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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="ما بعد الحقيقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ما بعد الحقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="সত্যোত্তর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সত্যোত্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Постпраўда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Постпраўда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Постпраўда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Постпраўда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postveritat" title="Postveritat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Postveritat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpravda" title="Postpravda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Postpravda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5etus" title="Tõetus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tõetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-verit%C3%AA" title="Post-veritê – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Post-veritê" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posverdad" title="Posverdad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Posverdad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posverdade" title="Posverdade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Posverdade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%88%EC%A7%84%EC%8B%A4" title="탈진실 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탈진실" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-istina" title="Post-istina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Post-istina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasca_kebenaran" title="Pasca kebenaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasca kebenaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-verit%C3%A0" title="Post-verità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Post-verità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%AA" title="פוסט-אמת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוסט-אמת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttruth" title="Posttruth – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Posttruth" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfaktuell" title="Postfaktuell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Postfaktuell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprawda" title="Postprawda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Postprawda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3s-verdade" title="Pós-verdade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pós-verdade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-adev%C4%83r" title="Post-adevăr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Post-adevăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Постправда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постправда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakikat_sonras%C4%B1" title="Hakikat sonrası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hakikat sonrası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Постправда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Постправда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پوسٹ ٹرتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پوسٹ ٹرتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8" 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The specific problem is: <b>Remainder of article needs to use less jargon and overly verbose phrasing.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Post-truth" title="Special:EditPage/Post-truth">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept regarding objective facts</div> <p><b>Post-truth</b> is a term that refers to the widespread documentation of, and concern about, disputes over public <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> claims in the 21st century. The term's academic development refers to the theories and research that seek to explain the specific causes historically, and the effects of the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford Dictionaries</a> popularly defines it as "relating to and denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">appeals to emotion</a> and personal belief."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term was used in phrases like "<a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">post-truth politics</a>" academically and publicly before 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2016 the term was named <a href="/wiki/Word_of_the_year" title="Word of the year">Word of the Year</a> by Oxford Dictionaries after the term's proliferation in the first <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election of President Trump</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Brexit referendum</a> in the United Kingdom; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> has been characterized as engaging in a "war on truth".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford Dictionaries further notes that post-truth was often used as an adjective to signal a distinctive kind of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars argue that post-truth has similarities with past <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemic</a>, and political debates about <a href="/wiki/Relativism#Postmodernism_and_relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">postmodernity</a>, and dishonesty in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others insist that post-truth is specifically concerned with 21st century communication technologies and cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_precedents_in_philosophy">Historical precedents in philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical precedents in philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-truth is about a historical problem regarding <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in everyday life, especially politics. But truth has long been one of the major preoccupations of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. Truth is also one of the most complicated concepts in the history of philosophy, and much of the research and public debate about post-truth assumes a particular theory of truth, what philosophers call a <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">correspondence theory of truth</a>. The latter might be considered the most prominent theory of truth, though with its share of critics, whereby words correspond to an accepted or mutually available reality to be examined and confirmed. Another major theory of truth is <a href="/wiki/Coherence_theory_of_truth" title="Coherence theory of truth">coherence theory</a>, where truth is not just about one claim but a series of statements that cohere about the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several academic experts note that the emphasis on philosophical debates about truth have little to do with the concept of post-truth as it has historically emerged in popular politics (see <a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">post-truth politics</a>), not in philosophy. As the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Julian Baggini</a> explains: </p> <blockquote><p>The merits of these competing theories are of mainly academic concern. When people debate whether there were weapons of mass destruction in <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussain</a>'s Iraq, whether global warming is real and anthropogenic, or whether austerity is necessary, their disagreements are not the consequence of competing theories of truth. No witness need ask a judge which theory she has in mind when asked to promise to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Why then has truth become so problematic in the world outside academic philosophy? One reason is that there is