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Restoration_of_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy">Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy</a> (FRUD) opposition group. The impasse ended in a power-sharing agreement in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismael Guelleh</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Djibouti">President of Djibouti</a> since independence from France in 1977, was <a href="/wiki/2021_Djiboutian_presidential_election" title="2021 Djiboutian presidential election">re-elected</a> for his fifth term.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Djibouti" title="Politics of Djibouti">Politics of Djibouti</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Djibouti" title="Elections in Djibouti">Elections in Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Djiboutian_politicians" title="List of Djiboutian politicians">List of Djiboutian politicians</a></div> <p>Djibouti is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a> resting in the presidency, which is by turn dominant over the cabinet, and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Djibouti)" title="National Assembly (Djibouti)">National Assembly</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg/170px-Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg/255px-Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg/340px-Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>President of Djibouti, <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Djibouti">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a>, is the prominent figure in Djiboutian politics—the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>. The president exercises their executive power assisted by their appointee, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Djibouti">Prime Minister</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Abdoulkader_Kamil_Mohamed" title="Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed">Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed</a>. The Council of Ministers (cabinet) is responsible to and presided over by the president. </p><p>The judicial system consists of courts of first instance, a High Court of Appeal, and a Supreme Court. The <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a> is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">French civil law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></i>) of the Somali and Afar peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-English_constitution_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_constitution-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Assembly (formerly the <i>Chamber of Deputies</i>) is the country's legislature,<sup id="cite_ref-English_constitution_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_constitution-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of 65 members elected every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a>, the Constitution provides for the creation of a Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-English_constitution_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_constitution-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_parliamentary_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Djiboutian parliamentary election, 2018">last election</a> was held on 23 February 2018. Djibouti has a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party system</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Rally_for_Progress" title="People's Rally for Progress">People's Rally for Progress</a> (RPP) controlling the legislature and the executive since its foundation in 1979 (the party rules as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Presidential_Majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for a Presidential Majority">Union for a Presidential Majority</a>, which holds a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> of seats). Opposition parties are allowed (limited) freedom, but the main opposition party, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_National_Salvation" title="Union for National Salvation">Union for National Salvation</a>, boycotted the 2005 and 2008 elections, citing government control of the media and repression of the opposition candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government is dominated by the Somali <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a> <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> clan, who have the support of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali clan">Somali clans</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabuursi</a> <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> clan. The country emerged from a decade-long <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">civil war</a> at the end of the 1990s with the government and the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Restoration_of_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy">Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy</a> (FRUD) signing a peace treaty in 2000. Two FRUD members joined the cabinet,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and beginning with <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_presidential_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Djiboutian presidential election, 1999">the presidential elections of 1999</a>, the FRUD has campaigned in support of the RPP. </p><p>President Guelleh succeeded <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon" title="Hassan Gouled Aptidon">Hassan Gouled Aptidon</a> in office in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-IRIN_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRIN-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guelleh was sworn in for his second six-year term after a <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_presidential_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Djiboutian presidential election, 2005">one-man election</a> on 8 April 2005. He took 100% of the votes in a 78.9% turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-IRIN_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRIN-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2011, the Djiboutian citizenry took part in a <a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">series of protests</a> against the long-serving government, which were associated with the larger <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> demonstrations. Guelleh was <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_presidential_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Djiboutian presidential election, 2011">reelected</a> to a third term later that year with 80.63% of the vote in a 75% turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-Meodvpe_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meodvpe-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although opposition groups boycotted the ballot over changes to the constitution permitting Guelleh to run again for office,<sup id="cite_ref-Meodvpe_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meodvpe-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> international observers from the African Union generally described the election as free and fair.<sup id="cite_ref-Spabcdpohr_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spabcdpohr-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March 2013, Guelleh replaced long-serving Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dilleita_Mohamed_Dilleita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita">Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita</a> with former president of the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP) <a href="/wiki/Abdoulkader_Kamil_Mohamed" title="Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed">Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Makmgcdlenpmd_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makmgcdlenpmd-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2014, the ruling Union for the Presidential Majority also signed a framework agreement with the Union of National Salvation coalition, which paves the way for opposition legislators to enter parliament and for reformation of the national electoral agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Gdgrdtboip_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gdgrdtboip-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Djibouti" title="Foreign relations of Djibouti">Foreign relations of Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DjiboutiNationalAssembly.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DjiboutiNationalAssembly.JPG/220px-DjiboutiNationalAssembly.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DjiboutiNationalAssembly.JPG/330px-DjiboutiNationalAssembly.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DjiboutiNationalAssembly.JPG/440px-DjiboutiNationalAssembly.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>The Djibouti National Assembly in Djibouti City</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign relations of Djibouti are managed by the Djiboutian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Djibouti maintains close ties with the governments of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It is likewise an active participant in <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> affairs. Since the 2000s, Djiboutian authorities have also strengthened relations with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>Djibouti has been a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_of_Small_States_(FOSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum of Small States (FOSS)">The Forum of Small States (FOSS)</a> since the group's founding in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-singaporebook_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singaporebook-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Djibouti Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Maryama_during_an_exercise,_Arta_Region,_Djibouti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Camp_Maryama_during_an_exercise%2C_Arta_Region%2C_Djibouti.jpg/220px-Camp_Maryama_during_an_exercise%2C_Arta_Region%2C_Djibouti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Camp_Maryama_during_an_exercise%2C_Arta_Region%2C_Djibouti.jpg/330px-Camp_Maryama_during_an_exercise%2C_Arta_Region%2C_Djibouti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Camp_Maryama_during_an_exercise%2C_Arta_Region%2C_Djibouti.jpg/440px-Camp_Maryama_during_an_exercise%2C_Arta_Region%2C_Djibouti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Maryama base during a martial exercise in the <a href="/wiki/Arta_Region" title="Arta Region">Arta Region</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Djiboutian Armed Forces</a> include the Djiboutian Army, which consists of the Djiboutian Navy, the Djiboutian Air Force, and the National Gendarmerie (GN). As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the manpower available for military service was 170,386 males and 221,411 females aged 16 to 49.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Djibouti <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">spent</a> over US$36 million annually on its military as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> (141st in the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">SIPRI</a> database). After independence, Djibouti had two regiments commanded by French officers. In the early 2000s, it looked outward for a model of army organization that would best advance defensive capabilities by restructuring forces into smaller, more mobile units instead of traditional divisions. </p><p>The first war to involve the Djiboutian Armed Forces was the <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> between the Djiboutian government, supported by France, and the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Restoration_of_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy">Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy</a> (<i>FRUD</i>). The war lasted from 1991 to 2001, although most of the hostilities ended when the moderate factions of FRUD signed a peace treaty with the government after suffering an extensive military setback when the government forces captured most of the rebel-held territory. A radical group continued to fight the government, but signed its own peace treaty in 2001. The war ended in a government victory, and FRUD became a political party. </p><p>As the headquarters of the IGAD regional body, Djibouti has been an active participant in the Somali peace process, hosting the <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Djibouti" title="Arta, Djibouti">Arta</a> conference in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Somvir_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somvir-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-Fcacsunesinpshm_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fcacsunesinpshm-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Djiboutian delegation attended the inauguration ceremony of Somalia's new president.<sup id="cite_ref-Piuinefs_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piuinefs-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, Djibouti has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it. Now deployed to <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_military_presence">Foreign military presence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_forces_in_Djibouti" title="French forces in Djibouti">French forces in Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_MEU_conducts_Sustainment_Training_170105-F-QF982-589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/11th_MEU_conducts_Sustainment_Training_170105-F-QF982-589.jpg/220px-11th_MEU_conducts_Sustainment_Training_170105-F-QF982-589.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/11th_MEU_conducts_Sustainment_Training_170105-F-QF982-589.jpg/330px-11th_MEU_conducts_Sustainment_Training_170105-F-QF982-589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/11th_MEU_conducts_Sustainment_Training_170105-F-QF982-589.jpg/440px-11th_MEU_conducts_Sustainment_Training_170105-F-QF982-589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4547" data-file-height="3026" /></a><figcaption>American service members in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bara" title="Grand Bara">Grand Bara</a> desert, 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Forces</a> remained present in Djibouti when the territory gained independence, first as part of a provisional protocol of June 1977 laying down the conditions for the stationing of French forces, constituting a defense agreement. A new defence cooperation treaty between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Djibouti was signed in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on 21 December 2011. It entered into force on 1 May 2014. By that treaty and its security clause, France reaffirmed its commitment to the independence and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> of the Republic of Djibouti. As well before independence, in 1962, a <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> unit, the <a href="/wiki/13th_Demi-Brigade_of_the_Foreign_Legion" title="13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion">13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion</a> (13 DBLE) was transferred from Algeria to Djibouti to form the core of the French garrison there.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 July 2011, the (13 DBLE) left Djibouti to the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. </p><p>Djibouti's strategic location by the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> Strait, which separates the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and controls the approaches to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, has made it a desirable location for foreign military bases. <a href="/wiki/Camp_Lemonnier" title="Camp Lemonnier">Camp Lemonnier</a> was abandoned by the French and later leased to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> in September 2002. The lease was renewed in 2014 for another 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian National Support Military Base is also located in Djibouti.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country also hosts the only overseas <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Force_Base_Djibouti" title="Japan Self-Defense Force Base Djibouti">Japanese military base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Support_Base_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti">Chinese support base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hosting of foreign military bases is an important part of Djibouti's economy. The United States pays $63 million a year to rent Camp Lemonnier,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France and Japan each pay about $30 million a year respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China pays $20 million a year.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lease payments added up to more than 5% of Djibouti's total GDP of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$2.3 billion</span> in 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Djibouti" title="Human rights in Djibouti">Human rights in Djibouti</a></div> <p>In its 2011 Freedom in the World report, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranked Djibouti as "Not Free", a downgrading from its former status as "Partly Free". </p><p>According to the 2019 U.S. State Department <a href="/wiki/Country_Report_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Report on Human Rights Practices">Country Report on Human Rights Practices</a>, Djibouti's significant human rights issues include unlawful or arbitrary killings by government agents; arbitrary detention by government agents; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; unjustified arrests or prosecutions of journalists; criminal libel; substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of association; significant acts of corruption; and violence against women and girls with inadequate government action for prosecution and accountability, including female genital mutilation/cutting. It states also that impunity was a problem, with the government seldom taking steps to identify and punish officials who committed abuses, whether in the security services or elsewhere in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Djibouti">Districts of Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png/310px-The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png/465px-The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png/620px-The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>A map of Djibouti's regions</figcaption></figure> <p>Djibouti is sub-divided into six administrative regions, with <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti city</a> being one of the official regions. It is further subdivided into twenty <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Djibouti">districts</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Regions of Djibouti </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population<br />2009 census </th> <th>Population<br />2024 census<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh_Region" title="Ali Sabieh Region">Ali Sabieh</a> </td> <td align="right">2,200 </td> <td align="right">86,949 </td> <td align="right">76,414 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh" title="Ali Sabieh">Ali Sabieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arta_Region" title="Arta Region">Arta</a> </td> <td align="right">1,800 </td> <td align="right">42,380 </td> <td align="right">48,922 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arta,_Djibouti" title="Arta, Djibouti">Arta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dikhil_Region" title="Dikhil Region">Dikhil</a> </td> <td align="right">7,200 </td> <td align="right">88,948 </td> <td align="right">66,196 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dikhil" title="Dikhil">Dikhil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Region" title="Djibouti Region">Djibouti</a> </td> <td align="right">200 </td> <td align="right">475,322 </td> <td align="right">776,966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obock_Region" title="Obock Region">Obock</a> </td> <td align="right">4,700 </td> <td align="right">37,856 </td> <td align="right">37,666 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obock" title="Obock">Obock</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tadjourah_Region" title="Tadjourah Region">Tadjourah</a> </td> <td align="right">7,100 </td> <td align="right">86,704 </td> <td align="right">50,645 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Geography of Djibouti</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_habitat">Location and habitat</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Djibouti_in_November_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Satellite_image_of_Djibouti_in_November_2001.jpg/133px-Satellite_image_of_Djibouti_in_November_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Satellite_image_of_Djibouti_in_November_2001.jpg/200px-Satellite_image_of_Djibouti_in_November_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Satellite_image_of_Djibouti_in_November_2001.jpg/266px-Satellite_image_of_Djibouti_in_November_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_images_of_Djibouti_during_the_night.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Satellite_images_of_Djibouti_during_the_night.png/151px-Satellite_images_of_Djibouti_during_the_night.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Satellite_images_of_Djibouti_during_the_night.png/227px-Satellite_images_of_Djibouti_during_the_night.