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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historic examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authenticity_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authenticity_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Authenticity of events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authenticity_of_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authenticity of events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authenticity_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism_authenticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_authenticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tourism authenticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_authenticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Celebrities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-scientific_internet_polls_and_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-scientific_internet_polls_and_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Non-scientific internet polls and news</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-scientific_internet_polls_and_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_coverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_coverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>War coverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_coverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medienereignis" title="Medienereignis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Medienereignis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceso_medi%C3%A1tico" title="Suceso mediático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suceso mediático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristiwa_media" title="Peristiwa media – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peristiwa media" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="אירוע מדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירוע מדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediebegivenhet" title="Mediebegivenhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mediebegivenhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evento_midi%C3%A1tico" title="Evento midiático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evento midiático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Event created for publicity</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groundhog_Day,_Punxsutawney,_2013-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-2.jpg/220px-Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-2.jpg/330px-Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-2.jpg/440px-Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a> annual ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>media event,</b> also known as a <b>pseudo-event</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an event, activity, or experience conducted for the purpose of creating media <a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">publicity</a>. It may also be any event that is covered in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> or was hosted largely with the media in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In media studies, <b>"media event"</b> is an established theoretical term first developed by <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Katz" title="Elihu Katz">Elihu Katz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dayan" title="Daniel Dayan">Daniel Dayan</a> in the 1992 book <i>Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History.</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media events in this sense are ceremonial events with narrative progression that are live broadcast and gather a large segment of the population, such as royal weddings or funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defining characteristics of a media event are that it is immediate (i.e., it is broadcast live), organized by a non-media entity, containing ceremonial and dramatic value, preplanning, and focusing on a personality, whether that be a single person or a group.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2009 book <i>Media Events in a Global Age</i> updates the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory of media events has also been applied to social media, for instance in an analysis of tweets about the Swedish elections<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_mittens_meme" title="Bernie Sanders mittens meme">Bernie Sanders mittens meme</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration of Joe Biden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Media events may center on a news announcement, an <a href="/wiki/Anniversary" title="Anniversary">anniversary</a>, a <a href="/wiki/News_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="News conference">news conference</a>, or planned events like speeches or demonstrations. Instead of paying for advertising time, a media or pseudo-event seeks to use <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> to gain media and public attention. The theorist Marshal McLuhan has stated that the pseudo-event has been viewed as an event that is separate from reality and is to simply satisfy our need for constant excitement and interest in pop culture. These events are, “planned, planted, or incited (Merrin, 2002)” solely to be reproduced later again and again.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "pseudo-event" was coined by the <a href="/wiki/Theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theorist">theorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a> in his 1961 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Image:_A_Guide_to_Pseudo-events_in_America" title="The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America">The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America</a></i>: “The celebration is held, <a href="/wiki/Photo_Op" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo Op">photographs are taken</a>, the occasion is widely reported.”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is closely related to idea of <a href="/wiki/Hyperreality" title="Hyperreality">hyperreality</a> and thus <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, although Boorstin's coinage predates the two ideas and related work of postmodern thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>. A media event being a kind of <a href="/wiki/Event_management" title="Event management">planned event</a>, it may be called <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">inauthentic</a> in contrast to a spontaneous one. </p><p>In distinguishing between a pseudo-event and a spontaneous one, Boorstin states characteristics of a pseudo-event in his book titled "Hidden History." He says that a pseudo-event is: dramatic, repeatable, costly, intellectually planned, and social. It causes other pseudo-events, and one must know about it to be considered "informed".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_2020_bid_-_130907_203400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madrid_2020_bid_-_130907_203400.jpg/170px-Madrid_2020_bid_-_130907_203400.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madrid_2020_bid_-_130907_203400.jpg/255px-Madrid_2020_bid_-_130907_203400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madrid_2020_bid_-_130907_203400.jpg/340px-Madrid_2020_bid_-_130907_203400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4864" /></a><figcaption>Madrid sends its bid for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference">Press conference</a>:</b> A news conference is often held when an organization wants members of the press to get an announcement simultaneously. The in-person events may include interviews, questioning, and show-and-tell. These conferences often provide little information about the topic or don't reach a clear consensus. Media events like news conferences can come to be expected, especially before, during, and after sporting events, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> demands that its players provide a weekly media event by taking postgame questions from reporters. When Seattle Seahawks running back <a href="/wiki/Marshawn_Lynch" title="Marshawn Lynch">Marshawn Lynch</a> dressed and left the stadium after a loss on Nov. 16, 2014, the NFL fined him $100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Political_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Political convention">Political conventions</a>, planned presentations or speeches about company earnings or political issues, are a form of media event.