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Help:Citations quick reference - Wikipedia

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.ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to 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It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CQR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CQR&amp;redirect=no">WP:CQR</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citations</a> are important in Wikipedia to ensure that information comes from actual, reliable sources (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">WP:V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">WP:CITE</a>). There are three preferred ways of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citing sources</a>: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li>Footnotes with <a href="/wiki/Help:List-defined_references" title="Help:List-defined references">list-defined references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li></ol> <p>Citations can also be placed as <a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">external links</a>, but these are not preferred because they are prone to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LR">link rot</a> and usually lack the full information necessary to find the original source in cases of link rot. In cases where citations are lacking, the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">fact</a>}}</code> can be added after the statement in question. </p><p>The following table shows examples of these ways of citing sources, categorized as "<a href="/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly" title="The Good, the Bad and the Ugly">the good, the bad and the ugly</a>". <br style="clear:both;"/> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Citation style</th> <th>Article <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">wikitext</a></th> <th>Appears as</th> <th>References section <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">wikitext</a></th> <th>Appears as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lime">Good </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">Footnotes</a> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Substantiated claim.<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Robinson"</span><span class="p">>{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">last</span><span class="o">=</span>Robinson <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">first</span><span class="o">=</span>Arthur Howard <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">authorlink</span><span class="o">=</span>Arthur H. Robinson <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>1995 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">origyear</span><span class="o">=</span>1953 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Elements of Cartography <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">edition</span><span class="o">=</span>6th <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">location</span><span class="o">=</span>New York <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">publisher</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">Wiley (publisher)</span><span class="p">|</span>Wiley<span class="p">]]</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">isbn</span><span class="o">=</span>0471555797 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">oclc</span><span class="o">=</span>30976558<span class="p">}}&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">>{{</span><span class="nt">rp</span><span class="p">|</span>13<span class="p">}}</span> Another substantiated claim.<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Robinson"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">/>{{</span><span class="nt">rp</span><span class="p">|</span>42<span class="p">}}</span> Substantiated claim from web site.<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"example web reference"</span><span class="p">>{{</span><span class="nt">cite web</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url</span><span class="o">=</span>http://www.example.org <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Example <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">website</span><span class="o">=</span>www.example.org <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">accessdate</span><span class="o">=</span>5 September 2020<span class="p">}}</span> Additional text about the link.<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> </td> <td> <p>Substantiated claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p><p>Another substantiated claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>Substantiated claim from web site.<sup id="cite_ref-example_web_reference_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-example_web_reference-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gu">===References===</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">references</span><span class="p">/></span> </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> </td> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Robinson, Arthur Howard</a> (1995) [1953]. <i>Elements of Cartography</i> (6th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471555797" title="Special:BookSources/0471555797"><bdi>0471555797</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30976558">30976558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Elements+of+Cartography&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30976558&amp;rft.isbn=0471555797&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Howard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitations+quick+reference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-example_web_reference-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-example_web_reference_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.example.org">"Example"</a>. <i>www.example.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.example.org&amp;rft.atitle=Example&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitations+quick+reference" class="Z3988"></span> Additional text about the link.</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lime">Good </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:List-defined_references" title="Help:List-defined references">Footnotes with list-defined references</a> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Substantiated claim.<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Robinson"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">/>{{</span><span class="nt">rp</span><span class="p">|</span>13<span class="p">}}</span> Another substantiated claim.<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Robinson"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">/>{{</span><span class="nt">rp</span><span class="p">|</span>42<span class="p">}}</span> Substantiated claim from web site.<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"example web reference"</span><span class="p">/></span> </pre></div> </td> <td> <p>Substantiated claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p><p>Another substantiated claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>Substantiated claim from web site.<sup id="cite_ref-example_web_reference_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-example_web_reference-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">references</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Robinson"</span><span class="p">>{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">last</span><span class="o">=</span>Robinson <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">first</span><span class="o">=</span>Arthur Howard <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">authorlink</span><span class="o">=</span>Arthur H. Robinson <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>1995 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">origyear</span><span class="o">=</span>1953 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Elements of Cartography <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">edition</span><span class="o">=</span>6th <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">location</span><span class="o">=</span>New York <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">publisher</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">Wiley (publisher)</span><span class="p">|</span>Wiley<span class="p">]]</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">isbn</span><span class="o">=</span>0471555797 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">oclc</span><span class="o">=</span>30976558<span class="p">}}&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"example web reference"</span><span class="p">>{{</span><span class="nt">cite web</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url</span><span class="o">=</span>http://www.example.org <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Example <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">website</span><span class="o">=</span>www.example.org <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">accessdate</span><span class="o">=</span>5 September 2020<span class="p">}}</span> Additional text about the link.