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Satellite_images_of_Djibouti_during_the_night.png/302px-Satellite_images_of_Djibouti_during_the_night.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="703" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite images</a> of Djibouti during the day (left) and night (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>Djibouti is in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>, at the southern entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. It lies between latitudes 11° and 14°N and longitudes 41° and 44°E, at the northernmost point of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>. It is in Djibouti that the rift between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Plate">Somali Plate</a> meets the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>, forming a geologic tripoint.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tectonic interaction at this tripoint has created the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Africa" title="Extreme points of Africa">lowest elevation of any place in Africa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)" title="Lake Assal (Djibouti)">Lake Assal</a>, and the second-lowest depression on dry land anywhere on earth (surpassed only by the depression along the border of Jordan and Israel). </p><p>The country's coastline stretches 314 kilometres (195 miles), with terrain consisting mainly of plateau, plains and highlands. Djibouti has a total area of 23,200 square kilometres (8,958 sq mi). Its borders extend 575 km (357 mi), 125 km (78 mi) of which are shared with <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, 390 km (242 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and 60 km (37 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Djibouti is the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate country">country on the Arabian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Djibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over 1,000 metres (3,300 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-Hmid_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hmid-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mousa_Ali" title="Mousa Ali">Mousa Ali</a> range is considered the country's highest mountain range, with the tallest peak on the border with Ethiopia and Eritrea. It has an elevation of 2,028 metres (6,654 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-Hmid_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hmid-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bara" title="Grand Bara">Grand Bara</a> desert covers parts of southern Djibouti in the Arta, Ali Sabieh and Dikhil regions. The majority of it sits at a relatively low elevation, below 1,700 feet (520 metres). </p><p>Extreme geographic points include: to the north, Ras Doumera and the point at which the border with Eritrea enters the Red Sea in the Obock Region; to the east, a section of the Red Sea coast north of Ras Bir; to the south, a location on the border with Ethiopia west of the town of <a href="/wiki/As_Ela" class="mw-redirect" title="As Ela">As Ela</a>; and to the west, a location on the frontier with Ethiopia immediately east of the Ethiopian town of <a href="/wiki/Afambo_(woreda)" title="Afambo (woreda)">Afambo</a>. </p><p>Most of Djibouti is part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands">Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. The exception is an eastern strip along the Red Sea coast, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_coastal_desert" title="Eritrean coastal desert">Eritrean coastal desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landscapes of Djibouti</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djib_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Assal"><img alt="Lake Assal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Djib_003.JPG/240px-Djib_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Djib_003.JPG/360px-Djib_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Djib_003.JPG/480px-Djib_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)" title="Lake Assal (Djibouti)">Lake Assal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_houses_on_the_Mabla_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains"><img alt="Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Traditional_houses_on_the_Mabla_Mountains.jpg/274px-Traditional_houses_on_the_Mabla_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Traditional_houses_on_the_Mabla_Mountains.jpg/411px-Traditional_houses_on_the_Mabla_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Traditional_houses_on_the_Mabla_Mountains.jpg/548px-Traditional_houses_on_the_Mabla_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional houses on the <a href="/wiki/Mabla_Mountains" title="Mabla Mountains">Mabla Mountains</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac_Abbe-02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Abbe"><img alt="Lake Abbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lac_Abbe-02.JPG/278px-Lac_Abbe-02.JPG" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lac_Abbe-02.JPG/417px-Lac_Abbe-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lac_Abbe-02.JPG/556px-Lac_Abbe-02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="1423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Abbe" title="Lake Abbe">Lake Abbe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_mountains_near_Dasbiyo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The mountains near Dasbiyo"><img alt="The mountains near Dasbiyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_mountains_near_Dasbiyo.png/338px-The_mountains_near_Dasbiyo.png" decoding="async" width="226" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_mountains_near_Dasbiyo.png/507px-The_mountains_near_Dasbiyo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_mountains_near_Dasbiyo.png/676px-The_mountains_near_Dasbiyo.png 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mountains near <a href="/wiki/Dasbiyo" title="Dasbiyo">Dasbiyo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Djibouti_Beach.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Beach south of Djibouti City, overlooking the Gulf of Aden"><img alt="Beach south of Djibouti City, overlooking the Gulf of Aden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_Djibouti_Beach.png/240px-South_Djibouti_Beach.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_Djibouti_Beach.png/360px-South_Djibouti_Beach.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_Djibouti_Beach.png/480px-South_Djibouti_Beach.png 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beach south of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a>, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djibouti%27s_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Djibouti%27s_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png/300px-Djibouti%27s_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Djibouti%27s_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png/450px-Djibouti%27s_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Djibouti%27s_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png/600px-Djibouti%27s_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Djibouti map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. <small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid climate</a></div></small> <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F10000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">Arid climate</a></div></small></figcaption></figure> <p>Djibouti's <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> is significantly warmer and has significantly less seasonal variation than the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> average. The mean daily maximum <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> range from 32 to 41 °C (90 to 106 °F), except at high elevations. In <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a>, for instance, average afternoon highs range from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) in April. But at <a href="/wiki/Airolaf" title="Airolaf">Airolaf</a>, which ranges from 1,535 to 1,600 m (5,036 to 5,249 ft), maximum temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) in summer and minimum 9 °C (48 °F) in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upland" class="extiw" title="wikt:upland">uplands</a> ranges from 500 to 800 m (1,600 to 2,600 ft), are comparable and cooler to those on the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> in the hottest months of June until August. December and January is the coolest month with averages low temperatures falling as low as 15 °C (59 °F). Djibouti has either a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (BSh) or a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (BWh), although <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> are much moderated at the highest <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Djibouti's climate ranges from <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> in the northeastern coastal regions to <a href="/wiki/Semiarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiarid">semi-arid</a> in the central, northern, western and southern parts of the country. On the eastern seaboard, annual rainfall is less than 5 inches (130 mm); in the central highlands, precipitation is about 8 to 16 inches (200 to 410 millimetres). The hinterland is significantly less <a href="/wiki/Humid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid">humid</a> than the coastal regions. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average daily temperatures for the ten cities in Djibouti<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>July (°C) </th> <th>July (°F) </th> <th>January (°C) </th> <th>January (°F) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a></td> <td>41/31</td> <td>107/88</td> <td>28/21</td> <td>83/70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh" title="Ali Sabieh">Ali Sabieh</a></td> <td>36/25</td> <td>96/77</td> <td>26/15</td> <td>79/60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a></td> <td>41/31</td> <td>107/88</td> <td>29/22</td> <td>84/72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dikhil" title="Dikhil">Dikhil</a></td> <td>38/27</td> <td>100/81</td> <td>27/17</td> <td>80/63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obock" title="Obock">Obock</a></td> <td>41/30</td> <td>105/87</td> <td>28/22</td> <td>84/72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arta,_Djibouti" title="Arta, Djibouti">Arta</a></td> <td>36/25</td> <td>97/78</td> <td>25/15</td> <td>78/60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Randa,_Djibouti" title="Randa, Djibouti">Randa</a></td> <td>34/23</td> <td>94/73</td> <td>23/13</td> <td>74/56 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holhol" title="Holhol">Holhol</a></td> <td>38/28</td> <td>101/81</td> <td>26/17</td> <td>79/62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Adde" title="Ali Adde">Ali Adde</a></td> <td>38/27</td> <td>100/82</td> <td>26/16</td> <td>80/61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airolaf" title="Airolaf">Airolaf</a></td> <td>31/18</td> <td>88/66</td> <td>22/9</td> <td>71/49 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Djibouti" title="Wildlife of Djibouti">Wildlife of Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancolinusOchropectus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FrancolinusOchropectus.svg/220px-FrancolinusOchropectus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FrancolinusOchropectus.svg/330px-FrancolinusOchropectus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FrancolinusOchropectus.svg/440px-FrancolinusOchropectus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_francolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti francolin">Djibouti francolin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered species</a> living only in Djibouti</figcaption></figure> <p>The country's <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> live in a harsh landscape with forest accounting for less than one percent of the total area of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-day_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife is spread over three main regions, namely from the northern mountain region of the country to the volcanic plateaux in its southern and central part and culminating in the coastal region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goda_Mountains_-_National_Park_of_For%C3%AAt_du_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Goda_Mountains_-_National_Park_of_For%C3%AAt_du_Day.jpg/220px-Goda_Mountains_-_National_Park_of_For%C3%AAt_du_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Goda_Mountains_-_National_Park_of_For%C3%AAt_du_Day.jpg/330px-Goda_Mountains_-_National_Park_of_For%C3%AAt_du_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Goda_Mountains_-_National_Park_of_For%C3%AAt_du_Day.jpg/440px-Goda_Mountains_-_National_Park_of_For%C3%AAt_du_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Plant species on the <a href="/wiki/Day_Forest_National_Park" title="Day Forest National Park">Forêt du Day National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most species of wildlife are found in the northern part of the country, in the ecosystem of the <a href="/wiki/Day_Forest_National_Park" title="Day Forest National Park">Day Forest National Park</a>. At an average altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921 feet), the area includes the Goda massif, with a peak of 1,783 m (5,850 ft). It covers an area of 3.5 square kilometres (1 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_procera" title="Juniperus procera">Juniperus procera</a> forest, with many of the trees rising to 20 metres (66 feet) height. This forest area is the main habitat of the endangered and endemic <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_francolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti francolin">Djibouti francolin</a> (a bird), and another recently noted vertebrate, <i>Platyceps afarensis</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Colubrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Colubrine">colubrine</a> snake). It also contains many species of woody and herbaceous plants, including boxwood and olive trees, which account for 60% of the total identified species in the country. </p><p>According to the country profile related to biodiversity of wildlife in Djibouti, the nation contains more than 820 species of plants, 493 species of invertebrates, 455 species of fish, 40 species of reptiles, three species of amphibians, 360 species of birds and 66 species of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-day_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife of Djibouti is also listed as part of <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> hotspot.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals include several species of antelope, such as Soemmerring's gazelle and Pelzeln's gazelle. As a result of the hunting ban imposed since early 1970 these species are well conserved now. Other characteristic mammals are <a href="/wiki/Grevy%27s_zebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Grevy's zebra">Grevy's zebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon" title="Hamadryas baboon">hamadryas baboon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter%27s_antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter's antelope">Hunter's antelope</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthog</a>, a vulnerable species, is also found in the Day National park. The coastal waters have dugongs and <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet</a>; the latter needs confirmation by further studies. <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">Green turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill turtles</a> are in the coastal waters where nestling also takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-Resourcesutviklingshjelp1989_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resourcesutviklingshjelp1989-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StuartAdams1990_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StuartAdams1990-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northeast_African_cheetah" title="Northeast African cheetah">Northeast African cheetah</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx_jubatus_soemmeringii" class="mw-redirect" title="Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii">Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii</a></i> is thought to be extinct in Djibouti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Economy of Djibouti</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_by_sector,_Djibouti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GDP_by_sector%2C_Djibouti.png/250px-GDP_by_sector%2C_Djibouti.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GDP_by_sector%2C_Djibouti.png/375px-GDP_by_sector%2C_Djibouti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GDP_by_sector%2C_Djibouti.png/500px-GDP_by_sector%2C_Djibouti.png 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="3099" /></a><figcaption>Djibouti GDP by sector</figcaption></figure> <p>Djibouti's economy is largely concentrated in the service sector. Commercial activities revolve around the country's free trade policies and strategic location as a Red Sea transit point. Due to limited rainfall, vegetables and fruits are the principal production crops, and other food items require importation. The GDP (purchasing power parity) in 2013 was estimated at $2.505 billion, with a real growth rate of 5% annually. Per capita income is around $2,874 (PPP). The services sector constituted around 79.7% of the GDP, followed by industry at 17.3%, and agriculture at 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the container terminal at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Djibouti" title="Port of Djibouti">Port of Djibouti</a> handles the bulk of the nation's trade. About 70% of the seaport's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, 95% of Ethiopian transit cargo was handled by the Port of Djibouti.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the Djiboutian government in collaboration with DP World started construction of the <a href="/wiki/Doraleh_Container_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Doraleh Container Terminal">Doraleh Container Terminal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a third major seaport intended to further develop the national transit capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A $396 million project, it has the capacity to accommodate 1.5 million twenty foot container units annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Djibouti was ranked the 177th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve the environment for direct foreign investment, the Djibouti authorities in conjunction with various non-profit organizations have launched a number of development projects aimed at highlighting the country's commercial potential. The government has also introduced new private sector policies targeting high interest and inflation rates, including relaxing the tax burden on enterprises and allowing exemptions on consumption tax.<sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, efforts have been made to lower the estimated 60% urban unemployment rate by creating more job opportunities through investment in diversified sectors. Funds have especially gone toward building telecommunications infrastructure and increasing disposable income by supporting small businesses. Owing to its growth potential, the fishing and agro-processing sector, which represents around 15% of GDP, has also enjoyed rising investment since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To expand the modest industrial sector, a 56 megawatt geothermal power plant slated to be completed by 2018 is being constructed with the help of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Environmental_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Environmental Facility">Global Environmental Facility</a>. The facility is expected to solve the recurring electricity shortages, decrease the nation's reliance on Ethiopia for energy, reduce costly oil imports for diesel-generated electricity, and thereby buttress the GDP and lower debt.<sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Djibouti firm Salt Investment (SIS) began a large-scale operation to industrialize the plentiful salt in Djibouti's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)" title="Lake Assal (Djibouti)">Lake Assal</a> region. Operating at an annual capacity of 4 million tons, the desalination project has lifted export revenues, created more job opportunities, and provided more fresh water for the area's residents.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the Djibouti government also enlisted the services of the <a href="/wiki/China_Harbour_Engineering_Company" title="China Harbour Engineering Company">China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd</a> for the construction of an ore terminal. Worth $64 million, the project enabled Djibouti to export a further 5,000 tons of salt per year to markets in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Xdcssmuatfse_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xdcssmuatfse-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djibouti_GDP_1985_to_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Djibouti_GDP_1985_to_2015.png/300px-Djibouti_GDP_1985_to_2015.