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id="toc-Where_to_place_ref_tags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Where_to_place_ref_tags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Where to place ref tags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Where_to_place_ref_tags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formatting_ref_tags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formatting_ref_tags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Formatting ref tags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formatting_ref_tags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_lists:_the_basics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_lists:_the_basics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reference lists: the basics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_lists:_the_basics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes: using a source more than once</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_lists:_columns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_lists:_columns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reference lists: columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_lists:_columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List-defined_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List-defined_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List-defined references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-defined_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes:_embedding_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes:_embedding_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes: embedding references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes:_embedding_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes: embedding references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes:_embedding_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Using_{{refn}}" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_{{refn}}"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Using <span>{{</span>refn<span>}}</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_{{refn}}-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_{{r}}" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_{{r}}"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Using <span>{{</span>r<span>}}</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_{{r}}-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes:_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes:_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes: groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes:_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes:_predefined_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes:_predefined_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes: predefined groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes:_predefined_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes: predefined groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes:_predefined_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Template_use_by_reference_group_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Template_use_by_reference_group_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Template use by reference group type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Template_use_by_reference_group_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_lists:_automatically_generated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reference lists: automatically generated</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reference lists: automatically generated subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Talk_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talk_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Talk pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talk_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes:_page_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes:_page_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes: page numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes:_page_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previewing_edits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previewing_edits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Previewing edits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previewing_edits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RefToolbar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RefToolbar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>RefToolbar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RefToolbar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_and_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_and_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Issues and limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_and_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flagging_inadequate_referencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flagging_inadequate_referencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Flagging inadequate referencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flagging_inadequate_referencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Help</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Footnotes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مساعدة:هوامش الصفحات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساعدة:هوامش الصفحات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="সহায়:পাদটীকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সহায়:পাদটীকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="সাহায্য:পাদটীকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহায্য:পাদটীকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Википедия:Төшөрмәләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Төшөрмәләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Вікіпедыя:Зноскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіпедыя:Зноскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A6:%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="मदद:फुटनोट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदद:फुटनोट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda:Anotacions_a_peu_de_p%C3%A0gina" title="Ajuda:Anotacions a peu de pàgina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ajuda:Anotacions a peu de pàgina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Википеди:Тĕсевсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Википеди:Тĕсевсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Reference" title="Nápověda:Reference – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nápověda:Reference" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Slutnoter" title="Hjælp:Slutnoter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjælp:Slutnoter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfe:Einzelnachweise" title="Hilfe:Einzelnachweise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hilfe:Einzelnachweise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuda:C%C3%B3mo_referenciar" title="Ayuda:Cómo referenciar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayuda:Cómo referenciar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helpo:Referencoj_kaj_piednotoj" title="Helpo:Referencoj kaj piednotoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Helpo:Referencoj kaj piednotoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="راهنما:پانویس‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:پانویس‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Aide:Insérer une référence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aide:Insérer une référence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axuda:Citas_ao_p%C3%A9" title="Axuda:Citas ao pé – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Axuda:Citas ao