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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Functional Morphology</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">13,252 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Functional Morphology</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Functional_Morphology">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35413547" data-work_id="35413547" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35413547/Cranial_shape_variation_in_adult_howler_monkeys_Alouatta_senisculus_">Cranial shape variation in adult howler monkeys (Alouatta senisculus)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) display a distinctive cranial architecture characterized by airorhynchy (or retroflexion of the facial skeleton on the cranial base), a small braincase, and a posteriorly oriented foramen magnum. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35413547" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) display a distinctive cranial architecture characterized by airorhynchy (or retroflexion of the facial skeleton on the cranial base), a small braincase, and a posteriorly oriented foramen magnum. This configuration has been associated with distinct factors including a high folivory diet, locomotion, and the presence of a specialized vocal tract characterized by large hyoid bone. However, the morphological relationships between the facial and neurocranial blocks in Alouatta have been scarcely investigated. In this study we quantitatively analyzed the cranial shape variation in Alouatta seniculus, to evaluate possible influences and constraints in face and braincase associated with airorhynchy. We also considered the structural role of the pteric area within the cranial functional matrix. We applied landmark-based analysis and multivariate statistics to 31 adult crania, computing shape analyses based on 3D coordinates registration as well as the analysis of the Euclidean distance matrix to investigate patterns of intraspecific morphological variability. Our results suggest that allometry is the main source of variation involved in shaping cranial morphology in howlers, influencing the degree of facial proportions and braincase flattening, and generating the main sexual differences. Larger individuals are characterized by a higher degree of airorhynchy, neurocranial flattening, and expansion of the zygomatic arch. Allometric variations influence the skull as a whole, without distinct patterns for face and braincase, which behave as an integrated morphological unit. A preliminary survey on the pteric pattern suggests that the morphology of this area may be the result of variations in the vertical growth rates between face and braincase. Future studies should be dedicated to the ontogenetic series and focus on airorhynchy in terms of differential growth among distinct cranial districts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35413547" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a1659cbf643a84d23d5a53fae3d5c038" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55274490,"asset_id":35413547,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55274490/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4679273" href="https://monash.academia.edu/LucaFiorenza">Luca Fiorenza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4679273" type="text/json">{"id":4679273,"first_name":"Luca","last_name":"Fiorenza","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"LucaFiorenza","display_name":"Luca Fiorenza","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/LucaFiorenza?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4679273/1968289/11015544/s65_luca.fiorenza.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35413547 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35413547"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35413547, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35413547", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35413547]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35413547").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35413547").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35413547"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="768" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Anthropology">Biological Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="768" type="text/json">{"id":768,"name":"Biological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Anthropology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2069" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primatology">Primatology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2069" type="text/json">{"id":2069,"name":"Primatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primatology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2360" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geometric_Morphometrics">Geometric Morphometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2360" type="text/json">{"id":2360,"name":"Geometric Morphometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geometric_Morphometrics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35413547]'), work: {"id":35413547,"title":"Cranial shape variation in adult howler monkeys (Alouatta senisculus)","created_at":"2017-12-12T14:35:19.839-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35413547/Cranial_shape_variation_in_adult_howler_monkeys_Alouatta_senisculus_?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_35413547","summary":"Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) display a distinctive cranial architecture characterized by airorhynchy (or retroflexion of the facial skeleton on the cranial base), a small braincase, and a posteriorly oriented foramen magnum. This configuration has been associated with distinct factors including a high folivory diet, locomotion, and the presence of a specialized vocal tract characterized by large hyoid bone. However, the morphological relationships between the facial and neurocranial blocks in Alouatta have been scarcely investigated. In this study we quantitatively analyzed the cranial shape variation in Alouatta seniculus, to evaluate possible influences and constraints in face and braincase associated with airorhynchy. We also considered the structural role of the pteric area within the cranial functional matrix. We applied landmark-based analysis and multivariate statistics to 31 adult crania, computing shape analyses based on 3D coordinates registration as well as the analysis of the Euclidean distance matrix to investigate patterns of intraspecific morphological variability. Our results suggest that allometry is the main source of variation involved in shaping cranial morphology in howlers, influencing the degree of facial proportions and braincase flattening, and generating the main sexual differences. Larger individuals are characterized by a higher degree of airorhynchy, neurocranial flattening, and expansion of the zygomatic arch. Allometric variations influence the skull as a whole, without distinct patterns for face and braincase, which behave as an integrated morphological unit. A preliminary survey on the pteric pattern suggests that the morphology of this area may be the result of variations in the vertical growth rates between face and braincase. Future studies should be dedicated to the ontogenetic series and focus on airorhynchy in terms of differential growth among distinct cranial districts.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55274490,"asset_id":35413547,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4679273,"first_name":"Luca","last_name":"Fiorenza","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"LucaFiorenza","display_name":"Luca Fiorenza","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/LucaFiorenza?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4679273/1968289/11015544/s65_luca.fiorenza.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":768,"name":"Biological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Anthropology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":2069,"name":"Primatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primatology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":2360,"name":"Geometric Morphometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geometric_Morphometrics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2609923" data-work_id="2609923" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2609923/Aging_in_Wild_Female_Lemurs_Sustained_Fertility_with_Increased_Infant_Mortality">Aging in Wild Female Lemurs: Sustained Fertility with Increased Infant Mortality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8954" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility">Fertility</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8954" type="text/json">{"id":8954,"name":"Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56473" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tooth_wear">Tooth wear</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="56473" type="text/json">{"id":56473,"name":"Tooth wear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tooth_wear?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2609923]'), work: {"id":2609923,"title":"Aging in Wild Female Lemurs: Sustained Fertility with Increased Infant Mortality","created_at":"2013-02-19T06:13:32.512-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2609923/Aging_in_Wild_Female_Lemurs_Sustained_Fertility_with_Increased_Infant_Mortality?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_2609923","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50561697,"asset_id":2609923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":106358,"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Baden","domain_name":"hunter-cuny","page_name":"AndreaBaden","display_name":"Andrea Baden","profile_url":"https://hunter-cuny.academia.edu/AndreaBaden?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/106358/29240/26912/s65_andrea.baden.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":8954,"name":"Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":56473,"name":"Tooth wear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tooth_wear?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":84915,"name":"Lemur","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lemur?f_ri=4438"},{"id":330953,"name":"Longitudinal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longitudinal_Studies?f_ri=4438"},{"id":405300,"name":"Infant Mortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant_Mortality?f_ri=4438"},{"id":804094,"name":"Tooth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tooth?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1127663,"name":"Field Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Data?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10961770" data-work_id="10961770" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10961770/Perception_of_functional_morphology_in_agrammatic_Broca_s_aphasia">Perception of functional morphology in agrammatic Broca’s aphasia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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$('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13168847]'), work: {"id":13168847,"title":"Tooth-On-Tooth Interlocking Occlusion Suggests Macrophagy in the Mesozoic Marine Crocodylomorph Dakosaurus","created_at":"2015-06-22T03:05:37.681-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13168847/Tooth_On_Tooth_Interlocking_Occlusion_Suggests_Macrophagy_in_the_Mesozoic_Marine_Crocodylomorph_Dakosaurus?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_13168847","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45618712,"asset_id":13168847,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32423388,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Brusatte","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"StephenBrusatte","display_name":"Stephen Brusatte","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/StephenBrusatte?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":101569,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Beatty","domain_name":"nyit","page_name":"BrianBeatty","display_name":"Brian L 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Reptiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Reptiles?f_ri=4438"},{"id":66002,"name":"Crurotarsi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crurotarsi?f_ri=4438"},{"id":73301,"name":"Dental Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dental_Morphology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":86489,"name":"Vertebrate Palaeontology of the Jurassic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vertebrate_Palaeontology_of_the_Jurassic?f_ri=4438"},{"id":184676,"name":"Jaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jaw?f_ri=4438"},{"id":191815,"name":"Biological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution?f_ri=4438"},{"id":192315,"name":"Metriorhynchidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metriorhynchidae?f_ri=4438"},{"id":202574,"name":"Feeding Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Behavior?f_ri=4438"},{"id":548462,"name":"Dental Occlusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dental_Occlusion?f_ri=4438"},{"id":804094,"name":"Tooth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tooth?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1822854" data-work_id="1822854" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1822854/Cranial_biomechanics_of_Diplodocus_Dinosauria_Sauropoda_testing_hypotheses_of_feeding_behaviour_in_an_extinct_megaherbivore">Cranial biomechanics of Diplodocus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): testing hypotheses of feeding behaviour in an extinct megaherbivore</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial herbivores and pushed at the limits of vertebrate biomechanics and physiology. Sauropods exhibit high craniodental diversity in ecosystems where numerous species coexisted, leading... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1822854" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial<br />herbivores and pushed at the limits of vertebrate biomechanics<br />and physiology. Sauropods exhibit high craniodental<br />diversity in ecosystems where numerous species coexisted,<br />leading to the hypothesis that this biodiversity is<br />linked to niche subdivision driven by ecological specialisation.<br />Here, we quantitatively investigate feeding behaviour<br />hypotheses for the iconic sauropod Diplodocus. Biomechanical<br />modelling, using finite element analysis, was used to<br />examine the performance of the Diplodocus skull. Three<br />feeding behaviours were modelled: muscle-driven static biting,<br />branch stripping and bark stripping. The skull was found to be<br />‘over engineered’ for static biting, overall experiencing low<br />stress with only the dentition enduring high stress. When<br />branch stripping, the skull, similarly, is under low stress, with<br />little appreciable difference between those models. When simulated for bark stripping, the skull experiences far greater<br />stresses, especially in the teeth and at the jaw joint. Therefore,<br />we refute the bark-stripping hypothesis, while the hypotheses<br />of branch stripping and/or precision biting are both<br />consistent with our findings, showing that branch stripping<br />is a biomechanically plausible feeding behaviour<br />for diplodocids. Interestingly, in all simulations, peak<br />stress is observed in the premaxillary–maxillary ‘lateral<br />plates’, supporting the hypothesis that these structures<br />evolved to dissipate stress induced while feeding. These<br />results lead us to conclude that the aberrant craniodental<br />form of Diplodocus was adapted for food procurement<br />rather than resisting high bite forces.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1822854" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed685ac0502fa9f72ae39877229a39cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50853102,"asset_id":1822854,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50853102/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="851572" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/DavidButton">David Button</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="851572" type="text/json">{"id":851572,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Button","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"DavidButton","display_name":"David Button","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/DavidButton?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/851572/302430/357994/s65_david.button.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1822854 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1822854"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1822854, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1822854", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1822854]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1822854").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1822854").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1822854"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="417" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology">Paleontology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="417" type="text/json">{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3132" type="text/json">{"id":3132,"name":"Biomechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3364" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphological_evolution">Morphological evolution</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3364" type="text/json">{"id":3364,"name":"Morphological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphological_evolution?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1822854]'), work: {"id":1822854,"title":"Cranial biomechanics of Diplodocus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): testing hypotheses of feeding behaviour in an extinct megaherbivore","created_at":"2012-07-30T21:42:31.921-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1822854/Cranial_biomechanics_of_Diplodocus_Dinosauria_Sauropoda_testing_hypotheses_of_feeding_behaviour_in_an_extinct_megaherbivore?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_1822854","summary":"Abstract Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial\nherbivores and pushed at the limits of vertebrate biomechanics\nand physiology. Sauropods exhibit high craniodental\ndiversity in ecosystems where numerous species coexisted,\nleading to the hypothesis that this biodiversity is\nlinked to niche subdivision driven by ecological specialisation.