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Djibouti_GDP_1985_to_2015.png/450px-Djibouti_GDP_1985_to_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Djibouti_GDP_1985_to_2015.png/600px-Djibouti_GDP_1985_to_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015. The <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Djiboutian franc</a> is the currency of Djibouti. It is issued by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Djibouti" title="Central Bank of Djibouti">Central Bank of Djibouti</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">monetary authority</a>. Since the Djiboutian franc is pegged to the U.S. dollar, it is generally stable and inflation is not a problem. This has contributed to the growing interest in investment in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rdbbafi_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rdbbafi-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 10 conventional and Islamic banks operate in Djibouti. Most arrived within the past few years, including the Somali money transfer company <a href="/wiki/Dahabshiil" title="Dahabshiil">Dahabshiil</a> and BDCD, a subsidiary of Swiss Financial Investments. The banking system had previously been monopolized by two institutions: the Indo-Suez Bank and the Commercial and Industrial Bank (BCIMR).<sup id="cite_ref-Rdbbafi_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rdbbafi-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To assure a robust credit and deposit sector, the government requires commercial banks to maintain 30% of shares in the financial institution;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a minimum of 300 million Djiboutian francs in up-front capital is mandatory for international banks. Lending has likewise been encouraged by the creation of a guarantee fund, which allows banks to issue loans to eligible small- and medium-sized businesses without first requiring a large deposit or other collateral.<sup id="cite_ref-Cdpafoid_173-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cdpafoid-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi investors are also reportedly exploring the possibility of linking the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> via a 28.5-kilometre-long (17.7 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oversea bridge through Djibouti, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Horns" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge of the Horns">Bridge of the Horns</a>. The investor <a href="/wiki/Tarek_bin_Laden" title="Tarek bin Laden">Tarek bin Laden</a> has been linked to the project. In June 2010, Phase I of the project was delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Djibouti" title="Transport in Djibouti">Transport in Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport.png/220px-The_Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport.png/330px-The_Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport.png/440px-The_Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Main Terminal at <a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport" title="Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport">Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport" title="Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport">Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a>, the country's only international airport, serves many intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights. <a href="/wiki/Air_Djibouti" title="Air Djibouti">Air Djibouti</a> is the flag carrier of Djibouti and is the country's largest airline. </p><p>The new and electrified <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa-Djibouti_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway</a> started operation in January 2018. Its main purpose is to facilitate freight services between the Ethiopian hinterland and the Djiboutian <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Doraleh" title="Port of Doraleh">Port of Doraleh</a>. </p><p>Car ferries pass the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a> from Djibouti City to <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a>. There is the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Doraleh" title="Port of Doraleh">Port of Doraleh</a> west of Djibouti City, which is the main port of Djibouti. The Port of Doraleh is the terminal of the new Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway. In addition to the Port of Doraleh, which handles general cargo and oil imports, Djibouti (2018) has three other major ports for the import and export of bulk goods and livestock, the <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Port of Tadjourah</a> (potash), the <a href="/wiki/Damerjog" title="Damerjog">Damerjog Port</a> (livestock) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Goubet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Goubet (page does not exist)">Port of Goubet</a> (salt). Almost 95% of Ethiopia's imports and exports move through Djiboutian ports.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Djiboutian highway system is named according to the road classification. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Djibouti. </p><p>Djibouti is part of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</a> that runs from the Chinese coast to the Upper Adriatic region with its connections to Central and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_telecommunications">Media and telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Telecommunications in Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Djibouti" title="Freedom of the press in Djibouti">Freedom of the press in Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djibtelcom2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Djibtelcom2.jpg/220px-Djibtelcom2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Djibtelcom2.jpg/330px-Djibtelcom2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Djibtelcom2.jpg/440px-Djibtelcom2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Telecom" title="Djibouti Telecom">Djibouti Telecom</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Telecommunications in Djibouti fall under the authority of the Ministry of Communication.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Telecom" title="Djibouti Telecom">Djibouti Telecom</a> is the sole provider of telecommunication services. It mostly utilizes a microwave radio relay network. A fiber-optic cable is installed in the capital, whereas rural areas are connected via wireless local loop radio systems. Mobile cellular coverage is primarily limited to the area in and around Djibouti city. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 23,000 telephone main lines and 312,000 mobile/cellular lines were in use. The <a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="SEA-ME-WE 3 (cable system)">SEA-ME-WE 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a> operates to <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, Singapore and beyond. Telephone <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> earth stations include 1 <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a> (Indian Ocean) and 1 <a href="/wiki/Arabsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabsat">Arabsat</a>. Medarabtel is the regional microwave radio relay telephone network.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Djibouti" title="Radio Television of Djibouti">Radio Television of Djibouti</a> is the state-owned national broadcaster. It operates the sole terrestrial TV station, as well as the two domestic radio networks on <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> 1, <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> 2, and shortwave 0. Licensing and operation of broadcast media is regulated by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movie theaters include the Odeon Cinema in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 215 local internet service providers. Internet users comprised around 99,000 individuals (2015). The internet country top-level domain is <a href="/wiki/.dj" title=".dj">.dj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main print newspapers are owned by the government: the French-language daily <i>La Nation</i>, the English weekly <i>Djibouti Post</i>, and the Arabic weekly <i>Al-Qarn</i>. There is also a state <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agency</a>, Agence Djiboutienne d'Information. Non-government news websites are based abroad; for instance, <i>La Voix de Djibouti</i> operates out of Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Djibouti" title="Tourism in Djibouti">Tourism in Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Gulf_Of_Tadjoura.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Photo_of_Gulf_Of_Tadjoura.png/220px-Photo_of_Gulf_Of_Tadjoura.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Photo_of_Gulf_Of_Tadjoura.png/330px-Photo_of_Gulf_Of_Tadjoura.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Photo_of_Gulf_Of_Tadjoura.png/440px-Photo_of_Gulf_Of_Tadjoura.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Arta Plage on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism in Djibouti is one of the growing economic sectors of the country and is an industry that generates less than 80,000 arrivals per year, mostly the family and friends of the soldiers stationed in the country's major naval bases.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the numbers are on the rise, there are talks of the visa on arrival being stopped, which could limit tourism growth. </p><p>Infrastructure makes it difficult for tourists to travel independently and costs of private tours are high. Since the re-opening of the train line from Addis Ababa to Djibouti in January 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> travel by land has also resumed. Djibouti's two main geological marvels, Lake Abbe and Lake Assal, are the country's top tourist destinations. The two sites draw<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hundreds of tourists every year looking for remote places that are not visited by many. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Djibouti" title="Energy in Djibouti">Energy in Djibouti</a></div> <p>Djibouti has an installed electrical power generating capacity of 126 MW from fuel oil and diesel plants.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 electrical power output was put at 232 GWh, with consumption at 216 GWh. At 2015, per capita annual electricity consumption is about 330 kilowatt-hours (kWh); moreover, about 45% of the population does not have access to electricity,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the level of unmet demand in the country's power sector is significant. Increased <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> imports from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, which satisfies 65% of Djibouti's demand, will play a significant role in boosting the country's renewable energy supply.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_191-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geothermal potential has generated particular interest in Japan, with 13 potential sites; they have already started the construction on one site near Lake Assal. The construction of the photovoltaic power station (solar farms) in Grand Bara will generate 50 MW capacity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Djibouti" title="Demographics of Djibouti">Demographics of Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Djiboutian">Djiboutian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg/150px-Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg/225px-Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg/300px-Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> woman in nomadic attire</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Afar_nomad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/An_Afar_nomad.jpg/150px-An_Afar_nomad.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/An_Afar_nomad.jpg/225px-An_Afar_nomad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/An_Afar_nomad.jpg/300px-An_Afar_nomad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> man in nomadic attire</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">62,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1955</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,589</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">83,636</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.75%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">114,963</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">159,659</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1977</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">277,750</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">358,960</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.93%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">425,613</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">590,398</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">630,388</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">717,584</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.62%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">784,256</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">850,146</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">869,099</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">884,017</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2024</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,066,809</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.18%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: World Bank<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2018;<br />2024 Census by Institut National de la Statistique de Djibouti, INSTAD.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Djibouti had a population of 1,066,809 inhabitants at the Census held on 20 May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic">multiethnic</a> country. The local population grew rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century, increasing from about 69,589 in 1955 to around 869,099 by 2015. The two largest ethnic groups native to Djibouti are the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> (60%) and the <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> (35%).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Somali_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali clan">Somali clan</a> component is mainly composed of the <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabuursi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habar_Awal" class="mw-redirect" title="Habar Awal">Habar Awal</a> sub-clan of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining 5% of Djibouti's population primarily consists of <a href="/wiki/Yemenis" title="Yemenis">Yemeni Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>). Approximately 76% of local residents are urban dwellers; the remainder are <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Djibouti also hosts a number of immigrants and refugees from neighboring states, with Djibouti City nicknamed the "French Hong Kong in the Red Sea" due to its cosmopolitan urbanism.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Djibouti's location on the eastern coast of Africa makes it a hub of regional <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>, with Somalis, Yemenis, and Ethiopians traveling through the country en route to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">northern Africa</a>. Djibouti has received a massive influx of migrants from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Languages of Djibouti </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> (35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (3%)</div> </div> </div></div> </td> <td><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Orange; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:Maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Maroon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 93.906250581749px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Islam in Djibouti (Pew)<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a> (87%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Maroon; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational Muslims</a> (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> Other Muslim (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shiaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiaism">Shiaism</a> (2%)</div> </div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Languages of Djibouti</a></div> <p>Djibouti is a <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> nation.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of local residents speak <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (60%) and <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> (35%) as first languages. They are the <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongues</a> of the Somali and Afar ethnic groups, respectively. Both languages belong to the larger <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic">Cushitic</a> family. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Northern Somali</a> is the main dialect spoken in the country and in neighbouring Somaliland, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadiri Somali</a> which is the main dialect spoken in Somalia.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two official languages in Djibouti: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arabic is of religious importance. In formal settings, it consists of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>. Colloquially, about 59,000 local residents speak the <a href="/wiki/Ta%27izzi-Adeni_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic">Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic</a> dialect, also known as <i>Djibouti Arabic</i>. French serves as a statutory national language. It was inherited from the colonial period, and is the primary language of instruction. Around 17,000 Djiboutians speak it as a first language. Immigrant languages include <a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani Arabic</a> (38,900 speakers), <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> (1,400 speakers), and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (1,000 speakers).<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue.com_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Islam in Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Christianity in Djibouti</a></div> <p>Djibouti's population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is observed by around 98% of the nation's population (approximately 891,000 as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 94% of the population was Muslim whereas the remaining 6% of residents are Christian adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam entered the region very early on, as a group of persecuted Muslims had sought refuge across the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> at the urging of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. In 1900, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the territories, with only about 100–300 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the few Catholic missions in the <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>. The Constitution of Djibouti names Islam as the sole <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and also provides for the equality of citizens of all faiths (Article 1) and freedom of religious practice (Article 11).<sup id="cite_ref-English_constitution_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_constitution-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_142-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most local Muslims adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> denomination, following the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school. The <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslims</a> largely belong to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> orders of varying schools.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="International Religious Freedom Report">International Religious Freedom Report</a> 2008, while Muslim Djiboutians have the legal right to convert to or marry someone from another faith, converts may encounter negative reactions from their family and clan or from society at large, and they often face pressure to go back to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Djibouti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Djibouti">Diocese of Djibouti</a> serves the small local <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> population, which it estimates numbered around 7,000 individuals in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Djibouti</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2009 Census<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Djibouti" title="List of cities in Djibouti">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Djibouti" title="Regions of Djibouti">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djibplamar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Djibplamar.jpg/120px-Djibplamar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Djibplamar.jpg/180px-Djibplamar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Djibplamar.jpg/240px-Djibplamar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="348" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Ali_Sabieh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ali Sabieh"><img alt="Ali Sabieh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_Ali_Sabieh.JPG/120px-View_of_Ali_Sabieh.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_Ali_Sabieh.JPG/180px-View_of_Ali_Sabieh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_Ali_Sabieh.JPG/240px-View_of_Ali_Sabieh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh" title="Ali Sabieh">Ali Sabieh</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Region" title="Djibouti Region">Djibouti</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">475,322 <sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_Bernard_%C3%A0_Dikhil.