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u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="778" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_">Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="778" type="text/json">{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2525" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change">Language Variation and Change</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2525" type="text/json">{"id":2525,"name":"Language Variation and Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1365656]'), work: {"id":1365656,"title":"Korean-Turkic 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change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Loanwords_Language_contact_and_change?f_ri=9183"},{"id":19837,"name":"Altaic Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Altaic_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":22285,"name":"Turkish Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":30478,"name":"Language Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation?f_ri=9183"},{"id":32622,"name":"Language Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Change?f_ri=9183"},{"id":42162,"name":"Emotions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotions?f_ri=9183"},{"id":49436,"name":"Phonological development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonological_development?f_ri=9183"},{"id":73667,"name":"Diachronic metaphor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_metaphor?f_ri=9183"},{"id":79644,"name":"Turkic 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolic_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":997291,"name":"New Dialects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Dialects?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1186665,"name":"Turkic-Mongolic linguistic relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic-Mongolic_linguistic_relationship?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40197604" data-work_id="40197604" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40197604/Suffixal_o_vocalism_without_Amphikinesis_On_Proto_Indo_European_oi_stems_and_Ablaut_as_a_Diagnostic_for_Word_Stress">Suffixal *o-vocalism without "Amphikinesis": On Proto-Indo-European *oi-stems and Ablaut as a Diagnostic for Word Stress</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article proposes a new formal reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) nouns containing the suffix *–oi–. I argue that both primary and non-primary derivatives in this class had stress alternating between the derivational suffix... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40197604" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article proposes a new formal reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) nouns containing the suffix *–oi–. I argue that both primary and non-primary derivatives in this class had stress alternating between the derivational suffix and the following inflectional ending (e.g., ACC.SG *[-óy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) rather than the "amphikinetic" alternation between root and inflectional ending (ACC.SG *[´-oy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) that is traditionally assumed for all primary nominals with suffixal *[o]-vocalism under the widely accepted “Erlangen Model” (Schindler 1975a,b, Rix 1992) of Indo-European morphophonology. Support for this alternative reconstruction comes from Hittite, which confirms that the suffixal stress seen in the Greek reflex of this noun class was inherited from PIE rather than root stress as in Vedic Sanskrit. More broadly, I contend that an adequate account of the prosodic behavior of PIE *–oi-stems requires (i) abandoning the traditional connection between suffixal *[o]-grade and "amphikinetic" word stress; and (ii) adopting a framework (such as the one articulated by Kiparsky 2010) in which the suffix's capacity to attract stress in both primary and non-primary derivation can be modeled in a unified way.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40197604" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a80bc51c9a930ef246da0a66084a97cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61752841,"asset_id":40197604,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61752841/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1330797" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/AnthonyYates">Anthony Yates</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1330797" type="text/json">{"id":1330797,"first_name":"Anthony","last_name":"Yates","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AnthonyYates","display_name":"Anthony Yates","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AnthonyYates?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1330797/2529378/68798365/s65_anthony.yates.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40197604 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40197604"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40197604, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40197604", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40197604]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40197604").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40197604").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40197604"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2062" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Language">Greek Language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2062" type="text/json">{"id":2062,"name":"Greek Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Language?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40197604]'), work: {"id":40197604,"title":"Suffixal *o-vocalism without \"Amphikinesis\": On Proto-Indo-European *oi-stems and Ablaut as a Diagnostic for Word Stress","created_at":"2019-08-28T10:07:06.933-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40197604/Suffixal_o_vocalism_without_Amphikinesis_On_Proto_Indo_European_oi_stems_and_Ablaut_as_a_Diagnostic_for_Word_Stress?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_40197604","summary":"This article proposes a new formal reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) nouns containing the suffix *–oi–. I argue that both primary and non-primary derivatives in this class had stress alternating between the derivational suffix and the following inflectional ending (e.g., ACC.SG *[-óy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) rather than the \"amphikinetic\" alternation between root and inflectional ending (ACC.SG *[´-oy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) that is traditionally assumed for all primary nominals with suffixal *[o]-vocalism under the widely accepted “Erlangen Model” (Schindler 1975a,b, Rix 1992) of Indo-European morphophonology. Support for this alternative reconstruction comes from Hittite, which confirms that the suffixal stress seen in the Greek reflex of this noun class was inherited from PIE rather than root stress as in Vedic Sanskrit. More broadly, I contend that an adequate account of the prosodic behavior of PIE *–oi-stems requires (i) abandoning the traditional connection between suffixal *[o]-grade and \"amphikinetic\" word stress; and (ii) adopting a framework (such as the one articulated by Kiparsky 2010) in which the suffix's capacity to attract stress in both primary and non-primary derivation can be modeled in a unified way. 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Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation. Following is a comparison of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1107169" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries. <br /> <br />Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation. <br /> <br />Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian <br />dialect of Bitola as spoken today. <br /> <br />16th cent., Kostur dialect <br />21st cent., Bitola dialect <br /> <br />Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime. <br />Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime. <br /> <br />Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo <br />Bogasko. <br />Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo <br />Bogatsko. <br /> <br />As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical. <br />All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. 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The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1270994" data-work_id="1270994" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1270994/Names_of_Cereals_in_the_Turkic_Languages">Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The work presents etymologies of the Turkic names for the seven most important cereals: barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye and wheat. Altogether, 106 names are discussed. As yet, this subject has not been dealt with as a whole.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1270994" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The work presents etymologies of the Turkic names for the seven most important cereals: barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye and wheat. Altogether, 106 names are discussed. <br />As yet, this subject has not been dealt with as a whole. Propositions for etymologies of various names in single languages are scattered in dictionaries and articles, usually only accompanied by a brief explanation. Here, the author tries to provide a possibly comprehensive commentary. <br />Each entry presents a list of phonetic variants of the word, an overview of previous etymologies and the author’s standpoint expressed as exhaustively as possible but without loquacity.<br />The work closes with an enumeration and brief commentary of the most common naming patterns and semantic types which can be distinguished in the presented material.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1270994" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ad6c682bf55102560f3c9904b3dfe3ad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":8536614,"asset_id":1270994,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/8536614/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1142055" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/KamilStachowski">Kamil Stachowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1142055" type="text/json">{"id":1142055,"first_name":"Kamil","last_name":"Stachowski","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"KamilStachowski","display_name":"Kamil Stachowski","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/KamilStachowski?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1142055/428609/529875/s65_kamil.stachowski.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1270994 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1270994"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1270994, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1270994", }); 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Here, the author tries to provide a possibly comprehensive commentary. \nEach entry presents a list of phonetic variants of the word, an overview of previous etymologies and the author’s standpoint expressed as exhaustively as possible but without loquacity.\nThe work closes with an enumeration and brief commentary of the most common naming patterns and semantic types which can be distinguished in the presented material.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":8536614,"asset_id":1270994,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1142055,"first_name":"Kamil","last_name":"Stachowski","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"KamilStachowski","display_name":"Kamil Stachowski","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/KamilStachowski?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1142055/428609/529875/s65_kamil.stachowski.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":2167,"name":"Dialectology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialectology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":2717,"name":"Etymology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etymology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":14207,"name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Turkish?f_ri=9183"},{"id":19020,"name":"Turkic Speaking Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_Speaking_Peoples?f_ri=9183"},{"id":22285,"name":"Turkish Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":23762,"name":"Ottoman language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":24306,"name":"Old Turkic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Turkic?f_ri=9183"},{"id":33806,"name":"Turkish Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":40697,"name":"Turkology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":64978,"name":"Language and Etymology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Etymology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":79644,"name":"Turkic Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":99227,"name":"Old Turkic Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Turkic_Culture?f_ri=9183"},{"id":99358,"name":"Botanica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botanica?f_ri=9183"},{"id":166435,"name":"Turkic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":220777,"name":"Loanword","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Loanword?f_ri=9183"},{"id":312008,"name":"Siberian Turkic languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Siberian_Turkic_languages?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64019741" data-work_id="64019741" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64019741/T_H_E_O_N_Y_M_I_C_A_H_E_L_L_E_N_O_S_E_M_I_T_I_C_A_II_Pallas_Ath%C4%81n%C4%81_Ath%C4%81n%C4%81_Potnia_Virgin_or_Lady_DO_SO_MO_7_2007_161_176">T H E O N Y M I C A H E L L E N O - S E M I T I C A II: Pallas Athānā / Athānā Potnia "Virgin" or "Lady"? 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In this landmark book, three eminent historians bring to life the complex and tumultuous relations between Genoans and Tunisians, Alexandrians and the people of Constantinople, Catalans and Maghrebis--the myriad groups and individuals whose stories reflect the common cultural, intellectual, and religious heritage of Europe and Islam. Since the seventh century, when the armies of Constantinople and Medina fought for control of Syria and Palestine, there has been ongoing contact between the Muslim world and the West. This sweeping history vividly recounts the wars and the crusades, the alliances and diplomacy, commerce and the slave trade, technology transfers, and the intellectual and artistic exchanges. Here readers are given an unparalleled introduction to key periods and events, including the Muslim conquests, the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the commercial revolution of the medieval Mediterranean, the intellectual and cultural achievements of Muslim Spain, the crusades and Spanish reconquest, the rise of the Ottomans and their conquest of a third of Europe, European colonization and decolonization, and the challenges and promise of this entwined legacy today. As provocative as it is groundbreaking, this book describes this shared history in all its richness and diversity, revealing how ongoing encounters between Europe and Islam have profoundly shaped both.&amp;amp;amp;quot;</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68007258" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3107171" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TauschArno">Arno Tausch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3107171" type="text/json">{"id":3107171,"first_name":"Arno","last_name":"Tausch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TauschArno","display_name":"Arno Tausch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TauschArno?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3107171/1021270/9429931/s65_arno.tausch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68007258 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68007258"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68007258, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68007258", }); 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between the Muslim world and Europe. In this landmark book, three eminent historians bring to life the complex and tumultuous relations between Genoans and Tunisians, Alexandrians and the people of Constantinople, Catalans and Maghrebis--the myriad groups and individuals whose stories reflect the common cultural, intellectual, and religious heritage of Europe and Islam. Since the seventh century, when the armies of Constantinople and Medina fought for control of Syria and Palestine, there has been ongoing contact between the Muslim world and the West. This sweeping history vividly recounts the wars and the crusades, the alliances and diplomacy, commerce and the slave trade, technology transfers, and the intellectual and artistic exchanges. Here readers are given an unparalleled introduction to key periods and events, including the Muslim conquests, the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the commercial revolution of the medieval Mediterranean, the intellectual and cultural achievements of Muslim Spain, the crusades and Spanish reconquest, the rise of the Ottomans and their conquest of a third of Europe, European colonization and decolonization, and the challenges and promise of this entwined legacy today. As provocative as it is groundbreaking, this book describes this shared history in all its richness and diversity, revealing how ongoing encounters between Europe and Islam have profoundly shaped both.\u0026amp;amp;amp;quot;","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3107171,"first_name":"Arno","last_name":"Tausch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TauschArno","display_name":"Arno Tausch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TauschArno?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3107171/1021270/9429931/s65_arno.tausch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1270,"name":"Arabic Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Literature?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":7354,"name":"Early Modern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Europe?f_ri=9183"},{"id":8697,"name":"European Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":12961,"name":"British Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Empire?f_ri=9183"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=9183"},{"id":30010,"name":"Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empire?f_ri=9183"},{"id":41327,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History?f_ri=9183"},{"id":52197,"name":"Colonial Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Discourse?f_ri=9183"},{"id":79195,"name":"Conflict and security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_and_security?f_ri=9183"},{"id":92073,"name":"Bernard Lewis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bernard_Lewis?f_ri=9183"},{"id":156860,"name":"Clash of Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clash_of_Civilization?f_ri=9183"},{"id":250021,"name":"Biography of the Prophet Muhammad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography_of_the_Prophet_Muhammad?f_ri=9183"},{"id":981621,"name":"Bloody Borders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bloody_Borders?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1019273,"name":"Colonialism and Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism_and_Imperialism?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1019275,"name":"Belonging and Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Belonging_and_Citizenship?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1019276,"name":"Ethnicity and Nationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity_and_Nationality?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42210392" data-work_id="42210392" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42210392/Data_mining_ancient_script_image_data_using_convolutional_neural_networks">Data mining ancient script image data using convolutional neural networks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The recent surge in ancient scripts has resulted in huge image libraries of ancient texts. Data mining of the collected images enables the study of the evolution of these ancient scripts. In particular, the origin of the Indus Valley... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42210392" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The recent surge in ancient scripts has resulted in huge image libraries of ancient texts. Data mining of the collected images enables the study of the evolution of these ancient scripts. In particular, the origin of the Indus Valley script is highly debated. We use convolu-tional neural networks to test which Phoenician alphabet letters and Brahmi symbols are closest to the Indus Valley script symbols. Surprisingly, our analysis shows that overall the Phoenician alphabet is much closer than the Brahmi script to the Indus Valley script symbols.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42210392" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0a565bcb9a899c133d0ff861a86d1eef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62358451,"asset_id":42210392,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62358451/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20203015" href="https://un-lincoln.academia.edu/PeterRevesz">Peter Revesz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20203015" type="text/json">{"id":20203015,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Revesz","domain_name":"un-lincoln","page_name":"PeterRevesz","display_name":"Peter Revesz","profile_url":"https://un-lincoln.academia.edu/PeterRevesz?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20203015/6580981/7440259/s65_peter.revesz.jpg_oh_c8c9bab6998f47fcc20cf0f3c67d0d39_oe_552414d8___gda___1430032177_5b357852a886e826f726dd074c1d896b"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42210392 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42210392"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42210392, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42210392", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42210392]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42210392").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42210392").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42210392"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy_Archaeology_">Epigraphy (Archaeology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3292" type="text/json">{"id":3292,"name":"Epigraphy (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy_Archaeology_?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15674" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics">Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15674" type="text/json">{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42210392]'), work: {"id":42210392,"title":"Data mining ancient script image data using convolutional neural networks","created_at":"2020-03-13T08:10:43.003-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42210392/Data_mining_ancient_script_image_data_using_convolutional_neural_networks?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_42210392","summary":"The recent surge in ancient scripts has resulted in huge image libraries of ancient texts. Data mining of the collected images enables the study of the evolution of these ancient scripts. In particular, the origin of the Indus Valley script is highly debated. We use convolu-tional neural networks to test which Phoenician alphabet letters and Brahmi symbols are closest to the Indus Valley script symbols. Surprisingly, our analysis shows that overall the Phoenician alphabet is much closer than the Brahmi script to the Indus Valley script symbols.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62358451,"asset_id":42210392,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20203015,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Revesz","domain_name":"un-lincoln","page_name":"PeterRevesz","display_name":"Peter Revesz","profile_url":"https://un-lincoln.academia.edu/PeterRevesz?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20203015/6580981/7440259/s65_peter.revesz.jpg_oh_c8c9bab6998f47fcc20cf0f3c67d0d39_oe_552414d8___gda___1430032177_5b357852a886e826f726dd074c1d896b"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":3292,"name":"Epigraphy (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy_Archaeology_?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":20183,"name":"Sumerian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sumerian?f_ri=9183"},{"id":42046,"name":"Indus Valley Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indus_Valley_Civilization?f_ri=9183"},{"id":45882,"name":"Ancient Greek Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_Epigraphy?f_ri=9183"},{"id":50450,"name":"Dravidian Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dravidian_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":62288,"name":"Linear B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_B?f_ri=9183"},{"id":94720,"name":"Alphabetic 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u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6876512" data-work_id="6876512" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6876512/_The_Highest_God_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Bosporus_Additional_Materials">“The Highest God” in the Kingdom of the Bosporus: Additional Materials</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">keywords: Rjabchikov, archaeology, Scythian, Sarmatian, Meotian, Sindian, Kingdom of the Bosporus, script, symbolism, map, coin, decipherment</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6876512" data-share-source="work_strip" 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itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="465918" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiRjabchikov">Sergei Rjabchikov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="465918" type="text/json">{"id":465918,"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Rjabchikov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SergeiRjabchikov","display_name":"Sergei Rjabchikov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiRjabchikov?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/465918/160108/186529/s65_sergei.rjabchikov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6876512 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6876512"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6876512, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6876512", }); 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between the latter and Indo-European, many scholars have tried to compare numerals as such. In this paper, it is suggested to compare other features in the domain of numerals, such as the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1046216" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In comparative studies, within Hamito-Semitic and between the latter and Indo-European, many scholars have tried to compare numerals as such. In this paper, it is suggested to compare other features in the domain of numerals, such as the order of tens and units in composed numerals, the formation of tens and the number of counted object.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1046216" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d6bf28e7e01c425225cb0b2042433db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6394546,"asset_id":1046216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6394546/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="113223" href="https://unimib.academia.edu/VermondoBrugnatelli">Vermondo Brugnatelli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="113223" type="text/json">{"id":113223,"first_name":"Vermondo","last_name":"Brugnatelli","domain_name":"unimib","page_name":"VermondoBrugnatelli","display_name":"Vermondo Brugnatelli","profile_url":"https://unimib.academia.edu/VermondoBrugnatelli?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113223/30559/28099/s65_vermondo.brugnatelli.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1046216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1046216"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1046216, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1046216", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1046216]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1046216").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1046216").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1046216"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6586" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bible_Translation">Bible Translation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6586" type="text/json">{"id":6586,"name":"Bible Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bible_Translation?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24215" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Semitics">Comparative Semitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24215" type="text/json">{"id":24215,"name":"Comparative Semitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Semitics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50651" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Dialectology">Arabic Dialectology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50651" type="text/json">{"id":50651,"name":"Arabic Dialectology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Dialectology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1046216]'), work: {"id":1046216,"title":"Osservazioni preliminari sulla rilevanza dei numerali nella comparazione camito-semito-indeuropea","created_at":"2011-10-27T05:26:09.378-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1046216/Osservazioni_preliminari_sulla_rilevanza_dei_numerali_nella_comparazione_camito_semito_indeuropea?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_1046216","summary":"In comparative studies, within Hamito-Semitic and between the latter and Indo-European, many scholars have tried to compare numerals as such. 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Bu konuda özellikle İngilizcedeki konuşma sesleri üzerine çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da Türkçe konuşmanın damlacıkların yayılımına etkisi hususunda herhangi bir bilimsel yayın yoktur. İşte bu makalede Türkçenin hece ve fonolojik sisteminin en önemli sesletim parçalarından olan ünlüler, İngilizcedeki ünlülerle daha önce yapılmış bilimsel çalışmalardan elde edilen veriler kullanılarak F1 ve F2 frekans değerleri bakımından fonolinguistik bir yaklaşımla karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca ana dili Türkçe olmakla birlikte Amerikan veya Britanya İngilizcesini sonradan öğrenip yabancı dil olarak konuşan kişilerin ünlüleri boğumlarken kullandığı frekans değerleri, Türkçedeki ve İngilizcedeki ünlü fonemlere ait değerlerle mukayese edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda ünsüzlerin damlacık yayılımı konusundaki etkileri, ünlü seslerle olan ses birleşimlerine dair münasebetleri bağlamında tartışılmış; günlük hayatta sıkça yüksek sesle telaffuz edilen temel seslenme ve esenlik sözlerinin fonolojik varlığı ve bu kelimelerin damlacık yayma potansiyelleri-ses sıklık listelerinin de yardımıyla-değerlendirilmiştir. Bu karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmeler neticesinde ünlülerin birçoğunun boğumlanması esnasında Türkçenin İngilizceden oransal olarak daha düşük frekans değerleri ürettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak Türkçedeki "merhaba, anne, baba" gibi temel seslenme ve esenlik sözlerinin yüksek oranda damlacık yayılımı oluşturan fonemlerden oluştuğu anlaşılmıştır. Yine damlacık yayılımı yüksek birçok sesin Türkçede en sık kullanılan fonemlerden olduğu ve bu seslerden gündelik konuşma sırasında sıkça faydalanıldığı görülmüştür. Bu nedenle ünlülerin frekans değerleri bakımından Türkçe, birçok kez İngilizceden daha düşük değerlere ihtiyaç duysa da bu durum Türkçenin İngilizceden daha az damlacık yayan bir dil olduğu yönünde kesin bir kanıt sağlamamaktadır.<br /><br />Anahtar Kelimeler: SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19 ve Türkçe, damlacık yoluyla bulaşma, konuşma sırasında bulaşma.<br /><br />Abstract: As with many other respiratory diseases, SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by micro-droplets produced in the airway from an infected person; these droplets are expelled from the body during coughing, sneezing and normal speech. Studies are using laser lights on the subject revealed that intense droplet spread occurred during loud speech and it took 8 to 14 minutes to disappear in closed environments. Indeed, research in the context of the effect of sounds on disease propagation has shown that the droplet propagation capacity of each voice is not equal during speech. This ratio is also related to the density of the particles scattered around the environment, the way the person making the sound uses the sound and the speed of the articulation of the sound. The Covid19 pandemic, which expands with the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through droplets, has opened up the discussion of the effects of speech sounds on the pandemic. Although there are many studies on English in this regard, there is no Turkish-based study yet. However, some reports in the Turkish press, have made claims that Turkish emits fewer droplets than many other languages, including English. In this article, vocals, one of the most important parts of the syllable and phonological system of Turkish, were compared with the vowels in English using the data obtained from previous scientific studies in terms of F1 and F2 frequencies. The vowel frequencies in English and Turkish have been checked against with the frequencies they use when speaking English of people who grows up speaking Turkish and then learns English. Also, the effects of consonants on droplet propagation are discussed in the context of consonants' relationships with vowels. The phonological existence of the basic calling and meet words that are frequently used in daily life were evaluated in terms of their droplet spread potential. Comparing the droplet spread of vowels during Turkish speech with English, the following conclusions were reached: 1. In Turkish speeches, vowels produce lower frequency values compared to American English. The sounds of /a/, /i/ and /u/ at the ends of the triangle forming the maximal void space field in the F1 and F2 formant plane are the “main vowels” in almost all languages. The fact that these vowels have the highest droplet spread is common to English and Turkish. 2. The vowels used by individuals who speak American or British English with a Turkish accent have slightly higher frequencies than the vowels they use when speaking their mother tongue. 3. Turkish, which produces lower frequencies than English in terms of celebrities, needs less pressure than English to discharge the air to the outside environment. Although the effect of this situation on the number of emitted droplets is hypothetical, it is understood that English vowels have at least the ability to spread the droplets over a larger area due to the power of the frequency. However, it is unclear whether this effect would result in a significant difference to the extent of the outbreak. Because 66% of the sounds used during Turkish speaking are phonemes with high droplet spread. In addition, there are voices that show intense droplet dispersion during loud artikulation in the content of the words loudly used, such as merhaba "hello", anne "mother", baba "father", gel "come on", git "go". 4. The vowels are the most determinant parts of the acoustic structure in a language and are the feet of the general resonance system of the languages. In this respect, consonants gain importance in the context of their interaction with vowels in resonance based comparison. In short, in evaluations about consonants, findings obtained with modern imaging systems come to the fore rather than formant analysis. Compared to English and Turkish consonants, the general consonant existence is similar except for the voices specific to both languages. Research with statistical methods in this regard, contrary to popular belief, revealed that voiced consonants spread more droplets than voiceless consonants. Again, in these studies, it was understood that explosive consonants had more intense droplet release than fricative consonants. In addition, nasal consonants, which show close characteristics with vowels, have been found to increase the risk of infection. 5. It has been evaluated that Turkish has some advantages in terms of droplet spread compared to English, but because of these advantages, Turkish cannot be interpreted as an ideal language in terms of not expanding the epidemic. There are many different factors for droplet propagation to occur while speaking a language. The fact that one tongue is less stressed than the other or evacuates sounds with less pressure will not alone determine the ability of the virus to spread. In this regard, other factors such as the high volume of droplet density in the vocabulary of languages, the extent of the loud speaking habit in humans and whether the exhaled air comes directly from the lung are also effective.<br /><br />Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19 and Turkish, droplet transmission, transmission during speech.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44843727" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9da002897be1035ef1d2f8598c73629b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65350785,"asset_id":44843727,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65350785/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2403424" href="https://anadolu.academia.edu/EnsarK%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7">Ensar Kılıç</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2403424" type="text/json">{"id":2403424,"first_name":"Ensar","last_name":"Kılıç","domain_name":"anadolu","page_name":"EnsarKılıç","display_name":"Ensar Kılıç","profile_url":"https://anadolu.academia.edu/EnsarK%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2403424/2793567/3257219/s65_ensar.k_l_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44843727 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44843727"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44843727, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44843727", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44843727]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44843727").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44843727").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44843727"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17540" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology">English Phonetics and Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17540" type="text/json">{"id":17540,"name":"English Phonetics and Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="337426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_phonetics_phonology">Turkish phonetics, phonology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="337426" type="text/json">{"id":337426,"name":"Turkish phonetics, phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_phonetics_phonology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44843727]'), work: {"id":44843727,"title":"Covid-19 Salgınında Türkçe ve İngilizce Ünlülerin Damlacık Yayılımlarına Dair Fonolinguistik Bir Karşılaştırma (A Phonolinguistic Comparison of Droplet Spreads of Turkish and English Vowels in the Covid-19 Outbreak)","created_at":"2021-01-05T21:32:19.120-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44843727/Covid_19_Salg%C4%B1n%C4%B1nda_T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e_ve_%C4%B0ngilizce_%C3%9Cnl%C3%BClerin_Damlac%C4%B1k_Yay%C4%B1l%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1na_Dair_Fonolinguistik_Bir_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_A_Phonolinguistic_Comparison_of_Droplet_Spreads_of_Turkish_and_English_Vowels_in_the_Covid_19_Outbreak_?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_44843727","summary":"Özet: SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün (şiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu koronavirüsü 2) damlacık yoluyla bulaşması sonucunda meydana gelen 2019 Covid-19 küresel salgını, konuşma seslerinin bu virüsün yayılmasında ne denli etkili olduğunu tartışmaya açmıştır. Bu konuda özellikle İngilizcedeki konuşma sesleri üzerine çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da Türkçe konuşmanın damlacıkların yayılımına etkisi hususunda herhangi bir bilimsel yayın yoktur. İşte bu makalede Türkçenin hece ve fonolojik sisteminin en önemli sesletim parçalarından olan ünlüler, İngilizcedeki ünlülerle daha önce yapılmış bilimsel çalışmalardan elde edilen veriler kullanılarak F1 ve F2 frekans değerleri bakımından fonolinguistik bir yaklaşımla karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca ana dili Türkçe olmakla birlikte Amerikan veya Britanya İngilizcesini sonradan öğrenip yabancı dil olarak konuşan kişilerin ünlüleri boğumlarken kullandığı frekans değerleri, Türkçedeki ve İngilizcedeki ünlü fonemlere ait değerlerle mukayese edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda ünsüzlerin damlacık yayılımı konusundaki etkileri, ünlü seslerle olan ses birleşimlerine dair münasebetleri bağlamında tartışılmış; günlük hayatta sıkça yüksek sesle telaffuz edilen temel seslenme ve esenlik sözlerinin fonolojik varlığı ve bu kelimelerin damlacık yayma potansiyelleri-ses sıklık listelerinin de yardımıyla-değerlendirilmiştir. Bu karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmeler neticesinde ünlülerin birçoğunun boğumlanması esnasında Türkçenin İngilizceden oransal olarak daha düşük frekans değerleri ürettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak Türkçedeki \"merhaba, anne, baba\" gibi temel seslenme ve esenlik sözlerinin yüksek oranda damlacık yayılımı oluşturan fonemlerden oluştuğu anlaşılmıştır. Yine damlacık yayılımı yüksek birçok sesin Türkçede en sık kullanılan fonemlerden olduğu ve bu seslerden gündelik konuşma sırasında sıkça faydalanıldığı görülmüştür. Bu nedenle ünlülerin frekans değerleri bakımından Türkçe, birçok kez İngilizceden daha düşük değerlere ihtiyaç duysa da bu durum Türkçenin İngilizceden daha az damlacık yayan bir dil olduğu yönünde kesin bir kanıt sağlamamaktadır.\n\nAnahtar Kelimeler: SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19 ve Türkçe, damlacık yoluyla bulaşma, konuşma sırasında bulaşma.\n\nAbstract: As with many other respiratory diseases, SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by micro-droplets produced in the airway from an infected person; these droplets are expelled from the body during coughing, sneezing and normal speech. Studies are using laser lights on the subject revealed that intense droplet spread occurred during loud speech and it took 8 to 14 minutes to disappear in closed environments. Indeed, research in the context of the effect of sounds on disease propagation has shown that the droplet propagation capacity of each voice is not equal during speech. This ratio is also related to the density of the particles scattered around the environment, the way the person making the sound uses the sound and the speed of the articulation of the sound. The Covid19 pandemic, which expands with the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through droplets, has opened up the discussion of the effects of speech sounds on the pandemic. Although there are many studies on English in this regard, there is no Turkish-based study yet. However, some reports in the Turkish press, have made claims that Turkish emits fewer droplets than many other languages, including English. In this article, vocals, one of the most important parts of the syllable and phonological system of Turkish, were compared with the vowels in English using the data obtained from previous scientific studies in terms of F1 and F2 frequencies. The vowel frequencies in English and Turkish have been checked against with the frequencies they use when speaking English of people who grows up speaking Turkish and then learns English. Also, the effects of consonants on droplet propagation are discussed in the context of consonants' relationships with vowels. The phonological existence of the basic calling and meet words that are frequently used in daily life were evaluated in terms of their droplet spread potential. Comparing the droplet spread of vowels during Turkish speech with English, the following conclusions were reached: 1. In Turkish speeches, vowels produce lower frequency values compared to American English. The sounds of /a/, /i/ and /u/ at the ends of the triangle forming the maximal void space field in the F1 and F2 formant plane are the “main vowels” in almost all languages. The fact that these vowels have the highest droplet spread is common to English and Turkish. 2. The vowels used by individuals who speak American or British English with a Turkish accent have slightly higher frequencies than the vowels they use when speaking their mother tongue. 3. Turkish, which produces lower frequencies than English in terms of celebrities, needs less pressure than English to discharge the air to the outside environment. Although the effect of this situation on the number of emitted droplets is hypothetical, it is understood that English vowels have at least the ability to spread the droplets over a larger area due to the power of the frequency. However, it is unclear whether this effect would result in a significant difference to the extent of the outbreak. Because 66% of the sounds used during Turkish speaking are phonemes with high droplet spread. In addition, there are voices that show intense droplet dispersion during loud artikulation in the content of the words loudly used, such as merhaba \"hello\", anne \"mother\", baba \"father\", gel \"come on\", git \"go\". 4. The vowels are the most determinant parts of the acoustic structure in a language and are the feet of the general resonance system of the languages. In this respect, consonants gain importance in the context of their interaction with vowels in resonance based comparison. In short, in evaluations about consonants, findings obtained with modern imaging systems come to the fore rather than formant analysis. Compared to English and Turkish consonants, the general consonant existence is similar except for the voices specific to both languages. Research with statistical methods in this regard, contrary to popular belief, revealed that voiced consonants spread more droplets than voiceless consonants. Again, in these studies, it was understood that explosive consonants had more intense droplet release than fricative consonants. In addition, nasal consonants, which show close characteristics with vowels, have been found to increase the risk of infection. 5. It has been evaluated that Turkish has some advantages in terms of droplet spread compared to English, but because of these advantages, Turkish cannot be interpreted as an ideal language in terms of not expanding the epidemic. There are many different factors for droplet propagation to occur while speaking a language. The fact that one tongue is less stressed than the other or evacuates sounds with less pressure will not alone determine the ability of the virus to spread. In this regard, other factors such as the high volume of droplet density in the vocabulary of languages, the extent of the loud speaking habit in humans and whether the exhaled air comes directly from the lung are also effective.\n\nKeywords: SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19 and Turkish, droplet transmission, transmission during speech.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65350785,"asset_id":44843727,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2403424,"first_name":"Ensar","last_name":"Kılıç","domain_name":"anadolu","page_name":"EnsarKılıç","display_name":"Ensar Kılıç","profile_url":"https://anadolu.academia.edu/EnsarK%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2403424/2793567/3257219/s65_ensar.k_l_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":17540,"name":"English Phonetics and Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":337426,"name":"Turkish phonetics, phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_phonetics_phonology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37329213" data-work_id="37329213" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37329213/Is_Oksapmin_Ok_A_Study_of_the_Genetic_Relationship_between_Oksapmin_and_the_Ok_Languages_Loughnane_and_Fedden_">Is Oksapmin Ok?—A Study of the Genetic Relationship between Oksapmin and the Ok Languages (Loughnane & Fedden)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, evidence is provided that suggests the Oksapmin language, previously classed as constituting an isolate within the larger Trans-New Guinea family, is related to the Mountain Ok branch of the Ok language family and, by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37329213" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, evidence is provided that suggests the Oksapmin language, previously classed as constituting an isolate within the larger Trans-New Guinea family, is related to the Mountain Ok branch of the Ok language family and, by extension, the entire Ok family. A list of cognates and sound correspondences is given, as well as evidence from bound morphology and pronoun</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37329213" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5ff6faeecd87e06cd6e322e7fb8cb3ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57386763,"asset_id":37329213,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57386763/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8803011" href="https://paris3.academia.edu/SebastianFedden">Sebastian Fedden</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8803011" type="text/json">{"id":8803011,"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Fedden","domain_name":"paris3","page_name":"SebastianFedden","display_name":"Sebastian Fedden","profile_url":"https://paris3.academia.edu/SebastianFedden?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8803011/9581526/10706718/s65_sebastian.fedden.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37329213 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37329213"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37329213, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37329213", }); 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12167830" data-work_id="12167830" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12167830/The_crisis_of_the_Other_Introspecting_Bangaliyana">The crisis of the 'Other': Introspecting Bangaliyana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">. The problems of irreducibility, untranslatability, non-generalized existence of language are there as there persists always something irreducible in the interactions between the self and the other. Considering the Bengali society,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12167830" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">.  The problems of irreducibility, untranslatability, non-generalized existence of language are there as there persists always something irreducible in the interactions between the self and the other. Considering the Bengali society, perspectivally deliberated through the intellectual lenses of the bourgeois, the self-culture predicates the normative paradigm that structures what should and what should not constitute the essential with regard to socio-political identity. The conflictual cultural implication opposes whatever is non-standard and heterogeneous. Even within the group, the notion of the ‘other-self’ segregates the cultural variants that are marginalized as non-standard and imperfect.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12167830" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a924d7f115e6c3e003b33f69428c2e8d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37469226,"asset_id":12167830,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37469226/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8967990" href="https://jnu.academia.edu/DebmalyaBiswas">Debmalya Biswas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8967990" type="text/json">{"id":8967990,"first_name":"Debmalya","last_name":"Biswas","domain_name":"jnu","page_name":"DebmalyaBiswas","display_name":"Debmalya Biswas","profile_url":"https://jnu.academia.edu/DebmalyaBiswas?