</li> <li><b>Celebrity events:</b> <a href="/wiki/Award_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Award ceremony">Award ceremonies</a>, red carpet events and celebrity <a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo opportunities</a> are all considered a type of media event, where the event is orchestrated for the purpose of introducing a chosen narrative into the media.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sex_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex tape">Sex tapes</a></b>: When created with the intention of being 'leaked' is a form of a pseudo-event because its purpose is to generate media attention.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a> and charity events:</b> They may be planned almost exclusively for the purpose of getting media attention for an issue or cause.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_examples">Historic examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historic examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Media events became prominent when the media did. The driving of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Spike" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Spike">Golden Spike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Promontory_Summit,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Promontory Summit, Utah">Promontory Summit, Utah</a>, in 1869 has been described as one of the first media events in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Torches_of_Freedom" title="Torches of Freedom">Torches of Freedom</a> campaign in 1929 is an example of an early media event that successfully influenced public opinion. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> visit to the United States in 1959 was highly influential, and has been cited as the first example of media events being utilized in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Media events became practical in the middle 19th century as the Morse <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Daily_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily newspaper">daily newspapers</a> introduced same-day <a href="/wiki/News_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="News cycle">news cycles</a>. The emergence of the internet led to many media stories being published live from the media event, real-time Twitter coverage, and immediate analysis of televised media events. When musical artist <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> pretended to take questions during his <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> press conference but instead broke immediately into song, his performance itself became a meta media-event-within-a-media-event.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a postmodern perspective, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> argued in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulf_War_Did_Not_Take_Place" title="The Gulf War Did Not Take Place">The Gulf War Did Not Take Place</a></i> that the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the first war broadcast on television, was not a real war, but a media event planned by the US army and media outlets like CNN.<sup id="cite_ref-Baudrillard_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baudrillard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authenticity_of_events">Authenticity of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authenticity of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These events are used by public relations professionals to satisfy journalists’ interests and needs so they can create a great story that makes an impact on the public. Examples include politicians taking photos with citizens to boost their likeability and press conferences. Though this is very common, using this media technique has been criticized for not producing authentic material, which is seen as stylistic instead of substantial informational. The public relations industry targets all sectors, not just government, with pseudo-events on behalf of representing and maintaining their clients’ interests and image.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can bring into question if some of the media put out is actually true news and can be relied on, especially since serious topics are talked about using this technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_authenticity">Tourism authenticity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tourism authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tourism industry is subject to pseudo-events that are often unnoticed to the average tourist themselves. Every country may have specific sites, attractions, and things to do for a tourist so they can experience what life is like in that country or at least be introduced to the culture. The locals know that these attractions aren't always a true reflection of life in that country, but rather a hyperreality to satisfy the desire to see the real thing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourists are in search for the authenticity when visiting but these events that appear as one thing are not truly authentic; it is a symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a postmodern perspective, tourists can enjoy these staged attractions and activities to get a more realistic experience. Examples include taking photos with a character or actor who plays the part of an authentic local or buying souvenirs at a market. Some tourists don't notice these events because they are made to distract from everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrities">Celebrities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Celebrities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boorstin has viewed <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrities</a> as ‘human pseudo-events’, specifically in American culture thought history, since the 1800s. Celebrities have an image that represents an ideal life, an elite status and persona that is separate from everyday life. They are seen as glamorous but with a distance from the public sphere. There are some celebrities that portray a life that seems unattainable by many, then there are celebrities who are famous for actual achievements. Examples of pseudo-events created by celebrities range from anything from signing autographs, making public appearances, holding an exclusive event, or doing projects with charities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-scientific_internet_polls_and_news">Non-scientific internet polls and news</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-scientific internet polls and news"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-scientific <a href="/wiki/Open-access_poll" title="Open-access poll">internet polls</a> have been increasingly popular as a conversational tool on websites and major news outlets. This method is used to invite participants to take a survey, which can generate thousands of responses or more. These polls are self-selected and can be used to drive more traffic to the website, which can cause the need for more news and generate more revenue. The large volume of responses can improve the image that is being reported rather than the news content itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants can believe that their participation in these polls can contribute to the reported online survey's topic. Jack Fuller, President of Tribune Publishing Company, has touched on this topic and how this form of gathering information for non-scientific reasons can be inauthentic.