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dikhil"><img alt="Dikhil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Place_Bernard_%C3%A0_Dikhil.JPG/120px-Place_Bernard_%C3%A0_Dikhil.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Place_Bernard_%C3%A0_Dikhil.JPG/180px-Place_Bernard_%C3%A0_Dikhil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Place_Bernard_%C3%A0_Dikhil.JPG/240px-Place_Bernard_%C3%A0_Dikhil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="575" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dikhil" title="Dikhil">Dikhil</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tadjoura"><img alt="Tadjoura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tagore.jpg/120px-Tagore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tagore.jpg/180px-Tagore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tagore.jpg/240px-Tagore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="779" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh" title="Ali Sabieh">Ali Sabieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh_Region" title="Ali Sabieh Region">Ali Sabieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,939 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dikhil" title="Dikhil">Dikhil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dikhil_Region" title="Dikhil Region">Dikhil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,886 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tadjourah_Region" title="Tadjourah Region">Tadjourah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arta,_Djibouti" title="Arta, Djibouti">Arta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arta_Region" title="Arta Region">Arta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Obock" title="Obock">Obock</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Obock_Region" title="Obock Region">Obock</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Adde" title="Ali Adde">Ali Adde</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh_Region" title="Ali Sabieh Region">Ali Sabieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Holhol" title="Holhol">Holhol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh_Region" title="Ali Sabieh Region">Ali Sabieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Airolaf" title="Airolaf">Airolaf</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tadjourah_Region" title="Tadjourah Region">Tadjourah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,023 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Randa,_Djibouti" title="Randa, Djibouti">Randa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tadjourah_Region" title="Tadjourah Region">Tadjourah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,023 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Djibouti" title="Health in Djibouti">Health in Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isssdjib1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isssdjib1.jpg/170px-Isssdjib1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isssdjib1.jpg/255px-Isssdjib1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isssdjib1.jpg/340px-Isssdjib1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the ISSS Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth is around 64.7 for both males and females. Fertility is at 2.35 children per woman.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Djibouti there are about 18 doctors per 100,000 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Djibouti is 300. This is compared with 461.6 in 2008 and 606.5 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 95 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality are 37. In Djibouti the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 6 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 93.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWMY_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWMY-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 93.1% of Djibouti's women and girls have undergone <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM, sometimes referred to as 'female circumcision'),<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohayes_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohayes-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodman_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodman-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although legally proscribed in 1994, the procedure is still widely practiced, as it is deeply ingrained in the local culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Djiwfm_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djiwfm-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encouraged and performed by women in the community, FGM is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Djiwfm_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djiwfm-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frayser_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frayser-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 94% of Djibouti's male population have also reportedly undergone <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">male circumcision</a>, a figure in line with adherence to Islam; the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i school of Islam</a>, the predominant <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a> in the Horn of Africa, requires circumcision of males and females.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahuja_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahuja-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reeves_2004_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeves_2004-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Education in Djibouti</a></div> <p>Education is a priority for the government of Djibouti. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it allocates 20.5% of its annual budget to scholastic instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-infodev.org_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infodev.org-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djibwomglopul.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Djibwomglopul.jpeg/220px-Djibwomglopul.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Djibwomglopul.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Djiboutian women participating in the Global Pulse educational initiative (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Djiboutian educational system was initially formulated to cater to a limited pupil base. As such, the schooling framework was largely elitist and drew considerably from the French colonial paradigm, which was ill-suited to local circumstances and needs.<sup id="cite_ref-infodev.org_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infodev.org-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, the Djiboutian authorities revised the national educational strategy and launched a broad-based consultative process involving administrative officials, teachers, parents, national assembly members and NGOs. The initiative identified areas in need of attention and produced concrete recommendations on how to go about improving them. The government subsequently prepared a comprehensive reform plan aimed at modernizing the educational sector over the 2000–10 period. In August 2000, it passed an official Education Planning Act and drafted a medium-term development plan for the next five years. The fundamental academic system was significantly restructured and made compulsory; it now consists of five years of primary school and four years of middle school. Secondary schools also require a Certificate of Fundamental Education for admission. In addition, the new law introduced secondary-level vocational instruction and established university facilities in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-infodev.org_215-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infodev.org-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the Education Planning Act and the medium-term action strategy, substantial progress has been registered throughout the educational sector.<sup id="cite_ref-infodev.org_215-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infodev.org-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, school enrollment, attendance, and retention rates have all steadily increased, with some regional variation. From 2004 to 2005 to 2007–08, net enrollments of girls in primary school rose by 18.6%; for boys, it increased 8.0%. Net enrollments in middle school over the same period rose by 72.4% for girls and 52.2% for boys. At the secondary level, the rate of increase in net enrollments was 49.8% for girls and 56.1% for boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Datee_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datee-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Djiboutian government has especially focused on developing and improving institutional infrastructure and teaching materials, including constructing new classrooms and supplying textbooks. At the post-secondary level, emphasis has also been placed on producing qualified instructors and encouraging out-of-school youngsters to pursue vocational training.<sup id="cite_ref-infodev.org_215-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infodev.org-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibouti&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the literacy rate in Djibouti was estimated at 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-Pcaotw_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pcaotw-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutions of higher learning in the country include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Djibouti" title="University of Djibouti">University of Djibouti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Djibouti" title="Culture of Djibouti">Culture of Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_jar_from_Oue%60a,_Tadjoura,_Djibouti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wood_jar_from_Oue%60a%2C_Tadjoura%2C_Djibouti.jpg/150px-Wood_jar_from_Oue%60a%2C_Tadjoura%2C_Djibouti.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wood_jar_from_Oue%60a%2C_Tadjoura%2C_Djibouti.jpg/225px-Wood_jar_from_Oue%60a%2C_Tadjoura%2C_Djibouti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wood_jar_from_Oue%60a%2C_Tadjoura%2C_Djibouti.jpg/300px-Wood_jar_from_Oue%60a%2C_Tadjoura%2C_Djibouti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Traditional wood-carved jar from <a href="/wiki/Oued_Ouea" title="Oued Ouea">Oue'a</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tadjourah_Region" title="Tadjourah Region">Tadjourah</a> region</figcaption></figure> <p>Djiboutian attire reflects the region's hot and arid climate. When not dressed in Western clothing such as jeans and T-shirts, men typically wear the <span title="Afar-language romanization"><i lang="aa-Latn">macawiis</i></span>, which is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a>-like garment worn around the waist. Many nomadic people wear a loosely wrapped white cotton robe called a <i>tobe</i> that goes down to about the knee, with the end thrown over the shoulder (much like a Roman <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>). </p><p>Women typically wear the <i>dirac</i>, which is a long, light, diaphanous <a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">voile</a> dress made of cotton or polyester that is worn over a full-length <a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">half-slip</a> and a bra. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as <i>shash</i> and often cover their upper body with a <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawl</a> known as <i>garbasaar</i>. Unmarried or young women do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb such as the male <a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">jellabiya</a> (<i>jellabiyaad</i> in Somali) and the female <a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">jilbāb</a> is also commonly worn. For some occasions such as festivals, women may adorn themselves with specialized jewelry and head-dresses similar to those worn by the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lot of Djibouti's original art is passed on and preserved orally, mainly through song. Many examples of Islamic, Ottoman, and French influences can also be noted in the local buildings, which contain plasterwork, carefully constructed <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motifs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Music of Djibouti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oud_-_MIM_PHX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oud_-_MIM_PHX.jpg/130px-Oud_-_MIM_PHX.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oud_-_MIM_PHX.jpg/195px-Oud_-_MIM_PHX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oud_-_MIM_PHX.jpg/260px-Oud_-_MIM_PHX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> is a common instrument in traditional Djibouti music.</figcaption></figure> <p>Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. Most Somali songs are <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a>. That is, they only use five <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> per <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic_scale" title="Heptatonic scale">heptatonic</a> (seven note) scale such as the <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a>. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (<span title="Afar-language romanization"><i lang="aa-Latn">midho</i></span>), songwriters (<span title="Afar-language romanization"><i lang="aa-Latn">laxan</i></span>) and singers (<span title="Afar-language romanization"><i lang="aa-Latn">codka</i></span> or "voice"). <a href="/wiki/Balwo" title="Balwo">Balwo</a> is a Somali musical style centered on love themes that is popular in Djibouti.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Afar music resembles the folk music of other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>; it also contains elements of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a>. The history of Djibouti is recorded in the poetry and songs of its nomadic people, and goes back thousands of years to a time when the peoples of Djibouti traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and China. Afar oral literature is also quite musical. It comes in many varieties, including songs for weddings, war, praise and boasting.<sup id="cite_ref-expedition_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expedition-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Literature of Djibouti</a></div> <p>Djibouti has a long tradition of poetry. Several well-developed Somali forms of verse include the <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">gabay</i></span>, <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">jiifto</i></span>, <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">geeraar</i></span>, <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">wiglo</i></span>, <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">'buraanbur</i></span>, <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">beercade</i></span>, <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">afarey</i></span> and <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">guuraw</i></span>. The <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">gabay</i></span> (epic poem) has the most complex length and meter, often exceeding 100 lines. It is considered the mark of poetic attainment when a young poet is able to compose such verse, and is regarded as the height of poetry. Groups of memorizers and reciters (<span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">hafidayaal</i></span>) traditionally propagated the well-developed art form. Poems revolve around several main themes, including <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">baroorodiiq</i></span> (elegy), <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">amaan</i></span> (praise), <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">jacayl</i></span> (romance), <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">guhaadin</i></span> (diatribe), <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">digasho</i></span> (gloating) and <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">guubaabo</i></span> (guidance). The baroorodiiq is composed to commemorate the death of a prominent poet or figure.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi75_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi75-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afar are familiar with the <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">ginnili</i></span>, a kind of warrior-poet and diviner, and have a rich oral tradition of folk stories. They also have an extensive repertoire of battle songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Djibouti has a long tradition of Islamic literature. Among the most prominent historical works is the medieval <i>Futuh Al-Habash</i> by Shihāb al-Dīn, which chronicles the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Adal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Adal War">Conquest of Abyssinia</a> during the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Shihab_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shihab-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, a number of politicians and intellectuals have also penned memoirs or reflections on the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium.jpg/220px-El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium.jpg/330px-El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium.jpg/440px-El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Hadj_Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon_Stadium" title="El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium">El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Football is the most popular sport amongst Djiboutians. The country became a member of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> in 1994, but has only taken part in the qualifying rounds for the <a href="/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="African Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in the mid-2000s. In November 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_national_football_team" title="Djibouti national football team">Djibouti national football team</a> beat <a href="/wiki/Somalia_national_football_team" title="Somalia national football team">Somalia's national squad</a> 1–0 in the qualification rounds for the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>, marking its first ever World Cup-related win. </p><p>Recently, the <a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Archery Federation">World Archery Federation</a> has helped to implement the Djibouti Archery Federation, and an international archery training center is being created in <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Djibouti" title="Arta, Djibouti">Arta</a> to support archery development in East Africa and Red Sea area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambusadish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sambusadish.jpg/200px-Sambusadish.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sambusadish.jpg/300px-Sambusadish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sambusadish.jpg/400px-Sambusadish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>A plate of <i><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">sambusas</a></i>, a popular traditional snack</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian cuisine</a> is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>, with some additional <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>) culinary influences. Local dishes are commonly prepared using a lot of Middle Eastern spices, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>. Grilled Yemeni fish, opened in half and often cooked in tandoori style ovens, are a local delicacy. Spicy dishes come in many variations, from the traditional <i>Fah-fah</i> or "<i>Soupe Djiboutienne</i>" (spicy boiled beef soup), to the <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">yetakelt wet</i></span> (spicy mixed vegetable stew). <span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">Xalwo</i></span> (pronounced "halwo") or <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a> is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid</a> celebrations or wedding receptions. Halva is made from sugar, <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> powder, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> powder and <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>. Peanuts are sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> (<span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">cuunsi</i></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> (<span title="Somali-language romanization"><i lang="so-Latn">lubaan</i></span>), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Dabqaad" title="Dabqaad">dabqaad</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Djibouti-related_articles" title="Index of Djibouti-related articles">Index of Djibouti-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Djibouti" title="Outline of Djibouti">Outline of Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Religion in Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Christianity in Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Djibouti" title="Protestant Church of Djibouti">Protestant Church of Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Djibouti" title="Catholic Church in Djibouti">Catholic Church in Djibouti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">jih-<span style="font-size:90%">BOO</span>-tee</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جيبوتي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jībūtī</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Djibouti</i>; <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Jabuuti</i>; <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <i lang="aa">Yibuuti</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية جيبوتي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jumhūrīyah Jībūtī</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République de Djibouti</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <i lang="aa">Gabuutih Ummuuno</i></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Djiboutian–Somali border is <i>de jure</i> controlled by the internationally recognized Federal Republic of Somalia, but is <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">de facto</a></i> under the control of the unrecognized <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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May 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastro2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mastro, Oriana Skylar (3 March 2020). 