pé" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:Footnotes" title="મદદ:Footnotes – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદદ:Footnotes" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EA%B0%81%EC%A3%BC" title="도움말:각주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도움말:각주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վիքիպեդիա:Ծանոթագրություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիպեդիա:Ծանոթագրություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD" title="सहायता:सन्दर्भ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहायता:सन्दर्भ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Fusnote" title="Wikipedija:Fusnote – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija:Fusnote" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Catatan_kaki" title="Bantuan:Catatan kaki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bantuan:Catatan kaki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Note" title="Aiuto:Note – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:Note" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%94:%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עזרה:הערת שוליים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עזרה:הערת שוליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitulung:Cathetan_sikil" title="Pitulung:Cathetan sikil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pitulung:Cathetan sikil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Notes_jap%C3%A9" title="Aiuto:Notes japé – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aiuto:Notes japé" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%ABdz%C4%ABba:Atsauces" title="Palīdzība:Atsauces – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Palīdzība:Atsauces" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="مساعدة:اسلوب كتابة الملاحظات و المصادر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مساعدة:اسلوب كتابة الملاحظات و المصادر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nota_kaki" title="Wikipedia:Nota kaki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Nota kaki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6:%D0%AD%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B6" title="Тусламж:Эх сурвалж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тусламж:Эх сурвалж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referenties_en_voetnoten" title="Help:Referenties en voetnoten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Help:Referenties en voetnoten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="Help:脚注 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Help:脚注" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Википеди:ТӀетовжамаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Википеди:ТӀетовжамаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelp:Referanser" title="Hjelp:Referanser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjelp:Referanser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:Footnotes" title="ସହଯୋଗ:Footnotes – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସହଯୋଗ:Footnotes" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoc:Przypisy" title="Pomoc:Przypisy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pomoc:Przypisy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Refer%C3%AAncias_e_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajutor:Note" title="Ajutor:Note – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ajutor:Note" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Сноски – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Сноски" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:Footnotes" title="උදවු:Footnotes – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උදවු:Footnotes" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Help:Footnotes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoc:Referencie" title="Pomoc:Referencie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pomoc:Referencie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Sklici_na_koncu_besedila" title="Pomoč:Sklici na koncu besedila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomoč:Sklici na koncu besedila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Помоћ:Фусноте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Помоћ:Фусноте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%82%86%E1%82%88%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA:Footnotes" title="လွင်ႈၸွႆႈထႅမ်:Footnotes – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွင်ႈၸွႆႈထႅမ်:Footnotes" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96" title="วิธีใช้:เชิงอรรถ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิธีใช้:เชิงอรรถ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the official guideline on citing sources, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For help with citation templates, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Help:Citation Style 1</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:FN" redirects here. For the fringe theories noticeboard, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:NOTES" redirects here. For hatnotes, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Wikipedia:Hatnote</a>. For article layout of footnotes, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:NOTES" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NOTES">MOS:NOTES</a>. For musical notes, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Images_and_notation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music § Images and notation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:FOOT"></span><span id="WP:FOOTNOTES"></span><span id="H:FN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:FOOT&redirect=no">H:FOOT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FOOTNOTES&redirect=no">WP:FOOTNOTES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:FN&redirect=no">H:FN</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page explains how to create the <b>Footnotes</b> section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of <a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">footnotes</a>. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a>. </p><p>Footnotes are used most commonly to provide: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Explanatory_notes" title="Help:Explanatory notes">explanatory information</a>, or</li> <li>source information for tables and other elements.</li></ul> <p>Footnotes or <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a> may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">Variation in citation methods</a>. </p><p>Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#Citation_density" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence</a>, because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MINREF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MINREF">When you must use inline citations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_article_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Good article criteria">Good article criteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">When to cite</a>. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a> and examples of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a>. </p><p>Footnotes are created using the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite">Cite</a> software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements <code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>>...</ref></code>, <code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">references</a> /></code> and <code class="nowrap" style=""><references>...</references></code>. The elements are also used in a number of templates; for example, it is becoming more common to use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code> rather than <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> as it can style the reference list. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Overview" data-mw-thread-id="h-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Overview"></span>Overview<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Overview"></span></h2></div> <div class="plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #a7d7f9; padding: 0.8em; width: 25%; font-size: 87%; float:right;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VisualEditor-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/200px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/300px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/400px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="225"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <b>Instructions on this page may not work with VisualEditor.</b> If you have <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures" title="Special:Preferences">opted in</a>, you can use either <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> or classic editing through <a href="/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Wiki markup">wiki markup</a> (wikitext) to edit most pages. The directions on this page, especially about what codes to type to produce formatting effects, are predominantly geared toward wikitext editing. For instructions on editing with VisualEditor, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide</a>. </div> <p>The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page: </p> <ul><li>A <b>Footnote marker</b> is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586131">.mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)}</style><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[a]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[Note 1]</sup>. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.</li> <li>A <b>Footnote</b> displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup>, the second would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[2]</sup> and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[a]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[b]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[c]</sup>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[Note 1]</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[Note 2]</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[Note 3]</sup>.</dd> <dd>For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586695">.mw-parser-output .dummy-footnote{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:2em}.mw-parser-output .dummy-footnote>sup{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .dummy-fn-ital{font-style:italic}</style> <div class="dummy-footnote" style="margin-left: 5em;">1. <sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><span title="^" class="fakelinks">^</span></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation">Citation</span></div> <dl><dd>If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586695"> <div class="dummy-footnote" style="margin-left: 5em;">2. ^ <sup class="dummy-fn-ital"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><span title="a b c" class="fakelinks">a b c</span></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation">Citation</span></div> <dl><dd>Clicking on the backlink or pressing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">←</kbd> returns to the footnote marker.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes_in_action" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes_in_action-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes_in_action-Overview"></span>Footnotes in action<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes_in_action-Overview"></span></h3></div> <p>The superscript numeral "1" in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Footnote_markers:_the_basics"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Footnotes:_the_basics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes:_the_basics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes:_the_basics"></span>Footnotes: the basics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes:_the_basics"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Help:Reftags</a></div> <p>To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags. For example: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This is page content.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>LibreOffice For Starters</i>, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template will be explained in the next section. </p><p>The content inside the <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Where_to_place_ref_tags" data-mw-thread-id="h-Where_to_place_ref_tags-Footnotes:_the_basics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Where_to_place_ref_tags-Footnotes:_the_basics"></span>Where to place ref tags<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Where_to_place_ref_tags-Footnotes:_the_basics"></span></h3></div> <p>Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFPUNC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFPUNC">WP:REFPUNC</a>. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">...text.<ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>...text.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Right</span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Content of the reference</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">...text<ref>Content of the reference</ref>. {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>...text<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Wrong (tag before punctuation)</span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Content of the reference</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">...text. <ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>...text. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Wrong (space before tag)</span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Content of the reference</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formatting_ref_tags" data-mw-thread-id="h-Formatting_ref_tags-Footnotes:_the_basics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Formatting_ref_tags-Footnotes:_the_basics"></span>Formatting ref tags<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Formatting_ref_tags-Footnotes:_the_basics"></span></h3></div> <p>The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the <a href="/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick" title="Help:Pipe trick">pipe trick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Substitution" title="Help:Substitution">template substitution</a> will not work in footnotes. For example: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This is page content.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>LibreOffice For Starters</i>, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This is page content.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.example.org">LibreOffice For Starters</a></i>, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>URLs must begin with a supported <a href="/wiki/URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a>. <code>http://</code> and <code>https://</code> will be supported by all browsers; however, <code>ftp://</code>, <code>gopher://</code>, <code>irc://</code>, <code>ircs://</code>, <code>mailto:</code> and <code>news:</code> may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> host-names are currently not supported. </p><p>If URLs in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">citation template parameters</a> contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be <a href="/wiki/Percent-encoded" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent-encoded">percent-encoded</a>. For example, a space must be replaced by <code>%20</code>. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Character </th> <th scope="col">space </th> <th scope="col">" </th> <th scope="col">' </th> <th scope="col">< </th> <th scope="col">> </th> <th scope="col">[ </th> <th scope="col">] </th> <th scope="col">{ </th> <th scope="col">| </th> <th scope="col">} </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Encoding </th> <td>%20</td> <td>%22</td> <td>%27</td> <td>%3C</td> <td>%3E</td> <td>%5B</td> <td>%5D</td> <td>%7B</td> <td>%7C</td> <td>%7D </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Reference_lists:_the_basics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reference_lists:_the_basics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reference_lists:_the_basics"></span>Reference lists: the basics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reference_lists:_the_basics"></span></h2></div> <p>Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This is page content.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>LibreOffice For Starters</i>, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="HELP:MULTIREF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:MULTIREF&redirect=no">HELP:MULTIREF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>In some cases, a page has more than one reference list. Until 2014, multiple uses of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> on the same page required use of a <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|close=</code> parameter; that bug has been fixed and the<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|close=</code> parameter may safely be removed.</li> <li>When editing, <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> may be seen instead of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. This will automatically display the references in multiple columns, but <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> does not offer the other advanced features of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once"></span><span class="anchor" id="Footnote_markers:_using_a_source_more_than_once"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once"></span>Footnotes: using a source more than once<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REFNAME"></span><span id="WP:NAMEDREFS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFNAME&redirect=no">WP:REFNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS&redirect=no">WP:NAMEDREFS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Reference_name_(naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once)"></span> <span class="anchor" id="WP:NAMEDREF"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citing multiple pages of the same source</a></div> <p>You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using <b>named references</b>, also called named footnotes. The syntax to define a named footnote is: </p> <dl><dd><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>"><var>content</var></ref></code></dd></dl> <p>To invoke the named footnote: </p> <dl><dd><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>" /></code></dd></dl> <p>Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules: </p> <ul><li>Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.</li> <li>Names <strong>must not</strong> be purely numeric; the software will accept something like <code>":31337"</code> (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore <code>"31337"</code> (purely numeric).</li> <li>Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like <code>"Nguyen 2010"</code> are preferred to names like <code>":31337"</code>.</li> <li>Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as <code>":0"</code> or <code>"NYT"</code>.</li> <li>Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant: <ul><li>Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters <code>A–Z</code>, <code>a–z</code>, digits <code>0–9</code>, and the symbols <code style="word-break: break-all;">!$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~</code>. That is, all printable ASCII characters except <code style="word-break: break-all;">#"'/=<>?\</code> and space.</li> <li>Inclusion of any other characters, <em>including spaces</em>, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, <code>name="John Smith"</code>. But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<code><</code>) or a double straight quote symbol (<code>"</code>), which may however be included by <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escaping</a> as <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&quot;</code> respectively.</li> <li>The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (<code>"</code>); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.</li></ul></li> <li>You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.</li></ul> <p>Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like <code>":0"</code>, are currently <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VENAMEDREFS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VENAMEDREFS">generated by default</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VE">VisualEditor</a>. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This is page content.<sup id="cite_ref-manchester2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchester2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is more content.<sup id="cite_ref-manchester2002_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchester2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-manchester2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manchester2002_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manchester2002_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>LibreOffice for Starters</i> (First ed.). Manchester: Flexible Minds. 2002. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LibreOffice+for+Starters&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Flexible+Minds&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AFootnotes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have a connection to the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name, by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader. </p><p>Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" /> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This is starter content.<sup id="cite_ref-manchester2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchester2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is expert content.<sup id="cite_ref-lexington2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexington2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And more starter content.<sup id="cite_ref-manchester2002_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchester2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And more expert content.<sup id="cite_ref-lexington2004_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexington2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-manchester2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manchester2002_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manchester2002_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>LibreOffice for Starters</i> (First ed.). Manchester: Flexible Minds. 2002. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LibreOffice+for+Starters&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Flexible+Minds&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AFootnotes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexington2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexington2004_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexington2004_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>OpenOffice for Experts</i>. Lexington. 2004. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OpenOffice+for+Experts&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AFootnotes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When using both names and <a href="#Footnotes:_groups">groups</a>, the syntax is: </p> <dl><dd><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>">Content</ref></code></dd></dl> <p>Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes#Deleting..." title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Reference_lists:_columns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reference_lists:_columns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reference_lists:_columns"></span>Reference lists: columns<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reference_lists:_columns"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:REFCOLS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:REFCOLS&redirect=no">H:REFCOLS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for technical details</div> <p>When using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code>, the list can be split into columns. The <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> tag provides a default column width of 30 <a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a>. <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used to set a different column width: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a>|<var>xx</var>em}}</code>, where <var>xx</var> is the column width in em.</dd></dl> <p>The number of columns will automatically be adjusted to the width of the display. It should be used only when necessary, as both the tag and the template have built-in auto-formatting capabilities providing a useful default display in most scenarios. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist#Columns" title="Template:Reflist">set columns feature</a> is now <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> in favor of the option described above, which is better suited to flexible formatting for a variety of display screen sizes, ranging from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen "cinema" displays. Forcing a fixed number of columns has been disabled in mobile view. </p><p>The number of columns to use is up to the editor, but some major practices include: </p> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a>|30em}}</code>: Where there are many footnotes plus a page-width Bibliography subsection: see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebola_virus_disease&oldid=561190497#References">Ebola virus disease (06:28, 23 June 2013)</a></span></li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a>|20em}}</code>: Where <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a> are used; see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBR_224_and_420_Classes&oldid=442508215#Notes">NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)</a></span>.</li></ul> <p>For example: Using <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a>|30em}}</code> will create columns with a minimum width of 30 em, </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <caption><b>30em wide columns</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Lorem ipsum.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source name, access date, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source name, access date, etc.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="List-defined_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-List-defined_references"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-List-defined_references"></span>List-defined references<span data-mw-comment-end="h-List-defined_references"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:LDR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:LDR&redirect=no">WP:LDR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:List-defined_references" title="Help:List-defined references">Help:List-defined references</a></div> <p>Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change – the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected. </p><p><i>Note that the Visual Editor is unable to create or edit list-defined references, and cannot show the reference text in preview or in the list-creation dialog for re-use of references. This will hamper users of the Visual Editor.</i> </p><p>For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LDRHOW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LDRHOW">WP:LDRHOW</a>. The syntax is: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>{{reflist|refs= <span class="nt"><ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"name1"</span><span class="nt">></span>Content<span class="nt"></ref></span> <span class="nt"><ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"name2"</span><span class="nt">></span>Content<span class="nt"></ref></span> <span class="nt"><ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"name...n"</span><span class="nt">></span>Content<span class="nt"></ref></span> }} </pre></div> <p>or, alternatively, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><references></span> <span class="nt"><ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"name1"</span><span class="nt">></span>Content<span class="nt"></ref></span> <span class="nt"><ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"name2"</span><span class="nt">></span>Content<span class="nt"></ref></span> <span class="nt"><ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"name...n"</span><span class="nt">></span>Content<span class="nt"></ref></span> <span class="nt"></references></span> </pre></div> <p>The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<sup id="cite_ref-LazyDog_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LazyDog-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jukeboxes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jukeboxes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<sup id="cite_ref-JumpingFrogs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JumpingFrogs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LazyDog-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LazyDog_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the lazy dog reference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jukeboxes-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jukeboxes_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the jukeboxes reference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JumpingFrogs-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JumpingFrogs_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the jumping frogs reference.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, <i>in the order that they are first referred to in the content,</i> regardless of their order within the list. All references in reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown. </p><p>Note that when you use the visual editor, you will not be able to add, remove, or change list-defined references. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Embedding_references_within_footnotes"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Footnotes:_embedding_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes:_embedding_references"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes:_embedding_references"></span>Footnotes: embedding references<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes:_embedding_references"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REFNEST"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFNEST&redirect=no">WP:REFNEST</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">WP:Nesting footnotes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Help:Explanatory_notes" title="Help:Explanatory notes">Explanatory notes</a> may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite">Cite</a> software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags cannot be placed inside another pair of <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error. </p><p>The templates <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used to nest references. The markup is: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a>|group=<i>group</i>|name=<i>name</i>|<i>content</i>}}</code> or</dd> <dd><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>|group=<i>group</i>|name=<i>name</i>|refn=<i>content</i>}}</code> or</dd> <dd><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>|g=<i>group</i>|n=<i>name</i>|r=<i>content</i>}}</code> (shorter)</dd></dl> <p><i>name</i> and <i>group</i> being optional parameters. The <i>content</i> may include <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags or another <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. </p><p>The other templates listed below in <a href="#Footnotes:_predefined_groups">Predefined groups</a> are variants of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template. </p><p>Examples: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_{{refn}}" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_{{refn}}-Footnotes:_embedding_references"><span id="Using_.7B.7Brefn.7D.7D"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_{{refn}}-Footnotes:_embedding_references"></span>Using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_{{refn}}-Footnotes:_embedding_references"></span></h3></div> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|group=nb|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A footnote.