\nHere, we quantitatively investigate feeding behaviour\nhypotheses for the iconic sauropod Diplodocus. Biomechanical\nmodelling, using finite element analysis, was used to\nexamine the performance of the Diplodocus skull. Three\nfeeding behaviours were modelled: muscle-driven static biting,\nbranch stripping and bark stripping. The skull was found to be\n‘over engineered’ for static biting, overall experiencing low\nstress with only the dentition enduring high stress. When\nbranch stripping, the skull, similarly, is under low stress, with\nlittle appreciable difference between those models. When simulated for bark stripping, the skull experiences far greater\nstresses, especially in the teeth and at the jaw joint. Therefore,\nwe refute the bark-stripping hypothesis, while the hypotheses\nof branch stripping and/or precision biting are both\nconsistent with our findings, showing that branch stripping\nis a biomechanically plausible feeding behaviour\nfor diplodocids. Interestingly, in all simulations, peak\nstress is observed in the premaxillary–maxillary ‘lateral\nplates’, supporting the hypothesis that these structures\nevolved to dissipate stress induced while feeding. These\nresults lead us to conclude that the aberrant craniodental\nform of Diplodocus was adapted for food procurement\nrather than resisting high bite forces.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50853102,"asset_id":1822854,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":851572,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Button","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"DavidButton","display_name":"David Button","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/DavidButton?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/851572/302430/357994/s65_david.button.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":3132,"name":"Biomechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":3364,"name":"Morphological 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Biomechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dinosaurian_Biomechanics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":127561,"name":"Dinosaur","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dinosaur?f_ri=4438"},{"id":141838,"name":"Herbivory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herbivory?f_ri=4438"},{"id":202574,"name":"Feeding Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Behavior?f_ri=4438"},{"id":303576,"name":"Diplodocus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplodocus?f_ri=4438"},{"id":311782,"name":"Sauropod","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sauropod?f_ri=4438"},{"id":724764,"name":"Naturwissenschaften","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturwissenschaften?f_ri=4438"},{"id":991540,"name":"Fininte Element Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fininte_Element_Analysis?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1902100,"name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanical_Phenomena?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17988463" data-work_id="17988463" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17988463/Comparative_and_developmental_functional_morphology_of_the_jaws_of_living_and_fossil_gars_Actinopterygii_Lepisosteidae_">Comparative and developmental functional morphology of the jaws of living and fossil gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17988463" data-share-source="work_strip" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5069" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis">Principal Component Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5069" type="text/json">{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component 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Grande","profile_url":"https://fieldmuseum.academia.edu/LanceGrande?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28589622" data-work_id="28589622" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28589622/Pollen_grains_adhere_to_the_moist_mouthparts_in_the_flower_visiting_beetle_Cetonia_aurata_Scarabaeidae_Coleoptera_">Pollen grains adhere to the moist mouthparts in the flower visiting beetle Cetonia aurata (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28589622" data-share-source="work_strip" 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54863586/Hard_tissue_anatomy_of_the_cranial_joints_in_Sphenodon_Rhynchocephalia_sutures_kinesis_and_skull_mechanics">Hard tissue anatomy of the cranial joints in Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia): sutures, kinesis, and skull mechanics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The anatomy of the New Zealand tuatara has been examined extensively by anatomists and palaeontologists because it represents the only living member of the Rhynchocephalia, a group of reptiles that were successful during the time of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54863586" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The anatomy of the New Zealand tuatara has been examined extensively by anatomists and palaeontologists because it represents the only living member of the Rhynchocephalia, a group of reptiles that were successful during the time of the dinosaurs. The tuatara is also of interest because of its specialized teeth and a forward chewing stroke that it uses to rip food apart. However, despite several detailed descriptions of the skull, there has been little work on how the individual bones of the skull fit together. Here we provide the first joint by joint ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54863586" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="155669" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/SusanEvans">Susan Evans</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="155669" type="text/json">{"id":155669,"first_name":"Susan","last_name":"Evans","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"SusanEvans","display_name":"Susan Evans","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/SusanEvans?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/155669/40400/37130/s65_susan.evans.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54863586 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54863586"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54863586, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54863586", }); 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The tuatara is also of interest because of its specialized teeth and a forward chewing stroke that it uses to rip food apart. However, despite several detailed descriptions of the skull, there has been little work on how the individual bones of the skull fit together. 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In: G. Hentschel & Th. Menzel: Präpositionen im Polnischen. Oldenburg 2003, 161-191 [= Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 11]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5848851" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e76a129f5d32bebf944a87243299b613" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32849456,"asset_id":5848851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32849456/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3398091" href="https://uni-oldenburg.academia.edu/GerdHentschel">Gerd Hentschel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3398091" type="text/json">{"id":3398091,"first_name":"Gerd","last_name":"Hentschel","domain_name":"uni-oldenburg","page_name":"GerdHentschel","display_name":"Gerd Hentschel","profile_url":"https://uni-oldenburg.academia.edu/GerdHentschel?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3398091/3386622/3984932/s65_gerd.hentschel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5848851 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5848851"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5848851, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5848851", }); 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In: G. Hentschel \u0026 Th. Menzel: Präpositionen im Polnischen. Oldenburg 2003, 161-191 [= Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 11]","created_at":"2014-01-26T17:20:22.233-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5848851/Zur_Klassifizierung_der_Pr%C3%A4positionen_im_Vergleich_zur_Klassifikation_von_Kasus_In_G_Hentschel_and_Th_Menzel_Pr%C3%A4positionen_im_Polnischen_Oldenburg_2003_161_191_Studia_Slavica_Oldenburgensia_11_?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_5848851","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32849456,"asset_id":5848851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3398091,"first_name":"Gerd","last_name":"Hentschel","domain_name":"uni-oldenburg","page_name":"GerdHentschel","display_name":"Gerd Hentschel","profile_url":"https://uni-oldenburg.academia.edu/GerdHentschel?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3398091/3386622/3984932/s65_gerd.hentschel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2715,"name":"Slavic Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavic_Languages?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":10757,"name":"Morphosyntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphosyntax?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":27979,"name":"Slavic Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavic_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":42938,"name":"Prepositions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prepositions?f_ri=4438"},{"id":46197,"name":"Case and Agreement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_and_Agreement?f_ri=4438"},{"id":287405,"name":"Case Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Theory?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3632644" data-work_id="3632644" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3632644/Arquitectura_y_funcionalidad_del_Gran_Templo_de_Requem_Petra_Architecture_and_functionality_of_the_Requem_Petra_Great_Temple_">Arquitectura y funcionalidad del Gran Templo de Requem/Petra (Architecture and functionality of the Requem/Petra Great Temple)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Until 1993 there were conducted first excavations in what promised to be the site of one of the most important buildings of Petra, the stunning capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Its construction, whose initiation century BC, several... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3632644" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Until 1993 there were conducted first excavations in what promised to be the site of one of the most important buildings of Petra, the stunning capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Its construction, whose initiation century BC, several changes, reconstructions and landslides along its more than five hundred years of operation. But despite this still unknown for certain functions for which it was designed and that, regardless of the construction elements, materials have been located just still less inscriptions that shed some light on a mystery that will try here exhibit various theories that enable closer to resolution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3632644" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5fdc3faba4ed1c1feb4060a627e56153" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52485814,"asset_id":3632644,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52485814/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1058813" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/ArturoSanchez">Arturo Sanchez Sanz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1058813" type="text/json">{"id":1058813,"first_name":"Arturo","last_name":"Sanchez Sanz","domain_name":"ucm","page_name":"ArturoSanchez","display_name":"Arturo Sanchez Sanz","profile_url":"https://ucm.academia.edu/ArturoSanchez?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1058813/4187689/135090990/s65_arturo.s._sanz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3632644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3632644"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3632644, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3632644", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3132" type="text/json">{"id":3132,"name":"Biomechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6287" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Element_Analysis_Engineering_">Finite Element Analysis (Engineering)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6287" type="text/json">{"id":6287,"name":"Finite Element Analysis 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data-work_id="4746150" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4746150/The_Evolution_and_Extinction_of_the_Dinosaurs">The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Written for non-specialists, this detailed survey of dinosaur origins, diversity, and extinction is designed as a series of successive essays covering important and timely topics in dinosaur paleobiology, such as "warm-bloodedness," birds... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4746150" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Written for non-specialists, this detailed survey of dinosaur origins, diversity, and extinction is designed as a series of successive essays covering important and timely topics in dinosaur paleobiology, such as "warm-bloodedness," birds as living dinosaurs, the new, non-flying feathered dinosaurs, dinosaur functional morphology, and cladistic methods in systematics. Its explicitly phylogenetic approach to the group is that taken by dinosaur specialists. The book is not an edited compilation of the works of many individuals, but a unique, cohesive perspective on Dinosauria. Lavishly illustrated with hundreds of new, specially commissioned illustrations by John Sibbick, world-famous illustrator of dinosaurs, the volume includes multi-page drawings as well as sketches and diagrams. First edition Hb (1996): 0-521-44496-9 David E. Fastovsky is Professor of Geosciences at the University of Rhode Island. Fastovsky, the author of numerous scientific publications dealing with Mesozoic vertebrate faunas and their ancient environments, is also scientific co-Editor of Geology. He has undertaken extensive fieldwork studying dinosaurs and their environments in Montana, North Dakota, Arizona, Mexico, and Mongolia. David B. Weishampel is a professor at the Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution at Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine. Weishampel is best known for discovering, researching, and naming several rare European dinosaur species. During the 1980s Weishampel gained fame for his work with American paleontologist Jack Horner and later named the famous plant-eating, egg-laying Orodromeus, Horner. Now, a decade after his pioneering studies with Horner, Weishampel is most widely known for his current work on the Romanian dinosaur fauna. He is the author and co-author of many titles, including The Dinosaur Papers, 1676-1906 (Norton, 2003); The Dinosauria, (University of California, 1990); and Dinosaurs of the East Coast, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4746150" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d29f4b05fa07d94e5db360537f2b3257" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49647634,"asset_id":4746150,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49647634/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6079836" href="https://uri.academia.edu/DavidFastovsky">David Fastovsky</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6079836" type="text/json">{"id":6079836,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Fastovsky","domain_name":"uri","page_name":"DavidFastovsky","display_name":"David Fastovsky","profile_url":"https://uri.academia.edu/DavidFastovsky?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4746150 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4746150"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4746150, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4746150", }); 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Its explicitly phylogenetic approach to the group is that taken by dinosaur specialists. The book is not an edited compilation of the works of many individuals, but a unique, cohesive perspective on Dinosauria. Lavishly illustrated with hundreds of new, specially commissioned illustrations by John Sibbick, world-famous illustrator of dinosaurs, the volume includes multi-page drawings as well as sketches and diagrams. First edition Hb (1996): 0-521-44496-9 David E. Fastovsky is Professor of Geosciences at the University of Rhode Island. Fastovsky, the author of numerous scientific publications dealing with Mesozoic vertebrate faunas and their ancient environments, is also scientific co-Editor of Geology. He has undertaken extensive fieldwork studying dinosaurs and their environments in Montana, North Dakota, Arizona, Mexico, and Mongolia. David B. Weishampel is a professor at the Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution at Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine. Weishampel is best known for discovering, researching, and naming several rare European dinosaur species. During the 1980s Weishampel gained fame for his work with American paleontologist Jack Horner and later named the famous plant-eating, egg-laying Orodromeus, Horner. Now, a decade after his pioneering studies with Horner, Weishampel is most widely known for his current work on the Romanian dinosaur fauna. He is the author and co-author of many titles, including The Dinosaur Papers, 1676-1906 (Norton, 2003); The Dinosauria, (University of California, 1990); and Dinosaurs of the East Coast, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49647634,"asset_id":4746150,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6079836,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Fastovsky","domain_name":"uri","page_name":"DavidFastovsky","display_name":"David Fastovsky","profile_url":"https://uri.academia.edu/DavidFastovsky?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=4438"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=4438"},{"id":204014,"name":"North Dakota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Dakota?f_ri=4438"},{"id":276323,"name":"Egg Laying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egg_Laying?f_ri=4438"},{"id":734113,"name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University_of_Southern_California?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80906938" data-work_id="80906938" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80906938/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_">За категориалните и некатегориалните значения на категорията лице при личните местоимения в руския език (в съпоставка с български)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80906938" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in comparison with Russian ones, the systems of<br />meanings of the Bulgarian and Russian pronomina personalia function in a similar way. Additionally, the subject of examination is the set of categorial and non-categorial meanings of the grammatical category of person. The two semantic types are invariably connected but the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality. Bulgarian serves as a background to Russian empirical data, and the main approach used is a comparative one. The main goal is to explain and describe the ways in which the non-categorial meanings of person function in Russian. For this purpose, fi rst categorial meanings are examined and then non-categorical ones are reviewed.