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(Djibouti)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120185523/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=611,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylonas" class="citation web cs1">Mylonas, Harris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/">"De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"</a>. <i>PONARS Eurasia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014163003/https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PONARS+Eurasia&rft.atitle=De+Facto+States+Unbound+%E2%80%93+PONARS+Eurasia&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ponarseurasia.org%2Fde-facto-states-unbound%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKer-Lindsay2012" class="citation book cs1">Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811620848"><i>The foreign policy of counter secession: preventing the recognition of contested states</i></a> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161197-1"><bdi>978-0-19-161197-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811620848">811620848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+counter+secession%3A+preventing+the+recognition+of+contested+states&rft.pages=58-59&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811620848&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161197-1&rft.aulast=Ker-Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F811620848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uwechue-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uwechue_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uwechue_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raph Uwechue, <i>Africa year book and who's who</i>, (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0903274051" title="Special:BookSources/0903274051">0903274051</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911_Somaliland_Hist-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_Somaliland_Hist_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somaliland#History of French Somalia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somaliland#History_of_French_Somalia">"Somalia: History of French Somaliland" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+History+of+French+Somaliland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=383&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apcoatf-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apcoatf_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Political Chronology of Africa</i>, (Taylor & Francis: 2001), p. 132 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857431162" title="Special:BookSources/1857431162">1857431162</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+Djibouti+History&rft.pub=Historyorb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyorb.com%2Fcountries%2Fdjibouti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#d">"United Nations member states"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#d">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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KARTHALA Editions. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0581-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0581-5"><bdi>978-2-8111-0581-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+afar-fran%C3%A7ais%3A+Djibouti%2C+Erythr%C3%A9e%2C+Ethiopie&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-8111-0581-5&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOFKFlODbGsC%26dq%3Dgabuutih%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2021" class="citation book cs1">Green, Christopher R. 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0361-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0361-0"><bdi>978-1-5015-0361-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somali+Grammar&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-0361-0&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QVGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2014" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (22 May 2014). "Djibouti". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191751394.001.0001/acref-9780191751394-e-1858?rskey=VvZqhc&result=2481"><i>The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (3 ed.)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175139-4"><bdi>978-0-19-175139-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306114324/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191751394.001.0001/acref-9780191751394-e-1858?rskey=VvZqhc&result=2481">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Djibouti&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names+%283+ed.%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-175139-4&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191751394.001.0001%2Facref-9780191751394-e-1858%3Frskey%3DVvZqhc%26result%3D2481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culturetrip-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-culturetrip_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoujrada2018" class="citation web cs1">Boujrada, Zineb (2 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/africa/djibouti/articles/how-djibouti-got-its-unique-name/">"How Djibouti Got Its Unique Name"</a>. <i>The Culture Trip</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044434/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/djibouti/articles/how-djibouti-got-its-unique-name/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=How+Djibouti+Got+Its+Unique+Name&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft.aulast=Boujrada&rft.aufirst=Zineb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fafrica%2Fdjibouti%2Farticles%2Fhow-djibouti-got-its-unique-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-of-the-world-that-are-named-after-legendary-figures.html">"Countries Of The World That Are Named After Legendary Figures"</a>. <i>Worldatlas</i>. 7 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422042059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-of-the-world-that-are-named-after-legendary-figures.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldatlas&rft.atitle=Countries+Of+The+World+That+Are+Named+After+Legendary+Figures&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fcountries-of-the-world-that-are-named-after-legendary-figures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN.Y.)2008" class="citation book cs1">N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gr5BgOwEJicC&q=Djehuti+Thoth"><i>Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.</i></a> Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-295-4"><bdi>978-1-58839-295-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Babylon%3A+Art%2C+Trade%2C+and+Diplomacy+in+the+Second+Millennium+B.C.&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-295-4&rft.aulast=N.Y.%29&rft.aufirst=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgr5BgOwEJicC%26q%3DDjehuti%2BThoth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078208">10.1126/science.1078208</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench143144-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blench143144_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2006" class="citation book cs1">Blench, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C"><i>Archaeology, Language, and the African Past</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759104662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759104662"><bdi>978-0759104662</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914171419/http://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Language%2C+and+the+African+Past&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0759104662&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesFy3Po57A8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohvah-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ohvah_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Raunig2005" class="citation book cs1">Walter Raunig, Steffen Wenig (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC"><i>Afrikas Horn</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447051750" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447051750"><bdi>978-3447051750</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164620/http://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikas+Horn&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3447051750&rft.aulast=Walter+Raunig&rft.aufirst=Steffen+Wenig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpNY7VPn1WUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connah-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connah_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnah2004" class="citation book cs1">Connah, Graham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC"><i>Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology</i></a>. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134403035" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134403035"><bdi>978-1134403035</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164726/http://www.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Africa%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Archaeology&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1134403035&rft.aulast=Connah&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggD1wdQxBOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amvjaa-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amvjaa_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversität_Frankfurt_am_Main2003" class="citation book cs1">Universität Frankfurt am Main (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1–2</i></a>. Africa Manga Verlag. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937248004" title="Special:BookSources/9783937248004"><bdi>9783937248004</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164618/http://www.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Africa+Manga+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783937248004&rft.au=Universit%C3%A4t+Frankfurt+am+Main&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExwkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinneran2013" class="citation book cs1">Finneran, Niall (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C"><i>The Archaeology of Ethiopia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136755521" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136755521"><bdi>978-1136755521</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229173028/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136755521&rft.aulast=Finneran&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNGIzz1VJH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, p. 161, vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, pp. 427–433, vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p145-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p145_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1996 hardback, p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El-Sayed Mahfouz: <i>Amenemhat IV at Wadi Gawasis</i>, Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale A. (BIFAO) 2010, vol. 110, [165–173, 485, 491 [11 p.], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0583-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0583-6">978-2-7247-0583-6</a>, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.refdoc.fr/Detailnotice?idarticle=54917997">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Richard L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ&q=egypt+land+of+punt+cinnamon&pg=PA45"><i>Premodern Trade in World History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134095803" title="Special:BookSources/9781134095803"><bdi>9781134095803</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premodern+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134095803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBB9AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Degypt%2Bland%2Bof%2Bpunt%2Bcinnamon%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManansala1994" class="citation book cs1">Manansala, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=as9GAAAAMAAJ&q=punt+sri+lanka+naga"><i>The Naga race</i></a>. University of Michigan: Firma KLM. p. 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naga+race&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Firma+KLM&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Manansala&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Das9GAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpunt%2Bsri%2Blanka%2Bnaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simson Najovits (2004) <i>Egypt, Trunk of the Tree, Volume 2</i>. Algora Publishing. p. 258. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875862569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875862569">978-0875862569</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce Tyldesley (1996) <i>Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh</i>. Penguin Books. p. 147. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141929347" title="Special:BookSources/9780141929347">9780141929347</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreasted1906–1907" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">Breasted, John Henry</a> (1906–1907), <i>Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary</i>, vol. 1, University of Chicago Press, pp. 246–295</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt%3A+Historical+Documents+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Persian+Conquest%2C+collected%2C+edited%2C+and+translated%2C+with+Commentary&rft.pages=246-295&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1906%2F1907&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somalia-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Somalia_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somalia_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohamed Haji Mukhtar, <i>Historical Dictionary of Somalia</i>, new edn, African Historical Dictionary Series, 87 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2003), s.v. <i>Awdal</i> [p. 44]; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810843447" title="Special:BookSources/0810843447">0810843447</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17"><i>A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. James Currey Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852552803" title="Special:BookSources/9780852552803"><bdi>9780852552803</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123104930/https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=9780852552803&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK6SBJIckIsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnOfcansky2013" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&pg=PA20"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874572" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874572"><bdi>9780810874572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft.isbn=9780810874572&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Ofcansky%2C+Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWU92d6sB8JAC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieter2013" class="citation book cs1">Pieter, Esterhuysen (7 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f2R8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347"><i>Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles: Third Edition</i></a>. Africa Institute of South Africa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780798303446" title="Special:BookSources/9780798303446"><bdi>9780798303446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+A+to+Z%3A+Continental+and+Country+Profiles%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Africa+Institute+of+South+Africa&rft.date=2013-12-07&rft.isbn=9780798303446&rft.aulast=Pieter&rft.aufirst=Esterhuysen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df2R8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Btgpb-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Btgpb_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Phillip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC"><i>Somaliland</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841623719" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841623719"><bdi>978-1841623719</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012210057/http://www.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1841623719&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6NI2FejIuwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_sources-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_sources_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112225820/https://image.prntscr.com/image/OhfIs5KhR-yhBdrzIq922w.png">"Image: The Travels of Al-Yaqubi"</a>. <i>Image.prntsacr.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://image.prntscr.com/image/OhfIs5KhR-yhBdrzIq922w.png">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PNG)</span> on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Image.prntsacr.com&rft.atitle=Image%3A+The+Travels+of+Al-Yaqubi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.prntscr.com%2Fimage%2FOhfIs5KhR-yhBdrzIq922w.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Mukhtar, 'Adal Sultanate', in <i>The Encyclopedia of Empire</i> (Wiley, 2016), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe145">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe145</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118455074" title="Special:BookSources/9781118455074">9781118455074</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyamer1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyamer1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25</i></a>. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123104929/https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+25&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Americana+Corporation&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOP5LAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewispohoa-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewispohoa_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewispohoa_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1955" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I.M. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ"><i>Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho</i></a>. International African Institute. p. 140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180425/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Somali%2C+Afar+and+Saho&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=International+African+Institute&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCd0mAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Cerulli" class="citation book cs1">E. Cerulli. <i>Islam Yesterday and Today</i>. p. 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Yesterday+and+Today&rft.pages=273&rft.au=E.+Cerulli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoimeier2013" class="citation book cs1">Loimeier, Roman (5 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dR5yCmUejWEC&dq=Emirate+of+Adal&pg=PA186"><i>Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00797-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00797-1"><bdi>978-0-253-00797-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Societies+in+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Anthropology&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00797-1&rft.aulast=Loimeier&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdR5yCmUejWEC%26dq%3DEmirate%2Bof%2BAdal%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.sewasew.com/p/adal-(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%8D)"><i>Adal</i></a>. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adal&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Aethiopica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.sewasew.com%2Fp%2Fadal-%28%25E1%258A%25A0%25E1%258B%25B3%25E1%2588%258D%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntingford" class="citation book cs1">Huntingford, G.W.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4737686"><i>The Glorious victories of Amda Seyon, king of Ethiopia</i></a>. Clarendon Press. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+victories+of+Amda+Seyon%2C+king+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.aulast=Huntingford&rft.aufirst=G.W.