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8967990/2928710/19732717/s65_debmalya.biswas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12167830 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12167830"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12167830, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12167830", }); 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The problems of irreducibility, untranslatability, non-generalized existence of language are there as there persists always something irreducible in the interactions between the self and the other. Considering the Bengali society, perspectivally deliberated through the intellectual lenses of the bourgeois, the self-culture predicates the normative paradigm that structures what should and what should not constitute the essential with regard to socio-political identity. The conflictual cultural implication opposes whatever is non-standard and heterogeneous. Even within the group, the notion of the ‘other-self’ segregates the cultural variants that are marginalized as non-standard and imperfect. 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Acquisiton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisiton?f_ri=9183"},{"id":827606,"name":"English As a Second Language (ESL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_As_a_Second_Language_ESL_?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63213690" data-work_id="63213690" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63213690/ABSTRACT_DEVERBAL_FORMATIONS_WITH_BASES_OF_GREEK_ORIGIN">ABSTRACT DEVERBAL FORMATIONS WITH BASES OF GREEK ORIGIN</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_63213690" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of the assimilation of the Greek loan words into the Bulgarian language, which is why they occupy a specific position in the Bulgarian lexical fund. The use of some of them is dialect or archaic, but they all contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the ways of expression in Bulgarian.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63213690" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c92a45c30dac1939bd56651171e1a5d6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75713312,"asset_id":63213690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75713312/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25363762" href="https://swu.academia.edu/NataliSotirova">Nataliya Sotirova-Milcheva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25363762" type="text/json">{"id":25363762,"first_name":"Nataliya","last_name":"Sotirova-Milcheva","domain_name":"swu","page_name":"NataliSotirova","display_name":"Nataliya Sotirova-Milcheva","profile_url":"https://swu.academia.edu/NataliSotirova?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25363762/17322954/59103185/s65_nataliya.sotirova-milcheva.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63213690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63213690"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63213690, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63213690", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63213690]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_63213690").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_63213690").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="63213690"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2062" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Language">Greek Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2062" type="text/json">{"id":2062,"name":"Greek Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Language?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18769" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek">Greek</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18769" type="text/json">{"id":18769,"name":"Greek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70412" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_and_Grammatical_Borrowing">Lexical and Grammatical Borrowing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70412" type="text/json">{"id":70412,"name":"Lexical and Grammatical Borrowing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_and_Grammatical_Borrowing?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63213690]'), work: {"id":63213690,"title":"ABSTRACT DEVERBAL FORMATIONS WITH BASES OF GREEK ORIGIN","created_at":"2021-12-04T14:19:10.619-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63213690/ABSTRACT_DEVERBAL_FORMATIONS_WITH_BASES_OF_GREEK_ORIGIN?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_63213690","summary":"The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of the assimilation of the Greek loan words into the Bulgarian language, which is why they occupy a specific position in the Bulgarian lexical fund. The use of some of them is dialect or archaic, but they all contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the ways of expression in Bulgarian.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75713312,"asset_id":63213690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25363762,"first_name":"Nataliya","last_name":"Sotirova-Milcheva","domain_name":"swu","page_name":"NataliSotirova","display_name":"Nataliya Sotirova-Milcheva","profile_url":"https://swu.academia.edu/NataliSotirova?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25363762/17322954/59103185/s65_nataliya.sotirova-milcheva.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2062,"name":"Greek Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Language?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":18769,"name":"Greek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":70412,"name":"Lexical and Grammatical Borrowing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_and_Grammatical_Borrowing?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":249519,"name":"Balkan languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balkan_languages?f_ri=9183"},{"id":838651,"name":"Lexical Borrowings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Borrowings?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1964983,"name":"Wordformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wordformation?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78623239" data-work_id="78623239" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78623239/Meanings_of_White_and_Black_in_English_and_Serbian_Idioms_A_Contrastive_Analysis">Meanings of White and Black in English and Serbian Idioms: A Contrastive Analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">U radu se razmatra semantička priroda dve kategorije osnovnih boja, white i black u engleskom jeziku i beo i crn u srpskom jeziku. Kontrastivna analiza dva para prideva zasnovana je na korpusu sačinjenom od 35 engleskih i srpskih fraznih... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78623239" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">U radu se razmatra semantička priroda dve kategorije osnovnih boja, white i black u engleskom jeziku i beo i crn u srpskom jeziku. Kontrastivna analiza dva para prideva zasnovana je na korpusu sačinjenom od 35 engleskih i srpskih fraznih i rečeničnih idioma, kao, na primer, Two blacks do not make a white na engleskom i Od dva zla ne može ispasti dobro na srpskom. Glavni cilj istraživanja su stilski i semantički aspekti ove dve kategorije osnovnih boja, bele i crne, u engleskim i srpskim idiomima. Konkretniji ciljevi tiču se značenja ova dva para boja prilikom opisivanja ljudskih osobina, kako psihičkih tako i fizičkih, kao i utvrđivanja njihove istosti, odnosno sličnosti u dva suprotstavljena jezika. Rezultati analize jasno pokazuju da postoji visok stepen podudarnosti između ova dva suprotstavljena jezika po pitanju značenja izraženih dvema kategorijama osnovnih boja, white i black u engleskom i beo i crn u srpskom jeziku, u idiomima koji su deo repertoara koji se prirodno koristi ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78623239" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a451058e6ed6340d29a5774310f404d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85607161,"asset_id":78623239,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85607161/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37788506" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SladjanaMandic">Sladjana Mandic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37788506" type="text/json">{"id":37788506,"first_name":"Sladjana","last_name":"Mandic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SladjanaMandic","display_name":"Sladjana Mandic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SladjanaMandic?f_ri=9183","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78623239 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78623239"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78623239, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78623239", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78623239]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78623239").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78623239").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78623239"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1186" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_Studies">Translation Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1186" type="text/json">{"id":1186,"name":"Translation Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13297" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Linguistics">Cognitive Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13297" type="text/json">{"id":13297,"name":"Cognitive Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25194" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phrasal_Verbs">Phrasal Verbs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25194" type="text/json">{"id":25194,"name":"Phrasal Verbs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phrasal_Verbs?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78623239]'), work: {"id":78623239,"title":"Meanings of White and Black in English and Serbian Idioms: A Contrastive Analysis","created_at":"2022-05-06T11:17:10.478-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78623239/Meanings_of_White_and_Black_in_English_and_Serbian_Idioms_A_Contrastive_Analysis?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_78623239","summary":"U radu se razmatra semantička priroda dve kategorije osnovnih boja, white i black u engleskom jeziku i beo i crn u srpskom jeziku. Kontrastivna analiza dva para prideva zasnovana je na korpusu sačinjenom od 35 engleskih i srpskih fraznih i rečeničnih idioma, kao, na primer, Two blacks do not make a white na engleskom i Od dva zla ne može ispasti dobro na srpskom. Glavni cilj istraživanja su stilski i semantički aspekti ove dve kategorije osnovnih boja, bele i crne, u engleskim i srpskim idiomima. Konkretniji ciljevi tiču se značenja ova dva para boja prilikom opisivanja ljudskih osobina, kako psihičkih tako i fizičkih, kao i utvrđivanja njihove istosti, odnosno sličnosti u dva suprotstavljena jezika. Rezultati analize jasno pokazuju da postoji visok stepen podudarnosti između ova dva suprotstavljena jezika po pitanju značenja izraženih dvema kategorijama osnovnih boja, white i black u engleskom i beo i crn u srpskom jeziku, u idiomima koji su deo repertoara koji se prirodno koristi ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85607161,"asset_id":78623239,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37788506,"first_name":"Sladjana","last_name":"Mandic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SladjanaMandic","display_name":"Sladjana Mandic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SladjanaMandic?f_ri=9183","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1186,"name":"Translation Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":13297,"name":"Cognitive Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":25194,"name":"Phrasal Verbs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phrasal_Verbs?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36718467" data-work_id="36718467" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36718467/What_is_spoken_in_Atadei_Lembata_A_language_a_dialect_or_a_dialect_cluster">What is spoken in Atadei (Lembata)? A language, a dialect, or a dialect cluster?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">7th East Nusantara Conference (ENUS7) in Kupang, Indonesia, on 14 May 2018. This talk deals with the question whether Atadei (or South Lembata) should be considered a distinct language or a dialect of Lamaholot. Evidence is presented... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36718467" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">7th East Nusantara Conference (ENUS7) in Kupang, Indonesia, on 14 May 2018. <br /> <br />This talk deals with the question whether Atadei (or South Lembata) should be considered a distinct language or a dialect of Lamaholot. Evidence is presented by looking at the cognacy with close relatives, by phonological comparison, by morphological characteristics, and by syntactic features.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36718467" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="abbacbaa5609b63c1284244bead0a69c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56659403,"asset_id":36718467,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56659403/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1633558" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DanielKrausse">Daniel Krauße</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1633558" type="text/json">{"id":1633558,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Krauße","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DanielKrausse","display_name":"Daniel Krauße","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DanielKrausse?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1633558/568479/67959056/s65_daniel.krau_e.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36718467 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36718467"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36718467, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36718467", }); 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A language, a dialect, or a dialect cluster?","created_at":"2018-05-26T05:52:39.164-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36718467/What_is_spoken_in_Atadei_Lembata_A_language_a_dialect_or_a_dialect_cluster?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_36718467","summary":"7th East Nusantara Conference (ENUS7) in Kupang, Indonesia, on 14 May 2018.\r\n\r\nThis talk deals with the question whether Atadei (or South Lembata) should be considered a distinct language or a dialect of Lamaholot. Evidence is presented by looking at the cognacy with close relatives, by phonological comparison, by morphological characteristics, and by syntactic features.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56659403,"asset_id":36718467,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1633558,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Krauße","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"DanielKrausse","display_name":"Daniel Krauße","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DanielKrausse?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1633558/568479/67959056/s65_daniel.krau_e.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":2167,"name":"Dialectology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialectology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":5602,"name":"Austronesian Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austronesian_Languages?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":86664,"name":"Austronesian linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austronesian_linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":207621,"name":"Dialects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialects?f_ri=9183"},{"id":471216,"name":"Lamaholot","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lamaholot?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3311632" data-work_id="3311632" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3311632/The_Spiritual_Dimension_of_J_R_R_Tolkien_s_Mythopoeic_Theory_BA_Thesis_">The Spiritual Dimension of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Mythopoeic Theory (BA Thesis)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Niniejsza praca ma na celu przedstawienie teorii mitotwórczej J. R. R. Tolkiena, z perspektywy jej wymiaru duchowego. Od czasów antycznych teorie, tudzież filozofie, opierały się na myśleniu abstrakcyjnym i miały za zadanie wyjaśnienie... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3311632" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Niniejsza praca ma na celu przedstawienie teorii mitotwórczej J. R. R. Tolkiena, z perspektywy jej wymiaru duchowego. Od czasów antycznych teorie, tudzież filozofie, opierały się na myśleniu abstrakcyjnym i miały za zadanie wyjaśnienie ówczesnemu człowiekowi otaczającej go rzeczywistości. Nie inaczej było z Tolkienowską teorią, na potrzebę której ukuł swój termin Mitopoeia. „Duchowy wymiar Tolkienowskiej Teorii Mitotwórczej” – tłumacząc tytuł tej pracy na język Polski – przekłada się na wiele sfer życia Tolkiena. Pierwsza z tych płaszczyzn, to przypisywany mu przez niektórych krytyków program filozoficzny. Na tym wymiarze skupia się pierwszy rozdział tej pracy: „The Philosophical Disenchantment.” Jednak jak sugeruje tytuł, stanowi on zaledwie tło wszelkich dalszych poszukiwań, gdyż oferuje badaczom Tolkienowskiej myśli jedynie jej racjonalizację i demitologizację. Życiowa pasja Tolkiena, filologia komparatywna, daje wystarczające zrozumienie jego fenomenu, a przynajmniej zdaniem kilku krytyków. Niezaprzeczalnie stanowiła ona inspirację, a zarazem była narzędziem, którego Tolkien użył podług swej ogromnej wiedzy z zakresu językoznawstwa. Pomimo, iż w tej pracy „Comparative Philology” jest omawiana w drugiej kolejności, to właśnie ta dyscyplina była źródłem znajomości filozofii u Tolkiena. Podążając krokami Tolkieniany nie można jednak na tym poprzestać. Trzeci wymiar, jakże metafizyczny i filozoficzny w swych założeniach i implikacjach to odkrycie Owena Barfielda, znajomego Tolkiena. Barfield odkrył Teorię „Jedności Semantycznej,” co Tolkienowi przyszło łatwo przyjąć do wiadomości: język jako narzędzie może również być transcendentny, ze względu na swe początki. Dla Tolkiena była to jedna z tych rzeczy, która pozwoliła mu uwierzyć w smoki. „Philological Philosophy: Let There Be Dragons” – jest zatem łącznikiem między dwoma światami. Jednakże Tolkien nie był byle fantastą, oderwanym od ziemi. Teoria Barfielda, obudziła w nim nadzieję. Pomimo to, tak jak każdy rozsądny i racjonalny człowiek Tolkien musiał dowiedzieć się, „czy to prawda.” Potrzebował czegoś, aby idee odnieść do nie tyle rzeczywistego doświadczenia, ile prawdy. Prawda, bowiem wyzwala. Mimo nieustannego negowania jego wiary, to właśnie ona umożliwiła mu dalsze rozważanie tych teorii. I nie da się inaczej wytłumaczyć jego mitotwórstwa, jak przez uznanie jego wiary. Miłości do Boga, która była tak głęboka, że aż sięgała wiedzy teologicznej. Tego, między innymi, tyczy ostatni rozdział tej pracy: „Myth Becomes Truth.”<br />Liczba stron: 51</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3311632" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b52eac8ac55db09c62bc1983540a3b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31134182,"asset_id":3311632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31134182/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2173478" href="https://kul.academia.edu/MichaelMatusiak">Michael Matusiak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2173478" type="text/json">{"id":2173478,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Matusiak","domain_name":"kul","page_name":"MichaelMatusiak","display_name":"Michael Matusiak","profile_url":"https://kul.academia.edu/MichaelMatusiak?f_ri=9183","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3311632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3311632"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3311632, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3311632", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3311632]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3311632").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3311632").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3311632"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">117</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing">Creative Writing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1" type="text/json">{"id":1,"name":"Creative Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Literature">British Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15" type="text/json">{"id":15,"name":"British Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Literature?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore">Mythology And Folklore</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="123" type="text/json">{"id":123,"name":"Mythology And Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3311632]'), work: {"id":3311632,"title":"The Spiritual Dimension of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Mythopoeic Theory (BA Thesis)","created_at":"2013-04-16T21:51:25.147-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3311632/The_Spiritual_Dimension_of_J_R_R_Tolkien_s_Mythopoeic_Theory_BA_Thesis_?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_3311632","summary":"Niniejsza praca ma na celu przedstawienie teorii mitotwórczej J. R. R. Tolkiena, z perspektywy jej wymiaru duchowego. Od czasów antycznych teorie, tudzież filozofie, opierały się na myśleniu abstrakcyjnym i miały za zadanie wyjaśnienie ówczesnemu człowiekowi otaczającej go rzeczywistości. Nie inaczej było z Tolkienowską teorią, na potrzebę której ukuł swój termin Mitopoeia. „Duchowy wymiar Tolkienowskiej Teorii Mitotwórczej” – tłumacząc tytuł tej pracy na język Polski – przekłada się na wiele sfer życia Tolkiena. Pierwsza z tych płaszczyzn, to przypisywany mu przez niektórych krytyków program filozoficzny. Na tym wymiarze skupia się pierwszy rozdział tej pracy: „The Philosophical Disenchantment.” Jednak jak sugeruje tytuł, stanowi on zaledwie tło wszelkich dalszych poszukiwań, gdyż oferuje badaczom Tolkienowskiej myśli jedynie jej racjonalizację i demitologizację. Życiowa pasja Tolkiena, filologia komparatywna, daje wystarczające zrozumienie jego fenomenu, a przynajmniej zdaniem kilku krytyków. Niezaprzeczalnie stanowiła ona inspirację, a zarazem była narzędziem, którego Tolkien użył podług swej ogromnej wiedzy z zakresu językoznawstwa. Pomimo, iż w tej pracy „Comparative Philology” jest omawiana w drugiej kolejności, to właśnie ta dyscyplina była źródłem znajomości filozofii u Tolkiena. Podążając krokami Tolkieniany nie można jednak na tym poprzestać. Trzeci wymiar, jakże metafizyczny i filozoficzny w swych założeniach i implikacjach to odkrycie Owena Barfielda, znajomego Tolkiena. Barfield odkrył Teorię „Jedności Semantycznej,” co Tolkienowi przyszło łatwo przyjąć do wiadomości: język jako narzędzie może również być transcendentny, ze względu na swe początki. Dla Tolkiena była to jedna z tych rzeczy, która pozwoliła mu uwierzyć w smoki. „Philological Philosophy: Let There Be Dragons” – jest zatem łącznikiem między dwoma światami. Jednakże Tolkien nie był byle fantastą, oderwanym od ziemi. Teoria Barfielda, obudziła w nim nadzieję. Pomimo to, tak jak każdy rozsądny i racjonalny człowiek Tolkien musiał dowiedzieć się, „czy to prawda.” Potrzebował czegoś, aby idee odnieść do nie tyle rzeczywistego doświadczenia, ile prawdy. Prawda, bowiem wyzwala. Mimo nieustannego negowania jego wiary, to właśnie ona umożliwiła mu dalsze rozważanie tych teorii. I nie da się inaczej wytłumaczyć jego mitotwórstwa, jak przez uznanie jego wiary. Miłości do Boga, która była tak głęboka, że aż sięgała wiedzy teologicznej. 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R. Sarkar described Ráŕh, an ancient land in eastern India, as the “Cradle of Civilization”. He claimed that it is one of the areas where human beings first appeared on Earth. Bengali, or Báḿlá, which has come from the Púrvii... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44381823" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">P. R. Sarkar described Ráŕh, an ancient land in eastern India, as the “Cradle of Civilization”. He claimed that it is one of the areas where human beings first appeared on Earth. Bengali, or Báḿlá, which has come from the Púrvii Ardha-Mágadhii language, is the language of Ráŕh today. Within Bengali there are twelve main dialects, which are listed in the article.  Ráŕh’s dialects include Mid-Ráŕhii Báḿlá, Kolkata Báḿlá and several other dialects or sub-dialects. Because of the high percentage (92%) of Sanskrit-related words in the “colloquial language of the remote outpost of Ráŕh”, P. R. Sarkar suggests that Sanskrit had almost no relation with the influx of the Aryans into India, nor is Sanskrit of foreign origin. This article contains Chapters 19-28 of his book Ráŕh—The Cradle of Civilization plus a short article on the history and dialect of Ráŕh.  P. R. Sarkar (also known as Shrii Shrii Anandamurti) (1922-1990), was the spiritual guru of Ananda Marga and a self-described master of all languages – Richard Gauthier, Santa Rosa, California, October 26, 2020.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44381823" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a420b697f7f28a7d13874fa4294090a4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64784677,"asset_id":44381823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64784677/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5442344" href="https://santarosa.academia.edu/RichardGauthier">Richard Gauthier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5442344" type="text/json">{"id":5442344,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Gauthier","domain_name":"santarosa","page_name":"RichardGauthier","display_name":"Richard Gauthier","profile_url":"https://santarosa.academia.edu/RichardGauthier?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5442344/2390571/2783333/s65_richard.gauthier.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44381823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44381823"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44381823, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44381823", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44381823]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44381823").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44381823").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44381823"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology">Philology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="97" type="text/json">{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44381823]'), work: {"id":44381823,"title":"Ráŕh -The Cradle of Civilization, Part 3","created_at":"2020-10-27T11:28:04.492-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44381823/R%C3%A1%C5%95h_The_Cradle_of_Civilization_Part_3?