<br /><br />Russian: Объектом настоящего исследования является грамматическая категория лица, присущая личным местоимения в русском и болгарском языках. Несмотря на то, что у некоторых классов слов в болгарском языке (например, у глагола) наблюдаются значительные различия в категориях по сравнению с русским языком, системы значений болгарских и русских pronomina personalia функционируют схожим образом. Предметом исследования являются категориальные и некатегориальные значения категории лица местоимений. Эти два семантических типа неразрывно связаны друг с другом, но акцент делается на проявлениях некатегориальности. Болгарский язык имеет статус языка фонового сопоставления с русским эмпирическим материалом, а основной метод работы – сопоставительный. Основная цель исследования – объяснить и описать случаи функционирования некатегориальных значений лица в русском языке. В связи с этим сначала рассматриваются категориальные значения, а потом и некатегориальные.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80906938" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="048bed389088800d58899fecce1ba680" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87132582,"asset_id":80906938,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87132582/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="148907" href="https://uni-plovdiv.academia.edu/EnchoTilev">Encho Tilev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="148907" type="text/json">{"id":148907,"first_name":"Encho","last_name":"Tilev","domain_name":"uni-plovdiv","page_name":"EnchoTilev","display_name":"Encho Tilev","profile_url":"https://uni-plovdiv.academia.edu/EnchoTilev?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/148907/39340/36555159/s65_encho.tilev.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80906938 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80906938"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80906938, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80906938", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80906938]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80906938").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80906938").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80906938"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics">Comparative Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9183" type="text/json">{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology">Morphology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10866" type="text/json">{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80906938]'), work: {"id":80906938,"title":"За категориалните и некатегориалните значения на категорията лице при личните местоимения в руския език (в съпоставка с български)","created_at":"2022-06-07T03:11:24.647-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80906938/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_80906938","summary":"English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in comparison with Russian ones, the systems of\nmeanings of the Bulgarian and Russian pronomina personalia function in a similar way. Additionally, the subject of examination is the set of categorial and non-categorial meanings of the grammatical category of person. The two semantic types are invariably connected but the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality. Bulgarian serves as a background to Russian empirical data, and the main approach used is a comparative one. The main goal is to explain and describe the ways in which the non-categorial meanings of person function in Russian. For this purpose, fi rst categorial meanings are examined and then non-categorical ones are reviewed.\n\nRussian: Объектом настоящего исследования является грамматическая категория лица, присущая личным местоимения в русском и болгарском языках. Несмотря на то, что у некоторых классов слов в болгарском языке (например, у глагола) наблюдаются значительные различия в категориях по сравнению с русским языком, системы значений болгарских и русских pronomina personalia функционируют схожим образом. Предметом исследования являются категориальные и некатегориальные значения категории лица местоимений. Эти два семантических типа неразрывно связаны друг с другом, но акцент делается на проявлениях некатегориальности. Болгарский язык имеет статус языка фонового сопоставления с русским эмпирическим материалом, а основной метод работы – сопоставительный. Основная цель исследования – объяснить и описать случаи функционирования некатегориальных значений лица в русском языке. В связи с этим сначала рассматриваются категориальные значения, а потом и некатегориальные.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87132582,"asset_id":80906938,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":148907,"first_name":"Encho","last_name":"Tilev","domain_name":"uni-plovdiv","page_name":"EnchoTilev","display_name":"Encho Tilev","profile_url":"https://uni-plovdiv.academia.edu/EnchoTilev?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/148907/39340/36555159/s65_encho.tilev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":14565,"name":"Russian As A Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_As_A_Foreign_Language?f_ri=4438"},{"id":15107,"name":"Pronouns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pronouns?f_ri=4438"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":18831,"name":"Linguistic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Theory?f_ri=4438"},{"id":19861,"name":"Russian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Language?f_ri=4438"},{"id":31963,"name":"Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=4438"},{"id":34875,"name":"Morphology and Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_and_Syntax?f_ri=4438"},{"id":41980,"name":"Lingüística","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica?f_ri=4438"},{"id":46196,"name":"Russian linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":56835,"name":"Teaching Russian as a second language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_Russian_as_a_second_language?f_ri=4438"},{"id":76715,"name":"General linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":140117,"name":"Morphological theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphological_theory?f_ri=4438"},{"id":153663,"name":"Linguistics. Word-formation. Morphology. Lexicology. Semantics.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics._Word-formation._Morphology._Lexicology._Semantics?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48653647" data-work_id="48653647" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48653647/Elastic_joints_in_dermapteran_hind_wings_materials_and_wing_folding">Elastic joints in dermapteran hind wings: materials and wing folding</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48653647" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87abb35d1b50741dbfd212f24abac461" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67154724,"asset_id":48653647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67154724/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33174146" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/RobinWootton">Robin Wootton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33174146" type="text/json">{"id":33174146,"first_name":"Robin","last_name":"Wootton","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"RobinWootton","display_name":"Robin Wootton","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/RobinWootton?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33174146/9837055/10963281/s65_robin.wootton.jpg_oh_9cae0cbf659862b6f17717384a613c87_oe_5616e167___gda___1444513728_2b0d9967e4d00ad291933426cc655d2d"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48653647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48653647"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48653647, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48653647", }); 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Hláskosloví a tvarosloví</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The book contains the original description of Standard Russian phonetics, phonology and formal morphology by Ľ. Ďurovič, slightly extended and updated to contemporary codification. 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Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E.g._Biology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1115412,"name":"Vector Biology \u0026 Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vector_Biology_and_Control-1?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1152892,"name":"Speech-language Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Speech-language_Pathology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1161066,"name":"New England Journalof Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_England_Journalof_Medicine?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20068449" data-work_id="20068449" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20068449/Limbs_in_mammalian_evolution">Limbs in mammalian evolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The more than 4,000 living species of mammal have infiltrated almost every habitat in the world. From alpine mountaintops to plains grasslands, from aerial heights to the depths of the ocean, from slender forest branches to narrow... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20068449" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The more than 4,000 living species of mammal have infiltrated almost every habitat in the world. From alpine mountaintops to plains grasslands, from aerial heights to the depths of the ocean, from slender forest branches to narrow subterranean burrows, mammals occupy an extraordinary variety of substrates. Some are capable of running, swimming, or swinging at great speeds, while others creep slowly along limbs or push laboriously through the soil. The limbs of mammals reflect the diversity of their habitats (fig. 15.1). The long, slender legs and two-toed feet of the antelope allow it to survey the plains for predators and bound off at their approach. The short, muscled arms and broad, thick-clawed hands of the mole scrape through soil as the animal searches for worms and grubs. Spidery, elongated hands and fingers with webs of skin between them propel bats on their erratic chases after night-flying insects. Dense, paddlelike fins steer whales through the watery course on which they are propelled by their massive tail flukes. Limbs are crucial for mammalian locomotion, social behavior, and feeding.<br /> The functional diversity of mammal limbs is facilitated by sometimes subtle structural differences. A small discrepancy in the proportion of one limb segment and its distal neighbor can translate into significant disparity in running speed. The position of a muscle insertion along a long bone shaft can make the difference between a mammal that can tear its way through thick turf and one that cannot. The fusion of two bones in the forearm or wrist may mean that one animal cannot turn its palm to grasp a limb as it tries to climb, while another species can easily wrap its forelimbs around a tree trunk and scamper to safety. A large part of a mammal's lifestyle can, therefore, be read in the structure of its limbs.<br /> This chapter first reviews the anatomical structure of the mammalian limb. Some brief mention of comparative differences is made in relation to structure, but those are reserved for the most striking ones in which the number of elements differs or the structure of homologous elements is particularly diverse. Special emphasis is given to the structures that are most obviously related to function. The chapter then reviews the functional diversity of the mammalian limb from the perspective of gross ecomorphological categories, groups that are primarily locomotory in nature. The chapter then reviews aspects of variation, genetics, and development of the mammalian limb. Finally, the early evolution of the mammalian limb is reviewed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20068449" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="96771595f6ac1507a0f8c16fe98cd4d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41328309,"asset_id":20068449,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41328309/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40801603" href="https://indiana.academia.edu/PDavidPolly">P. David Polly</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40801603" type="text/json">{"id":40801603,"first_name":"P. David","last_name":"Polly","domain_name":"indiana","page_name":"PDavidPolly","display_name":"P. David Polly","profile_url":"https://indiana.academia.edu/PDavidPolly?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40801603/11137232/12428661/s65_p._david.polly.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20068449 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20068449"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20068449, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20068449", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20068449 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20068449; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20068449"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20068449 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20068449"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20068449; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20068449]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20068449").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20068449").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20068449"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2361" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_Biology">Skeletal Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2361" type="text/json">{"id":2361,"name":"Skeletal Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3364" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphological_evolution">Morphological evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3364" type="text/json">{"id":3364,"name":"Morphological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphological_evolution?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11186" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11186" type="text/json">{"id":11186,"name":"Mammalogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammalogy?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20068449]'), work: {"id":20068449,"title":"Limbs in mammalian evolution","created_at":"2016-01-06T16:59:49.574-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20068449/Limbs_in_mammalian_evolution?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_20068449","summary":"The more than 4,000 living species of mammal have infiltrated almost every habitat in the world. From alpine mountaintops to plains grasslands, from aerial heights to the depths of the ocean, from slender forest branches to narrow subterranean burrows, mammals occupy an extraordinary variety of substrates. Some are capable of running, swimming, or swinging at great speeds, while others creep slowly along limbs or push laboriously through the soil. The limbs of mammals reflect the diversity of their habitats (fig. 15.1). The long, slender legs and two-toed feet of the antelope allow it to survey the plains for predators and bound off at their approach. The short, muscled arms and broad, thick-clawed hands of the mole scrape through soil as the animal searches for worms and grubs. Spidery, elongated hands and fingers with webs of skin between them propel bats on their erratic chases after night-flying insects. Dense, paddlelike fins steer whales through the watery course on which they are propelled by their massive tail flukes. Limbs are crucial for mammalian locomotion, social behavior, and feeding.\n\tThe functional diversity of mammal limbs is facilitated by sometimes subtle structural differences. A small discrepancy in the proportion of one limb segment and its distal neighbor can translate into significant disparity in running speed. The position of a muscle insertion along a long bone shaft can make the difference between a mammal that can tear its way through thick turf and one that cannot. The fusion of two bones in the forearm or wrist may mean that one animal cannot turn its palm to grasp a limb as it tries to climb, while another species can easily wrap its forelimbs around a tree trunk and scamper to safety. A large part of a mammal's lifestyle can, therefore, be read in the structure of its limbs.\n\tThis chapter first reviews the anatomical structure of the mammalian limb. Some brief mention of comparative differences is made in relation to structure, but those are reserved for the most striking ones in which the number of elements differs or the structure of homologous elements is particularly diverse. Special emphasis is given to the structures that are most obviously related to function. The chapter then reviews the functional diversity of the mammalian limb from the perspective of gross ecomorphological categories, groups that are primarily locomotory in nature. The chapter then reviews aspects of variation, genetics, and development of the mammalian limb. Finally, the early evolution of the mammalian limb is reviewed.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41328309,"asset_id":20068449,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40801603,"first_name":"P. David","last_name":"Polly","domain_name":"indiana","page_name":"PDavidPolly","display_name":"P. David Polly","profile_url":"https://indiana.academia.edu/PDavidPolly?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40801603/11137232/12428661/s65_p._david.polly.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2361,"name":"Skeletal Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":3364,"name":"Morphological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphological_evolution?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":11186,"name":"Mammalogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammalogy?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":41843,"name":"Ecomorphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecomorphology?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34628122" 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u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="218066ecd8e538769ee9ee486887b846" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54491487,"asset_id":34628122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54491487/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36597190" href="https://izor.academia.edu/MelitaPeharda">Melita Peharda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36597190" type="text/json">{"id":36597190,"first_name":"Melita","last_name":"Peharda","domain_name":"izor","page_name":"MelitaPeharda","display_name":"Melita Peharda","profile_url":"https://izor.academia.edu/MelitaPeharda?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36597190/17783808/17808554/s65_melita.peharda.