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F4737686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinn2013" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, David (11 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&dq=marco+polo+adal&pg=PA20"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874572" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874572"><bdi>9780810874572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft.isbn=9780810874572&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWU92d6sB8JAC%26dq%3Dmarco%2Bpolo%2Badal%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraukamper2002" class="citation book cs1">Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&dq=sub+provinces+of+adal+:hubat&pg=PA33"><i>Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia</i></a>. Lit. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825856717" title="Special:BookSources/9783825856717"><bdi>9783825856717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+History+and+Culture+in+Southern+Ethiopia&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783825856717&rft.aulast=Braukamper&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGnyk8Pg9NgC%26dq%3Dsub%2Bprovinces%2Bof%2Badal%2B%3Ahubat%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hadiyya-ethiopia-COM_30169?s.num=15&s.rows=100"><i>Hadiyya</i></a>. BRILL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadiyya&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fhadiyya-ethiopia-COM_30169%3Fs.num%3D15%26s.rows%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Stéphane" class="citation book cs1">P. Stéphane. <i>Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Timbuktu to Zanzibar</i>. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Mosques+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+From+Timbuktu+to+Zanzibar&rft.pages=127&rft.au=P.+St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Cuoq" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Cuoq. <i>L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle</i>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Islam+en+%C3%89thiopie+des+origines+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pages=142&rft.au=Joseph+Cuoq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesfaye1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Tesfaye, Frehiwot (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/16013"><i>Food Security And Peasants' Survival Strategy: A Study Of A Village In Northern Shewa, Ethiopia</i></a> (Thesis). University of Toronto. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Food+Security+And+Peasants%27+Survival+Strategy%3A+A+Study+Of+A+Village+In+Northern+Shewa%2C+Ethiopia&rft.inst=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Tesfaye&rft.aufirst=Frehiwot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fhandle%2F1807%2F16013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf"><i>History of Harar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Harar&rft.pages=47&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverythingharar.com%2Ffiles%2FHistory_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØstebø2011" class="citation book cs1">Østebø, Terje (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOn3ykfBN-0C&dq=showa+sultanate+hararge&pg=PA56"><i>Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia</i></a>. BRILL. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004184787" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004184787"><bdi>978-9004184787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Localising+Salafism%3A+Religious+Change+Among+Oromo+Muslims+in+Bale%2C+Ethiopia&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-9004184787&rft.aulast=%C3%98steb%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Terje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOn3ykfBN-0C%26dq%3Dshowa%2Bsultanate%2Bhararge%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_in_Ethiopia-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_in_Ethiopia_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimingham1952" class="citation book cs1">Trimingham, John (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4NHAQAAIAAJ&q=hobat+adal"><i>Islam in Ethiopia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Ethiopia&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Trimingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4NHAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhobat%2Badal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taddesse Tamrat, <i>Church and State</i>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D2-22-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D2-22_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pankhurst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&q=Precipitated&pg=PA40">The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century - Google Books"</a> The Red Sea Press, 1997. p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D222-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D222_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D222_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pankhurst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA40">The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century - Google Books"</a> The Red Sea Press, 1997. p. 40-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F122-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F122_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Spencer Trimingham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Islam in Ethiopia - Google Books"</a> (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 70-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pankhurst, Richard K.P. <i>The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles.</i> Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1967, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pankhurst, <i>Borderlands</i>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rp51-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rp51_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp51_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp51_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pankhurst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA50">The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century - Google Books"</a> The Red Sea Press, 1997. p. 50–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abir2013p25-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abir2013p25_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordechai_Abir2013" class="citation book cs1">Mordechai Abir (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 25–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0"><bdi>978-1-136-28090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28090-0&rft.au=Mordechai+Abir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fArBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewald Wagner (1991), The Genealogy of the later Walashma' Sultans of Adal and Harar, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 141, No. 2 (1991), pp. 376–386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage1975" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J.D. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&dq=dawit+led+a+series+of+energetic+campaigns+into+the+very+heart+of+the+harar+plateau&pg=PA154"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521209816" title="Special:BookSources/9780521209816"><bdi>9780521209816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa%3A+From+c.+500+B.C.+to+A.D.+1050&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780521209816&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWjxR61xAe0C%26dq%3Ddawit%2Bled%2Ba%2Bseries%2Bof%2Benergetic%2Bcampaigns%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bvery%2Bheart%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bharar%2Bplateau%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1982" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1982). <i>History Of Ethiopian Towns</i>. Steiner. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515032049" title="Special:BookSources/9783515032049"><bdi>9783515032049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ethiopian+Towns&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9783515032049&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1982" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1982). <i>History Of Ethiopian Towns</i>. Steiner. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515032049" title="Special:BookSources/9783515032049"><bdi>9783515032049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ethiopian+Towns&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9783515032049&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Spencer Trimingham, <i>Islam in Ethiopia</i> (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 and note explains the discrepancy in the sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pankhurst. <i>Ethiopian Borderlands</i>, pp.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budge, <i>A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia</i>, 1928 (Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970), p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordechai" class="citation book cs1">Mordechai, Abir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/ethiopia-and-the-red-sea-mordichi-abir.pdf"><i>Ethiopia And The Red Sea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. 26–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517214033/https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/ethiopia-and-the-red-sea-mordichi-abir.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+And+The+Red+Sea&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.aulast=Mordechai&rft.aufirst=Abir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F05%2Fethiopia-and-the-red-sea-mordichi-abir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Ewald (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43378336">"The Genealogy of the later Walashma' Sultans of Adal and Harar"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>. <b>141</b> (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 376–386. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43378336">43378336</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506032705/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43378336">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=The+Genealogy+of+the+later+Walashma%27+Sultans+of+Adal+and+Harar&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=376-386&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43378336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Ewald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43378336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica:_O-X_-_Google_Books2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica:_O-X_-_Google_Books2_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica:_O-X_-_Google_Books2_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBausi2010" class="citation book cs1">Bausi, Alessandro (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8VHAQAAIAAJ&q=T%C3%A9wodros+adal"><i>Tewodros</i></a>. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. p. 930. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447062466" title="Special:BookSources/9783447062466"><bdi>9783447062466</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322221253/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8VHAQAAIAAJ&q=T%C3%A9wodros+adal">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tewodros&rft.pages=930&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Aethiopica&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783447062466&rft.aulast=Bausi&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8VHAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DT%25C3%25A9wodros%2Badal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cairn_Info_p._1172-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cairn_Info_p._1172_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cairn_Info_p._1172_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChekroun2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chekroun, Amelie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-medievales-2020-2-page-117.htm">"Le sultan walasmaʿ Saʿd al-Dīn et ses fils"</a>. <i>Médiévales</i>. <b>79</b> (2). Cairn Info: 117–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fmedievales.11082">10.4000/medievales.11082</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804080312/https://www.cairn.info/revue-medievales-2020-2-page-117.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales&rft.atitle=Le+sultan+walasma%CA%BF+Sa%CA%BFd+al-D%C4%ABn+et+ses+fils&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-136&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fmedievales.11082&rft.aulast=Chekroun&rft.aufirst=Amelie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-medievales-2020-2-page-117.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Names_in_Medieval_Ethiopia_and_their_Symbolism2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Names_in_Medieval_Ethiopia_and_their_Symbolism2_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Names_in_Medieval_Ethiopia_and_their_Symbolism2_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusarova2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gusarova, Ekaterina (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/scri/17/1/article-p349_20.xml">"Royal Names in Medieval Ethiopia and their Symbolism"</a>. <i>Scrinium</i>. <b>17</b>. BRILL: 349–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18177565-BJA10026">10.1163/18177565-BJA10026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240884465">240884465</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705004813/https://brill.com/view/journals/scri/17/1/article-p349_20.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scrinium&rft.atitle=Royal+Names+in+Medieval+Ethiopia+and+their+Symbolism&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=349-355&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18177565-BJA10026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240884465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gusarova&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fscri%2F17%2F1%2Farticle-p349_20.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewispd3-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewispd3_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17"><i>A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. James Currey Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852552807" title="Special:BookSources/0852552807"><bdi>0852552807</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123104930/https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0852552807&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK6SBJIckIsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Phillip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&q=sabr+addin+founded+adal&pg=PA152"><i>Somaliland</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623719" title="Special:BookSources/9781841623719"><bdi>9781841623719</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133126/https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&q=sabr+addin+founded+adal&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q=sabr%20addin%20founded%20adal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781841623719&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6NI2FejIuwC%26q%3Dsabr%2Baddin%2Bfounded%2Badal%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2013" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Fred M. (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&q=Ifat+sultanate+ruled+present+day+north+western+somalia&pg=PA358"><i>Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders: The Story behind the World's Borders</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691062" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691062"><bdi>9781610691062</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133149/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&q=Ifat+sultanate+ruled+present+day+north+western+somalia&pg=PA358">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Shapes%3A+The+Story+Behind+the+World%27s+Borders%3A+The+Story+behind+the+World%27s+Borders&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.isbn=9781610691062&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qlXatHRJtMC%26q%3DIfat%2Bsultanate%2Bruled%2Bpresent%2Bday%2Bnorth%2Bwestern%2Bsomalia%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leo3-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leo3_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricanus1526" class="citation book cs1">Africanus, Leo (1526). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up"><i>The History and Description of Africa</i></a>. Hakluyt Society. pp. 51–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Description+of+Africa&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1526&rft.aulast=Africanus&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryanddescr03porygoog%23page%2Fn180%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michigan-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QAOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115"><i>Northeast African Studies</i></a>. Vol. 11. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1989. p. 115. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180429/https://books.google.com/books?id=8QAOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northeast+African+Studies&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=African+Studies+Center%2C+Michigan+State+University&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QAOAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houtsma-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1987" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, M. Th (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125"><i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004082654" title="Special:BookSources/9004082654"><bdi>9004082654</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123104929/https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9004082654&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJU3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewispd-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewispd_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17"><i>A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. James Currey Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852552807" title="Special:BookSources/0852552807"><bdi>0852552807</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123104930/https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0852552807&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK6SBJIckIsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fattovich-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fattovich_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattovich1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fattovich, Rodolfo (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153046/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931/article_ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931.pdf">"Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annales d'Éthiopie</i>. <b>14</b> (14): 43–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fethio.1987.931">10.3406/ethio.1987.931</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931/article_ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+d%27%C3%89thiopie&rft.atitle=Some+remarks+on+the+origins+of+the+Aksumite+Stelae&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=43-69&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fethio.1987.931&rft.aulast=Fattovich&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FarticleAsPDF%2Fethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931%2Farticle_ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utps-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Utps_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/159/">"Tiya - Prehistoric site"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802014206/https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/159/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiya+-+Prehistoric+site&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Factivities%2F159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukui-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fukui_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukui1997" class="citation book cs1">Fukui, Katsuyoshi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KpyAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ethiopia in broader perspective: papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Kyoto 12–17 December 1997</i></a>. Shokado Book Sellers. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4879749761" title="Special:BookSources/4879749761"><bdi>4879749761</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212043439/https://books.google.com/books?id=7KpyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+in+broader+perspective%3A+papers+of+the+XIIIth+International+Conference+of+Ethiopian+Studies+Kyoto+12%E2%80%9317+December+1997&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Shokado+Book+Sellers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=4879749761&rft.aulast=Fukui&rft.aufirst=Katsuyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KpyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saheed A. Adejumobi, <i>The History of Ethiopia</i>, (Greenwood Press: 2006), p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John L. Esposito, editor, <i>The Oxford History of Islam</i>, (Oxford University Press: 2000), p. 501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley1999" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PA147&dq=Ahmad+guray"><i>The Encyclodedia of Christianity, Vol. 5</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclodedia+of+Christianity%2C+Vol.