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_44381823","summary":"P. R. Sarkar described Ráŕh, an ancient land in eastern India, as the “Cradle of Civilization”. He claimed that it is one of the areas where human beings first appeared on Earth. Bengali, or Báḿlá, which has come from the Púrvii Ardha-Mágadhii language, is the language of Ráŕh today. Within Bengali there are twelve main dialects, which are listed in the article. Ráŕh’s dialects include Mid-Ráŕhii Báḿlá, Kolkata Báḿlá and several other dialects or sub-dialects. Because of the high percentage (92%) of Sanskrit-related words in the “colloquial language of the remote outpost of Ráŕh”, P. R. Sarkar suggests that Sanskrit had almost no relation with the influx of the Aryans into India, nor is Sanskrit of foreign origin. This article contains Chapters 19-28 of his book Ráŕh—The Cradle of Civilization plus a short article on the history and dialect of Ráŕh. P. R. Sarkar (also known as Shrii Shrii Anandamurti) (1922-1990), was the spiritual guru of Ananda Marga and a self-described master of all languages – Richard Gauthier, Santa Rosa, California, October 26, 2020. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64784677,"asset_id":44381823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5442344,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Gauthier","domain_name":"santarosa","page_name":"RichardGauthier","display_name":"Richard Gauthier","profile_url":"https://santarosa.academia.edu/RichardGauthier?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5442344/2390571/2783333/s65_richard.gauthier.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical 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Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":13297,"name":"Cognitive Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":35851,"name":"Hindu Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_Philosophy?f_ri=9183"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=9183"},{"id":52673,"name":"Sanskrit Grammar and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_Grammar_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":93257,"name":"Hindu Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":94916,"name":"Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indology?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x 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type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13769" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Semantics">Lexical Semantics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13769" type="text/json">{"id":13769,"name":"Lexical Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Semantics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19833" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contrastive_Analysis">Contrastive Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19833" type="text/json">{"id":19833,"name":"Contrastive Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contrastive_Analysis?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=258556]'), work: {"id":258556,"title":"Lexical Differences Between European and Brazilian Portuguese","created_at":"2010-07-08T00:08:24.826-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/258556/Lexical_Differences_Between_European_and_Brazilian_Portuguese?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_258556","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3238941,"asset_id":258556,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":214314,"first_name":"Luzia","last_name":"Wittmann","domain_name":"inpnl","page_name":"LuziaWittmann","display_name":"Luzia Wittmann","profile_url":"https://inpnl.academia.edu/LuziaWittmann?f_ri=9183","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1432,"name":"Natural Language Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Language_Processing?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":13769,"name":"Lexical Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Semantics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":19833,"name":"Contrastive Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contrastive_Analysis?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":413638,"name":"Lexical Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Resources?f_ri=9183"},{"id":413645,"name":"Portuguese Language Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Portuguese_Language_Processing?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5038126" data-work_id="5038126" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5038126/Deutsch_schwedische_Sprachmischung_in_ETA_Hoffmanns_Bergwerke_zu_Falun_">Deutsch-schwedische Sprachmischung in ETA Hoffmanns "Bergwerke zu Falun"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5038126" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4dcbbfa09905b775d6a7d4949c5ee3ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32267497,"asset_id":5038126,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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work_39508703" data-work_id="39508703" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39508703/%E5%AE%AE%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E%E6%9D%A5%E9%96%93%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E7%90%89%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1">宮古語来間方言における日琉祖語の痕跡</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">本稿では、上代中央語におけるヤ行のエ・ア行のエの区別、すなわちエ甲・エ乙の区別との歴史的な関係を中心に、日琉祖語に遡れるという宮古語来間方言の保守的な要素を紹介する。その環境は主に宮古祖語の*a で始まる二重母音である。他の宮古諸方言における二重母音ai... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39508703" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">本稿では、上代中央語におけるヤ行のエ・ア行のエの区別、すなわちエ甲・エ乙の区別との歴史的な関係を中心に、日琉祖語に遡れるという宮古語来間方言の保守的な要素を紹介する。その環境は主に宮古祖語の*a で始まる二重母音である。<br />他の宮古諸方言における二重母音ai が来間方言の長母音eːに相当する場合を検討する。宮古諸方言と上代中央語との比較を通して、areː「洗え」のように、来間方言の命令形はエ甲に対応する痕跡を保っていると論じる。一方、宮古語多良間方言において長母音eːが現れるのは接続形 ― 已然形対応形 ― である。これは上代中央語の命令形にエ甲、已然形にエ乙が現れていたような、日琉祖語から継承した区別と思われる。宮古祖語で前者を*aje、後者を*ae と再建する。さらに、来間方言の受身・可能形に-ari と-reːという２形式があり、これらも甲乙の区別に相当し、上代の-ru と-je 形式に対応しているとする。</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39508703" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b619539625ac04032ac79122e56bd509" rel="nofollow" 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{"id":39508703,"title":"宮古語来間方言における日琉祖語の痕跡","created_at":"2019-06-10T21:13:02.951-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39508703/%E5%AE%AE%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E%E6%9D%A5%E9%96%93%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E7%90%89%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_39508703","summary":"本稿では、上代中央語におけるヤ行のエ・ア行のエの区別、すなわちエ甲・エ乙の区別との歴史的な関係を中心に、日琉祖語に遡れるという宮古語来間方言の保守的な要素を紹介する。その環境は主に宮古祖語の*a で始まる二重母音である。\n他の宮古諸方言における二重母音ai が来間方言の長母音eːに相当する場合を検討する。宮古諸方言と上代中央語との比較を通して、areː「洗え」のように、来間方言の命令形はエ甲に対応する痕跡を保っていると論じる。一方、宮古語多良間方言において長母音eːが現れるのは接続形 ― 已然形対応形 ― である。これは上代中央語の命令形にエ甲、已然形にエ乙が現れていたような、日琉祖語から継承した区別と思われる。宮古祖語で前者を*aje、後者を*ae と再建する。さらに、来間方言の受身・可能形に-ari と-reːという２形式があり、これらも甲乙の区別に相当し、上代の-ru と-je 形式に対応しているとする。","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59657323,"asset_id":39508703,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12244782,"first_name":"Aleksandra","last_name":"Jarosz","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AleksandraJarosz","display_name":"Aleksandra Jarosz","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AleksandraJarosz?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12244782/24247875/23190355/s65_aleksandra.jarosz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":11290,"name":"Old Japanese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Japanese?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":621537,"name":"Miyako 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Language Change in English</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11575402" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2bb4641f38a9ced1a6009af2790ae6de" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37064157,"asset_id":11575402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="560105" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Crystal">David Crystal</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="560105" type="text/json">{"id":560105,"name":"David Crystal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Crystal?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11575402]'), work: {"id":11575402,"title":"Stephen Fry and David Crystal: A Thespian and a Linguist Writing on Modern-Day Prescriptivism, Language Complaint and Language Change in 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Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":560105,"name":"David Crystal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Crystal?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1271725" data-work_id="1271725" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1271725/Affreux_vacarme_sons_de_cloches_et_voix_de_muezzins_dans_la_pol%C3%A9mique_interconfessionnelle_en_p%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique">Affreux vacarme: sons de cloches et voix de muezzins dans la polémique interconfessionnelle en péninsule ibérique</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1446" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History">Medieval History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1446" type="text/json">{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2853" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies">Medieval Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2853" type="text/json">{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":6739,"name":"Medieval Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islam?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":14979,"name":"Noise And Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noise_And_Music?f_ri=9183"},{"id":15008,"name":"World Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Literature?f_ri=9183"},{"id":17004,"name":"Muslim Spain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Spain?f_ri=9183"},{"id":20634,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relation?f_ri=9183"},{"id":42480,"name":"Bells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bells?f_ri=9183"},{"id":50024,"name":"Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teaching?f_ri=9183"},{"id":55325,"name":"Jewish-Christian-Muslim relations in the Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish-Christian-Muslim_relations_in_the_Middle_Ages?f_ri=9183"},{"id":273182,"name":"Inter-civilization contact and conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-civilization_contact_and_conflict?f_ri=9183"},{"id":332195,"name":"Reconquista","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reconquista?f_ri=9183"},{"id":554502,"name":"Muezzins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muezzins?f_ri=9183"},{"id":758870,"name":"Inter-faith Contact and Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-faith_Contact_and_Theology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1019298,"name":"Islam (Philosophy and History, critical issues, renaissance, principles of jurisprudence)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_Philosophy_and_History_critical_issues_renaissance_principles_of_jurisprudence_?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43435248" data-work_id="43435248" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43435248/The_Flood_as_Sabbatical_Rest_A_Comparison_of_Genesis_6_9_and_Leviticus_25">The Flood as Sabbatical Rest: A Comparison of Genesis 6-9 and Leviticus 25</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Jacob Milgrom once juxtaposed the flood (Gen 6-9) and Babylonian exile (Lev 26), with the Sabbatical Year as its crux. This article expounds upon the parallels between the Flood Narrative (Gen 6-9) and the law concerning the Sabbatical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43435248" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Jacob Milgrom once juxtaposed the flood (Gen 6-9) and Babylonian exile (Lev 26), with the Sabbatical Year as its crux. This article expounds upon the parallels between the Flood Narrative (Gen 6-9) and the law concerning the Sabbatical Year (Lev 25:1-7). The directionality of composition between the Priestly source (P) and Holiness Code (H) is examined, as well as the appropriation of alternate source material to bolster the theological propositions of P and H. The confluence of ideas between Gen 6-9 and Lev 25:1-7 (and 26:34-35, 43) include, among other secondary matters: the phenomenon of a yearlong land-fallowing, non-occupancy (or sabbatical rest), divinely granted superabundant bumper-crop which lasts for a year (or two), and concern for the faunae and their peaceful coexistence with humankind on the land where tranquillity is realised by all three entities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43435248" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2fe407de5f4de9ef2fe5366026b01a8a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63739574,"asset_id":43435248,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63739574/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33852721" href="https://sun.academia.edu/JoshSpoelstra">Josh Spoelstra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33852721" type="text/json">{"id":33852721,"first_name":"Josh","last_name":"Spoelstra","domain_name":"sun","page_name":"JoshSpoelstra","display_name":"Josh Spoelstra","profile_url":"https://sun.academia.edu/JoshSpoelstra?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33852721/9972578/14926003/s65_josh.spoelstra.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43435248 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43435248"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43435248, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43435248", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43435248]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43435248").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43435248").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43435248"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17936" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17936" type="text/json">{"id":17936,"name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="445280" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament">Hebrew Bible/Old Testament</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="445280" type="text/json">{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43435248]'), work: {"id":43435248,"title":"The Flood as Sabbatical Rest: A Comparison of Genesis 6-9 and Leviticus 25","created_at":"2020-06-25T10:07:26.028-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43435248/The_Flood_as_Sabbatical_Rest_A_Comparison_of_Genesis_6_9_and_Leviticus_25?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_43435248","summary":"Jacob Milgrom once juxtaposed the flood (Gen 6-9) and Babylonian exile (Lev 26), with the Sabbatical Year as its crux. This article expounds upon the parallels between the Flood Narrative (Gen 6-9) and the law concerning the Sabbatical Year (Lev 25:1-7). The directionality of composition between the Priestly source (P) and Holiness Code (H) is examined, as well as the appropriation of alternate source material to bolster the theological propositions of P and H. The confluence of ideas between Gen 6-9 and Lev 25:1-7 (and 26:34-35, 43) include, among other secondary matters: the phenomenon of a yearlong land-fallowing, non-occupancy (or sabbatical rest), divinely granted superabundant bumper-crop which lasts for a year (or two), and concern for the faunae and their peaceful coexistence with humankind on the land where tranquillity is realised by all three entities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63739574,"asset_id":43435248,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33852721,"first_name":"Josh","last_name":"Spoelstra","domain_name":"sun","page_name":"JoshSpoelstra","display_name":"Josh Spoelstra","profile_url":"https://sun.academia.edu/JoshSpoelstra?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33852721/9972578/14926003/s65_josh.spoelstra.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":17936,"name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30653886" data-work_id="30653886" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30653886/National_Literatures_as_components_for_Literature_of_the_world_or">National Literatures as components for " Literature of the world " or</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">World Literature: before and after " World Literature " can be viewed as a chart where literary traditions, their historic origins and comparative studies run in parallel or intersect, but can also be viewed through the lens of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30653886" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">World Literature: before and after " World Literature " can be viewed as a chart where literary traditions, their historic origins and comparative studies run in parallel or intersect, but can also be viewed through the lens of contemporary debates about whether an artifact belongs to one national culture or another. Literary studies is divided, along with others, into "world literature" (which refers us to Goethe) and "national literature" which took shape approximately in line with political borders and became popular in the transitional period in the late 20 th century. "National literatures" can be united under the concept of "world literature", if we take Goethe's 1827 definition which based the concept of "world literature" on an era of international exchange via translator, the main figure, sometimes he is also a writer, in this exchange of world (national) cultures. In western literary criticism this thesis, and by extension "world literature", on the heels of Goethe, is mainly considered a concept that excludes the narrow or restricted borders of national literature. This definition is to some extent goes against the traditional understanding of "World Literature" in the Soviet cultural tradition which implies aggregation of national literatures. One of the sources of this tradition is the fact that the dominating principle in literature and culture in the Soviet period was "socialist in content, national in form". Even in this obvious structure there were snags: " The History of the Literatures of the USSR" presupposed the history of the nationalities of the Soviet Union, such as the "History of Russian (or Georgian) Literature" (not Literature of Russia or Georgia); the same book also might include a chapter "History of the Literature of Azerbaijan" (instead of " Azerbaijani Literature). Logically this meant that one people constituted a mono-nation (mono-ethnic people), while another consisted of different ethnicities. Although according to the history of those "mono-nations" it can be specified how and which ethnicities formed contemporary nations, though can we talk of a mono-nation or mono-culture at all? Such heterogeneity of approach to a not inconsiderable degree determined in many ways the future inter-ethnic conflicts of the former fraternal (without quote marks) peoples of the post-Soviet area, forming stereotypes. The history of a national literature presupposes the question of the beginning of that national literature or, to be more exact, what is the criterion (criteria) to decide the moment at which that "history" began. And not only began. What is specified in the proposal of the seminar " Světová Literatura in Czechoslovakia and Literature na Świecie in Poland" can be continued by the Moscow journal «Иностранная литература»[inostrannaya literature] (literature of ino+strana-Foreign Literature) which maintains the best traditions of the selection and translation of the literature of "other " countries. One can judge from the name of journal that the factor of the state (ino+strana – literally, another country), as in an analogous Russian term zarubezhnaya</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30653886" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e779a9f5a1dab365bbb25f3dc0213761" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51097762,"asset_id":30653886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51097762/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="77855" href="https://bsu-az.academia.edu/RahilyaGeybullayeva">Rahilya Geybullayeva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="77855" type="text/json">{"id":77855,"first_name":"Rahilya","last_name":"Geybullayeva","domain_name":"bsu-az","page_name":"RahilyaGeybullayeva","display_name":"Rahilya Geybullayeva","profile_url":"https://bsu-az.academia.edu/RahilyaGeybullayeva?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/77855/21600/20004/s65_rahilya.geybullayeva.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30653886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30653886"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30653886, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30653886", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30653886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30653886; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30653886"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30653886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30653886"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30653886; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30653886]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30653886").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30653886").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30653886"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="659" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature">Comparative Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="659" type="text/json">{"id":659,"name":"Comparative Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30653886]'), work: {"id":30653886,"title":"National Literatures as components for \" Literature of the world \" or","created_at":"2016-12-28T15:34:28.227-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30653886/National_Literatures_as_components_for_Literature_of_the_world_or?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_30653886","summary":"World Literature: before and after \" World Literature \" can be viewed as a chart where literary traditions, their historic origins and comparative studies run in parallel or intersect, but can also be viewed through the lens of contemporary debates about whether an artifact belongs to one national culture or another. Literary studies is divided, along with others, into \"world literature\" (which refers us to Goethe) and \"national literature\" which took shape approximately in line with political borders and became popular in the transitional period in the late 20 th century. \"National literatures\" can be united under the concept of \"world literature\", if we take Goethe's 1827 definition which based the concept of \"world literature\" on an era of international exchange via translator, the main figure, sometimes he is also a writer, in this exchange of world (national) cultures. In western literary criticism this thesis, and by extension \"world literature\", on the heels of Goethe, is mainly considered a concept that excludes the narrow or restricted borders of national literature. This definition is to some extent goes against the traditional understanding of \"World Literature\" in the Soviet cultural tradition which implies aggregation of national literatures. One of the sources of this tradition is the fact that the dominating principle in literature and culture in the Soviet period was \"socialist in content, national in form\". Even in this obvious structure there were snags: \" The History of the Literatures of the USSR\" presupposed the history of the nationalities of the Soviet Union, such as the \"History of Russian (or Georgian) Literature\" (not Literature of Russia or Georgia); the same book also might include a chapter \"History of the Literature of Azerbaijan\" (instead of \" Azerbaijani Literature). Logically this meant that one people constituted a mono-nation (mono-ethnic people), while another consisted of different ethnicities. Although according to the history of those \"mono-nations\" it can be specified how and which ethnicities formed contemporary nations, though can we talk of a mono-nation or mono-culture at all? Such heterogeneity of approach to a not inconsiderable degree determined in many ways the future inter-ethnic conflicts of the former fraternal (without quote marks) peoples of the post-Soviet area, forming stereotypes. The history of a national literature presupposes the question of the beginning of that national literature or, to be more exact, what is the criterion (criteria) to decide the moment at which that \"history\" began. And not only began. What is specified in the proposal of the seminar \" Světová Literatura in Czechoslovakia and Literature na Świecie in Poland\" can be continued by the Moscow journal «Иностранная литература»[inostrannaya literature] (literature of ino+strana-Foreign Literature) which maintains the best traditions of the selection and translation of the literature of \"other \" countries. One can judge from the name of journal that the factor of the state (ino+strana – literally, another country), as in an analogous Russian term zarubezhnaya","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51097762,"asset_id":30653886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":77855,"first_name":"Rahilya","last_name":"Geybullayeva","domain_name":"bsu-az","page_name":"RahilyaGeybullayeva","display_name":"Rahilya Geybullayeva","profile_url":"https://bsu-az.academia.edu/RahilyaGeybullayeva?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/77855/21600/20004/s65_rahilya.geybullayeva.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":659,"name":"Comparative Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80257610" data-work_id="80257610" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80257610/Macedonian_Lexicon_from_16th_century_Un_Lexique_Macedonien_du_XVie_siecle">Macedonian Lexicon from 16th century - Un Lexique Macedonien du XVie siecle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Record of the Macedonian language from the 16th century The texts presented for analysis in this article were produced by the Institut Detudes Slave, De L'universite De Paris in 1958, and are a study based on words and phrases from... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80257610" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Record of the Macedonian language from the 16th century<br /><br />The texts presented for analysis in this article were produced by the Institut Detudes Slave, De L'universite De Paris in 1958, and are a study based on words and phrases from Macedonia in the 16th century. It is one of the earliest manuscripts written in a purely Macedonian vernacular tongue, and its content was collected from the village of Bogatsko, which is found in the region of Kostur in the south-west of Macedonia. The author remains anonymous and the only likely conclusion that can be drawn is that he may have spoken the Macedonian language natively or acquired it as an additional tongue due to living in close proximity to people who spoke it. The texts were written using the Greek alphabet, which was not uncommon in the Macedonian Peninsula during the Ottoman period, as similar examples with the Albanian and Vlach languages have demonstrated.<br />Vocabulary and Linguistic Characteristics The texts reveal distinctive local features that have tenaciously survived the ages, and are still present in a number of today's spoken Macedonian dialects. This fact reveals the remarkable consistency of the Macedonian language despite the lack of state support or schooling until the 20th century. Below is a sample of words from the texts, along with linguistic characteristics peculiar to the language of the Macedonians. Animal/Food/Anatomy Terms - Mrave (Ants); Tsurvets (Worm), Sokol (Falcon), Vraptsi (Birds), Golobi (Pigeons), Kokoshki (Chickens), Petel (Rooster), Oftsi (Sheep), Kozi (Goats), Jagne (Lamb), Mechika (Bear), Elen (Deer), Lisitsa (Fox), Kon (Horse), Krusha (Pear), Meso (Meat), Sireni (Cheese), Jajtsa (Eggs), Vino (Wine), Sol (Salt), Zhito (Grain), Koska (Bone), Gas (Buttocks), Kuro (Penis), Made (Testicles). Unique and Loan Words - The word Galuhtsi (Mice) is used, which can also be said as Gluhtsi or Gluftsi, and Macedonians are the only people who use this word. The word Veligden (Easter) is used, pronounced with the 'g' in Macedonian only. Turkish loans are very rare, one example being Jorgano (Blanket). Dialectal and Jat Features - The Kostur region contains dialects that have retain several archaic characteristics, such as the word Ranka (Hand) rather than the more common Macedonian variant of Raka. An interesting trend is found in the use of multiple transitions of the Jat feature that is present in various Macedonian and Slavonic dialects. For example, the text employs the word Dedo (Grandfather) and not Djado, yet Hljap (Bread) and not Lep or Leb. Definite Articles - The typical Macedonian postfixed definite article is exhibited in words such as Krushata (The Pear) and Dushata (The Soul). It is also noted in the word Patot (The Path) for 'the path' , although as the case of Jorgano (The Blanket) demonstrates, the 't' at the end can also be dropped, as in several of today's Macedonian dialects.<br />Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries. Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation. Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian dialect of Bitola as spoken today. 16th cent., Kostur dialect 21st cent., Bitola dialect Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime. Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime. Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo Bogatsko. Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo Bogatsko. As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical. All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Macedonian Peninsula states in the 19th and 20th centuries.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80257610" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a71f1517c095800ee021ed2832eabf28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86699139,"asset_id":80257610,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86699139/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18453755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MAKEDONSKAAKROPOLA">MAKEDONSKA AKROPOLA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18453755" type="text/json">{"id":18453755,"first_name":"MAKEDONSKA","last_name":"AKROPOLA","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MAKEDONSKAAKROPOLA","display_name":"MAKEDONSKA AKROPOLA","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MAKEDONSKAAKROPOLA?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18453755/10530066/11751308/s65_makedonska.akropola.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80257610 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80257610"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80257610, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80257610", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80257610]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80257610").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80257610").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80257610"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2715" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavic_Languages">Slavic Languages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2715" type="text/json">{"id":2715,"name":"Slavic Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavic_Languages?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80257610]'), work: {"id":80257610,"title":"Macedonian Lexicon from 16th century - Un Lexique Macedonien du XVie siecle","created_at":"2022-05-30T02:45:12.924-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80257610/Macedonian_Lexicon_from_16th_century_Un_Lexique_Macedonien_du_XVie_siecle?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_80257610","summary":"Record of the Macedonian language from the 16th century\n\nThe texts presented for analysis in this article were produced by the Institut Detudes Slave, De L'universite De Paris in 1958, and are a study based on words and phrases from Macedonia in the 16th century. It is one of the earliest manuscripts written in a purely Macedonian vernacular tongue, and its content was collected from the village of Bogatsko, which is found in the region of Kostur in the south-west of Macedonia. The author remains anonymous and the only likely conclusion that can be drawn is that he may have spoken the Macedonian language natively or acquired it as an additional tongue due to living in close proximity to people who spoke it. The texts were written using the Greek alphabet, which was not uncommon in the Macedonian Peninsula during the Ottoman period, as similar examples with the Albanian and Vlach languages have demonstrated.\nVocabulary and Linguistic Characteristics The texts reveal distinctive local features that have tenaciously survived the ages, and are still present in a number of today's spoken Macedonian dialects. This fact reveals the remarkable consistency of the Macedonian language despite the lack of state support or schooling until the 20th century. Below is a sample of words from the texts, along with linguistic characteristics peculiar to the language of the Macedonians. Animal/Food/Anatomy Terms - Mrave (Ants); Tsurvets (Worm), Sokol (Falcon), Vraptsi (Birds), Golobi (Pigeons), Kokoshki (Chickens), Petel (Rooster), Oftsi (Sheep), Kozi (Goats), Jagne (Lamb), Mechika (Bear), Elen (Deer), Lisitsa (Fox), Kon (Horse), Krusha (Pear), Meso (Meat), Sireni (Cheese), Jajtsa (Eggs), Vino (Wine), Sol (Salt), Zhito (Grain), Koska (Bone), Gas (Buttocks), Kuro (Penis), Made (Testicles). Unique and Loan Words - The word Galuhtsi (Mice) is used, which can also be said as Gluhtsi or Gluftsi, and Macedonians are the only people who use this word. The word Veligden (Easter) is used, pronounced with the 'g' in Macedonian only. Turkish loans are very rare, one example being Jorgano (Blanket). Dialectal and Jat Features - The Kostur region contains dialects that have retain several archaic characteristics, such as the word Ranka (Hand) rather than the more common Macedonian variant of Raka. An interesting trend is found in the use of multiple transitions of the Jat feature that is present in various Macedonian and Slavonic dialects. For example, the text employs the word Dedo (Grandfather) and not Djado, yet Hljap (Bread) and not Lep or Leb. Definite Articles - The typical Macedonian postfixed definite article is exhibited in words such as Krushata (The Pear) and Dushata (The Soul). It is also noted in the word Patot (The Path) for 'the path' , although as the case of Jorgano (The Blanket) demonstrates, the 't' at the end can also be dropped, as in several of today's Macedonian dialects.\nWords and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries. Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation. Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian dialect of Bitola as spoken today. 16th cent., Kostur dialect 21st cent., Bitola dialect Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime. Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime. Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo Bogatsko. Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo Bogatsko. As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical. All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Macedonian Peninsula states in the 19th and 20th centuries.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86699139,"asset_id":80257610,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18453755,"first_name":"MAKEDONSKA","last_name":"AKROPOLA","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MAKEDONSKAAKROPOLA","display_name":"MAKEDONSKA AKROPOLA","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MAKEDONSKAAKROPOLA?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18453755/10530066/11751308/s65_makedonska.akropola.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":2715,"name":"Slavic Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavic_Languages?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":25518,"name":"Ancient Civilization (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Civilization_Archaeology_?f_ri=9183"},{"id":31574,"name":"Slavistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":49250,"name":"Balkans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balkans?f_ri=9183"},{"id":77031,"name":"Macedonia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macedonia?f_ri=9183"},{"id":156685,"name":"Macedonian literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macedonian_literature?f_ri=9183"},{"id":249520,"name":"Macedonian dialects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macedonian_dialects?f_ri=9183"},{"id":281383,"name":"Ancient Macedonia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Macedonia?f_ri=9183"},{"id":282259,"name":"Slavic Languages and Literatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavic_Languages_and_Literatures?f_ri=9183"},{"id":486040,"name":"Macedonian language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macedonian_language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":913245,"name":"Makedonya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Makedonya?f_ri=9183"},{"id":956761,"name":"Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Republic_of_Macedonia?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1413445,"name":"македонски јазик","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1804177,"name":"Makedonski jezik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Makedonski_jezik?f_ri=9183"},{"id":3502126,"name":"Makedonski jazik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Makedonski_jazik?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42354331" data-work_id="42354331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42354331/V%C3%A1clav_B_l_a_%C5%BE_e_k_Brno_CH%C5%98IBY_A_BRDO_TOPONYMICK%C3%81_BILINGVA_1_CH%C5%98IBY_AND_BRDO_A_TOPONYMIC_BILINGUAL_EXPRESSION">Václav B l a ž e k (Brno) CHŘIBY A BRDO -TOPONYMICKÁ BILINGVA? 1 CHŘIBY AND BRDO -A TOPONYMIC BILINGUAL EXPRESSION</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present contribution analyses the terms chřib and brdo in their appellative and proprial roles in the space where Slavic languages were and are used, and evaluates their semantic relations. It is possible to conclude that one term is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42354331" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present contribution analyses the terms chřib and brdo in their appellative and proprial roles in the space where Slavic languages were and are used, and evaluates their semantic relations. It is possible to conclude that one term is a calque of the other. It leads to a new etymological solution for the word chřib: an adaptation of the West Germanic term *xrīƀōn 'rake'. Česká, popř. slovenská oronyma Chřib a Brd(o) a jejich deriváty se opakova-ně objevují ve specializovaných i syntetických onomastických studiích českých i slovenských autorů. Za všechny mohou být jmenováni v chronologickém pořa-dí (dále citováno jako ZJČ); Majtán, 1996; Vlkolinská, 2009. Dosud však oba oronymické termíny byly analyzovány odděleně. Na základě ná povědy R. Šrámka v hesle Chřiby (ZJČ, 126-27) jsou v předkládané studii etymo logizovány paralelně. Geomorfologický útvar zvaný Chřiby se rozkládá přibližně na 336 km 2 středo-východní Moravy. Nejvyšším vrcholem je hora Brdo vysoká 586,7 m. Jméno po hoří se poprvé objevuje ve 14. st. ve zkomolené podobě Greczen, která může být interpretována spíše jako Hřebčín než Křečín. Pro první možnost hovoří varianty Hříběcí (hory), Hřebice (pl.), Hřebeč, 2 evidované od roku 1414 a používané ještě v Ottově slovníku naučném (17. svazek z roku 1900, s. 613). Obdobná oronyma a odvozená toponyma se vyskytují v českomoravském pro-storu na více místech: 1 Článek byl napsán pod záštitou Specifických výzkumných fondů FF MU, č. 2817. Autor děku je oběma anonymním recenzentům za užitečná doporučení a upozornění na chybné citace aj. nedostatky. 2 Souvislost oronyma se slovy hříbě či hřebec je zřejmě výsledkem lidové etymologie poté, kdy stč. apelativum chřib přestávalo být běžné a proběhla změna *g > h. Německým kalkem je název pohoří Marsberg</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42354331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8412c949719c8a288bc1aee5f14f1204" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62513462,"asset_id":42354331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62513462/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5123646" href="https://muni.academia.edu/V%C3%A1clavBla%C5%BEek">Václav Blažek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5123646" type="text/json">{"id":5123646,"first_name":"Václav","last_name":"Blažek","domain_name":"muni","page_name":"VáclavBlažek","display_name":"Václav Blažek","profile_url":"https://muni.academia.edu/V%C3%A1clavBla%C5%BEek?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5123646/2245907/2626739/s65_v_clav.bla_ek.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42354331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42354331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42354331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42354331", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42354331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42354331; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42354331"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42354331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42354331"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42354331; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42354331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42354331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42354331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42354331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42354331]'), work: {"id":42354331,"title":"Václav B l a ž e k (Brno) CHŘIBY A BRDO -TOPONYMICKÁ BILINGVA? 1 CHŘIBY AND BRDO -A TOPONYMIC BILINGUAL EXPRESSION","created_at":"2020-03-28T07:19:35.745-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42354331/V%C3%A1clav_B_l_a_%C5%BE_e_k_Brno_CH%C5%98IBY_A_BRDO_TOPONYMICK%C3%81_BILINGVA_1_CH%C5%98IBY_AND_BRDO_A_TOPONYMIC_BILINGUAL_EXPRESSION?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_42354331","summary":"The present contribution analyses the terms chřib and brdo in their appellative and proprial roles in the space where Slavic languages were and are used, and evaluates their semantic relations. It is possible to conclude that one term is a calque of the other. It leads to a new etymological solution for the word chřib: an adaptation of the West Germanic term *xrīƀōn 'rake'. Česká, popř. slovenská oronyma Chřib a Brd(o) a jejich deriváty se opakova-ně objevují ve specializovaných i syntetických onomastických studiích českých i slovenských autorů. Za všechny mohou být jmenováni v chronologickém pořa-dí (dále citováno jako ZJČ); Majtán, 1996; Vlkolinská, 2009. Dosud však oba oronymické termíny byly analyzovány odděleně. Na základě ná povědy R. Šrámka v hesle Chřiby (ZJČ, 126-27) jsou v předkládané studii etymo logizovány paralelně. Geomorfologický útvar zvaný Chřiby se rozkládá přibližně na 336 km 2 středo-východní Moravy. Nejvyšším vrcholem je hora Brdo vysoká 586,7 m. Jméno po hoří se poprvé objevuje ve 14. st. ve zkomolené podobě Greczen, která může být interpretována spíše jako Hřebčín než Křečín. Pro první možnost hovoří varianty Hříběcí (hory), Hřebice (pl.), Hřebeč, 2 evidované od roku 1414 a používané ještě v Ottově slovníku naučném (17. svazek z roku 1900, s. 613). Obdobná oronyma a odvozená toponyma se vyskytují v českomoravském pro-storu na více místech: 1 Článek byl napsán pod záštitou Specifických výzkumných fondů FF MU, č. 2817. Autor děku je oběma anonymním recenzentům za užitečná doporučení a upozornění na chybné citace aj. nedostatky. 2 Souvislost oronyma se slovy hříbě či hřebec je zřejmě výsledkem lidové etymologie poté, kdy stč. apelativum chřib přestávalo být běžné a proběhla změna *g \u003e h. 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Il cristianesimo di San Paolo, tuttavia, ha cambiato il modo di ragionare su concetti come il se, il corpo, e la cognizione umana. Senza volere trattare certi concetti teologici, mi... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66738316" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Storicamente il cristianesimo deve molto al giudaismo. Il cristianesimo di San Paolo, tuttavia, ha cambiato il modo di ragionare su concetti come il se, il corpo, e la cognizione umana. Senza volere trattare certi concetti teologici, mi prefiggo di sottolineare come il punto di vista della scienza moderna e piu vicino al giudaismo tradizionale che al cristianesimo, e di spiegare la diffusione dell’“errore” di Paolo nel mondo occidentale, analizzando la semantica dei riferimenti linguistici (e in particolar modo le metafore e le metonimie) dei concetti anima e corpo e del rapporto con la concezione del se. Cresciuto da “uomo franco” cioe, da cittadino romano in un ambiente cosmopolita, Paolo e considerato il testimone piu influente e produttivo del pensiero cristiano nell’Asia Minore e nell’Europa Occidentale. Le sue epistole circolarono durante la sua vita e continuano ad influenzare miliardi di seguaci, i quali spesso interpretano le sue idee in modo contrastante, ma ciononostante ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66738316" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3de5912f735f15b3f4afb93fafde2a6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77814162,"asset_id":66738316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77814162/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11837" href="https://unl-pt.academia.edu/VitoEvola">Vito Evola</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11837" type="text/json">{"id":11837,"first_name":"Vito","last_name":"Evola","domain_name":"unl-pt","page_name":"VitoEvola","display_name":"Vito Evola","profile_url":"https://unl-pt.academia.edu/VitoEvola?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11837/79925/64203643/s65_vito.evola.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66738316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66738316"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66738316, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66738316", }); 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Il cristianesimo di San Paolo, tuttavia, ha cambiato il modo di ragionare su concetti come il se, il corpo, e la cognizione umana. Senza volere trattare certi concetti teologici, mi prefiggo di sottolineare come il punto di vista della scienza moderna e piu vicino al giudaismo tradizionale che al cristianesimo, e di spiegare la diffusione dell’“errore” di Paolo nel mondo occidentale, analizzando la semantica dei riferimenti linguistici (e in particolar modo le metafore e le metonimie) dei concetti anima e corpo e del rapporto con la concezione del se. Cresciuto da “uomo franco” cioe, da cittadino romano in un ambiente cosmopolita, Paolo e considerato il testimone piu influente e produttivo del pensiero cristiano nell’Asia Minore e nell’Europa Occidentale. Le sue epistole circolarono durante la sua vita e continuano ad influenzare miliardi di seguaci, i quali spesso interpretano le sue idee in modo contrastante, ma ciononostante ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77814162,"asset_id":66738316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11837,"first_name":"Vito","last_name":"Evola","domain_name":"unl-pt","page_name":"VitoEvola","display_name":"Vito Evola","profile_url":"https://unl-pt.academia.edu/VitoEvola?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11837/79925/64203643/s65_vito.evola.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=9183"},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":4972,"name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":24041,"name":"Social Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Simulation?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1971795" data-work_id="1971795" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1971795/Revival_Linguistics_and_the_New_Media_Talknology_in_the_service_of_the_Barngarla_Language_Reclamation">Revival Linguistics and the New Media: Talknology in the service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Academic Reference: Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Monaghan, Paul (2012). "Revival linguistics and the new media: Talknology in the service of the Barngarla language reclamation", pp. 119-126 of Foundation for Endangered Languages XVI Conference:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1971795" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Academic Reference:<br /><br />Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Monaghan, Paul (2012). "Revival linguistics and the new media: Talknology in the service of the Barngarla language reclamation", pp. 119-126 of Foundation for Endangered Languages XVI Conference: Language Endangerment in the 21st Century:Globalisation, Technology & New Media. Auckland, New Zealand. <br /><br />------------------------------<br /><br /><br />Revival Linguistics and the New Media: <br />Talknology in the service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation<br /><br /><br />Ghil‘ad Zuckermann<br /><br />Chair of Linguistics and Endangered Languages<br />School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia<br />[<a href="mailto:ghilad.zuckermann@adelaide.edu.au" rel="nofollow">ghilad.zuckermann@adelaide.edu.au</a>]<br /><br /><br />Paul Monaghan<br /><br />Mobile Language Team<br />School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia<br /> [<a href="mailto:paul.monaghan@adelaide.edu.au" rel="nofollow">paul.monaghan@adelaide.edu.au</a>]<br /><br /><br />Abstract<br /><br />Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (see Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).<br /><br />The study: The Barngarla language (spelled Parnkalla by Schürmann 1844) is a no-longer spoken Thura-Yura Pama-Nyungan Aboriginal language of the Lakes Cultural Region of South Australia. Most recently Zuckermann, Monaghan and the Barngarla community have launched a reclamation of this sleeping beauty in three major rural/urban centres on the Eyre Peninsula, namely Port Lincoln, Whyalla, and Port Augusta. The presence of three Barngarla populations several hours drive apart presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving ‘talknological’ innovations, such as online chatting, newsgroups, photo and resource sharing through a Barngarla wiki. This paper also examines the tensions accompanying the creation of a Barngarla ‘community of practice’ (cf. Wenger 1998) in a post-traditional Aboriginal context. In important ways, the new talknology poses a direct challenge to existing authority structures relating to the everyday management of knowledge, collaboration and participation. We predict that how the broader Barngarla community negotiates these issues will have an important bearing on the ultimate results of the reclamation project.<br /><br /><br /><br /> <br />Revival Linguistics<br /><br />Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).<br /><br />Revival Linguistics complements the established field of documentary linguistics, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep. Revival Linguistics ought to revise the fields of grammaticography (writing grammars) and lexicography (writing dictionaries): Grammars and dictionaries ought to be written for language reclamation, i.e. in a user-friendly way, for communities, not only for linguists. For example, juxtapose Lutheran missionary Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann’s 1844 spelling of the Barngarla word nunyara ‘recovery’, which ignores the English environment, thus resulting in the pronunciation nanYAra rather than NOONyara.<br /><br />Closely related to contact linguistics, Revival Linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics, e.g. by weakening the Family Tree model, which implies that a language ought to have only one parent. Assisting Aboriginal communities in a realistic, non-purisitic way, without selling them myths, Revival Linguistics promotes efficiency and efficacy in language reclamation.