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34628122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34628122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34628122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34628122", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34628122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34628122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34628122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34628122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34628122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54589" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy">Anatomy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54589" type="text/json">{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34628122]'), work: {"id":34628122,"title":"The biology and functional morphology of Arca noae (Bivalvia: Arcidae) from the Adriatic Sea, Croatia, with a discussion on the evolution of the bivalve mantle margin","created_at":"2017-09-20T23:14:54.363-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34628122/The_biology_and_functional_morphology_of_Arca_noae_Bivalvia_Arcidae_from_the_Adriatic_Sea_Croatia_with_a_discussion_on_the_evolution_of_the_bivalve_mantle_margin?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_34628122","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54491487,"asset_id":34628122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36597190,"first_name":"Melita","last_name":"Peharda","domain_name":"izor","page_name":"MelitaPeharda","display_name":"Melita Peharda","profile_url":"https://izor.academia.edu/MelitaPeharda?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36597190/17783808/17808554/s65_melita.peharda.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3706042" data-work_id="3706042" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3706042/Morphology_and_Histology_of_the_Tongue_and_Oral_Chamber_of_Eublepharis_macularius_Squamata_Gekkonidae_with_Special_Reference_to_the_Foretongue_and_its_Role_in_Fluid_Uptake_and_Transport">Morphology and Histology of the Tongue and Oral Chamber of Eublepharis macularius (Squamata: Gekkonidae), with Special Reference to the Foretongue and its Role in Fluid Uptake and Transport</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3706042" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cb3253a826ea380d3192360770c47348" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31389454,"asset_id":3706042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31389454/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4535621" href="https://mnhn.academia.edu/VincentBels">Vincent Bels</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4535621" type="text/json">{"id":4535621,"first_name":"Vincent","last_name":"Bels","domain_name":"mnhn","page_name":"VincentBels","display_name":"Vincent Bels","profile_url":"https://mnhn.academia.edu/VincentBels?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4535621/1875095/2225875/s65_vincent.bels.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3706042 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3706042"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3706042, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3706042", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3706042 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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});</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3706042").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3706042"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10655" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy">Scanning Electron Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10655" type="text/json">{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12069" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histology">Histology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12069" type="text/json">{"id":12069,"name":"Histology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3706042]'), work: 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href="https://www.academia.edu/80252695/Call_For_Papers_11_th_International_Conference_on_Natural_Language_Processing_NLP_2022_">Call For Papers - 11 th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (NLP 2022)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">11 th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (NLP 2022) is a programmed approach to analyze text that is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. This forum aims to bring together researchers who have... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80252695" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">11 th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (NLP 2022) is a programmed approach to analyze text that is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. This forum aims to bring together researchers who have designed and build software that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally to address computers. Authors are solicited to contribute to the Conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Natural Language Processing.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80252695" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="739020623aa7ae47097af30bf411aa30" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":90399546,"asset_id":80252695,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90399546/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21109123" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ijscaijournal">International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21109123" type="text/json">{"id":21109123,"first_name":"International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications","last_name":"(IJSCAI)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ijscaijournal","display_name":"International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ijscaijournal?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21109123/9710763/110171411/s65_international_journal_on_soft_computing_artificial_intelligence_and_applications._ijscai_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80252695 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80252695"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80252695, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80252695", }); 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71527887/A_Study_on_the_Morpho_syntactic_Profiles_of_Syrian_Children_Learning_Turkish_as_a_Second_Language">A Study on the Morpho-syntactic Profiles of Syrian Children Learning Turkish as a Second Language</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Having a multifaceted complex structure, language is a combination of a pile of mental states or thoughts which are transferred by means of shared rules or principles created on the grounds of phonology, morphology, and semantics.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71527887" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Having a multifaceted complex structure, language is a combination of a pile of mental states or thoughts which are transferred by means of shared rules or principles created on the grounds of phonology, morphology, and semantics. Language, being such a humanly and complicated formation, is highly in touch with a group of pertinent scientific zones like psychology and sociology, and this interaction may mirror the morpho-syntactic features of people. That is to say, selecting and forming any word, structuring a full sentence, and seeing the meaning of the sentence necessitate intricate rules or phases. With respect to this phenomenon, intricate mental or cognitive processes might be challenged in second language learning which means picking up the syntactic rules of a language and converting these rules into language skills. In this study, ten Syrian children, being educated in a primary school and owning different psychological schemas, as well as being not at similar ages, were in...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71527887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="123762967" href="https://independent.academia.edu/L%C3%BCtfi%C3%9CRED%C4%B0">Lütfi ÜREDİ</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="123762967" type="text/json">{"id":123762967,"first_name":"Lütfi","last_name":"ÜREDİ","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LütfiÜREDİ","display_name":"Lütfi ÜREDİ","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/L%C3%BCtfi%C3%9CRED%C4%B0?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71527887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71527887"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71527887, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71527887", }); 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work_4301129" data-work_id="4301129" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4301129/Algunos_procesos_de_formaci%C3%B3n_de_palabras_nominales_en_mehinaku_arawak_">Algunos procesos de formación de palabras nominales en mehinaku (arawak)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">En este trabajo presento una aproximación a los procesos de formación de palabras nominales en mehinaku, una lengua indígena de la familia lingüística arawak, hablada en el Parque Indígena del Xingu, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligent_and_Soft_Computing_Methodologies?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_213012" data-work_id="213012" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/213012/The_function_of_forks_Isotelus_type_hypostomes_and_trilobite_feeding">The function of forks: Isotelus-type hypostomes and trilobite feeding</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite previous investigations, the function of the forked morphology of asaphid trilobite hypostomes is enigmatic. The focus of this study is the large and robust forked hypostome of the largest known genus of trilobite, Isotelus, and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_213012" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite previous investigations, the function of the forked morphology of asaphid trilobite hypostomes is enigmatic. The focus of this study is the large and robust forked hypostome of the largest known genus of trilobite, Isotelus, and the independently-derived forked hypostome of Hypodicranotus, the longest hypostome relative to body size of any trilobite. Although the trilobite hypostome is analogous to the labrum in other arthropods, forked hypostomes lack an obvious modern functional counterpart. The Isotelus hypostome is distinguished from other trilobite hypostomes by closely-spaced terrace ridges on a greatly thickened inner surface of the forked posterior margin, with the scarp of the terrace facing antero-ventrally. This is compatible with a grinding function, suggesting possible limb differentiation to complement this structure. The inner face of the tine (one of the two, prominent, sub-parallel posterior projections) is also unique in that it has a microstructure which is evident in section, running perpendicular to the surface. Macropredatory and filter-feeder roles are ruled out, and previous characterizations of the hypostome as knife-like or serrated are rejected. Its function is incompatible with that of other non-asaphid trilobites with forked hypostomes, like the remopleuridid Hypodicranotus, which lack similar terrace ridges and thickened inner-edge cuticle. □Arthropoda, Asaphida, ecology, functional morphology, Trilobita.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/213012" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c9196fe458db0cc1c30dab55eb3920b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":2104011,"asset_id":213012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/2104011/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31995" href="https://fredonia.academia.edu/ThomasHegna">Thomas A Hegna</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31995" type="text/json">{"id":31995,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Hegna","domain_name":"fredonia","page_name":"ThomasHegna","display_name":"Thomas A Hegna","profile_url":"https://fredonia.academia.edu/ThomasHegna?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31995/10327/1639061/s65_thomas.hegna.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_213012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="213012"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 213012, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_213012", }); 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The focus of this study is the large and robust forked hypostome of the largest known genus of trilobite, Isotelus, and the independently-derived forked hypostome of Hypodicranotus, the longest hypostome relative to body size of any trilobite. Although the trilobite hypostome is analogous to the labrum in other arthropods, forked hypostomes lack an obvious modern functional counterpart. The Isotelus hypostome is distinguished from other trilobite hypostomes by closely-spaced terrace ridges on a greatly thickened inner surface of the forked posterior margin, with the scarp of the terrace facing antero-ventrally. This is compatible with a grinding function, suggesting possible limb differentiation to complement this structure. The inner face of the tine (one of the two, prominent, sub-parallel posterior projections) is also unique in that it has a microstructure which is evident in section, running perpendicular to the surface. Macropredatory and filter-feeder roles are ruled out, and previous characterizations of the hypostome as knife-like or serrated are rejected. Its function is incompatible with that of other non-asaphid trilobites with forked hypostomes, like the remopleuridid Hypodicranotus, which lack similar terrace ridges and thickened inner-edge cuticle. □Arthropoda, Asaphida, ecology, functional morphology, Trilobita.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":2104011,"asset_id":213012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31995,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Hegna","domain_name":"fredonia","page_name":"ThomasHegna","display_name":"Thomas A Hegna","profile_url":"https://fredonia.academia.edu/ThomasHegna?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31995/10327/1639061/s65_thomas.hegna.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":162,"name":"Paleobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleobiology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional 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href="https://www.academia.edu/35471467/Sofia_Pereira_Miguel_Pires_Armando_Marques_Guedes_et_al_2017_The_illaenid_trilobites_Vysocania_Van%C3%ACk_and_Vok%C3%A1%C3%A8_1997_and_Octillaenus_Barrande_1846_from_the_Upper_Ordovician_of_the_Czech_Republic_Portugal_Spain_and_Morocco_Bulletin_of_Geosciences_92_4_Czech_Geological_Survey_Prague">Sofia Pereira, Miguel Pires, Armando Marques Guedes, et al., (2017), The illaenid trilobites Vysocania (Vanìk & Vokáè, 1997) and Octillaenus (Barrande, 1846) from the Upper Ordovician of the Czech Republic, Portugal, Spain and Morocco, Bulletin of Geosciences 92(4), Czech Geological Survey, Prague.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The illaenid trilobite Vysocania is widely represented in the Upper Ordovician of the Czech Republic, Portugal and Spain, and is one of the most characteristic taxa in the high-latitude peri-Gondwana palaeobiogeographical region to which... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35471467" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The illaenid trilobite Vysocania is widely represented in the Upper Ordovician of the Czech Republic, Portugal and Spain, and is one of the most characteristic taxa in the high-latitude peri-Gondwana palaeobiogeographical region to which it is endemic. Three species of the genus that were formerly assigned to Stenopareia and Zetillaenus, from the Czech Republic and Spain respectively, are herein revised, and a new species is described from the Czech Republic. The genus Octillaenus, of which a new species is described from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco, is considered to have arisen from Vysocania through paedomorphic (neotenic) processes. The relationships between Vysocania, Octillaenus, Stenopareia and Zetillaenus are reviewed and the criteria used in the definition of these taxa discussed. Species assigned to Vysocania are V. vaneki (type-species), V. iberica, V. moraveci sp. nov. and V. panderi; species assigned to Octillaenus are O. hisingeri (type-species) and O. marocanus sp. nov. Vysocania appears for the first time in the lower Berounian (Sandbian) and has its last undoubted record in the upper Berounian (upper Katian); Octillaenus is presently restricted to the Kralodvorian (upper Katian). •</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35471467" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dad60ea92bdac07a90748a2ba1bd1965" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55333814,"asset_id":35471467,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55333814/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="134181" href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes">Armando Marques-Guedes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="134181" type="text/json">{"id":134181,"first_name":"Armando","last_name":"Marques-Guedes","domain_name":"cria","page_name":"ArmandoMarquesGuedes","display_name":"Armando Marques-Guedes","profile_url":"https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/134181/3401094/148494125/s65_armando.marques-guedes.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35471467 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35471467"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35471467, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35471467", }); 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Three species of the genus that were formerly assigned to Stenopareia and Zetillaenus, from the Czech Republic and Spain respectively, are herein revised, and a new species is described from the Czech Republic. The genus Octillaenus, of which a new species is described from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco, is considered to have arisen from Vysocania through paedomorphic (neotenic) processes. The relationships between Vysocania, Octillaenus, Stenopareia and Zetillaenus are reviewed and the criteria used in the definition of these taxa discussed. Species assigned to Vysocania are V. vaneki (type-species), V. iberica, V. moraveci sp. nov. and V. panderi; species assigned to Octillaenus are O. hisingeri (type-species) and O. marocanus sp. nov. Vysocania appears for the first time in the lower Berounian (Sandbian) and has its last undoubted record in the upper Berounian (upper Katian); Octillaenus is presently restricted to the Kralodvorian (upper Katian). •","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55333814,"asset_id":35471467,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":134181,"first_name":"Armando","last_name":"Marques-Guedes","domain_name":"cria","page_name":"ArmandoMarquesGuedes","display_name":"Armando Marques-Guedes","profile_url":"https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/134181/3401094/148494125/s65_armando.marques-guedes.