major disagreement and uncertainty concerning what counts as a reliable <i>source</i> of truth. For most of human history, there was some stable combination of trust in religious texts and leaders, learned experts and the enduring folk wisdom called <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a>. Now, it seems, virtually nothing is universally taken as an authority. This leaves us having to pick our own experts or simply to trust our guts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It follows that according to experts who approach the concept of post-truth as something historically specific, as a contemporary sociological phenomenon, post-truth theory is only remotely related to traditional debates in philosophy about the nature of truth. In other words, post-truth as a contemporary phenomenon is not about asking "what is truth?" or "is X true?" but "why don't we agree that this or that is true?" A broad range of scholarship increasingly insists a breakdown in institutional authority for truth-telling (government, news media, especially) ushered by <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> and communication technologies of <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>, new media editing technologies (visual, audio-visual), and a saturating promotional culture has resulted in confusion and "games of truth"-telling,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even truth markets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friedrich_Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Friedrich Nietzsche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all commentators, however, treat post-truth as a historically specific phenomenon discussed through implicit correspondence, coherence, or pragmatist theories of truth. They discuss it within a philosophical tradition that asks what truth is. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, a 19th century German philosopher, is sometimes cited in this camp of post-truth commentators. </p><p>Friedrich Nietzsche is sometimes invoked as a predecessor to theories of post-truth.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that humans create the concepts through which they define the good and the just, thereby replacing the concept of truth with the concept of value, and grounding reality in the human will and <a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a>. </p><p> In his 1873 essay <i><a href="/wiki/On_Truth_and_Lies_in_a_Nonmoral_Sense" title="On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense">Truth and Lying in an Extra-Moral Sense</a>,</i> Nietzsche holds that humans create truth about the world through their use of <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. He writes,</p><blockquote><p>If someone hides an object behind a bush, then seeks and finds it there, that seeking and finding is not very laudable: but that is the way it is with the seeking and finding of "truth" within the rational sphere. If I define the mammal and then after examining a camel declare, "See, a mammal", a truth is brought to light, but it is of limited value. I mean, it is anthropomorphic through and through and contains not a single point that would be "true in itself" or really and universally valid, apart from man. The investigator into such truths is basically seeking just the metamorphosis of the world into man; he is struggling to understand the world as a human-like thing and acquires at best a feeling of assimilation.</p></blockquote> <p>According to Nietzsche, all insights and ideas arise from a particular perspective. This means that there are many possible perspectives in which a truth or value judgment can be made. This amounts to declaring that there is no "true" way of seeing the world, but it does not necessarily mean that all perspectives are equally valid. </p><p> Nietzschean <a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">perspectivism</a> denies that a metaphysical objectivism is anything possible and asserts that there are no objective evaluations capable of transcending any cultural formation or subjective designations. This means that there are no objective facts and that understanding or knowledge of a thing in itself is not possible: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Against <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, which stops at phenomena: "there are only the facts". I would say: no, there really are no facts, but only interpretations. We cannot ascertain any fact "in itself".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Therefore, the truth (and above all the belief in it) is an error, but it is an error necessary for life: "Truth is a kind of error without which a certain kind of living creature would not be able to live". (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i>, KGW VII, 34 [253].) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Weber">Max Weber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Max Weber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fact%E2%80%93value_distinction#Weber" title="Fact–value distinction">Fact–value distinction § Weber</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_theory_and_continental_philosophy"><span class="anchor" id="Critical_theory"></span><span class="anchor" id="French_theory"></span>Critical theory and continental philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical theory and continental philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some influential philosophers are skeptical of the division between facts and values. They argue that scientific facts are socially produced through relations of power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruno_Latour">Bruno Latour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bruno Latour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a> has been criticized for contributing to the intellectual foundations for post-truth. In 2018, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">New York Times</a></i> ran a profile on Bruno Latour and <a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">post-truth politics</a>. According to the article, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In a series of controversial books in the 1970s and 1980s, [Latour] argued that scientific facts should instead be seen as a <i>product</i> of scientific inquiry. Facts, Latour said according to his <a href="/wiki/Actor-network_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Actor-network theory">actor-network theory</a>, were "networked"; they stood or fell not on the strength of their inherent veracity but on the strength of the institutions and practices that produced them and made them intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> However, the article claims that it is a misinterpretation to claim that Latour doesn't believe in reality or that truth is relative: </p><blockquote><p>Had they been among our circus that day, Latour's critics might have felt that there was something odd about the scene – the old adversary of science worshipers kneeling before the altar of science. But what they would have missed – what they have always missed – was that Latour never sought to deny the existence of gravity. He has been doing something much more unusual: trying to redescribe the conditions by which this knowledge comes to be known.