<br /><br />Certainly Australia has been made the ‘Unlucky Country’ through the historical processes of linguicide (language killing) and glottophagy (language eating). These twin forces were in operation from the early colonial period. In her detailed study of the role missionary language practices in the early years of the South Australian colony, Scrimgeour quotes the following colonial language ideology: ‘Mr Forster afterwards adverted to the present mode of teaching the children in their own language. He, with all respect to the Missionaries, would say, on several grounds, that this was wrong. The natives would be sooner civilized if their language was extinct. The children taught would afterwards mix only with whites, where their own language would be of no use – the use of their language would preserve their prejudices and debasement, and their language was not sufficient to express the ideas of civilized life.  He gave the Missionaries full credit for their talents and zeal, but he thought it would be better to teach the children in English’ (from Report on a public meeting of the South Australian Missionary Society in aid of the German Mission to the Aborigines, Southern Australian, 8 September 1843; Scrimgeour, 2007: 116, italics added).<br /><br />In the case of glottophagy, Governor George Grey noted: ‘The merchant in London who lays on a vessel for a certain port, regards the affair as a mere mercantile speculation, but could he trace out the results he effects in their remotest ramifications, he would stand astonished at the changes he produces.  With the wizard wand of commerce, he touches a lone and trackless forest, and at his bidding, cities arise, and the hum and dust of trade collect – away are swept ancient races; antique laws and customs moulder into oblivion.  The strong-holds of murder and superstition are cleansed, and the Gospel is preached amongst ignorant and savage men. The ruder languages disappear successively, and the tongue of England alone is heard around’ (Grey 1841: 200-201, italics added). Grey was a strong supporter of Aboriginal languages, encouraging Schürmann’s work documenting the Adelaide language (Kaurna) and Barngarla at Port Lincoln (see below).<br /><br />With globalization, homogenization and Coca-colonization there will be more and more groups all over the world added to the forlorn club of the lost-heritage peoples. Language reclamation will become increasingly relevant as people seek to recover their cultural autonomy, empower their spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and improve their wellbeing. There are various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival: for example, social justice, diversity and employability, respectively.<br /><br />Zuckermann (2012) has enthusiastically called for Native Tongue Title and linguistic human rights, suggesting that the Australian government ought to compensate Indigenous people not only for the loss of land but equally importantly for the loss of language. Zuckermann has suggested to the Australian government to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages. <br /><br />Furthermore, it is predicted that in the future the very insights offered by Revival Linguistics will themselves become part of Indigenous Intellectual Property, when Slovenes and Estonians come to Australia and New Zealand to ask Aboriginal Australians and Maori to assist them in their own European language resurrection.<br /><br />There is an urgent need to produce perspicacious LINGUISTIC and socio-linguistic insights relevant to language reclamation. Otherwise, linguists or language workers would not be able to offer, if asked by Indigenous people, efficient and efficacious advice. There are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and First Nations leaders to work more efficiently; for example, to focus more on basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than on sounds and word order – see Zuckermann (2009: <a href="http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf</a>. <br /><br />Revival linguistics would assist revivalists to be more realistic and to abandon discouraging slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!" The following are among the basic principles that the revival linguist encourages in Aboriginal communities:<br /><br />i. If your language falls asleep: stop, revive, survive!<br />ii. If you revive a language, embrace the hybridity of the emerging tongue; and<br />iii. If your language is healthy, assist others in linguistic need.<br /><br />One day we may invent devices to “inject” a language into our brains. But until then, any attempt to reclaim a hibernating language will result in a hybrid that combines components from the revivalists' and documenters' mother tongues and, of course, the target language. In the immortal words of Jerry Seinfeld: "Not that there's anything wrong with that!"<br /><br />The Study<br /><br /><br />Figure 1: Map of Traditional Aboriginal Country after Norman Tindale (adapted from Hercus 1999)<br /><br />The Barngarla language reclamation project has arisen through partnerships between the University of Adelaide (Linguistics and the Mobile Language Team) and the Barngarla people. Although still in its infancy, consultations began in September 2011, a number of very significant steps have been made towards reclaiming this ‘sleeping beauty’. Without doubt, the key challenge has been to develop a strategy for the reclamation of the language simultaneously and without favour in three major regional centres. In ways that will be elaborated below, this multi-sited, regional or peripheral reclamation makes demands that are very different to those often found in metropolitan reclamation contexts (e.g. Kaurna, cf. Amery...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1971795" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87c59064f9867ea92a1187ebfcc8d225" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":28514098,"asset_id":1971795,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/28514098/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3918" href="https://adelaide.academia.edu/Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3918" type="text/json">{"id":3918,"first_name":"Ghil'ad","last_name":"Zuckermann","domain_name":"adelaide","page_name":"Zuckermann","display_name":"Ghil'ad Zuckermann","profile_url":"https://adelaide.academia.edu/Zuckermann?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3918/1571/1649/s65_ghil_ad.zuckermann.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1971795 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1971795"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1971795, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1971795", }); 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Auckland, New Zealand. \n\n------------------------------\n\n\nRevival Linguistics and the New Media: \nTalknology in the service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation\n\n\nGhil‘ad Zuckermann\n\nChair of Linguistics and Endangered Languages\nSchool of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia\n[ghilad.zuckermann@adelaide.edu.au]\n\n\nPaul Monaghan\n\nMobile Language Team\nSchool of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia\n [paul.monaghan@adelaide.edu.au]\n\n\nAbstract\n\nRevival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (see Zuckermann \u0026 Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).\n\nThe study: The Barngarla language (spelled Parnkalla by Schürmann 1844) is a no-longer spoken Thura-Yura Pama-Nyungan Aboriginal language of the Lakes Cultural Region of South Australia. Most recently Zuckermann, Monaghan and the Barngarla community have launched a reclamation of this sleeping beauty in three major rural/urban centres on the Eyre Peninsula, namely Port Lincoln, Whyalla, and Port Augusta. The presence of three Barngarla populations several hours drive apart presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving ‘talknological’ innovations, such as online chatting, newsgroups, photo and resource sharing through a Barngarla wiki. This paper also examines the tensions accompanying the creation of a Barngarla ‘community of practice’ (cf. Wenger 1998) in a post-traditional Aboriginal context. In important ways, the new talknology poses a direct challenge to existing authority structures relating to the everyday management of knowledge, collaboration and participation. We predict that how the broader Barngarla community negotiates these issues will have an important bearing on the ultimate results of the reclamation project.\n\n\n\n \nRevival Linguistics\n\nRevival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (Zuckermann \u0026 Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).\n\nRevival Linguistics complements the established field of documentary linguistics, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep. Revival Linguistics ought to revise the fields of grammaticography (writing grammars) and lexicography (writing dictionaries): Grammars and dictionaries ought to be written for language reclamation, i.e. in a user-friendly way, for communities, not only for linguists. For example, juxtapose Lutheran missionary Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann’s 1844 spelling of the Barngarla word nunyara ‘recovery’, which ignores the English environment, thus resulting in the pronunciation nanYAra rather than NOONyara.\n\nClosely related to contact linguistics, Revival Linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics, e.g. by weakening the Family Tree model, which implies that a language ought to have only one parent. Assisting Aboriginal communities in a realistic, non-purisitic way, without selling them myths, Revival Linguistics promotes efficiency and efficacy in language reclamation.\n\nCertainly Australia has been made the ‘Unlucky Country’ through the historical processes of linguicide (language killing) and glottophagy (language eating). These twin forces were in operation from the early colonial period. In her detailed study of the role missionary language practices in the early years of the South Australian colony, Scrimgeour quotes the following colonial language ideology: ‘Mr Forster afterwards adverted to the present mode of teaching the children in their own language. He, with all respect to the Missionaries, would say, on several grounds, that this was wrong. The natives would be sooner civilized if their language was extinct. The children taught would afterwards mix only with whites, where their own language would be of no use – the use of their language would preserve their prejudices and debasement, and their language was not sufficient to express the ideas of civilized life. He gave the Missionaries full credit for their talents and zeal, but he thought it would be better to teach the children in English’ (from Report on a public meeting of the South Australian Missionary Society in aid of the German Mission to the Aborigines, Southern Australian, 8 September 1843; Scrimgeour, 2007: 116, italics added).\n\nIn the case of glottophagy, Governor George Grey noted: ‘The merchant in London who lays on a vessel for a certain port, regards the affair as a mere mercantile speculation, but could he trace out the results he effects in their remotest ramifications, he would stand astonished at the changes he produces. With the wizard wand of commerce, he touches a lone and trackless forest, and at his bidding, cities arise, and the hum and dust of trade collect – away are swept ancient races; antique laws and customs moulder into oblivion. The strong-holds of murder and superstition are cleansed, and the Gospel is preached amongst ignorant and savage men. The ruder languages disappear successively, and the tongue of England alone is heard around’ (Grey 1841: 200-201, italics added). Grey was a strong supporter of Aboriginal languages, encouraging Schürmann’s work documenting the Adelaide language (Kaurna) and Barngarla at Port Lincoln (see below).\n\nWith globalization, homogenization and Coca-colonization there will be more and more groups all over the world added to the forlorn club of the lost-heritage peoples. Language reclamation will become increasingly relevant as people seek to recover their cultural autonomy, empower their spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and improve their wellbeing. There are various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival: for example, social justice, diversity and employability, respectively.\n\nZuckermann (2012) has enthusiastically called for Native Tongue Title and linguistic human rights, suggesting that the Australian government ought to compensate Indigenous people not only for the loss of land but equally importantly for the loss of language. Zuckermann has suggested to the Australian government to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages. \n\nFurthermore, it is predicted that in the future the very insights offered by Revival Linguistics will themselves become part of Indigenous Intellectual Property, when Slovenes and Estonians come to Australia and New Zealand to ask Aboriginal Australians and Maori to assist them in their own European language resurrection.\n\nThere is an urgent need to produce perspicacious LINGUISTIC and socio-linguistic insights relevant to language reclamation. Otherwise, linguists or language workers would not be able to offer, if asked by Indigenous people, efficient and efficacious advice. There are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and First Nations leaders to work more efficiently; for example, to focus more on basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than on sounds and word order – see Zuckermann (2009: http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf. \n\nRevival linguistics would assist revivalists to be more realistic and to abandon discouraging slogans such as \"Give us authenticity or give us death!\" The following are among the basic principles that the revival linguist encourages in Aboriginal communities:\n\ni.\tIf your language falls asleep: stop, revive, survive!\nii.\tIf you revive a language, embrace the hybridity of the emerging tongue; and\niii.\tIf your language is healthy, assist others in linguistic need.\n\nOne day we may invent devices to “inject” a language into our brains. But until then, any attempt to reclaim a hibernating language will result in a hybrid that combines components from the revivalists' and documenters' mother tongues and, of course, the target language. In the immortal words of Jerry Seinfeld: \"Not that there's anything wrong with that!\"\n\nThe Study\n\n\nFigure 1: Map of Traditional Aboriginal Country after Norman Tindale (adapted from Hercus 1999)\n\nThe Barngarla language reclamation project has arisen through partnerships between the University of Adelaide (Linguistics and the Mobile Language Team) and the Barngarla people. Although still in its infancy, consultations began in September 2011, a number of very significant steps have been made towards reclaiming this ‘sleeping beauty’. Without doubt, the key challenge has been to develop a strategy for the reclamation of the language simultaneously and without favour in three major regional centres. In ways that will be elaborated below, this multi-sited, regional or peripheral reclamation makes demands that are very different to those often found in metropolitan reclamation contexts (e.g. Kaurna, cf. 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44126252" data-work_id="44126252" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44126252/Our_ancestors_the_Gauls_the_Slavs_and_the_Dravidians_V3">Our ancestors the Gauls, the Slavs and the Dravidians V3</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract : this study, which first aim was to demonstrate the correspondences between the Gaulish language and the Slavic languages, between which I found 500 common words, allowed me also to demonstrate, on the basis of genetical,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44126252" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract : this study, which first aim was to demonstrate the correspondences between the Gaulish language and the Slavic languages, between which I found 500 common words, allowed me also to demonstrate, on the basis of genetical, archaeological and religious data, that those correspondences were linked with ancient migrations linked with the diffusion of the Dravidian civilisation of the Indus Valley to Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the North of the Black Sea, Danubian and Balkanic Europe, towards Gaul and Iberia, where the Neolithic agriculturalists contributed to the formation of the megalithic civilisation which developed from -5.000. This explains also the linguistic correspondences I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages – 250 common words from the 500 words I studied, as well as similarities I found in the organisation of the Society and the religion, which lead certain researchers to suggest, on the basis of the diffusion of the very ancient gene H2-P96 from India to Western Europe, that the first Europeans and the proto-Dravidians had a common origin.<br />Extrait : cette étude, dont l’objectif initial était de démontrer les correspondances entre le gaulois et les langues slaves, entre lesquelles j’ai trouvé 500 mots communs, m’a en outre permis de démontrer, sur la base de données génétiques, archéologiques et religieuses, que ces correspondances étaient liées à des migrations anciennes liées à la diffusion de la civilisation dravidienne de la vallée de l’Indus vers l’Iran, la Mésopotamie, l’Anatolie, le Caucase, le Nord de la Mer Noire, l’Europe danubienne et balkanique, la Gaule et l’Ibérie, où les agriculteurs néolithiques ont contribué à former la civilisation mégalithique qui s’est développée à partir de -5.000. Cela explique aussi les correspondances linguistiques que j’ai établies entre le gaulois et les langues dravidiennes - 250 mots communs sur les 500 mots étudiés, et les similitudes que j’ai constatées dans l’organisation de la société et la religion, qui amènent certains chercheurs à suggérer, sur la base de la diffusion du gène très ancien H2-P96 de l’Inde à l’Europe de l’Ouest, que les premiers Européens et les proto-Dravidiens avaient une origine commune.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44126252" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c4a90efa19a7c5d7cfb1727547069f80" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64512913,"asset_id":44126252,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64512913/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="154061827" href="https://grhis.academia.edu/XavierRouard">Xavier Rouard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="154061827" type="text/json">{"id":154061827,"first_name":"Xavier","last_name":"Rouard","domain_name":"grhis","page_name":"XavierRouard","display_name":"Xavier Rouard","profile_url":"https://grhis.academia.edu/XavierRouard?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/154061827/45555131/38210029/s65_xavier.rouard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44126252 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44126252"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44126252, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44126252", }); 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This explains also the linguistic correspondences I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages – 250 common words from the 500 words I studied, as well as similarities I found in the organisation of the Society and the religion, which lead certain researchers to suggest, on the basis of the diffusion of the very ancient gene H2-P96 from India to Western Europe, that the first Europeans and the proto-Dravidians had a common origin.\nExtrait : cette étude, dont l’objectif initial était de démontrer les correspondances entre le gaulois et les langues slaves, entre lesquelles j’ai trouvé 500 mots communs, m’a en outre permis de démontrer, sur la base de données génétiques, archéologiques et religieuses, que ces correspondances étaient liées à des migrations anciennes liées à la diffusion de la civilisation dravidienne de la vallée de l’Indus vers l’Iran, la Mésopotamie, l’Anatolie, le Caucase, le Nord de la Mer Noire, l’Europe danubienne et balkanique, la Gaule et l’Ibérie, où les agriculteurs néolithiques ont contribué à former la civilisation mégalithique qui s’est développée à partir de -5.000. 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These sequences are o-a2, o-da-a2 and o-de-qa-a2. In this paper, a contextual analysis of the form and function of these sequences will be carried out in order to arrive at a plausible, and convincing, interpretation of their usage. The examination of their occurrences will be conducted by placing the usage of these sequences of particles within the backdrop of recording procedures of the Mycenaean palatial administration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41276840" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dae81fb36ffc7569dd6fd6a52af40b0a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61496264,"asset_id":41276840,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61496264/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1797514" href="https://agrsci.academia.edu/EsterSalgarella">Ester Salgarella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1797514" type="text/json">{"id":1797514,"first_name":"Ester","last_name":"Salgarella","domain_name":"agrsci","page_name":"EsterSalgarella","display_name":"Ester Salgarella","profile_url":"https://agrsci.academia.edu/EsterSalgarella?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1797514/614576/12390225/s65_ester.salgarella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41276840 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41276840"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41276840, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41276840", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41276840]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41276840").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41276840").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41276840"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="62288" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_B">Linear B</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="62288" type="text/json">{"id":62288,"name":"Linear B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_B?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137790" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycenaean_Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="137790" type="text/json">{"id":137790,"name":"Mycenaean Greek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycenaean_Greek?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41276840]'), work: {"id":41276840,"title":"Form and function of clausal particles in the Linear B documents from Pylos","created_at":"2019-12-12T08:54:41.609-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41276840/Form_and_function_of_clausal_particles_in_the_Linear_B_documents_from_Pylos?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_41276840","summary":"This paper sets out to explore an idiosyncratic linguistic feature only attested on a number of Linear B documents from Pylos, namely the occurrence of sequences of particles in clause-initial, and sometimes also tablet-initial, position. These sequences are o-a2, o-da-a2 and o-de-qa-a2. In this paper, a contextual analysis of the form and function of these sequences will be carried out in order to arrive at a plausible, and convincing, interpretation of their usage. The examination of their occurrences will be conducted by placing the usage of these sequences of particles within the backdrop of recording procedures of the Mycenaean palatial administration. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61496264,"asset_id":41276840,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1797514,"first_name":"Ester","last_name":"Salgarella","domain_name":"agrsci","page_name":"EsterSalgarella","display_name":"Ester Salgarella","profile_url":"https://agrsci.academia.edu/EsterSalgarella?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1797514/614576/12390225/s65_ester.salgarella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":62288,"name":"Linear B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_B?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":137790,"name":"Mycenaean Greek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycenaean_Greek?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41702543" data-work_id="41702543" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41702543/_full_text_Les_cat%C3%A9gories_d_Aristote_%C3%A0_l_%C3%A9preuve_du_sophiste_chinois_Gongsun_Long">[full text] Les catégories d’Aristote à l’épreuve du « sophiste » chinois Gongsun Long</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The universality of Aristotle’s categories raises two questions in relation to the Chinese language: (1) Can these categories be translated into Chinese? (2) Are the same categories to be found in Chinese thought? We examine both of these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41702543" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The universality of Aristotle’s categories raises two questions in relation to the Chinese language: (1) Can these categories be translated into Chinese? (2) Are the same categories to be found in Chinese thought? We examine both of these questions here by means of the famous aporia: “White horse is not horse” – case in which the two philosophical traditions are most “comparable”, since we are dealing with the same problem of the relationship between the colour white and a white body, but also most “incomparable”, as the linguistic and philosophical differences are very striking. By reconsidering the positions of certain modern researchers who defend either the universality of Aristotelian logic or the uniqueness of Chinese thought we highlight the difficulty of getting away from Western concepts when interpreting Chinese thought, a prime example of the difficulty of any transcultural dialogue.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41702543" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a8d931a200fd4f89f1406aaf564e682a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61861079,"asset_id":41702543,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61861079/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26857004" href="https://nankai.academia.edu/YijingZhang">Yijing Zhang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26857004" type="text/json">{"id":26857004,"first_name":"Yijing","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"nankai","page_name":"YijingZhang","display_name":"Yijing Zhang","profile_url":"https://nankai.academia.edu/YijingZhang?