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary 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type="text/json">{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5471" type="text/json">{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=482825]'), work: {"id":482825,"title":"Urdu morphology, orthography and lexicon extraction","created_at":"2011-03-20T13:49:45.994-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/482825/Urdu_morphology_orthography_and_lexicon_extraction?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_482825","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":2174034,"asset_id":482825,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":370028,"first_name":"Muhammad","last_name":"Humayoun","domain_name":"bip31","page_name":"MuhammadHumayoun","display_name":"Muhammad Humayoun","profile_url":"https://bip31.academia.edu/MuhammadHumayoun?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/370028/2786789/14941839/s65_muhammad.humayoun.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":371661,"name":"Native Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_Language?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20068493 coauthored" data-work_id="20068493" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20068493/History_of_paleontology">History of paleontology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41228412" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RebeccaLSpang">Rebecca L. Spang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41228412" type="text/json">{"id":41228412,"first_name":"Rebecca L.","last_name":"Spang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RebeccaLSpang","display_name":"Rebecca L. Spang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RebeccaLSpang?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-20068493">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-20068493"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://indiana.academia.edu/PDavidPolly">P. David Polly</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-20068493'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-20068493').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20068493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20068493"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20068493, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20068493", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20068493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20068493; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20068493"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20068493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20068493"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20068493; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20068493]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20068493").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20068493").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20068493"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="417" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology">Paleontology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="417" type="text/json">{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20068493]'), work: {"id":20068493,"title":"History of paleontology","created_at":"2016-01-06T17:05:52.582-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20068493/History_of_paleontology?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_20068493","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40988385,"asset_id":20068493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41228412,"first_name":"Rebecca L.","last_name":"Spang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RebeccaLSpang","display_name":"Rebecca L. Spang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RebeccaLSpang?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":40801603,"first_name":"P. David","last_name":"Polly","domain_name":"indiana","page_name":"PDavidPolly","display_name":"P. David Polly","profile_url":"https://indiana.academia.edu/PDavidPolly?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40801603/11137232/12428661/s65_p._david.polly.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":24375,"name":"Vertebrate Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vertebrate_Paleontology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":24542,"name":"Dinosaur Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dinosaur_Paleontology?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22959029" data-work_id="22959029" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22959029/Anomalocaridid_trunk_limb_homology_revealed_by_a_giant_filter_feeder_with_paired_flaps_Supplementary_Text_">Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps (+ Supplementary Text)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Exceptionally preserved fossils from the Palaeozoic era provide crucial insights into arthropod evolution, with recent discoveries bringing phylogeny and character homology into sharp focus. Integral to such studies are anomalocaridids, a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22959029" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Exceptionally preserved fossils from the Palaeozoic era provide crucial insights into arthropod evolution, with recent discoveries bringing phylogeny and character homology into sharp focus. Integral to such studies are anomalocaridids, a clade of stem arthropods whose remarkable morphology illuminates early arthropod relationships and Cambrian ecology. Although recent work has focused on the anomalocaridid head, the nature of their trunk has been debated widely.Here we describe new anomalocaridid specimens from the Early Ordovician Fezouata Biota of Morocco, which not only show well-preserved head appendages providing key ecological data, but also elucidate the nature of anomalocaridid trunk flaps, resolving their homology with arthropod trunk limbs. The new material shows that each trunk segment bears a separate dorsal and ventral pair of flaps, with a series of setal blades attached at the base of the dorsal flaps. Comparisons with other stem lineage arthropods indicate that anomalocaridid ventral flaps are homologous with lobopodous walking limbs and the endopod of the euarthropod biramous limb, whereas the dorsal flaps and associated setal blades are homologous with the flaps of gilled lobopodians (for example, Kerygmachela kierkegaardi,  Pambdelurion whittingtoni) and exites of the ‘Cambrian biramous limb’. This evidence shows that anomalocaridids represent a stage before the fusion of exite and endopod into the ‘Cambrian biramous limb’, confirming their basal placement in the euarthropod stem, rather than in the arthropod crown or with cycloneuralian worms. Unlike other anomalocaridids, the Fezouata taxon combines head appendages convergently adapted for filter-feeding with an unprecedented body length exceeding 2m, indicating a new direction in the feeding ecology of the clade. The evolution of giant filter-feeding anomalocaridids may reflect the establishment of highly developed planktic ecosystems during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22959029" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e7e404f20fa8c6cf78bcd7f29bfc765f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43479718,"asset_id":22959029,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43479718/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27989178" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/PeterVanRoy">Peter Van Roy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27989178" type="text/json">{"id":27989178,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Van Roy","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"PeterVanRoy","display_name":"Peter Van Roy","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/PeterVanRoy?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22959029 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22959029"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22959029, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22959029", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22959029]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22959029").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22959029").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22959029"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">44</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="162" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleobiology">Paleobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="162" type="text/json">{"id":162,"name":"Paleobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleobiology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="417" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology">Paleontology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="417" type="text/json">{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Biology">Invertebrate Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4558" type="text/json">{"id":4558,"name":"Invertebrate Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22959029]'), work: {"id":22959029,"title":"Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps (+ Supplementary Text)","created_at":"2016-03-07T17:45:49.992-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22959029/Anomalocaridid_trunk_limb_homology_revealed_by_a_giant_filter_feeder_with_paired_flaps_Supplementary_Text_?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_22959029","summary":"Exceptionally preserved fossils from the Palaeozoic era provide crucial insights into arthropod evolution, with recent discoveries bringing phylogeny and character homology into sharp focus. Integral to such studies are anomalocaridids, a clade of stem arthropods whose remarkable morphology illuminates early arthropod relationships and Cambrian ecology. Although recent work has focused on the anomalocaridid head, the nature of their trunk has been debated widely.Here we describe new anomalocaridid specimens from the Early Ordovician Fezouata Biota of Morocco, which not only show well-preserved head appendages providing key ecological data, but also elucidate the nature of anomalocaridid trunk flaps, resolving their homology with arthropod trunk limbs. The new material shows that each trunk segment bears a separate dorsal and ventral pair of flaps, with a series of setal blades attached at the base of the dorsal flaps. Comparisons with other stem lineage arthropods indicate that anomalocaridid ventral flaps are homologous with lobopodous walking limbs and the endopod of the euarthropod biramous limb, whereas the dorsal flaps and associated setal blades are homologous with the flaps of gilled lobopodians (for example, Kerygmachela kierkegaardi, Pambdelurion whittingtoni) and exites of the ‘Cambrian biramous limb’. This evidence shows that anomalocaridids represent a stage before the fusion of exite and endopod into the ‘Cambrian biramous limb’, confirming their basal placement in the euarthropod stem, rather than in the arthropod crown or with cycloneuralian worms. Unlike other anomalocaridids, the Fezouata taxon combines head appendages convergently adapted for filter-feeding with an unprecedented body length exceeding 2m, indicating a new direction in the feeding ecology of the clade. The evolution of giant filter-feeding anomalocaridids may reflect the establishment of highly developed planktic ecosystems during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43479718,"asset_id":22959029,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27989178,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Van Roy","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"PeterVanRoy","display_name":"Peter Van Roy","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/PeterVanRoy?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":162,"name":"Paleobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleobiology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4558,"name":"Invertebrate Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":7051,"name":"Invertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrates?f_ri=4438"},{"id":17472,"name":"Palaeoecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeoecology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":22498,"name":"Invertebrate Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Zoology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":28160,"name":"Palaeontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeontology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":33576,"name":"Invertebrate Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Paleontology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":45456,"name":"Aquatic Invertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Invertebrates?f_ri=4438"},{"id":55302,"name":"Gigantism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gigantism?f_ri=4438"},{"id":57925,"name":"Arthropoda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthropoda?f_ri=4438"},{"id":78109,"name":"Cambrian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambrian?f_ri=4438"},{"id":79166,"name":"Ordovician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ordovician?f_ri=4438"},{"id":84941,"name":"Cambrian Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambrian_Ecosystem?f_ri=4438"},{"id":101906,"name":"Invertebrados","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrados?f_ri=4438"},{"id":117338,"name":"Arthropod","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthropod?f_ri=4438"},{"id":155731,"name":"Anomalocaridids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anomalocaridids?f_ri=4438"},{"id":180182,"name":"Morocco Ordovician Fezouata Lagerstatte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morocco_Ordovician_Fezouata_Lagerstatte?f_ri=4438"},{"id":244904,"name":"Cambrian explosion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambrian_explosion?f_ri=4438"},{"id":245250,"name":"Marine invertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_invertebrates?f_ri=4438"},{"id":245668,"name":"Arthropods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthropods?f_ri=4438"},{"id":246364,"name":"Invertebrate Palaeontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Palaeontology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":321479,"name":"Evolution and Phylogeny of Metazoan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_and_Phylogeny_of_Metazoan?f_ri=4438"},{"id":322367,"name":"Anomalocaris","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anomalocaris?f_ri=4438"},{"id":341381,"name":"Arthropod palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthropod_palaeobiology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":360572,"name":"Exceptional fossilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exceptional_fossilization?f_ri=4438"},{"id":366206,"name":"Cambrian and Precambrian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambrian_and_Precambrian?f_ri=4438"},{"id":368344,"name":"Invertebrate ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_ecology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":469460,"name":"Filter feeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filter_feeding?f_ri=4438"},{"id":512467,"name":"Invertebrate Taxonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Taxonomy?f_ri=4438"},{"id":540616,"name":"Arthropod comparative morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthropod_comparative_morphology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":670382,"name":"Palaeontology of arthropod and problematic fossils of the Ediacaran and early Palaeozoic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeontology_of_arthropod_and_problematic_fossils_of_the_Ediacaran_and_early_Palaeozoic?f_ri=4438"},{"id":683161,"name":"Arthropod Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthropod_Evolution?f_ri=4438"},{"id":703012,"name":"Metazoa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metazoa?f_ri=4438"},{"id":714026,"name":"Fossil Arthropods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fossil_Arthropods?f_ri=4438"},{"id":752663,"name":"Ordovician Paleoecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ordovician_Paleoecology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":875078,"name":"Exceptional Fossil Preservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exceptional_Fossil_Preservation?f_ri=4438"},{"id":912251,"name":"Taxonomy of Marine Invertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taxonomy_of_Marine_Invertebrates?f_ri=4438"},{"id":933463,"name":"Konservat Lagerstatten","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konservat_Lagerstatten?f_ri=4438"},{"id":954878,"name":"Origins of Metazoans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Metazoans?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1120075,"name":"Zoologia De Invertebrados","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoologia_De_Invertebrados?f_ri=4438"},{"id":2223810,"name":"Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Ordovician_Biodiversification_Event?f_ri=4438"},{"id":2389379,"name":"Suspension-Feeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suspension-Feeding?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11489270" data-work_id="11489270" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11489270/Machaeridians_are_Palaeozoic_armoured_annelids_Supplementary_Materials_">Machaeridians are Palaeozoic armoured annelids (+ Supplementary Materials)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The systematic affinities of several Palaeozoic skeletal taxa were only resolved when their soft-tissue morphology was revealed by the discovery of exceptionally preserved specimens. The conodonts provide a classic example, their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11489270" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The systematic affinities of several Palaeozoic skeletal taxa were only resolved when their soft-tissue morphology was revealed by the discovery of exceptionally preserved specimens. The conodonts provide a classic example, their tooth-like elements having been assigned to various invertebrate and vertebrate groups for more than 125 years until the discovery of their soft tissues revealed them to be crown-group vertebrates. Machaeridians, which are virtually ubiquitous as shell plates in benthic marine shelly assemblages ranging from Early Ordovician (Late Tremadoc) to Carboniferous, have proved no less enigmatic. The Machaeridia comprise three distinct families of worm-like animals, united by the possession of a dorsal skeleton of calcite plates that is rarely found articulated. Since they were first described 150 years ago machaeridians have been allied with barnacles, echinoderms, molluscs or annelids. Here we describe a new machaeridian with preserved soft parts, including parapodia and chaetae, from the Upper Tremadoc of Morocco, demonstrating the annelid affinity of the group. This discovery shows that a lineage of annelids evolved a dorsal skeleton of calcareous plates early in their history; it also resolves the affinities of a group of problematic Palaeozoic invertebrates previously known only from isolated elements and occasional skeletal assemblages.