+5&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Bromiley%2C+Geoffrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC%26pg%3DPA147%26dq%3DAhmad%2Bguray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1988" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Edmond J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ts7ErVABO0C&pg=PA19&dq=Ahmad+gran+Somali"><i>Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20646-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20646-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Ethiopia%3A+From+Empire+to+People%27s+Republic&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20646-6&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Edmond+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ts7ErVABO0C%26pg%3DPA19%26dq%3DAhmad%2Bgran%2BSomali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Whiteway, The Portuguese expedition in Abyssnia, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://answersafrica.com/20-famous-historical-and-biblical-figures-from-africa.html/amp">"20 Famous Historical and Biblical Figures from Africa"</a>. 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Famous+Historical+and+Biblical+Figures+from+Africa&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanswersafrica.com%2F20-famous-historical-and-biblical-figures-from-africa.html%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiteway, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour By Martin Meredith, In the Land of Prestor John, chapter 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammed Hassen, <i>The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History (1570–1860)</i> Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates_(Jr.)2005" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Africana/TMZMAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tadjoura+adal&pg=RA1-PA402&printsec=frontcover"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates+%28Jr.%29%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FAfricana%2FTMZMAgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dtadjoura%2Badal%26pg%3DRA1-PA402%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Travels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Ni/mSXQVUK9NxEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=james+bruce+zeyla+selim&pg=PA154&printsec=frontcover"><i>Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, & 1773. By James Bruce of Kinnaird, Esq. F.R.S. ... To which is Prefixed, a Life of the Author. Vol. 1. -7: 3</i></a>. 1804. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+to+Discover+the+Source+of+the+Nile%2C+in+the+Years+1768%2C+1769%2C+1770%2C+1771%2C+1772%2C+%26+1773.+By+James+Bruce+of+Kinnaird%2C+Esq.+F.R.S.+...+To+which+is+Prefixed%2C+a+Life+of+the+Author.+Vol.+1.+-7%3A+3&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FTravels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Ni%2FmSXQVUK9NxEC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Djames%2Bbruce%2Bzeyla%2Bselim%26pg%3DPA154%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Travels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Ni/mSXQVUK9NxEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=james+bruce+zeyla+selim&pg=PA154&printsec=frontcover"><i>Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, & 1773. By James Bruce of Kinnaird, Esq. F.R.S. ... To which is Prefixed, a Life of the Author. Vol. 1. -7: 3</i></a>. 1804. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+to+Discover+the+Source+of+the+Nile%2C+in+the+Years+1768%2C+1769%2C+1770%2C+1771%2C+1772%2C+%26+1773.+By+James+Bruce+of+Kinnaird%2C+Esq.+F.R.S.+...+To+which+is+Prefixed%2C+a+Life+of+the+Author.+Vol.+1.+-7%3A+3&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FTravels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Ni%2FmSXQVUK9NxEC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Djames%2Bbruce%2Bzeyla%2Bselim%26pg%3DPA154%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Travels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Ni/mSXQVUK9NxEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=james+bruce+zeyla+selim&pg=PA154&printsec=frontcover"><i>Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, & 1773. By James Bruce of Kinnaird, Esq. F.R.S. ... To which is Prefixed, a Life of the Author. Vol. 1. -7: 3</i></a>. 1804.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+to+Discover+the+Source+of+the+Nile%2C+in+the+Years+1768%2C+1769%2C+1770%2C+1771%2C+1772%2C+%26+1773.+By+James+Bruce+of+Kinnaird%2C+Esq.+F.R.S.+...+To+which+is+Prefixed%2C+a+Life+of+the+Author.+Vol.+1.+-7%3A+3&rft.date=1804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FTravels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Ni%2FmSXQVUK9NxEC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Djames%2Bbruce%2Bzeyla%2Bselim%26pg%3DPA154%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1844" class="citation book cs1">Harris, William Cornwallis (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Highlands_of_Aethiopia/VUNCAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=zeyla+ottomans&pg=PA233&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Highlands of Aethiopia: In Three Volumes</i></a>. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Highlands+of+Aethiopia%3A+In+Three+Volumes&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green+and+Longmans&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+Cornwallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Highlands_of_Aethiopia%2FVUNCAAAAcAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dzeyla%2Bottomans%26pg%3DPA233%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety1849" class="citation book cs1">Society, Bombay Geographical (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Transactions_of_the_Bombay_Geographi/TFhOAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mokha+zeyla&pg=PA183&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society</i></a>. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transactions+of+the+Bombay+Geographical+Society&rft.pages=183&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=Bombay+Geographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Transactions_of_the_Bombay_Geographi%2FTFhOAAAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dmokha%2Bzeyla%26pg%3DPA183%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdal1998" class="citation book cs1">Udal, John O. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Nile_in_Darkness/-9JyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=zeyla+1517+ottoman&dq=zeyla+1517+ottoman&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Nile in Darkness</i></a>. M. Russell. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85955-291-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85955-291-2"><bdi>978-0-85955-291-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nile+in+Darkness&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=M.+Russell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85955-291-2&rft.aulast=Udal&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Nile_in_Darkness%2F-9JyAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26bsq%3Dzeyla%2B1517%2Bottoman%26dq%3Dzeyla%2B1517%2Bottoman%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontrier2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fontrier, Marc (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/8BK5AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Abou-Bakr Ibrahim, pacha de Zeyla, marchand d'esclaves: commerce et diplomatie dans le golfe de Tadjoura, 1840-1885</i></a> (in French). Harmattan. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-5336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-5336-0"><bdi>978-2-7475-5336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abou-Bakr+Ibrahim%2C+pacha+de+Zeyla%2C+marchand+d%27esclaves%3A+commerce+et+diplomatie+dans+le+golfe+de+Tadjoura%2C+1840-1885&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Harmattan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-7475-5336-0&rft.aulast=Fontrier&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2F_%2F8BK5AAAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1968" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1968). <i>Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855)</i>. London: Longmans. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+The+Era+of+the+Princes%3B+The+Challenge+of+Islam+and+the+Re-unification+of+the+Christian+Empire+%281769%E2%80%931855%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span> Abir defines the <i>Sahil</i> as "the coast," which stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Cape Guardafui</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1968" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ethiopia_the_Era_of_the_Princes/qo1yAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=mordechai%20abir%20ethiopia"><i>Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855</i></a>. Praeger. pp. 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-64517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-64517-2"><bdi>978-0-582-64517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+the+Era+of+the+Princes%3A+The+Challenge+of+Islam+and+Re-unification+of+the+Christian+Empire%2C+1769-1855&rft.pages=18-20&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-582-64517-2&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FEthiopia_the_Era_of_the_Princes%2Fqo1yAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dmordechai%2520abir%2520ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archives Nationales Marine, BB4/764 : 531. Fleuriot de Langle au ministre de la Marine, 23 Avril 1861.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontrier2018" class="citation book cs1">Fontrier, Fontrier Marc (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/asxvzgEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1kN3k8eqJAxUeQkEAHcV3NAAQre8FegQIHRAH"><i>Abou-Bakr Ibrahim. Pacha de Zeyla - Marchand D'esclaves: Commerce Et Diplomatie Dans Le Golfe de Tadjoura (1840-1885) - Deuxieme Edition Revue Et Augmentee</i></a>. Editions L'Harmattan. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-336-85135-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-336-85135-8"><bdi>978-2-336-85135-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abou-Bakr+Ibrahim.+Pacha+de+Zeyla+-+Marchand+D%27esclaves%3A+Commerce+Et+Diplomatie+Dans+Le+Golfe+de+Tadjoura+%281840-1885%29+-+Deuxieme+Edition+Revue+Et+Augmentee&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Editions+L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-336-85135-8&rft.aulast=Fontrier&rft.aufirst=Fontrier+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2F_%2FasxvzgEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwi1kN3k8eqJAxUeQkEAHcV3NAAQre8FegQIHRAH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1856" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/First_Footsteps_in_East_Africa/dzhCAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mohamed+el-barr+zayla&pg=PA643&printsec=frontcover"><i>First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar</i></a>. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Footsteps+in+East+Africa%3A+Or%2C+An+Explanation+of+Harar&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Richard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FFirst_Footsteps_in_East_Africa%2FdzhCAAAAcAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dmohamed%2Bel-barr%2Bzayla%26pg%3DPA643%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awdalpress.com-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-awdalpress.com_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528">"FRENCH SOMALI COAST 1708 – 1946 FRENCH SOMALI COAST | Awdalpress.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528">the original</a> on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FRENCH+SOMALI+COAST+1708+%E2%80%93+1946+FRENCH+SOMALI+COAST+%26%23124%3B+Awdalpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awdalpress.com%2Findex%2Farchives%2F16528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span> FRENCH SOMALI COAST Timeline</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenri1968" class="citation journal cs1">Henri, Brunschwig (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1968_num_8_29_3123">"Histoire Africaine"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'Études africaines</i>. <b>8</b> (29): 32–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1968.3123">10.3406/cea.1968.3123</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928224417/https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1968_num_8_29_3123">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=Histoire+Africaine&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=32-47&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1968.3123&rft.aulast=Henri&rft.aufirst=Brunschwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcea_0008-0055_1968_num_8_29_3123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc31">"Tracer des frontières à Djibouti"</a>. <i>djibouti.frontafrique.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130140118/https://djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc31">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=djibouti.frontafrique.org&rft.atitle=Tracer+des+fronti%C3%A8res+%C3%A0+Djibouti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdjibouti.frontafrique.org%2F%3Fdoc31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolpheChallamelC1899" class="citation book cs1">Adolphe, Martens; Challamel, Augustin; C, Luzac (1899). <i>Le Regime de Protectorats</i>. Bruxelles: Institut Colonial Internationale. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Regime+de+Protectorats&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Institut+Colonial+Internationale&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Adolphe&rft.aufirst=Martens&rft.au=Challamel%2C+Augustin&rft.au=C%2C+Luzac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2011" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Imbert-Vier (2011). <i>Trace des frontiere a Djibouti</i>. Paris: Khartala. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trace+des+frontiere+a+Djibouti&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Khartala&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Imbert-Vier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chisholm-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somaliland#French Somaliland"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somaliland#French_Somaliland">"Somaliland: French Somaliland" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somaliland%3A+French+Somaliland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=383&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBD-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBD_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jibuti"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jibuti">"Jibuti" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jibuti&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=414&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinia">"Abyssinia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zaila"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zaila">"Zaila" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zaila&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=950&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImbert-Vier2008226–29-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImbert-Vier2008226–29_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImbert-Vier2008">Imbert-Vier 2008</a>, pp. 226–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbsworth1953564-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbsworth1953564_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbsworth1953">Ebsworth 1953</a>, p. 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Background_Notes_Djibouti/hhBJAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1"><i>Background Notes, Djibouti</i></a>. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+Notes%2C+Djibouti&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs%2C+Office+of+Public+Communication&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FBackground_Notes_Djibouti%2FhhBJAQAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrington2006-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrington2006_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrington2006_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrington2006_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrington, Lowell (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115"><i>After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080147/https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472068989" title="Special:BookSources/0472068989">0472068989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrica_Research,_Ltd1966" class="citation book cs1">Africa Research, Ltd (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42oEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Africa Research Bulletin, Volume 3</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>In view of the foregoing, the international mission found that the election of 8 April 2011 was peaceful, calm, fair, transparent and took place in dignity. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.+Abdoulkader+Kamil+Mohamed%2C+grand+commis+de+l%27Etat+et+nouveau+Premier+ministre+djiboutien&rft.pub=Adjib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adjib.dj%2Factunat%2Fpm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gdgrdtboip-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gdgrdtboip_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=7967">"Djibouti government reaches deal to bring opposition into parliament"</a>. <i>Goobjoog</i>. 30 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101213522/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=7967">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Goobjoog&rft.atitle=Djibouti+government+reaches+deal+to+bring+opposition+into+parliament&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoobjoog.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fp%3D7967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singaporebook-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singaporebook_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations</i>. World Scientific. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0"><bdi>978-981-4713-03-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Years+of+Singapore+and+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4713-03-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span>access-date=28 March 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somvir-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Somvir_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://somavires.org/diary.html">The Rise and Fall of the Somalia Airforce: A Diary Reflection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226192809/http://somavires.org/diary.html">Archived</a> 26 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fcacsunesinpshm-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fcacsunesinpshm_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html">"Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</i>. 21 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014234626/http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+on+China-Africa+Cooperation&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+UN+Envoy+Says+Inauguration+of+New+Parliament+in+Somalia+%27Historic+Moment%27&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201208220474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piuinefs-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piuinefs_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed,_Mahmoud2012" class="citation news cs1">Mohamed, Mahmoud (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/09/17/feature-01">"Presidential inauguration ushers in new era for Somalia"</a>. <i>Sabahi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022032844/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/09/17/feature-01">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabahi&rft.atitle=Presidential+inauguration+ushers+in+new+era+for+Somalia&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+Mahmoud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabahionline.com%2Fen_GB%2Farticles%2Fhoa%2Farticles%2Ffeatures%2F2012%2F09%2F17%2Ffeature-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurithi1993" class="citation book cs1">Murithi, Tim (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WVtAAAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Africa's International Relations</i></a>. Routledge. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136636967" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136636967"><bdi>978-1136636967</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011025130/https://books.google.com/books?id=3WVtAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Africa%27s+International+Relations&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1136636967&rft.aulast=Murithi&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WVtAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Clayton, 'France, Soldiers, and Africa,' Brassey's, 1988, 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-djibouti/">"Djibouti Is Hot"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191620/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-djibouti/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Djibouti+Is+Hot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Ffeatures%2F2016-djibouti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defaakto.com/2019/01/02/djibouti-foreign-military-bases-on-the-horn-of-africa-who-is-there-what-are-they-up-to/">"Djibouti, Foreign Military Bases on the Horn of Africa; Who is there? What are they up to?"</a>. 