<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">references</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Robinson, Arthur Howard</a> (1995) [1953]. <i>Elements of Cartography</i> (6th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471555797" title="Special:BookSources/0471555797"><bdi>0471555797</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30976558">30976558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Elements+of+Cartography&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30976558&amp;rft.isbn=0471555797&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Howard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitations+quick+reference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-example_web_reference-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-example_web_reference_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.example.org">"Example"</a>. <i>www.example.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.example.org&amp;rft.atitle=Example&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitations+quick+reference" class="Z3988"></span> Additional text about the link.</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lime">Good </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Substantiated claim.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span><span class="p">|</span>Harris<span class="p">|</span>Sanborn<span class="p">|</span>2014<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">p</span><span class="o">=</span>13<span class="p">}}</span> Another substantiated claim.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span><span class="p">|</span>Harris<span class="p">|</span>Sanborn<span class="p">|</span>2014<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">p</span><span class="o">=</span>42<span class="p">}}</span> Substantiated claim from web site.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span><span class="p">|</span>Example<span class="p">|</span>2020<span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> </td> <td>Substantiated claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201413_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201413-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Another substantiated claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201442_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201442-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantiated claim from web site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExample2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExample2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gu">==Notes==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">refbegin</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite web</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url</span><span class="o">=</span>http://www.example.org <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Example <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">website</span><span class="o">=</span>www.example.org <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">accessdate</span><span class="o">=</span>5 September 2020 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">ref</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">harvid</span><span class="p">|</span>Example<span class="p">|</span>2020<span class="p">}}}}</span> Additional text about the link. <span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">last1</span><span class="o">=</span>Harris <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">first1</span><span class="o">=</span>Richard Jackson <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">last2</span><span class="o">=</span>Sanborn <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">first2</span><span class="o">=</span>Fred W. <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>2014 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">origyear</span><span class="o">=</span>1994 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>A Cognitive Psychology of Mass Communication <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">edition</span><span class="o">=</span>6th <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">series</span><span class="o">=</span>Routledge Communication Series <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">location</span><span class="o">=</span>New York <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">publisher</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">Routledge</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">isbn</span><span class="o">=</span>9780415537049 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">oclc</span><span class="o">=</span>785869181<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">refend</span><span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">Notes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201413-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201413_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisSanborn2014">Harris &amp; Sanborn 2014</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201442-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisSanborn201442_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisSanborn2014">Harris &amp; Sanborn 2014</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEExample2020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExample2020_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFExample2020">Example 2020</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExample2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.example.org">"Example"</a>. <i>www.example.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.example.org&amp;rft.atitle=Example&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitations+quick+reference" class="Z3988"></span> Additional text about the link.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisSanborn2014" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Richard Jackson; Sanborn, Fred W. (2014) [1994]. <i>A Cognitive Psychology of Mass Communication</i>. Routledge Communication Series (6th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415537049" title="Special:BookSources/9780415537049"><bdi>9780415537049</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785869181">785869181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Cognitive+Psychology+of+Mass+Communication&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.series=Routledge+Communication+Series&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785869181&amp;rft.isbn=9780415537049&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+Jackson&amp;rft.au=Sanborn%2C+Fred+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitations+quick+reference" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: yellow">Bad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_citations" title="Wikipedia:Embedded citations">Embedded links</a> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Substantiated claim.<span class="p">[</span><span class="nl">https://www.loc.gov</span><span class="p">]</span> </pre></div> </td> <td>Substantiated claim.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.loc.gov">[1]</a> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nl">https://www.loc.gov</span><span class="w"> </span>Library of Congress website<span class="p">]</span> </pre></div> </td> <td> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov">Library of Congress website</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: red">Ugly </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">Citation needed</a> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Unsubstantiated claim.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">fact</span><span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> </td> <td>Unsubstantiated claim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citations_quick_reference&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><!--__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[]}}--></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Introduction to referencing">Help:Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with VisualEditor">Help:Introduction to referencing with VisualEditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br/>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q &amp; A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing<br/>to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Image deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">link color</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Passwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Simple vandalism cleanup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Elevation" title="Help:Elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's directories and indexes">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a> <small>(Encyclopedia proper)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Editor's index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">Missing Manual</a></b> <hr/> <span class="noprint plainlinks" title="Edit Special:MyTalk"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MyTalk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=Help:Contents/helpmepreload&amp;preloadtitle=Help+me%21"><b>Ask for help on your talk page</b></a></span> <b><abbr title="If you need help, you can use this link to ask a question on your talk page; a volunteer will visit you there shortly!">(?)</abbr></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b7f745dd4‐kmnh6 Cached time: 20241125134052 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.042 seconds CPU time usage: 0.656 seconds Real time usage: 0.994 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 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