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11489270" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1b978cee3ad7d7458ecd8429b54db14b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43481788,"asset_id":11489270,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43481788/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27989178" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/PeterVanRoy">Peter Van Roy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27989178" type="text/json">{"id":27989178,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Van Roy","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"PeterVanRoy","display_name":"Peter Van Roy","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/PeterVanRoy?f_ri=4438","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11489270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11489270"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11489270, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11489270", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11489270]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11489270").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11489270").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11489270"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="162" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleobiology">Paleobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="162" type="text/json">{"id":162,"name":"Paleobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleobiology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="417" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology">Paleontology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="417" type="text/json">{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11489270]'), work: {"id":11489270,"title":"Machaeridians are Palaeozoic armoured annelids (+ Supplementary Materials)","created_at":"2015-03-17T10:45:31.500-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11489270/Machaeridians_are_Palaeozoic_armoured_annelids_Supplementary_Materials_?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_11489270","summary":"The systematic affinities of several Palaeozoic skeletal taxa were only resolved when their soft-tissue morphology was revealed by the discovery of exceptionally preserved specimens. The conodonts provide a classic example, their tooth-like elements having been assigned to various invertebrate and vertebrate groups for more than 125 years until the discovery of their soft tissues revealed them to be crown-group vertebrates. Machaeridians, which are virtually ubiquitous as shell plates in benthic marine shelly assemblages ranging from Early Ordovician (Late Tremadoc) to Carboniferous, have proved no less enigmatic. The Machaeridia comprise three distinct families of worm-like animals, united by the possession of a dorsal skeleton of calcite plates that is rarely found articulated. Since they were first described 150 years ago machaeridians have been allied with barnacles, echinoderms, molluscs or annelids. Here we describe a new machaeridian with preserved soft parts, including parapodia and chaetae, from the Upper Tremadoc of Morocco, demonstrating the annelid affinity of the group. This discovery shows that a lineage of annelids evolved a dorsal skeleton of calcareous plates early in their history; it also resolves the affinities of a group of problematic Palaeozoic invertebrates previously known only from isolated elements and occasional skeletal assemblages.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43481788,"asset_id":11489270,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27989178,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Van Roy","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"PeterVanRoy","display_name":"Peter Van 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href="https://www.academia.edu/74829103/On_the_hydrodynamic_effects_of_the_eidonomy_of_the_hammerhead_sharks_cephalofoil_in_the_eye_bulb_region_Winglet_like_behaviour">On the hydrodynamic effects of the eidonomy of the hammerhead shark's cephalofoil in the eye bulb region: Winglet-like behaviour</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">External morphology (eidonomy) of marine creatures, developed by the evolution process over the course of millions of years, plays a crucial role in their locomotion and swimming performance. In this paper, hydrodynamic impacts of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74829103" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">External morphology (eidonomy) of marine creatures, developed by the evolution process over the course of millions of years, plays a crucial role in their locomotion and swimming performance. In this paper, hydrodynamic impacts of the cephalofoil tip eidonomy (tip bump) in the eye bulb region of a scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, are studied with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this regard, two separate geometries are designed here; one corresponding to the real geometry of the hammerhead shark's cephalofoil with a tip bump (eye bulb region) and another one, a modified version with a flat tip without the aforementioned bump. Turbulent flows encountered in the problem are simulated using the Lam-Bremhorst turbulence model at different angles of attack (AoA) and a sideslip angle, at high Reynolds number, 10^6 , corresponding to the swimming of a juvenile hammerhead shark with a speed of 1 m/s. The results show that the strength (circulation) of the wing tip vortices reduces by the external geometry of the hammerhead's cephalofoil tip; in this sense, 'cephalofoil tip' with its unique morphology behaves as a winglet.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74829103" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5a02489ba65fa512467a47e8096508dd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82840590,"asset_id":74829103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82840590/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="189932760" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6">Arash Taheri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="189932760" type="text/json">{"id":189932760,"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Taheri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ATaheri6","display_name":"Arash Taheri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189932760/53134687/43409959/s65_a..taheri.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74829103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74829103"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74829103, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74829103", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74829103]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74829103").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74829103").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74829103"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ocean_Engineering">Ocean Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="81" type="text/json">{"id":81,"name":"Ocean Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ocean_Engineering?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="158" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology">Marine Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="158" type="text/json">{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="182" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="182" type="text/json">{"id":182,"name":"Ichthyology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ichthyology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74829103]'), work: {"id":74829103,"title":"On the hydrodynamic effects of the eidonomy of the hammerhead shark's cephalofoil in the eye bulb region: Winglet-like behaviour","created_at":"2022-03-28T15:55:48.730-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74829103/On_the_hydrodynamic_effects_of_the_eidonomy_of_the_hammerhead_sharks_cephalofoil_in_the_eye_bulb_region_Winglet_like_behaviour?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_74829103","summary":"External morphology (eidonomy) of marine creatures, developed by the evolution process over the course of millions of years, plays a crucial role in their locomotion and swimming performance. In this paper, hydrodynamic impacts of the cephalofoil tip eidonomy (tip bump) in the eye bulb region of a scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, are studied with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this regard, two separate geometries are designed here; one corresponding to the real geometry of the hammerhead shark's cephalofoil with a tip bump (eye bulb region) and another one, a modified version with a flat tip without the aforementioned bump. Turbulent flows encountered in the problem are simulated using the Lam-Bremhorst turbulence model at different angles of attack (AoA) and a sideslip angle, at high Reynolds number, 10^6 , corresponding to the swimming of a juvenile hammerhead shark with a speed of 1 m/s. The results show that the strength (circulation) of the wing tip vortices reduces by the external geometry of the hammerhead's cephalofoil tip; in this sense, 'cephalofoil tip' with its unique morphology behaves as a winglet.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82840590,"asset_id":74829103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":189932760,"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Taheri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ATaheri6","display_name":"Arash Taheri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189932760/53134687/43409959/s65_a..taheri.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":81,"name":"Ocean Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ocean_Engineering?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":182,"name":"Ichthyology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ichthyology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":720,"name":"Hydrodynamics (Physics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrodynamics_Physics_?f_ri=4438"},{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":15532,"name":"Marine Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Engineering?f_ri=4438"},{"id":16441,"name":"Marine Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Science?f_ri=4438"},{"id":61709,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling and simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics_CFD_modelling_and_simulation?f_ri=4438"},{"id":66323,"name":"Bionics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bionics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":71124,"name":"Sharks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sharks?f_ri=4438"},{"id":179332,"name":"Hydrodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrodynamics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":333917,"name":"Bionic Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bionic_Design?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1271178,"name":"Hammerhead Sharks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hammerhead_Sharks?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7565348" data-work_id="7565348" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7565348/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7ede_%C3%9Cst_%C3%9Cste_Gelen_Olumsuzluk_Ekiyle_Kurulmu%C5%9F_Yap%C4%B1lar_T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e_Ulusal_Derlemi_TUD_%C3%96rnekleri">Türkçede Üst Üste Gelen Olumsuzluk Ekiyle Kurulmuş Yapılar: Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi (TUD) Örnekleri</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">FORMS BUILD WITH CONSECUTIVE DOUBLE PRIVATIVE MARKERS IN TURKISH: EXAMPLES FROM THE TURKISH NATIONAL CORPUS (TNC) ABSTRACT Privative marker for verbs in Turkish is the suffix /-mA/. One of the basic rules in Turkish morphology is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7565348" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">FORMS BUILD WITH CONSECUTIVE DOUBLE PRIVATIVE MARKERS IN TURKISH: <br />EXAMPLES FROM THE TURKISH NATIONAL CORPUS (TNC) <br /> <br />ABSTRACT <br /> <br />Privative marker for verbs in Turkish is the suffix /-mA/. One of the basic rules in Turkish <br />morphology is that two suffixes with same phonetic structure and with same function cannot be used <br />consecutively, side by side. <br />This paper discusses the /-mAz/ participle marker, consisted of /-mA/ privative marker and <br />the /-r/ aorist marker’s /-z/ variant in the negative, and the /-mA/ privative marker that comes before it. <br />Turkish National Corpus (TNC) is used as a source for this research. <br />As a result of the researches made on TNC, it is concluded that the /-mA/ + /-mAz/ markers <br />cannot be present at the end of the words. Thereby, this paper contains the results of the research made <br />on TNC of the /-mA/ + /-mAz/ + /-lİk/ structure. <br /> <br />Keywords: corpus linguistics, Turkish corpus, privatives, double privatives, morphology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7565348" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="35ee4476c544b744f90ac544a7bc7929" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35319214,"asset_id":7565348,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35319214/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3345676" href="https://ukim.academia.edu/OktayAhmed">Oktay Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3345676" type="text/json">{"id":3345676,"first_name":"Oktay","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"ukim","page_name":"OktayAhmed","display_name":"Oktay Ahmed","profile_url":"https://ukim.academia.edu/OktayAhmed?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3345676/1879254/2230493/s65_oktay.ahmed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7565348 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7565348"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7565348, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7565348", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7565348]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7565348").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7565348").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7565348"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10157" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics">Corpus Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10157" type="text/json">{"id":10157,"name":"Corpus Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics_and_Language_Pedagogy">Corpus Linguistics & Language Pedagogy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10835" type="text/json">{"id":10835,"name":"Corpus Linguistics \u0026 Language Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics_and_Language_Pedagogy?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology">Morphology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10866" type="text/json">{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7565348]'), work: {"id":7565348,"title":"Türkçede Üst Üste Gelen Olumsuzluk Ekiyle Kurulmuş Yapılar: Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi (TUD) Örnekleri","created_at":"2014-07-05T07:22:42.767-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7565348/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7ede_%C3%9Cst_%C3%9Cste_Gelen_Olumsuzluk_Ekiyle_Kurulmu%C5%9F_Yap%C4%B1lar_T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e_Ulusal_Derlemi_TUD_%C3%96rnekleri?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_7565348","summary":"FORMS BUILD WITH CONSECUTIVE DOUBLE PRIVATIVE MARKERS IN TURKISH:\r\nEXAMPLES FROM THE TURKISH NATIONAL CORPUS (TNC)\r\n\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\r\nPrivative marker for verbs in Turkish is the suffix /-mA/. One of the basic rules in Turkish\r\nmorphology is that two suffixes with same phonetic structure and with same function cannot be used\r\nconsecutively, side by side.\r\nThis paper discusses the /-mAz/ participle marker, consisted of /-mA/ privative marker and\r\nthe /-r/ aorist marker’s /-z/ variant in the negative, and the /-mA/ privative marker that comes before it.\r\nTurkish National Corpus (TNC) is used as a source for this research.\r\nAs a result of the researches made on TNC, it is concluded that the /-mA/ + /-mAz/ markers\r\ncannot be present at the end of the words. Thereby, this paper contains the results of the research made\r\non TNC of the /-mA/ + /-mAz/ + /-lİk/ structure.\r\n\r\nKeywords: corpus linguistics, Turkish corpus, privatives, double privatives, morphology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35319214,"asset_id":7565348,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3345676,"first_name":"Oktay","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"ukim","page_name":"OktayAhmed","display_name":"Oktay Ahmed","profile_url":"https://ukim.academia.edu/OktayAhmed?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3345676/1879254/2230493/s65_oktay.ahmed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":10157,"name":"Corpus Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":10835,"name":"Corpus Linguistics \u0026 Language Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics_and_Language_Pedagogy?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":18092,"name":"Corpus Linguistics and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=4438"},{"id":22285,"name":"Turkish Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":31963,"name":"Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=4438"},{"id":33012,"name":"Applied Corpus Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Corpus_Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":33806,"name":"Turkish Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Language?f_ri=4438"},{"id":384771,"name":"Morfoloji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morfoloji?f_ri=4438"},{"id":670577,"name":"Turk Dili","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turk_Dili?f_ri=4438"},{"id":757214,"name":"Derlem Dilbilim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derlem_Dilbilim?f_ri=4438"},{"id":878400,"name":"ŞEkil Bilgisi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SEkil_Bilgisi?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1193315,"name":"Türkçe Derlem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkce_Derlem?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1193316,"name":"Türk Dili Derlemi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turk_Dili_Derlemi?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1265384,"name":"Turkish National Corpus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_National_Corpus?