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26857004/7504400/50304575/s65_yijing.zhang.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41702543 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41702543"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41702543, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41702543", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41702543]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41702543").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41702543").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41702543"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="924" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic">Logic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="924" type="text/json">{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1020" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy">Chinese Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1020" type="text/json">{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy">Comparative Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1021" type="text/json">{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2019" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle">Aristotle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2019" type="text/json">{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41702543]'), work: {"id":41702543,"title":"[full text] Les catégories d’Aristote à l’épreuve du « sophiste » chinois Gongsun Long","created_at":"2020-01-22T07:34:40.185-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41702543/_full_text_Les_cat%C3%A9gories_d_Aristote_%C3%A0_l_%C3%A9preuve_du_sophiste_chinois_Gongsun_Long?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_41702543","summary":"The universality of Aristotle’s categories raises two questions in relation to the Chinese language: (1) Can these categories be translated into Chinese? (2) Are the same categories to be found in Chinese thought? We examine both of these questions here by means of the famous aporia: “White horse is not horse” – case in which the two philosophical traditions are most “comparable”, since we are dealing with the same problem of the relationship between the colour white and a white body, but also most “incomparable”, as the linguistic and philosophical differences are very striking. By reconsidering the positions of certain modern researchers who defend either the universality of Aristotelian logic or the uniqueness of Chinese thought we highlight the difficulty of getting away from Western concepts when interpreting Chinese thought, a prime example of the difficulty of any transcultural dialogue.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61861079,"asset_id":41702543,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26857004,"first_name":"Yijing","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"nankai","page_name":"YijingZhang","display_name":"Yijing Zhang","profile_url":"https://nankai.academia.edu/YijingZhang?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26857004/7504400/50304575/s65_yijing.zhang.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":33562,"name":"Intercultural dialogue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intercultural_dialogue?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2641229" data-work_id="2641229" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2641229/Monolingualism_and_How_to_Fix_It_if_it_needs_fixing_">Monolingualism and How to Fix It (if it needs fixing)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract: The argument I will develop in this essay is that the foreign students are a latent human resource who can assist with overcoming English monolingualism in the Australian population. Foreign students, properly rewarded, can be a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2641229" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract: The argument I will develop in this essay is that the foreign students are a latent human resource who can assist with overcoming English monolingualism in the Australian population. Foreign students, properly rewarded, can be a major source of skills transfer. Every one of those students is a walking compendium of language and cultural skills that Australians need to know.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2641229" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="90fe4008c7cc87438cee08ef52a2f07e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30645190,"asset_id":2641229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30645190/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1690521" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThoroldThorMay">Thorold (Thor) May</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1690521" type="text/json">{"id":1690521,"first_name":"Thorold (Thor)","last_name":"May","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThoroldThorMay","display_name":"Thorold (Thor) May","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThoroldThorMay?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/4907822631c59c912162483f3377a2ae?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2641229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2641229"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2641229, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2641229", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2641229]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2641229").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2641229").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2641229"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">145</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="248" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology">Social Psychology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="248" type="text/json">{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2641229]'), work: {"id":2641229,"title":"Monolingualism and How to Fix It (if it needs fixing)","created_at":"2013-02-24T13:27:58.051-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2641229/Monolingualism_and_How_to_Fix_It_if_it_needs_fixing_?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_2641229","summary":"Abstract: The argument I will develop in this essay is that the foreign students are a latent human resource who can assist with overcoming English monolingualism in the Australian population. Foreign students, properly rewarded, can be a major source of skills transfer. Every one of those students is a walking compendium of language and cultural skills that Australians need to know.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30645190,"asset_id":2641229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1690521,"first_name":"Thorold (Thor)","last_name":"May","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThoroldThorMay","display_name":"Thorold (Thor) May","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThoroldThorMay?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/4907822631c59c912162483f3377a2ae?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":248,"name":"Social 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language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9207,"name":"English as a Lingua Franca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_as_a_Lingua_Franca?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9609,"name":"Second Language Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Writing?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9801,"name":"Chinese Language and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Language_and_Culture?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9823,"name":"Multicultural Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multicultural_Education?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9863,"name":"Talented Student Instruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Talented_Student_Instruction?f_ri=9183"},{"id":10831,"name":"Second 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href="https://www.academia.edu/80906938/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_">За категориалните и некатегориалните значения на категорията лице при личните местоимения в руския език (в съпоставка с български)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80906938" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in comparison with Russian ones, the systems of<br />meanings of the Bulgarian and Russian pronomina personalia function in a similar way. Additionally, the subject of examination is the set of categorial and non-categorial meanings of the grammatical category of person. The two semantic types are invariably connected but the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality. Bulgarian serves as a background to Russian empirical data, and the main approach used is a comparative one. The main goal is to explain and describe the ways in which the non-categorial meanings of person function in Russian. For this purpose, fi rst categorial meanings are examined and then non-categorical ones are reviewed.<br /><br />Russian: Объектом настоящего исследования является грамматическая категория лица, присущая личным местоимения в русском и болгарском языках. Несмотря на то, что у некоторых классов слов в болгарском языке (например, у глагола) наблюдаются значительные различия в категориях по сравнению с русским языком, системы значений болгарских и русских pronomina personalia функционируют схожим образом. Предметом исследования являются категориальные и некатегориальные значения категории лица местоимений. Эти два семантических типа неразрывно связаны друг с другом, но акцент делается на проявлениях некатегориальности. Болгарский язык имеет статус языка фонового сопоставления с русским эмпирическим материалом, а основной метод работы – сопоставительный. Основная цель исследования – объяснить и описать случаи функционирования некатегориальных значений лица в русском языке. В связи с этим сначала рассматриваются категориальные значения, а потом и некатегориальные.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80906938" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b75a3225c8d357859a25b3bab34de8b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87132582,"asset_id":80906938,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87132582/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="148907" href="https://uni-plovdiv.academia.edu/EnchoTilev">Encho Tilev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="148907" type="text/json">{"id":148907,"first_name":"Encho","last_name":"Tilev","domain_name":"uni-plovdiv","page_name":"EnchoTilev","display_name":"Encho Tilev","profile_url":"https://uni-plovdiv.academia.edu/EnchoTilev?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/148907/39340/36555159/s65_encho.tilev.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80906938 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80906938"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80906938, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80906938", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80906938]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80906938").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80906938").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80906938"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology">Morphology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10866" type="text/json">{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80906938]'), work: {"id":80906938,"title":"За категориалните и некатегориалните значения на категорията лице при личните местоимения в руския език (в съпоставка с български)","created_at":"2022-06-07T03:11:24.647-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80906938/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_80906938","summary":"English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in comparison with Russian ones, the systems of\nmeanings of the Bulgarian and Russian pronomina personalia function in a similar way. Additionally, the subject of examination is the set of categorial and non-categorial meanings of the grammatical category of person. The two semantic types are invariably connected but the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality. Bulgarian serves as a background to Russian empirical data, and the main approach used is a comparative one. The main goal is to explain and describe the ways in which the non-categorial meanings of person function in Russian. For this purpose, fi rst categorial meanings are examined and then non-categorical ones are reviewed.\n\nRussian: Объектом настоящего исследования является грамматическая категория лица, присущая личным местоимения в русском и болгарском языках. Несмотря на то, что у некоторых классов слов в болгарском языке (например, у глагола) наблюдаются значительные различия в категориях по сравнению с русским языком, системы значений болгарских и русских pronomina personalia функционируют схожим образом. Предметом исследования являются категориальные и некатегориальные значения категории лица местоимений. Эти два семантических типа неразрывно связаны друг с другом, но акцент делается на проявлениях некатегориальности. Болгарский язык имеет статус языка фонового сопоставления с русским эмпирическим материалом, а основной метод работы – сопоставительный. Основная цель исследования – объяснить и описать случаи функционирования некатегориальных значений лица в русском языке. В связи с этим сначала рассматриваются категориальные значения, а потом и некатегориальные.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87132582,"asset_id":80906938,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":148907,"first_name":"Encho","last_name":"Tilev","domain_name":"uni-plovdiv","page_name":"EnchoTilev","display_name":"Encho Tilev","profile_url":"https://uni-plovdiv.academia.edu/EnchoTilev?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/148907/39340/36555159/s65_encho.tilev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":14565,"name":"Russian As A Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_As_A_Foreign_Language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":15107,"name":"Pronouns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pronouns?f_ri=9183"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":18831,"name":"Linguistic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Theory?f_ri=9183"},{"id":19861,"name":"Russian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":31963,"name":"Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=9183"},{"id":34875,"name":"Morphology and Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_and_Syntax?f_ri=9183"},{"id":41980,"name":"Lingüística","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica?f_ri=9183"},{"id":46196,"name":"Russian linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":56835,"name":"Teaching Russian as a second language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_Russian_as_a_second_language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":76715,"name":"General linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":140117,"name":"Morphological theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphological_theory?f_ri=9183"},{"id":153663,"name":"Linguistics. Word-formation. Morphology. Lexicology. Semantics.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics._Word-formation._Morphology._Lexicology._Semantics?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37116887 coauthored" data-work_id="37116887" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37116887/How_to_download_Sir_Arthur_Evan_s_Scripta_Minoa_Volumes_1_and_2_Linear_B_in_their_entirety_pdf">How to download Sir Arthur Evan’s Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 & 2, Linear B, in their entirety.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How to download Sir Arthur Evan’s Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 & 2, (Linear B), in their entirety: Until recently, anyone searching for Scripta Minoa could download the files from Heidelberg University. But it is no longer possible to do so... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37116887" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How to download Sir Arthur Evan’s Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 & 2, (Linear B), in their entirety: Until recently, anyone searching for Scripta Minoa could download the files from Heidelberg University. But it is no longer possible to do so without the downloaded page being truncated at the top. To illustrate this, we try to download page 5 of Scripta Minoa, Vol. 1, here, the result above being what we actually see, the example in this case being, page 5, Preface. Note that we see only a window [1] to the entire page [2]. Consequently, if  you try to download the rest of the page, Heidelberg University blocks the rest of that page [2], or any other page, rendering the Heidelberg University site useless to download Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 & 2. The alternative route to download Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 & 2. Instead, go to this post on our home site, Minoan Linear A, Linear B, Knossos & Mycenae and follow the explicit instructions to the letter to download Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 & 2.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37116887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="77d66cdbdeb4bfdb7f901804464a7184" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57068357,"asset_id":37116887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57068357/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5201855" href="https://westernu.academia.edu/RichardVallance">Richard Vallance Janke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5201855" type="text/json">{"id":5201855,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Vallance Janke","domain_name":"westernu","page_name":"RichardVallance","display_name":"Richard Vallance Janke","profile_url":"https://westernu.academia.edu/RichardVallance?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5201855/9119138/10170407/s65_richard.vallance.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-37116887">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-37116887"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unige.academia.edu/AlexandreSolc%C3%A0">Alexandre Solcà</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-37116887'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-37116887').html(); 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But it is no longer possible to do so without the downloaded page being truncated at the top. To illustrate this, we try to download page 5 of Scripta Minoa, Vol. 1, here, the result above being what we actually see, the example in this case being, page 5, Preface. Note that we see only a window [1] to the entire page [2]. Consequently, if you try to download the rest of the page, Heidelberg University blocks the rest of that page [2], or any other page, rendering the Heidelberg University site useless to download Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 \u0026 2. The alternative route to download Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 \u0026 2. Instead, go to this post on our home site, Minoan Linear A, Linear B, Knossos \u0026 Mycenae and follow the explicit instructions to the letter to download Scripta Minoa, Volumes 1 \u0026 2.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57068357,"asset_id":37116887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5201855,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Vallance Janke","domain_name":"westernu","page_name":"RichardVallance","display_name":"Richard Vallance Janke","profile_url":"https://westernu.academia.edu/RichardVallance?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5201855/9119138/10170407/s65_richard.vallance.jpg"},{"id":7214515,"first_name":"Alexandre","last_name":"Solcà","domain_name":"unige","page_name":"AlexandreSolcà","display_name":"Alexandre 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administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minoan_and_Mycenaean_economy_and_administration?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13003526" data-work_id="13003526" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13003526/On_the_construction_of_the_concept_language_Entrenched_conceptual_integration_networks_encountered_in_evolutionary_biology_and_studies_of_language_evolution">On the construction of the concept ‘language’: Entrenched conceptual integration networks encountered in evolutionary biology and studies of language evolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Presentation at “The Way We Think: A Research Symposium on Conceptual Integration and the Nature and Origin of Cognitively Modern Humans.” University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Demark, August 19-23, 2002. Document includes Supplemental... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13003526" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Presentation at “The Way We Think: A Research Symposium on Conceptual Integration and the Nature and Origin of Cognitively Modern Humans.” University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Demark, August 19-23,  2002. Document includes Supplemental Materials: Resource Guide and Commentaries <br />In recent years the relationship between language change and biological evolution has captured the attention of investigators operating in different disciplines, particularly evolutionary biology, AI and A-Life (Zeimke 2001, Hull 2001), as well as linguistics (Croft 2000; Sinha 1999), with each group often bringing radically different conceptualizations of the object under study, namely, “language” itself, to the debate.  Over the centuries, meanings associated with the expression “language” have been influenced by mappings of conceptual frames and inputs from the biological sciences onto the entity referred to as “language”. At the same time the prestige of the “science of linguistics” created a feedback mechanism by which the referentiality of “language”, at each stage, was mapped back into the field of evolutionary biology along with the emergent structure(s) of the resulting “blend”. While significant energy has been spent on identifying ways in which biological evolution has been linked to concepts of language evolution (Dörries 2002), little attention has been directed to the nature of the conceptual integration networks that have been produced in the process. This paper examines the way conceptual integration theory can be brought to bear on the “blends” that have been created, focusing primarily on examples drawn from 19th century debates concerning the “language-species-organism analogy” in the emerging field of comparative-historical philology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13003526" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7888021cd7eee63fc012bc9565f2b02c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":105976254,"asset_id":13003526,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105976254/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="285192" href="https://uiowa.academia.edu/RoslynMFrank">Roslyn Frank</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="285192" type="text/json">{"id":285192,"first_name":"Roslyn","last_name":"Frank","domain_name":"uiowa","page_name":"RoslynMFrank","display_name":"Roslyn Frank","profile_url":"https://uiowa.academia.edu/RoslynMFrank?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/285192/58210/59375/s65_roslyn.frank.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13003526 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13003526"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13003526, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13003526", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13003526]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13003526").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13003526").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13003526"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">38</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="778" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_">Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="778" type="text/json">{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13003526]'), work: {"id":13003526,"title":"On the construction of the concept ‘language’: Entrenched conceptual integration networks encountered in evolutionary biology and studies of language evolution","created_at":"2015-06-15T13:14:14.287-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13003526/On_the_construction_of_the_concept_language_Entrenched_conceptual_integration_networks_encountered_in_evolutionary_biology_and_studies_of_language_evolution?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_13003526","summary":"Presentation at “The Way We Think: A Research Symposium on Conceptual Integration and the Nature and Origin of Cognitively Modern Humans.” University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Demark, August 19-23, 2002. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/49636372/%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%98_%D0%92_%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A7%D0%98_%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%99_%D0%91%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C_%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%95_%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%A9%D0%98%D0%95_%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9C%D0%AB_%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%90_%D0%92_%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C_%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C_%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%95_%D0%92_%D0%A8%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%98_%D0%98_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%98">ИННОВАЦИИ В РЕЧИ ДЕТЕЙ-БИЛИНГВОВ В СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНОМ АСПЕКТЕ: ОБЩИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ СЛОВОТВОРЧЕСТВА В УНАСЛЕДОВАННОМ РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ В ШВЕЦИИ И ГЕРМАНИИ</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Статья представляет предварительные наблюдения над способами конструирования собственных номинаций, отмеченными в русском языке как унаследованном (Russian as a heritage language) в Швеции и Германии. Предшествующие исследования... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49636372" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Статья представляет предварительные наблюдения над способами конструирования собственных номинаций, отмеченными в русском языке как унаследованном (Russian as a heritage language) в Швеции и Германии. Предшествующие исследования рассматривали, как правило, одну определённую ситуацию языкового контакта, например, русский / английский, русский / немецкий или русский / иврит. В нашей работе механизмы словообразования у детей-билингвов рассмотрены как в сопоставлении со взрослыми <br />билингвами, так и в межъязыковом сопоставлении.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49636372" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b44aa1bff5683a0bb5cbb9a9658e294c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67938624,"asset_id":49636372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67938624/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="88802173" href="https://uni-koln.academia.edu/VladislavaWarditzn%C3%A9e%C5%BDdanova%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0">Vladislava Warditz (née Ždanova)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="88802173" type="text/json">{"id":88802173,"first_name":"Vladislava","last_name":"Warditz (née Ždanova)","domain_name":"uni-koln","page_name":"VladislavaWarditznéeŽdanovaВладиславаВардицурождЖданова","display_name":"Vladislava Warditz (née Ždanova)","profile_url":"https://uni-koln.academia.edu/VladislavaWarditzn%C3%A9e%C5%BDdanova%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/88802173/27970602/26223958/s65_vladislava.warditz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49636372 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49636372"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49636372, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49636372", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49636372]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49636372").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49636372").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49636372"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies">Russian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="389" type="text/json">{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1205" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Linguistics">Contact Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1205" type="text/json">{"id":1205,"name":"Contact Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2525" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change">Language Variation and Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2525" type="text/json">{"id":2525,"name":"Language Variation and Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6148" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Language">German Language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6148" type="text/json">{"id":6148,"name":"German Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Language?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49636372]'), work: {"id":49636372,"title":"ИННОВАЦИИ В РЕЧИ ДЕТЕЙ-БИЛИНГВОВ В СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНОМ АСПЕКТЕ: ОБЩИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ СЛОВОТВОРЧЕСТВА В УНАСЛЕДОВАННОМ РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ В ШВЕЦИИ И ГЕРМАНИИ","created_at":"2021-07-09T02:19:42.824-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49636372/%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%98_%D0%92_%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A7%D0%98_%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%99_%D0%91%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C_%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%95_%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%A9%D0%98%D0%95_%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9C%D0%AB_%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%90_%D0%92_%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C_%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C_%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%95_%D0%92_%D0%A8%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%98_%D0%98_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%98?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_49636372","summary":"Статья представляет предварительные наблюдения над способами конструирования собственных номинаций, отмеченными в русском языке как унаследованном (Russian as a heritage language) в Швеции и Германии. 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В нашей работе механизмы словообразования у детей-билингвов рассмотрены как в сопоставлении со взрослыми\r\nбилингвами, так и в межъязыковом сопоставлении.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67938624,"asset_id":49636372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":88802173,"first_name":"Vladislava","last_name":"Warditz (née Ždanova)","domain_name":"uni-koln","page_name":"VladislavaWarditznéeŽdanovaВладиславаВардицурождЖданова","display_name":"Vladislava Warditz (née Ždanova)","profile_url":"https://uni-koln.academia.edu/VladislavaWarditzn%C3%A9e%C5%BDdanova%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/88802173/27970602/26223958/s65_vladislava.warditz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":389,"name":"Russian 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Literature">World Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15008" type="text/json">{"id":15008,"name":"World Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Literature?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50024" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teaching">Language Teaching</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50024" type="text/json">{"id":50024,"name":"Language 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Umar","profile_url":"https://imsciences.academia.edu/ShahidUmar?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2837206/929522/36167963/s65_shahid.umar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":15008,"name":"World Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Literature?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":50024,"name":"Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teaching?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":273182,"name":"Inter-civilization contact and conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-civilization_contact_and_conflict?f_ri=9183"},{"id":758870,"name":"Inter-faith Contact and Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-faith_Contact_and_Theology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1019298,"name":"Islam (Philosophy and History, critical issues, renaissance, principles of jurisprudence)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_Philosophy_and_History_critical_issues_renaissance_principles_of_jurisprudence_?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43863922" data-work_id="43863922" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43863922/Our_ancestors_the_Gauls_the_Slavs_and_the_Dravidians_by_Xavier_ROUARD">Our ancestors the Gauls, the Slavs and the Dravidians, by Xavier ROUARD</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study, which first aim was to demonstrate correspondences between Gaulish and Slavic languages, between which I found 500 common words, allowed me also to establish, on the basis of genetical, archaeological and religious data, that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43863922" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study, which first aim was to demonstrate correspondences between Gaulish and Slavic languages, between which I found 500 common words, allowed me also to establish, on the basis of genetical, archaeological and religious data, that those correspondences were linked with ancient migrations which spread the Dravidian civilisation of the Indus Valley to Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the North of the Black Sea, Danuban and Balkan Europe, Gaul and Iberia, where Neolithic farmers contributed to the development of the megalithic civilisation which began in 5.000 BC. This also explains the linguistic correspondences I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages – 250 common words from the 500 words I studied, as well as similarities I found in the organisation of the Society and the religion, which lead various researchers to suggest, on the basis of the diffusion of the very ancient gene H2-P96 from India to Western Europe, that the first Europeans and the proto-Dravidians had a common origin.<br /><br />Cette étude, dont l’objectif initial était de démontrer les correspondances entre le gaulois et les langues slaves, entre lesquelles j’ai trouvé 500 mots communs, m’a en outre permis de démontrer, sur la base de données génétiques, archéologiques et religieuses, que ces correspondances étaient liées à des migrations anciennes qui ont diffusé la civilisation dravidienne de la vallée de l’Indus vers l’Iran, la Mésopotamie, l’Anatolie, le Caucase, le Nord de la Mer Noire, l’Europe danubienne et balkanique, la Gaule et l’Ibérie, où les agriculteurs néolithiques ont contribué à former la civilisation mégalithique qui s’est développée à partir de -5.000. Cela explique aussi les correspondances linguistiques que j’ai établies entre le gaulois et les langues dravidiennes - 250 mots communs sur les 500 mots étudiés, et les similitudes que j’ai constatées dans l’organisation de la société et la religion, qui amènent certains chercheurs à suggérer, sur la base de la diffusion du gène très ancien H2-P96 de l’Inde à l’Europe de l’Ouest, que les premiers Européens et les proto-Dravidiens avaient une origine commune.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43863922" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="419878027c11a95d3225d8701f1f5e24" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64187338,"asset_id":43863922,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64187338/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="154061827" href="https://grhis.academia.edu/XavierRouard">Xavier Rouard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="154061827" type="text/json">{"id":154061827,"first_name":"Xavier","last_name":"Rouard","domain_name":"grhis","page_name":"XavierRouard","display_name":"Xavier Rouard","profile_url":"https://grhis.academia.edu/XavierRouard?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/154061827/45555131/38210029/s65_xavier.rouard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43863922 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43863922"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43863922, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43863922", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43863922 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43863922; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43863922"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43863922 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43863922"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43863922; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43863922]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43863922").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43863922").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43863922"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="778" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_">Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="778" type="text/json">{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1205" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Linguistics">Contact Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1205" type="text/json">{"id":1205,"name":"Contact Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43863922]'), work: {"id":43863922,"title":"Our ancestors the Gauls, the Slavs and the Dravidians, by Xavier ROUARD","created_at":"2020-08-15T04:51:33.105-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43863922/Our_ancestors_the_Gauls_the_Slavs_and_the_Dravidians_by_Xavier_ROUARD?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_43863922","summary":"This study, which first aim was to demonstrate correspondences between Gaulish and Slavic languages, between which I found 500 common words, allowed me also to establish, on the basis of genetical, archaeological and religious data, that those correspondences were linked with ancient migrations which spread the Dravidian civilisation of the Indus Valley to Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the North of the Black Sea, Danuban and Balkan Europe, Gaul and Iberia, where Neolithic farmers contributed to the development of the megalithic civilisation which began in 5.000 BC. This also explains the linguistic correspondences I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages – 250 common words from the 500 words I studied, as well as similarities I found in the organisation of the Society and the religion, which lead various researchers to suggest, on the basis of the diffusion of the very ancient gene H2-P96 from India to Western Europe, that the first Europeans and the proto-Dravidians had a common origin.\n\nCette étude, dont l’objectif initial était de démontrer les correspondances entre le gaulois et les langues slaves, entre lesquelles j’ai trouvé 500 mots communs, m’a en outre permis de démontrer, sur la base de données génétiques, archéologiques et religieuses, que ces correspondances étaient liées à des migrations anciennes qui ont diffusé la civilisation dravidienne de la vallée de l’Indus vers l’Iran, la Mésopotamie, l’Anatolie, le Caucase, le Nord de la Mer Noire, l’Europe danubienne et balkanique, la Gaule et l’Ibérie, où les agriculteurs néolithiques ont contribué à former la civilisation mégalithique qui s’est développée à partir de -5.000. Cela explique aussi les correspondances linguistiques que j’ai établies entre le gaulois et les langues dravidiennes - 250 mots communs sur les 500 mots étudiés, et les similitudes que j’ai constatées dans l’organisation de la société et la religion, qui amènent certains chercheurs à suggérer, sur la base de la diffusion du gène très ancien H2-P96 de l’Inde à l’Europe de l’Ouest, que les premiers Européens et les proto-Dravidiens avaient une origine commune.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64187338,"asset_id":43863922,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":154061827,"first_name":"Xavier","last_name":"Rouard","domain_name":"grhis","page_name":"XavierRouard","display_name":"Xavier Rouard","profile_url":"https://grhis.academia.edu/XavierRouard?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/154061827/45555131/38210029/s65_xavier.rouard.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1205,"name":"Contact Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":2717,"name":"Etymology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etymology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":2718,"name":"Linguistic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Anthropology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":4727,"name":"Ancient Indo-European Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Indo-European_Languages?f_ri=9183"},{"id":5237,"name":"Indo-European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indo-European_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":6921,"name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":11199,"name":"Neolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":26086,"name":"Neolithic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Europe?f_ri=9183"},{"id":33749,"name":"Proto Indo-European","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proto_Indo-European?f_ri=9183"},{"id":42889,"name":"Celtic Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celtic_Languages?f_ri=9183"},{"id":50450,"name":"Dravidian Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dravidian_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":94916,"name":"Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":100347,"name":"Ancient DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_DNA?f_ri=9183"},{"id":396340,"name":"Gaulish language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gaulish_language?f_ri=9183"},{"id":2621163,"name":"Caucasus and Central Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caucasus_and_Central_Asia?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3795236" data-work_id="3795236" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3795236/Fear_Control_in_Media_Discourse">Fear Control in Media Discourse </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article deals with how fear is misused in media discourse. Pursuing the claim that it is impossible to eliminate fear from the public sphere, this paper argues that fear control is a technique widely used by certain interest groups... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3795236" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article deals with how fear is misused in media discourse. Pursuing the claim that it is impossible to eliminate fear from the public sphere, this paper argues that fear control is a technique widely used by certain interest groups to generate and spread uncertainty among people in order to create an atmosphere in which their goals are easily reachable. This paper will discuss the concepts of discourse, hegemony, and power relations in order to show how public language (both written and spoken) in media discourse reflects, creates, and maintains power relations. In this sense, fear, which is a crucial “energizing fuel” of such public language, could be considered and further elaborated as both a contextual variable and as a tool for facilitating power relations by applying various techniques. Aiming to show how media use and control the nature and level of fear in public discourse, I will discuss two techniques – the commercialization of fear and the method of “othering.” While commercialization implies the mass (re)production and (re)appropriation of fear in a public space, “othering” has been applied when the object of reporting is an out-group individual or community and self-group is using the media as a tool for their negative portrayal, thus creating boundaries and provoking discrimination and violence. The case of Serbia will be used to indicate how techniques of “othering,” linked with the regime’s propaganda, may contribute to the creation of an atmosphere of fear, and make a people seek protection and become easy prey for manipulation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3795236" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="adb30700944a64bc2db5b982a4ba5203" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31570808,"asset_id":3795236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31570808/download_file?st=MTczMjczNTk0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="196899" href="https://bg.academia.edu/DavorMarko">Davor Marko</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="196899" type="text/json">{"id":196899,"first_name":"Davor","last_name":"Marko","domain_name":"bg","page_name":"DavorMarko","display_name":"Davor Marko","profile_url":"https://bg.academia.edu/DavorMarko?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/196899/90979/691996/s65_davor.marko.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3795236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3795236"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3795236, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3795236", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3795236]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3795236").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3795236").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3795236"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">28</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3795236]'), work: {"id":3795236,"title":"Fear Control in Media Discourse ","created_at":"2013-06-26T05:59:30.124-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3795236/Fear_Control_in_Media_Discourse?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_3795236","summary":"This article deals with how fear is misused in media discourse. Pursuing the claim that it is impossible to eliminate fear from the public sphere, this paper argues that fear control is a technique widely used by certain interest groups to generate and spread uncertainty among people in order to create an atmosphere in which their goals are easily reachable. This paper will discuss the concepts of discourse, hegemony, and power relations in order to show how public language (both written and spoken) in media discourse reflects, creates, and maintains power relations. In this sense, fear, which is a crucial “energizing fuel” of such public language, could be considered and further elaborated as both a contextual variable and as a tool for facilitating power relations by applying various techniques. Aiming to show how media use and control the nature and level of fear in public discourse, I will discuss two techniques – the commercialization of fear and the method of “othering.” While commercialization implies the mass (re)production and (re)appropriation of fear in a public space, “othering” has been applied when the object of reporting is an out-group individual or community and self-group is using the media as a tool for their negative portrayal, thus creating boundaries and provoking discrimination and violence. The case of Serbia will be used to indicate how techniques of “othering,” linked with the regime’s propaganda, may contribute to the creation of an atmosphere of fear, and make a people seek protection and become easy prey for manipulation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31570808,"asset_id":3795236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":196899,"first_name":"Davor","last_name":"Marko","domain_name":"bg","page_name":"DavorMarko","display_name":"Davor Marko","profile_url":"https://bg.academia.edu/DavorMarko?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/196899/90979/691996/s65_davor.marko.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9183"},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=9183"},{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=9183"},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":934,"name":"Media and Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Cultural_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=9183"},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=9183"},{"id":3067,"name":"South East European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_East_European_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":3337,"name":"Balkan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balkan_Studies?f_ri=9183"},{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9086,"name":"Hate Speech","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hate_Speech?f_ri=9183"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=9183"},{"id":12850,"name":"Media Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Discourse?f_ri=9183"},{"id":13958,"name":"Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media?f_ri=9183"},{"id":15008,"name":"World 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principles of jurisprudence)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_Philosophy_and_History_critical_issues_renaissance_principles_of_jurisprudence_?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36284664" data-work_id="36284664" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36284664/Assignment_2_and_3">Assignment 2 and 3</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Course material from Comparative Semitics class</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="779817" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/PaulNoorlander">Paul Noorlander</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="779817" type="text/json">{"id":779817,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Noorlander","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"PaulNoorlander","display_name":"Paul Noorlander","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/PaulNoorlander?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/779817/3934610/70680259/s65_paul.noorlander.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36284664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36284664"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Semitic_Linguistics">Comparative Semitic Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3034" type="text/json">{"id":3034,"name":"Comparative Semitic Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Semitic_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36284664]'), work: {"id":36284664,"title":"Assignment 2 and 3","created_at":"2018-03-29T06:53:05.483-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36284664/Assignment_2_and_3?f_ri=9183","dom_id":"work_36284664","summary":"Course material from Comparative Semitics class","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56190370,"asset_id":36284664,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":779817,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Noorlander","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"PaulNoorlander","display_name":"Paul Noorlander","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/PaulNoorlander?f_ri=9183","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/779817/3934610/70680259/s65_paul.noorlander.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":1709,"name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semitic_languages?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":2722,"name":"Arabic Language and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Language_and_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":3034,"name":"Comparative Semitic Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Semitic_Linguistics?f_ri=9183","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":13269,"name":"Ethiopian languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethiopian_languages?f_ri=9183"},{"id":24215,"name":"Comparative Semitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Semitics?f_ri=9183"},{"id":27531,"name":"Amharic Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amharic_Language?f_ri=9183"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?after=50%2C36284664" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div 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