</p></blockquote><p> The disputable reputation of Latour as a "fact-denier", stemmed from his article in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Recherche" title="La Recherche">La Recherche</a></i> (1998), a French monthly magazine. Here Latour discusses the discovery in 1976, by French scientists working on the <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a>, that his death was due to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Jean Bricmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> wrote of Latour:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"How could he pass away due to a <a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">bacillus</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> in 1882?" Latour argues that it would be an anachronism to assert that Ramses II was killed by machine-gun fire or died from the stress provoked by a stock-market crash. But then, Latour also asks why isn't death from tuberculosis likewise an anachronism? His answer: "Before Koch, the bacillus has no real existence." He dismisses the common-sense notion that Koch discovered a pre-existing bacillus as "having only the appearance of common sense".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In this sense, Latour (or <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well) draws attention to the institutional and practical contingencies for producing knowledge (which in science is always changing at slower and faster rates). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hannah_Arendt">Hannah Arendt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hannah Arendt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt#Lying_in_politics" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah_Arendt § Lying_in_politics</a></div> <p>Hannah Arendt has been cited as an important conceptual resource for post-truth theory in that she attempted to theorize something historically shifting, instead of meditating on the nature of truth itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her essay <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lying_in_Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lying in Politics (page does not exist)">Lying in Politics</a></i> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> describes what she terms <i>defactualization,</i> or the inability to discern fact from fiction<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a concept very close to what we now understand by post-truth. The essay's central theme is the thoroughgoing political <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a> that was unveiled with the leaking of the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a> in 1971. Her main target of critique is the professional "problem-solvers" tasked with solving American foreign policy "problems" during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and who comprised the group that authored the <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Arendt distinguishes defactualization from <b>deliberate falsehood<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> and from <b>lying</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She writes,</p><blockquote><p>The deliberate falsehood deals with <i>contingent</i> facts; that is, with matters that carry no inherent truth within themselves, no necessity to be as they are. Factual truths are never compellingly true. The historian knows how vulnerable is the whole texture of facts in which we spend our daily life; it is always in danger of being perforated by single lies or torn to shreds by the organized lying of groups, nations, or classes, or denied and distorted, often carefully covered up by reams of falsehoods or simply allowed to fall into oblivion.</p></blockquote><p> She goes on,</p><blockquote><p>There always comes the point beyond which lying becomes counterproductive. This point is reached when the audience to which the lies are addressed is forced to disregard altogether the distinguishing line between truth and falsehood in order to be able to survive. Truth or falsehood – it does not matter which anymore, if your life depends on your acting as though you trusted; truth that can be relied on disappears entirely from public life, and with it the chief stabilizing factor in the ever-changing affairs of men.</p></blockquote><p> Arendt faults the Vietnam era problem-solvers with being overly rational, "trained in translating all factual contents into the language of numbers and percentages",<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and out of touch with the facts of "given reality."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to contemporary definitions of post-truth that emphasize a reliance on emotion over facts and evidence, Arendt's notion of defactualization identifies <i>hyper-rationality</i> as the mechanism that blurs the line between "fact and fantasy": the problem-solvers "were indeed to a rather frightening degree above 'sentimentality' and in love with 'theory', the world of sheer mental effort. They were eager to find formulas, preferably expressed in a pseudo-mathematical language..."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arendt writes: "What these problem-solvers have in common with down-to-earth liars is the attempt to get rid of facts and the confidence that this should be possible because of the inherent contingency of facts."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She explains that deception and even <i><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">self-deception</a></i> are rendered meaningless in a defactualized world, for both rely on preserving the distinction between truth and falsehood. On the other hand, in a defactualized environment, the individual "loses all contact with not only his audience, but also the real world, which will still catch up with him because he can remove his mind from it but not his body."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Arendt specifically pointed to advertising (and what has recently been described as an all-encompassing "promotional culture") as having played a primary role in creating knowledge conditions of "ready to buy" that contemporary thinkers describe as characteristic of post-truth. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>She spoke of a "recent variety" added to "the many genres in the art of lying developed in the past: the apparently innocuous one of the public-relations managers in government who learned their trade from the inventiveness of Madison Avenue." Arendt noted that their "origin [lay] in the consumer society" (p. 8). This importation from consumer society to politics was problematic, according to Hannah Arendt, for public relations "deals only in opinions and 'good will,' the readiness to buy, that is, in intangibles whose concrete reality is at a minimum."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Referring to the aforementioned concept of "defactualization" by Arendt, but applying it to the <a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">information society</a> of the twenty-first century, <a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Byung-Chul Han</a> argues that a "new <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>" is emerging, in which the lie is no longer passed off as truth, or in which the truth is disavowed as a lie. Rather it is the very distinction between truth and falsehood that is undermined. Anyone who knowingly lies and resists the truth, paradoxically recognizes it. Lying is possible only where the distinction between truth and falsehood is intact. The liar does not lose touch with the truth. His faith in reality does not waver. The liar is not a nihilist, he does not question truth itself. The more determined he lies, the more the truth is confirmed. "Fake news" are not lies: they attack "facticity" itself. They "de-facticize" reality. When Donald Trump offhandedly says whatever suits him, he is not a classic liar knowingly distorting reality, as to do that one would need to know it. He is rather indifferent to the truth of facts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_evaluation">Contemporary evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, a famous <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Science communicator">science communicator</a>, argued in his work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World:_Science_as_a_Candle_in_the_Dark" class="mw-redirect" title="The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark">The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Science