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1265386,"name":"Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkce_Ulusal_Derlemi?f_ri=4438"},{"id":1437924,"name":"Biçim Bilgisi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bicim_Bilgisi?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4144823" data-work_id="4144823" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4144823/_VAR_VE_YOK_S%C3%96ZC%C3%9CKLER%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_MORFOLOJ%C4%B0K_K%C4%B0ML%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_">“VAR” VE “YOK” SÖZCÜKLERİNİN MORFOLOJİK KİMLİĞİ*</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="969497" href="https://atauni.academia.edu/serkancakmak">SERKAN ÇAKMAK</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="969497" type="text/json">{"id":969497,"first_name":"SERKAN","last_name":"ÇAKMAK","domain_name":"atauni","page_name":"serkancakmak","display_name":"SERKAN ÇAKMAK","profile_url":"https://atauni.academia.edu/serkancakmak?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/969497/358128/56873796/s65_serkan._akmak.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4144823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4144823"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4144823, container: 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4144823]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4144823").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4144823").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4144823"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35068355 coauthored" data-work_id="35068355" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35068355/The_origin_of_the_Finnic_l_cases">The origin of the Finnic l-cases</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Finnic languages, among them Finnish and Estonian, are well known for their large inventories of cases. As large case systems tend to develop especially through agglutination of adpositions, it is noteworthy that none of the thirteen... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35068355" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Finnic languages, among them Finnish and Estonian, are well known for their large inventories of cases. As large case systems tend to develop especially through agglutination of adpositions, it is noteworthy that none of the thirteen cases reconstructed for Proto-Finnic have traditionally been considered to derive from adpositional phrases. However, in this paper, such an explanation is presented for the origin of the Proto-Finnic external local cases or the so-called l-cases, i.e. the adessive (*-llA < *-l-nA), the ablative (*-l-tA), and the allative (*-l-en). The element-l-has traditionally been equated with a derivational suffix indicating locality, but against the received view this paper argues that the endings emerged via agglutination of the Proto-Uralic postpositions *ül-nä [on-LOCATIVE], *ül-tä [on-ABLATIVE] and *üli-ŋ [on-LATIVE], based on the relational noun root *ül(i)-'location on/above'. The argumentation is based on rich comparative data from the Saami, Mordvin, Permic and Samoyed branches of the Uralic language family. Through a thorough analysis of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of the Finnic l-cases and their proposed cognates, it is argued that the received view on the origin of the l-cases must be rejected as an illegitimately canonized hypothesis that was never tested through systematic application of the comparative method. Instead, the comparative analysis strongly supports the new hypothesis of the postpositional origin of the l-cases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35068355" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7574b1c0297e7958116b29b8026a491b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54928935,"asset_id":35068355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54928935/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="797518" href="https://oulu.academia.edu/AnteAikio">Ante Aikio</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="797518" type="text/json">{"id":797518,"first_name":"Ante","last_name":"Aikio","domain_name":"oulu","page_name":"AnteAikio","display_name":"Ante Aikio","profile_url":"https://oulu.academia.edu/AnteAikio?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/797518/272364/321962/s65_ante.aikio.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35068355">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35068355"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://utu.academia.edu/JussiYlikoski">Jussi Ylikoski</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35068355'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35068355').html(); 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As large case systems tend to develop especially through agglutination of adpositions, it is noteworthy that none of the thirteen cases reconstructed for Proto-Finnic have traditionally been considered to derive from adpositional phrases. However, in this paper, such an explanation is presented for the origin of the Proto-Finnic external local cases or the so-called l-cases, i.e. the adessive (*-llA \u003c *-l-nA), the ablative (*-l-tA), and the allative (*-l-en). The element-l-has traditionally been equated with a derivational suffix indicating locality, but against the received view this paper argues that the endings emerged via agglutination of the Proto-Uralic postpositions *ül-nä [on-LOCATIVE], *ül-tä [on-ABLATIVE] and *üli-ŋ [on-LATIVE], based on the relational noun root *ül(i)-'location on/above'. The argumentation is based on rich comparative data from the Saami, Mordvin, Permic and Samoyed branches of the Uralic language family. Through a thorough analysis of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of the Finnic l-cases and their proposed cognates, it is argued that the received view on the origin of the l-cases must be rejected as an illegitimately canonized hypothesis that was never tested through systematic application of the comparative method. 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В. Бондарко</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article discusses some of the terms that are in the basis of A. V. Bondarko’s functional grammar theory. Additionally, a presentation is made of the properties of categorical meanings in the language system and of non-categorical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36633184" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article discusses some of the terms that are in the basis of A. V. Bondarko’s functional grammar theory. Additionally, a presentation is made of the properties of categorical meanings in the language system and of non-categorical meanings in speech, of the essence of the private and the additional meanings as well. The publication traces the evolution of A. V. Bondarko’s ideas about the essence of these grammatical abstractions.<br /><br />В настоящей статье рассматриваются некоторые проблемы грамматической семантики в зеркале теории функционально-семантической грамматики А. В. Бондарко. Объектом особого наблюдения являются такие понятия, как категориальное и некатегориальное значение, частное значение, дополнительное значение и т.д. 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В. Бондарко","created_at":"2018-05-14T11:12:01.835-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36633184/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90_%D0%92_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_36633184","summary":"The article discusses some of the terms that are in the basis of A. V. Bondarko’s functional grammar theory. Additionally, a presentation is made of the properties of categorical meanings in the language system and of non-categorical meanings in speech, of the essence of the private and the additional meanings as well. The publication traces the evolution of A. V. Bondarko’s ideas about the essence of these grammatical abstractions.\n\nВ настоящей статье рассматриваются некоторые проблемы грамматической семантики в зеркале теории функционально-семантической грамматики А. В. Бондарко. Объектом особого наблюдения являются такие понятия, как категориальное и некатегориальное значение, частное значение, дополнительное значение и т.д. В данном исследовании делается попытка системного описания принципов соотносительности этих понятий.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56564821,"asset_id":36633184,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":148907,"first_name":"Encho","last_name":"Tilev","domain_name":"uni-plovdiv","page_name":"EnchoTilev","display_name":"Encho Tilev","profile_url":"https://uni-plovdiv.academia.edu/EnchoTilev?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/148907/39340/36555159/s65_encho.tilev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":9183,"name":"Comparative Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":10499,"name":"Functionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functionalism?f_ri=4438"},{"id":10611,"name":"Systemic Functional Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Functional_Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":10757,"name":"Morphosyntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphosyntax?f_ri=4438"},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":13297,"name":"Cognitive Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":18831,"name":"Linguistic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Theory?f_ri=4438"},{"id":31963,"name":"Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=4438"},{"id":34875,"name":"Morphology and Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_and_Syntax?f_ri=4438"},{"id":38910,"name":"Linguistic Typology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Typology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":41980,"name":"Lingüística","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica?f_ri=4438"},{"id":153663,"name":"Linguistics. Word-formation. Morphology. Lexicology. Semantics.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics._Word-formation._Morphology._Lexicology._Semantics?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_239896" data-work_id="239896" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/239896/Three_dimensional_computer_analysis_of_white_shark_jaw_mechanics_how_hard_can_a_great_white_bite">Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The notorious jaws of the white shark Carcharodon carcharias are widely feared, yet poorly understood. Neither its bite force, nor how such force might be delivered using relatively elastic cartilaginous jaws, have been quantified or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_239896" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The notorious jaws of the white shark Carcharodon carcharias are widely feared, yet poorly understood. Neither its bite force, nor how such force might be delivered using relatively elastic cartilaginous jaws, have been quantified or described. We have digitally reconstructed the jaws of a white shark to estimate maximum bite force and examine relationships among their three-dimensional geometry, material properties and function. We predict that bite force in large white sharks may exceed c. 1.8 tonnes, the highest known for any living species, and suggest that forces may have been an order of magnitude greater still in the gigantic fossil species Carcharodon megalodon. However, jaw adductor-generated force in Carcharodon appears unremarkable when the predator’s body mass is considered. Although the shark’s cartilaginous jaws undergo considerably greater deformation than would jaws constructed of bone, effective bite force is not greatly diminished.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/239896" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5ecc53595b19c822b2a553305f4a2f02" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":963530,"asset_id":239896,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/963530/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="191201" href="https://une-au.academia.edu/StephenWroe">Stephen Wroe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="191201" type="text/json">{"id":191201,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Wroe","domain_name":"une-au","page_name":"StephenWroe","display_name":"Stephen Wroe","profile_url":"https://une-au.academia.edu/StephenWroe?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/191201/46213/1377632/s65_stephen.wroe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_239896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="239896"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 239896, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_239896", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_239896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 239896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_239896"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_239896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="239896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 239896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=239896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_239896").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_239896").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="239896"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49281" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bite_force">Bite force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49281" type="text/json">{"id":49281,"name":"Bite force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bite_force?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49282" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Element_Analysis_Biology">Finite Element Analysis Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49282" type="text/json">{"id":49282,"name":"Finite Element Analysis Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Element_Analysis_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=239896]'), work: {"id":239896,"title":"Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?","created_at":"2010-05-26T19:24:45.850-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/239896/Three_dimensional_computer_analysis_of_white_shark_jaw_mechanics_how_hard_can_a_great_white_bite?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_239896","summary":"The notorious jaws of the white shark Carcharodon carcharias are widely feared, yet poorly understood. Neither its bite force, nor how such force might be delivered using relatively elastic cartilaginous jaws, have been quantified or described. We have digitally reconstructed the jaws of a white shark to estimate maximum bite force and examine relationships among their three-dimensional geometry, material properties and function. We predict that bite force in large white sharks may exceed c. 1.8 tonnes, the highest known for any living species, and suggest that forces may have been an order of magnitude greater still in the gigantic fossil species Carcharodon megalodon. However, jaw adductor-generated force in Carcharodon appears unremarkable when the predator’s body mass is considered. Although the shark’s cartilaginous jaws undergo considerably greater deformation than would jaws constructed of bone, effective bite force is not greatly diminished.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":963530,"asset_id":239896,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":191201,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Wroe","domain_name":"une-au","page_name":"StephenWroe","display_name":"Stephen Wroe","profile_url":"https://une-au.academia.edu/StephenWroe?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/191201/46213/1377632/s65_stephen.wroe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":49281,"name":"Bite force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bite_force?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":49282,"name":"Finite Element Analysis Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Element_Analysis_Biology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":49283,"name":"Great white shark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_white_shark?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_51658018" data-work_id="51658018" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51658018/Hydrodynamic_analysis_of_bionic_chimerical_wing_planforms_inspired_by_manta_ray_eidonomy">Hydrodynamic analysis of bionic chimerical wing planforms inspired by manta ray eidonomy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, inspired by the external morphology of a manta ray (Mobula alfredi), four chimerical wing planforms are designed to assess its gliding performance. The planforms possess an arbitrary combination of extra hydrodynamic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_51658018" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, inspired by the external morphology of a manta ray (Mobula alfredi), four chimerical wing planforms are designed to assess its gliding performance. The planforms possess an arbitrary combination of extra hydrodynamic features including tubercles at the leading edge (L.E.) and trailing edge (T.E.) inspired by humpback whale's flippers and flukes, respectively, as well as longitudinal ridges inspired by whale shark's eidonomy. In addition, another planform is designed to investigate the possible effects of manta ray's injuries (geometric deficiency) generated by predator's attacks or boat strikes on its locomotion (gliding) performance. In this regard, turbulent flow physics involved in the problem is numerically simulated at different angles of attack (AoA). High Reynolds number, 10^6, corresponding to the swimming of a juvenile manta ray at an average speed equals 1 m/s. The results show that the manta ray-inspired planform with L.E. undulations exhibits a superior performance at high AoAs than its other counterpart variants. In addition, the results demonstrate that injuries on the manta ray's body can noticeably modify hydrodynamics and, as a result corresponding hydrodynamical forces and moments acting on the swimming animal in the gliding phase.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/51658018" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="04749c0b966e0ba7c4faf1a62d7309b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69285523,"asset_id":51658018,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69285523/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="189932760" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6">Arash Taheri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="189932760" type="text/json">{"id":189932760,"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Taheri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ATaheri6","display_name":"Arash Taheri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189932760/53134687/43409959/s65_a..taheri.