2 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517155423/http://defaakto.com/2019/01/02/djibouti-foreign-military-bases-on-the-horn-of-africa-who-is-there-what-are-they-up-to/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Djibouti%2C+Foreign+Military+Bases+on+the+Horn+of+Africa%3B+Who+is+there%3F+What+are+they+up+to%3F&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefaakto.com%2F2019%2F01%2F02%2Fdjibouti-foreign-military-bases-on-the-horn-of-africa-who-is-there-what-are-they-up-to%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_158-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsPerlez2017" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Andrew; Perlez, Jane (25 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/25/world/africa/us-djibouti-chinese-naval-base.html">"U.S. Wary of Its New Neighbor in Djibouti: A Chinese Naval Base"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514232101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/25/world/africa/us-djibouti-chinese-naval-base.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Euromoney+Country+Risk&rft.pub=Euromoney+Institutional+Investor+PLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromoneycountryrisk.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xdcssmuatfse-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xdcssmuatfse_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224170743/http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/11/20/2702s734026.htm">"Djibouti, China Sign 64 mln USD Agreement to Facilitate Salt Export"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. 20 November 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diocese+of+Djibouti&rft.pub=Catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.au=Cheney%2C+David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fddjib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Djibouti.html">"Djibouti: Regions, Major Cities & Towns – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116013616/http://citypopulation.de/Djibouti.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Djibouti%3A+Regions%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Towns+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2FDjibouti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2024 Census produced a city population of 776,966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217173121/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=DJ&RegionCode=HOA">"Republic of Djibouti: Humanitarian Country Profile"</a>. 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United Nations Population Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110619023020/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555875785" title="Special:BookSources/1555875785">1555875785</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djiwfm-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Djiwfm_211-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Djiwfm_211-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=55405">"DJIBOUTI: Women fight mutilation"</a>. IRIN. 12 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516075139/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=55405">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DJIBOUTI%3A+Women+fight+mutilation&rft.date=2005-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.aspx%3Freportid%3D55405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frayser-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frayser_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA257">Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100634/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA257">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (Libraries Unlimited: 1995), p. 257 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563081318" title="Special:BookSources/1563081318">1563081318</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahuja-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahuja_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_WerkerAmrita_AhujaBrian_Wendell" class="citation web cs1">Eric Werker; Amrita Ahuja; Brian Wendell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf">"Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference: Center for International Development at Harvard Un</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204255/http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEUDC+2007+Papers+%3A%3A+Northeast+Universities+Development+Consortium+Conference%3A+Center+for+International+Development+at+Harvard+Un&rft.atitle=Male+Circumcision+and+AIDS%3A+The+Macroeconomic+Impact+of+a+Health+Crisis&rft.au=Eric+Werker&rft.au=Amrita+Ahuja&rft.au=Brian+Wendell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cid.harvard.edu%2Fneudc07%2Fdocs%2Fneudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeves_2004-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reeves_2004_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKueny2004" class="citation book cs1">Kueny, Kathryn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&pg=PA161">"Abraham's Test: Islamic Male Circumcision as Anti/Ante-Covenantal Practice"</a>. In Reeves, John C. (ed.). <i>Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality</i>. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Symposium Series (Society of Biblical Literature)</a>. Vol. 24. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 161–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12726-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12726-7"><bdi>90-04-12726-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-3627">1569-3627</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072328/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham%27s+Test%3A+Islamic+Male+Circumcision+as+Anti%2FAnte-Covenantal+Practice&rft.btitle=Bible+and+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n%3A+Essays+in+Scriptural+Intertextuality&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Symposium+Series+%28Society+of+Biblical+Literature%29&rft.pages=161-173&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1569-3627&rft.isbn=90-04-12726-7&rft.aulast=Kueny&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNId86Eu4TEC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infodev.org-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infodev.org_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infodev.org_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infodev.org_215-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infodev.org_215-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infodev.org_215-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hare, Harry (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.398.html">ICT in Education in Djibouti</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216081516/http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.398.html">Archived</a> 16 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Bank</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Datee-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Datee_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eastafrica.usaid.gov/documents/document/document/1368">Djibouti Assistance to Education Evaluation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112235926/http://eastafrica.usaid.gov/documents/document/document/1368">Archived</a> 12 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. USAID (April 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pcaotw-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pcaotw_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pLw-ReHIgvQC"><i>Compact Atlas of the World</i></a>. Penguin. 2012. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756698591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756698591"><bdi>978-0756698591</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011033725/http://www.google.com/books?id=pLw-ReHIgvQC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compact+Atlas+of+the+World&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0756698591&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpLw-ReHIgvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Images/Places/Djibouti/Women_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg">"Image of Djibouti women in head-dresses"</a>. discoverfrance.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614075753/http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Images/Places/Djibouti/Women_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+of+Djibouti+women+in+head-dresses&rft.pub=discoverfrance.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FColonies%2FImages%2FPlaces%2FDjibouti%2FWomen_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) <i>Culture and Customs of Somalia</i>. Greenwood Press. pp. 170–172. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313313332" title="Special:BookSources/9780313313332">9780313313332</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-expedition-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-expedition_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040227041820/http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm">"Djibouti – Culture Overview"</a>. <i>Expedition Earth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expedition+Earth&rft.atitle=Djibouti+%E2%80%93+Culture+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpedition.bensenville.lib.il.us%2FAfrica%2FDjibouti%2Fculture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span> – <i>Website no longer exists; link is to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdullahi75-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abdullahi75_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) <i>Culture and Customs of Somalia</i>, Greenwood Press. pp. 75–76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313313332" title="Special:BookSources/9780313313332">9780313313332</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Matt and Carillet, Jean-Bernard (2006) <i>Lonely Planet Ethiopia and Eritrea</i>, Lonely Planet. p. 301. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741044362" title="Special:BookSources/9781741044362">9781741044362</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shihab-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shihab_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShihāb_al-Dīn_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAbd_al-Qādir_ʻArabfaqīh2003" class="citation book cs1">Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ"><i>The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century</i></a>. Translated by Paul Stenhouse; Richard Pankhurst. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780972317269" title="Special:BookSources/9780972317269"><bdi>9780972317269</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104603/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+conquest+of+Abyssinia%3A+16th+century&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Tsehai+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780972317269&rft.au=Shih%C4%81b+al-D%C4%ABn+A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+al-Q%C4%81dir+%CA%BBArabfaq%C4%ABh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgIwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali, Barlin (2007) <i>Somali Cuisine</i>. AuthorHouse. p. 79. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781425977061" title="Special:BookSources/9781425977061">9781425977061</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.edition=2024&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2016.zip">(Archived 2016 edition.)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbsworth1953" class="citation journal cs1">Ebsworth, W. A. (1953). "Jibouti and Madagascar in the 1939–45 War". <i>Journal of the Royal United Service Institution</i>. <b>98</b> (592): 564–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071845309422199">10.1080/03071845309422199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+United+Service+Institution&rft.atitle=Jibouti+and+Madagascar+in+the+1939%E2%80%9345+War&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=592&rft.pages=564-68&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071845309422199&rft.aulast=Ebsworth&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImbert-Vier2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Imbert-Vier, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736163"><i>Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884–1977)</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Provence" title="University of Provence">Université de Provence–Aix-Marseille I</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fronti%C3%A8res+et+limites+%C3%A0+Djibouti+durant+la+p%C3%A9riode+coloniale+%281884%E2%80%931977%29&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Provence%E2%80%93Aix-Marseille+I&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Imbert-Vier&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-00736163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Djibouti</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Djibouti" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Djibouti">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A_/_Djibouti" class="extiw" title="c:جيبوتي / Djibouti">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Djibouti" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Djibouti">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Djibouti" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Djibouti">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Djibouti" class="extiw" title="voy:Djibouti">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidence.dj/">"Site Officiel de la République de Djibouti"</a> [Official website of the Republic of Djibouti] (in French). Government of Djibouti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Site+Officiel+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+de+Djibouti&rft.pub=Government+of+Djibouti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidence.dj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211915/http://visitdjibouti.dj/">"Office National de Tourisme de Djibouti"</a>. National Official of Tourism of Djibouti. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitdjibouti.dj/">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+National+de+Tourisme+de+Djibouti&rft.pub=National+Official+of+Tourism+of+Djibouti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitdjibouti.dj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjibouti" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Profile</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/">Djibouti</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13231761">Djibouti profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=djibouti">Djibouti</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Djibouti_SoWMy_Profile.pdf">The State of the World's Midwifery – Djibouti Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DJ">Key Development Forecasts for Djibouti</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Djibouti" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Djibouti">Wikimedia Atlas of Djibouti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166928">Djibouti</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Djibouti_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Djibouti_topics" title="Template:Djibouti topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Djibouti_topics" title="Template talk:Djibouti topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Djibouti_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Djibouti topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Djibouti_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Djibouti-related_articles" title="Index of Djibouti-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adal Kingdom">Kingdom of Adal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Aussa" title="Imamate of Aussa">Imamate of Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland" title="List of governors of French Somaliland">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of Afars and Issas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Djibouti" title="Coat of arms of Djibouti"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of localities in Djibouti">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti#Climate" title="Geography of Djibouti">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Djibouti" title="Sub-prefectures of Djibouti">Sub-prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Djibouti" title="Regions of Djibouti">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers of Djibouti">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Djibouti" title="List of volcanoes in Djibouti">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Djibouti" title="Wildlife of Djibouti">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Djibouti" title="Politics of Djibouti">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Djibouti" title="Constitution of Djibouti">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Djibouti" title="Elections in Djibouti">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Djibouti" title="Foreign relations of Djibouti">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa">CJTF-HOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Ambouli_International_Airport#Military_use" title="Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport">Foreign military bases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Support_Base_in_Djibouti" title="People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti">Chinese military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Force_Base_Djibouti" title="Japan Self-Defense Force Base Djibouti">Japanese military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Lemonnier" title="Camp Lemonnier">U.S. military base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Djibouti" title="Law enforcement in Djibouti">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Djibouti" title="List of political parties in Djibouti">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Djibouti" title="List of presidents of Djibouti">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti" title="List of prime ministers of Djibouti">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Djibouti" title="Agriculture in Djibouti">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Djibouti" title="Energy in Djibouti">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Djibouti" title="Tourism in Djibouti">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Djibouti" title="Transport in Djibouti">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Djibouti" title="Culture of Djibouti">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Djibouti" title="Demographics of Djibouti">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutians" title="Djiboutians">Djiboutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Djibouti" title="Flag of Djibouti">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Djibouti" title="Health in Djibouti">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Djibouti">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Djibouti (page does not exist)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_at_the_Olympics" title="Djibouti at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Djibouti" title="Public holidays in Djibouti">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Djibouti" title="Outline of Djibouti">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Djibouti-related_articles" title="Index of Djibouti-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Djibouti" title="Category:Djibouti">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_subregion" title="Southern Denkalya subregion">Southern Denkalya subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">United Kingdom</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Australia)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Australia)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><i>Northern Cyprus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><i>Palestine</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip"><i>Gaza</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107292948">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155608529">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1203974/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWBJw4kXbwcRTpKyCWjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070610-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78080066">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120780286">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120780286">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575679">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Džibutsko"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129069&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX460660">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx0zd0451qfg4f">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550253905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/aa560de1-9e56-38ab-8d20-6133be7f3f2a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/db7237ea-60d1-4dcc-9bb9-57f941efb891">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/zv7QOKHa">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029080029">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/032648">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044246">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=23997">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Djibouti&params=11_30_N_43_00_E_type:country_region:DJ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.500°N 43.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.500; 43.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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