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A reference for the footnote.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_{{r}}" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_{{r}}-Footnotes:_embedding_references"><span id="Using_.7B.7Br.7D.7D"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_{{r}}-Footnotes:_embedding_references"></span>Using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_{{r}}-Footnotes:_embedding_references"></span></h3></div> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A footnote.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A reference for the footnote.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of the magic word <code>#tag:ref</code> is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> as well as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and its variants use this markup internally. </p> <dl><dd><code>{{#tag:ref|<var>refcontent</var>|group=<var>groupname</var>|name=<var>name</var>}}</code></dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Grouping_footnotes"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Footnotes:_groups" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes:_groups"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes:_groups"></span>Footnotes: groups<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes:_groups"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REFGROUP"></span><span id="WP:CITELABEL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFGROUP&redirect=no">WP:REFGROUP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITELABEL&redirect=no">WP:CITELABEL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group. </p><p>The syntax to define a footnote with a group is: </p> <dl><dd><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref group=<var>groupname</var>>Content</ref></code></dd></dl> <p>If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name <i>must</i> be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional. </p><p>The syntax for the reference list with a group is: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>|group=<var>groupname</var>}}</code></dd></dl> <p>The reference list group name does not need to be enclosed in quotes. </p><p>Example: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This part of the text requires clarification,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the entire text is cited.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And this needs even more clarification.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Listed separately from the citation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another note</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name. </p><p>When using both names and groups, the syntax is: </p> <dl><dd><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>">Content</ref></code></dd></dl> <p>For the repeated note: </p> <dl><dd><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>" /></code></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Footnotes:_predefined_groups" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"></span>Footnotes: predefined groups<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:PREGROUP"></span><span id="WP:EXPLNOTE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:PREGROUP&redirect=no">H:PREGROUP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:EXPLNOTE&redirect=no">WP:EXPLNOTE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For technical details, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Help:Cite link labels</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes#Explanatory_notes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes § Explanatory notes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Variation_in_citation_methods" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Variation in citation methods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Notes_and_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="footnotes_predefined_groups"></span> There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup>) of an <a href="/wiki/Help:Explanatory_notes" title="Help:Explanatory notes">explanatory note</a> or citation (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">more than one of these groups' lists</a> in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections. </p><p>These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the <a href="/wiki/Wikitext" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikitext">wikitext</a> markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested. </p><p><b>Note:</b> If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like <sup><i><b>a b c</b></i></sup>) that toggle the note's display<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague.">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> will be <i>next to</i> the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once">WP:REFNAME</a> and the first point below in <a href="#Issues">§ Issues</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Template_use_by_reference_group_type" data-mw-thread-id="h-Template_use_by_reference_group_type-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Template_use_by_reference_group_type-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"></span>Template use by reference group type<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Template_use_by_reference_group_type-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"></span></h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Group type</th> <th>Footnote marker template<br/>or markup</th> <th>Reference list<br/> template</th> <th>Sample labels </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><i>none by default,<br/>but optionally any</i></td> <td><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> </td> <td rowspan="3"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code> </td> <td rowspan="3">1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>}}</code> (for nested references) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a>}}</code> (for nested references) </td></tr> <tr> <td>lower-alpha</td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a>}}</code><br/><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn-la" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Efn-la">efn-la</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist" title="Template:Notelist">notelist</a>}}</code><br/><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist-la" title="Template:Notelist-la">notelist-la</a>}}</code></td> <td>a b c d e f g h i j </td></tr> <tr> <td>upper-alpha</td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn-ua" title="Template:Efn-ua">efn-ua</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist-ua" title="Template:Notelist-ua">notelist-ua</a>}}</code></td> <td>A B C D E F G H I J </td></tr> <tr> <td>lower-roman</td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn-lr" title="Template:Efn-lr">efn-lr</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist-lr" title="Template:Notelist-lr">notelist-lr</a>}}</code></td> <td>i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x </td></tr> <tr> <td>upper-roman</td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn-ur" title="Template:Efn-ur">efn-ur</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist-ur" title="Template:Notelist-ur">notelist-ur</a>}}</code></td> <td>I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X </td></tr> <tr> <td>lower-greek</td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn-lg" title="Template:Efn-lg">efn-lg</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist-lg" title="Template:Notelist-lg">notelist-lg</a>}}</code></td> <td>α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ </td></tr> <tr> <td>note</td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:NoteTag" title="Template:NoteTag">NoteTag</a>}}</code></td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:NoteFoot" title="Template:NoteFoot">NoteFoot</a>}}</code></td> <td>note 1 note 2 note 3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a>}}</code> supports <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|name=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|group=</code>, which work the same as the parameters in <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> (see, for instance, the 3rd and 4th examples below). Do not enclose values in quotes.</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist" title="Template:Notelist">notelist</a>}}</code> supports the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|colwidth=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|refs=</code>, and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|group=</code> parameters, which work the same as the parameters in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code>. Do not enclose values in quotes.</li></ul> <p>In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <caption><b>With lower-alpha labels</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consectetur adipisicing elit.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 3</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <caption><b>With lower-roman labels</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}} {{notelist-lr}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consectetur adipisicing elit.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 3</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <caption><b>With named references</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consectetur adipisicing elit.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Note</b>: With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <caption><b>Named references can also be defined in the notelist</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}} {{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}} }} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consectetur adipisicing elit.<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Very long footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Very long footnote 2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Note</b>: Due to limitations in the MediaWiki software, do not use list-defined footnotes that contain references. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Issues-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Issues-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"></span>Issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Issues-Footnotes:_predefined_groups"></span></h3></div> <ul><li>Multiple backlink labels (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFNAME">WP:REFNAME</a>) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a>}}</code> is used. See the note in the introduction of <a href="#footnotes_predefined_groups">this section</a>, above.</li> <li>The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if: <ul><li>The value for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|group=</code> in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a>}}</code> or variant as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|group=</code> will not be needed.</li> <li>The value for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|group=</code> in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> is enclosed by quotes; use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a>}}</code> or variant as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|group=</code> will not be needed.</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code> is indented with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:</code> markup.</li> <li><code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> is used instead of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code></li></ul></li> <li>The entries in the reference list will have no styling if: <ul><li>A reference is included in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">navbox</a>}}</code> or one of the variants and the style is set to <code>bodyclass=hlist</code>; to resolve this, replace the style with <code>listclass=hlist</code>.</li></ul></li> <li>If the note text contains an "=" sign, precede the note text with <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|1=</code>, like this: <code>{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}</code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Reference_lists:_automatically_generated" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated"></span>Reference lists: automatically generated<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Automatically_generated_reference_list" title="Help:Automatically generated reference list">Help:Automatically generated reference list</a></div> <p>A page with <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page. </p><p>Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following. Add it at the position where the reference list would normally appear. </p> <div style="width: 10.6em;" class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talk_pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Talk_pages-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Talk_pages-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated"></span>Talk pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Talk_pages-Reference_lists:_automatically_generated"></span></h3></div> <p>On talk pages, the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist-talk" title="Template:Reflist-talk">reflist-talk</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Citing_one_book_repeatedly_with_different_page_numbers"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Footnotes:_page_numbers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes:_page_numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes:_page_numbers"></span>Footnotes: page numbers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes:_page_numbers"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></div> <p>Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. </p><p>One common approach is to use <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened citations</a>. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate <i>References section</i> after the <i>Footnotes section</i>; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]). </p><p>A less common approach is to attach a <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a>|page}}</code> right after the footnote marker replacing the "page" with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Schudson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schudson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<sup id="cite_ref-Schudson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schudson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-Schudson_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schudson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Schudson_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schudson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241–3">: 241–3 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schudson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schudson_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schudson_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schudson_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schudson_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudson1998" class="citation book cs1">Schudson, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82729-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82729-8"><bdi>0-684-82729-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Citizen%3A+A+Brief+History+of+American+Civic+Life&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-684-82729-8&rft.aulast=Schudson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaawMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AFootnotes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>}}</code> compactly combines the functions of <code><ref></code> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>: <code>{{r|Schudson}}</code> is equivalent to <code><ref name="Schudson"/></code> and <code>{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}</code> is equivalent to <code><ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}}</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Previewing_edits" data-mw-thread-id="h-Previewing_edits"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Previewing_edits"></span>Previewing edits<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Previewing_edits"></span></h2></div> <p>When you <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_editing" title="Help:Section">edit a single section</a> of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you <a href="/wiki/Help:Show_preview" title="Help:Show preview">preview your edits</a> under the heading "Preview of references", although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing. </p><p>Tools that can be used are the <a href="/wiki/User:Js/ajaxPreview" title="User:Js/ajaxPreview">user:js/ajaxPreview</a> or <a href="/wiki/User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js" title="User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js">User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js</a> scripts or the <a href="/wiki/User:Cacycle/wikEd" title="User:Cacycle/wikEd">wikEd</a> gadget. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="RefToolbar" data-mw-thread-id="h-RefToolbar"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-RefToolbar"></span>RefToolbar<span data-mw-comment-end="h-RefToolbar"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0">Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cite_web_named_ref_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cite_web_named_ref_01.png/400px-Cite_web_named_ref_01.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cite_web_named_ref_01.png/600px-Cite_web_named_ref_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Cite_web_named_ref_01.png 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="270"/></a><figcaption>Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citation_toolbar_named_ref.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Citation_toolbar_named_ref.png/400px-Citation_toolbar_named_ref.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Citation_toolbar_named_ref.png 1.5x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="71"/></a><figcaption>Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source</figcaption></figure> <p>You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Issues_and_limitations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Issues_and_limitations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Issues_and_limitations"></span>Issues and limitations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Issues_and_limitations"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite">Cite</a> <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/cite/" class="extiw" title="phab:tag/cite/">bug list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Substitution" title="Help:Substitution">subst:</a> does not work within <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags. <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4700" class="extiw" title="phabricator:T4700">T4700</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick" title="Help:Pipe trick">pipe trick</a> does not work within <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags. <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4700" class="extiw" title="phabricator:T4700">T4700</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Flagging_inadequate_referencing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Flagging_inadequate_referencing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Flagging_inadequate_referencing"></span>Flagging inadequate referencing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Flagging_inadequate_referencing"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced/doc#Usage" title="Template:Unreferenced/doc">Template: Unreferenced/doc § Usage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_style" title="Template:Citation style">Template:Citation style</a></div> <ul><li>The template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Refimprove" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Refimprove">Refimprove</a>}}</code> should be added to articles where there are <b>some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material</b> currently in the article. For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">biographies of living persons</a>, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:BLP_sources" title="Template:BLP sources">BLP sources</a>}}</code> instead.</li> <li>The template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced" title="Template:Unreferenced">Unreferenced</a>}}</code> should be added to articles with <b>no references at all</b>. For biographies of living persons, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:BLP_unsourced" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:BLP unsourced">BLP unsourced</a>}}</code> instead.</li> <li>The template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced_section" title="Template:Unreferenced section">Unreferenced section</a>}}</code> is for <b>individual sections that have no citations</b> in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:BLP_unsourced_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:BLP unsourced section">BLP unsourced section</a>}}</code> instead.</li> <li>The template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Medref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Medref">Medref</a>}}</code> is specifically for articles <b>needing additional <i>medical</i> references</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For instructions on how to "bundle" citations, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Help:Citation merging</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation#Using_CITEREF_directly" title="Template:Harvard citation">Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly</a> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sfnref">sfnref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations</a>—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Wikipedia:Help desk</a>—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Editor_tools" title="Template:Editor tools">Template:Editor tools</a>—<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Editor_tools" title="Template:Editor tools">Editor tools</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br/>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing<br/>to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and 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