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_51658018 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="51658018"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 51658018, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_51658018", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51658018]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_51658018").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_51658018").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="51658018"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ocean_Engineering">Ocean Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="81" type="text/json">{"id":81,"name":"Ocean Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ocean_Engineering?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="717" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulations">Numerical Simulations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="717" type="text/json">{"id":717,"name":"Numerical Simulations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulations?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2298" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics">Computational Fluid Dynamics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2298" type="text/json">{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=51658018]'), work: {"id":51658018,"title":"Hydrodynamic analysis of bionic chimerical wing planforms inspired by manta ray eidonomy","created_at":"2021-09-09T18:14:13.441-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/51658018/Hydrodynamic_analysis_of_bionic_chimerical_wing_planforms_inspired_by_manta_ray_eidonomy?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_51658018","summary":"In this paper, inspired by the external morphology of a manta ray (Mobula alfredi), four chimerical wing planforms are designed to assess its gliding performance. The planforms possess an arbitrary combination of extra hydrodynamic features including tubercles at the leading edge (L.E.) and trailing edge (T.E.) inspired by humpback whale's flippers and flukes, respectively, as well as longitudinal ridges inspired by whale shark's eidonomy. In addition, another planform is designed to investigate the possible effects of manta ray's injuries (geometric deficiency) generated by predator's attacks or boat strikes on its locomotion (gliding) performance. In this regard, turbulent flow physics involved in the problem is numerically simulated at different angles of attack (AoA). High Reynolds number, 10^6, corresponding to the swimming of a juvenile manta ray at an average speed equals 1 m/s. The results show that the manta ray-inspired planform with L.E. undulations exhibits a superior performance at high AoAs than its other counterpart variants. In addition, the results demonstrate that injuries on the manta ray's body can noticeably modify hydrodynamics and, as a result corresponding hydrodynamical forces and moments acting on the swimming animal in the gliding phase.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69285523,"asset_id":51658018,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":189932760,"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Taheri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ATaheri6","display_name":"Arash Taheri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189932760/53134687/43409959/s65_a..taheri.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":81,"name":"Ocean Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ocean_Engineering?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":717,"name":"Numerical Simulations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulations?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":2435,"name":"Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_Mechanics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=4438"},{"id":28582,"name":"Swimming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swimming?f_ri=4438"},{"id":66323,"name":"Bionics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bionics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":179332,"name":"Hydrodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrodynamics?f_ri=4438"},{"id":227528,"name":"Manta Ray","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manta_Ray?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7867046" data-work_id="7867046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7867046/Food_mechanical_properties_feeding_ecology_and_the_mandibular_morphology_of_wild_orangutans">Food mechanical properties, feeding ecology, and the mandibular morphology of wild orangutans</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bornean orangutan mandibular morphology has been functionally linked to the exploitation of hard and tough foods, based on evidence that Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii spends a greater percentage of time feeding on bark, seeds and vegetation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7867046" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bornean orangutan mandibular morphology has been functionally linked to the exploitation of hard and tough foods, based on evidence that Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii spends a greater percentage of time feeding on bark, seeds and vegetation compared with Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutans) and the assumption that these tissues are more challenging to process than fruit pulp. We measured and compared toughness (R) and Young's modulus (E) of ripe and unripe foods exploited by P. abelii and P. p. wurmbii. Additionally, we recorded and compared the percentage of time these orangutans fed on plants/ plant parts of varying degrees of R and E. Compared with P. abelii, P. p. wurmbii consumed significantly tougher and more displacement limited (R/E)0.5 fruit parts, leaves and inner bark, and spent a signifi- cantly greater percentage of time feeding on immature leaves, unripe fruit and other vegetation. Modulus did not vary as expected between species, likely because we failed to capture the high-end range of modulus values for tissues consumed by P. p. wurmbii. Notably, P. p. wurmbii spent ~40% of its feeding time on the toughest foods consumed (between 1000 and 4000 J m!2). Thus, the hypothesis that mandibular robusticity in P. p. wurmbii is functionally linked to feeding on tough foods is supported and is likely related to countering relatively larger external forces and/or repetitive loads required to process the toughest tissues. The importance of elastic modulus on morphological divergence awaits future studies capturing the full range of this material property for P. p. wurmbii. Finally, phenophase and fruit availability influence orangutan species differences in food material properties and percentage of time spent feeding on various foods, emphasizing the importance of incorporating these variables in future studies of feeding ecology and craniodental morphology in extant taxa.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7867046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="02caac26c2f9223fb9eded73e47c3021" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34358551,"asset_id":7867046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34358551/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5989117" href="https://dartmouth.academia.edu/NathanielDominy">Nathaniel J Dominy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5989117" type="text/json">{"id":5989117,"first_name":"Nathaniel","last_name":"Dominy","domain_name":"dartmouth","page_name":"NathanielDominy","display_name":"Nathaniel J Dominy","profile_url":"https://dartmouth.academia.edu/NathanielDominy?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5989117/3997379/4668781/s65_nathaniel.dominy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7867046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7867046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7867046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7867046", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7867046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7867046; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7867046"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7867046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7867046"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7867046; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7867046]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7867046").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7867046").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7867046"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3132" type="text/json">{"id":3132,"name":"Biomechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54636" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primate_Functional_Morphology">Primate Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="54636" type="text/json">{"id":54636,"name":"Primate Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primate_Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64564" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orangutans">Orangutans</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64564" type="text/json">{"id":64564,"name":"Orangutans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orangutans?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7867046]'), work: {"id":7867046,"title":"Food mechanical properties, feeding ecology, and the mandibular morphology of wild orangutans","created_at":"2014-08-04T03:01:37.658-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7867046/Food_mechanical_properties_feeding_ecology_and_the_mandibular_morphology_of_wild_orangutans?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_7867046","summary":"Bornean orangutan mandibular morphology has been functionally linked to the exploitation of hard and tough foods, based on evidence that Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii spends a greater percentage of time feeding on bark, seeds and vegetation compared with Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutans) and the assumption that these tissues are more challenging to process than fruit pulp. We measured and compared toughness (R) and Young's modulus (E) of ripe and unripe foods exploited by P. abelii and P. p. wurmbii. Additionally, we recorded and compared the percentage of time these orangutans fed on plants/ plant parts of varying degrees of R and E. Compared with P. abelii, P. p. wurmbii consumed significantly tougher and more displacement limited (R/E)0.5 fruit parts, leaves and inner bark, and spent a signifi- cantly greater percentage of time feeding on immature leaves, unripe fruit and other vegetation. Modulus did not vary as expected between species, likely because we failed to capture the high-end range of modulus values for tissues consumed by P. p. wurmbii. Notably, P. p. wurmbii spent ~40% of its feeding time on the toughest foods consumed (between 1000 and 4000 J m!2). Thus, the hypothesis that mandibular robusticity in P. p. wurmbii is functionally linked to feeding on tough foods is supported and is likely related to countering relatively larger external forces and/or repetitive loads required to process the toughest tissues. The importance of elastic modulus on morphological divergence awaits future studies capturing the full range of this material property for P. p. wurmbii. Finally, phenophase and fruit availability influence orangutan species differences in food material properties and percentage of time spent feeding on various foods, emphasizing the importance of incorporating these variables in future studies of feeding ecology and craniodental morphology in extant taxa.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34358551,"asset_id":7867046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5989117,"first_name":"Nathaniel","last_name":"Dominy","domain_name":"dartmouth","page_name":"NathanielDominy","display_name":"Nathaniel J Dominy","profile_url":"https://dartmouth.academia.edu/NathanielDominy?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5989117/3997379/4668781/s65_nathaniel.dominy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3132,"name":"Biomechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanics?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":54636,"name":"Primate Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primate_Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":64564,"name":"Orangutans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orangutans?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false},{"id":198474,"name":"Borneo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borneo?f_ri=4438"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49552476" data-work_id="49552476" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49552476/Lagrangian_flow_skeletons_captured_in_the_wake_of_a_swimming_nematode_C_elegans_using_an_immersed_boundary_fluid_structure_interaction_approach">Lagrangian flow skeletons captured in the wake of a swimming nematode C. elegans using an immersed boundary fluid-structure interaction approach</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, Lagrangian coherent structure (LCS) concept is applied to wake flows generated in the up/down-stream of a swimming nematode C. elegans in an intermediate Re number range, i.e., 250-1200. It materializes Lagrangian hidden... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49552476" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, Lagrangian coherent structure (LCS) concept is applied to wake flows generated in the up/down-stream of a swimming nematode C. elegans in an intermediate Re number range, i.e., 250-1200. It materializes Lagrangian hidden structures depicting flow transport barriers. To pursue the goals, nematode swimming in a quiescent fluid flow environment is numerically simulated by a two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach with the aid of immersed boundary method (IBM). In this regard, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, fully-coupled with Lagrangian deformation equations for the immersed body, are solved using IB2d code. For all simulations, nematode's body is modeled with a parametrized spring-fiber built-in case available in the computational code. Reverse von-Kármán vortex street formation and vortex shedding characteristics are studied and discussed in details via LCS approach, including grid resolution, integration time and Reynolds number effects. Results unveil presence of different flow regions with distinct fluid particle fates in the swimming animal's wake and formation of so-called 'mushroom-shaped' structures in attracting LCS identities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49552476" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8ac98578fa243427b58ced8df196c147" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67879492,"asset_id":49552476,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67879492/download_file?st=MTczMjc0MzYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="189932760" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6">Arash Taheri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="189932760" type="text/json">{"id":189932760,"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Taheri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ATaheri6","display_name":"Arash Taheri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ATaheri6?f_ri=4438","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189932760/53134687/43409959/s65_a..taheri.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49552476 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49552476"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49552476, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49552476", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49552476 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49552476; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49552476"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49552476 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49552476"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49552476; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49552476]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49552476").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49552476").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49552476"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology">Functional Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4438" type="text/json">{"id":4438,"name":"Functional Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Morphology?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9648" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_structure_interaction">Fluid structure interaction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9648" type="text/json">{"id":9648,"name":"Fluid structure interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_structure_interaction?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28582" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swimming">Swimming</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28582" type="text/json">{"id":28582,"name":"Swimming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swimming?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58967" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immersed_Boundary_Methods">Immersed Boundary Methods</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58967" type="text/json">{"id":58967,"name":"Immersed Boundary Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immersed_Boundary_Methods?f_ri=4438","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49552476]'), work: {"id":49552476,"title":"Lagrangian flow skeletons captured in the wake of a swimming nematode C. elegans using an immersed boundary fluid-structure interaction approach","created_at":"2021-07-05T06:07:37.285-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49552476/Lagrangian_flow_skeletons_captured_in_the_wake_of_a_swimming_nematode_C_elegans_using_an_immersed_boundary_fluid_structure_interaction_approach?f_ri=4438","dom_id":"work_49552476","summary":"In this paper, Lagrangian coherent structure (LCS) concept is applied to wake flows generated in the up/down-stream of a swimming nematode C. elegans in an intermediate Re number range, i.e., 250-1200. It materializes Lagrangian hidden structures depicting flow transport barriers. To pursue the goals, nematode swimming in a quiescent fluid flow environment is numerically simulated by a two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach with the aid of immersed boundary method (IBM). In this regard, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, fully-coupled with Lagrangian deformation equations for the immersed body, are solved using IB2d code. For all simulations, nematode's body is modeled with a parametrized spring-fiber built-in case available in the computational code. Reverse von-Kármán vortex street formation and vortex shedding characteristics are studied and discussed in details via LCS approach, including grid resolution, integration time and Reynolds number effects. 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