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of these online polls as news content can place scientific polls used for research to be equally as legitimate when that is often not the case. Boorstin has noted that these pseudo-events' main goals are meeting increased demands for more news and revenue generation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_coverages">War coverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War coverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1991 when Baudrillard made the bold claim that "<a href="/wiki/The_Gulf_War_Did_Not_Take_Place" title="The Gulf War Did Not Take Place">The Gulf War Did Not Take Place</a>", the authenticity of war coverages has long been debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Baudrillard_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baudrillard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar claims have also been made on the <a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, which broke out against the backdrop of a much more post-modernized society in which anyone can create their own news and "realities".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_anniversary" title="Corporate anniversary">Corporate anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_media" title="Earned media">Earned media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperreality" title="Hyperreality">Hyperreality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth" title="Post-truth">Post-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message" title="The medium is the message">The medium is the message</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScherer" class="citation web cs1">Scherer, Helmut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405131995_chunk_g978140513199518_ss36-1">"Media Events and Pseudo-Events"</a>. <i>Blackwell Reference Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blackwell+Reference+Online&rft.atitle=Media+Events+and+Pseudo-Events&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellreference.com%2Fpublic%2Ftocnode%3Fid%3Dg9781405131995_chunk_g978140513199518_ss36-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+event" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language,_Fourth_Edition" class="citation web cs1">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/89/M0188900.html">"media event"</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=media+event&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.au=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F89%2FM0188900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+event" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDayanKatz1992" class="citation book cs1">Dayan, Daniel; Katz, Elihu (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607059875"><i>Media events : the live broadcasting of history</i></a>. Elihu Katz. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03030-5"><bdi>978-0-674-03030-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607059875">607059875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+events+%3A+the+live+broadcasting+of+history&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607059875&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03030-5&rft.aulast=Dayan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Katz%2C+Elihu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F607059875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+event" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScannell2022" class="citation journal cs1">Scannell, Paddy (2022-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0007">"The life and times of media events: A tribute to Elihu Katz"</a>. <i>Nordic Journal of Media Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0007">10.2478/njms-2022-0007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248562478">248562478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Media+Studies&rft.atitle=The+life+and+times+of+media+events%3A+A+tribute+to+Elihu+Katz&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248562478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scannell&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fnjms-2022-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+event" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatz" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Elihu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1271&context=asc_papers">"Media Events: The Sense of Occasion"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+ScholarlyCommons&rft.atitle=Media+Events%3A+The+Sense+of+Occasion&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Elihu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1271%26context%3Dasc_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+event" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCouldrHepp2010" class="citation book cs1">Couldr, Nick; Hepp, Andreas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/654781286"><i>Media events in a global age</i></a>. 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonEnli2022" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Jessica Yarin; Enli, Gunn (2022-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0004">"#MakeSwedenGreatAgain: Media events as politics in the deterritorialised nationalism debate"</a>. <i>Nordic Journal of Media Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0004">10.2478/njms-2022-0004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F97370">10852/97370</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248562462">248562462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Media+Studies&rft.atitle=%23MakeSwedenGreatAgain%3A+Media+events+as+politics+in+the+deterritorialised+nationalism+debate&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F97370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248562462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0004&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jessica+Yarin&rft.au=Enli%2C+Gunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fnjms-2022-0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+event" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJerslev2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jerslev, Anne (2022-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0002">"Contemporary ceremonial media events – time and temporalities of liveness"</a>. <i>Nordic Journal of Media Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fnjms-2022-0002">10.2478/njms-2022-0002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(2018). Media events in contexts of transition: sites of hope, disruption and protest. Media, Culture & Society, 40(1), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726012</li> <li>Strand, Forssberg, H., Klingberg, T., & Norrelgen, F. (2008). Phonological working memory with auditory presentation of pseudo-words — An event related fMRI Study. Brain Research, 1212(30 May), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.097</li> <li>Morgan. (2011). Celebrity: Academic “Pseudo-Event” or a Useful Concept for Historians? Cultural and Social History, 8(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.2752/147800411X12858412044474</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_event&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527111836/http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=historyandt">History and Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerproductevents.com">Consumer Product Events</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506113714/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/articles/media01.htm">How Mass Media Simulate Political Transparency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828055639/http://www.uni-giessen.de/gkmedienereignisse/home/gk-researchprogram.php">Post Graduate Programme: Transnational Media Events from Early Modern Times to the Present</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-media/european-media-events">European media events</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0267323189004004002">History as a Communication Event</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Media_event&oldid=1246112070">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Media_event&oldid=1246112070</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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