is more than a body of knowledge; it is a way of thinking. I have a foreboding of an America in my children's or grandchildren's time – when the United States is a service and information economy; when nearly all the key manufacturing industries have slipped away to other countries; when awesome technological powers are in the hands of a very few, and no one representing the public interest can even grasp the issues; when the people have lost the ability to set their own agendas or knowledgeably question those in authority; when, clutching our crystals and nervously consulting our horoscopes, our critical faculties in decline, unable to distinguish between what feels good and what's true, we slide, almost without noticing, back into superstition and darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Carl Sagan's words are thought to be a prediction of a "post-truth" or "<a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">alternative facts</a>" world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, some scholars use the term "post-truth" to refer to such "a situation in society and politics, in which the boundary between truth and untruth is erased, facts and related narratives are purposefully produced, emotions are more important than knowledge and the actors of social or political life do not care for truth, proof and evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the context of politics, post-truth has recently been applied to the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections, Brexit, the COVID-19 "infodemic", and the conditions that led to the storming of the US capital on January 6, 2021. The historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> wrote of post-truth and the <a href="/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 storming of the United States Capitol">2021 storming of the United States Capitol</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Post-truth is pre-fascism... When we give up on truth, we concede power to those with the wealth and charisma to create spectacle in its place. Without agreement about some basic facts, citizens cannot form the civil society that would allow them to defend themselves. If we lose the institutions that produce facts that are pertinent to us, then we tend to wallow in attractive abstractions and fictions... Post-truth wears away the rule of law and invites a regime of myth.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The writer George Gillett has suggested that the term "post-truth" mistakenly conflates empirical and ethical judgements, writing that the supposedly "post-truth" movement is in fact a rebellion against "expert economic opinion becoming a surrogate for values-based political judgements".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">Consensus reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory_of_truth" title="Consensus theory of truth">Consensus theory of truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodern philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarsin2018" class="citation web cs1">Harsin, Jayson (2018-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-757">"Post-Truth and Critical Communication Studies"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.757">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.757</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190228613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190228613"><bdi>978-0190228613</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Post-Truth+and+Critical+Communication+Studies&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.757&rft.isbn=978-0190228613&rft.aulast=Harsin&rft.aufirst=Jayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fcommunication%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228613-e-757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalpokas2018" class="citation book cs1">Kalpokas, Ignas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1048428960"><i>A political theory of post-truth</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97713-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97713-3"><bdi>978-3-319-97713-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048428960">1048428960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+theory+of+post-truth&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048428960&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97713-3&rft.aulast=Kalpokas&rft.aufirst=Ignas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1048428960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCosentino2020" class="citation book cs1">Cosentino, Gabriele (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1145550288"><i>Social media and the post-truth world order : the global dynamics of disinformation</i></a>. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43005-4"><bdi>978-3-030-43005-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145550288">1145550288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+media+and+the+post-truth+world+order+%3A+the+global+dynamics+of+disinformation&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145550288&rft.isbn=978-3-030-43005-4&rft.aulast=Cosentino&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1145550288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'Ancona2017" class="citation book cs1">D'Ancona, Matthew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988858863"><i>Post truth : the new war on truth and how to fight back</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78503-687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78503-687-3"><bdi>978-1-78503-687-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988858863">988858863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post+truth+%3A+the+new+war+on+truth+and+how+to+fight+back&rft.place=London&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988858863&rft.isbn=978-1-78503-687-3&rft.aulast=D%27Ancona&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F988858863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRommetveit2022" class="citation book cs1">Rommetveit, Kjetil (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Post-Truth-Imaginations-New-Starting-Points-for-Critique-of-Politics-and/Rommetveit/p/book/9780367146818#sup"><i>Post-Truth Imaginations: New Starting Points for Critique of Politics and Technoscience</i></a>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367146818" title="Special:BookSources/9780367146818"><bdi>9780367146818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Truth+Imaginations%3A+New+Starting+Points+for+Critique+of+Politics+and+Technoscience&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780367146818&rft.aulast=Rommetveit&rft.aufirst=Kjetil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FPost-Truth-Imaginations-New-Starting-Points-for-Critique-of-Politics-and%2FRommetveit%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367146818%23sup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116101017/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016">"Word of the Year 2016 is..."</a> <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bruno+Latour%2C+the+Post-Truth+Philosopher%2C+Mounts+a+Defense+of+Science&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kofman&rft.aufirst=Ava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F25%2Fmagazine%2Fbruno-latour-post-truth-philosopher-science.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSokalBricmont1999" class="citation book cs1">Sokal, Alan; Bricmont, Jean (1999). <i>Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of science</i>. Picador USA. p. 96, n. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312204075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312204075"><bdi>978-0312204075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashionable+Nonsense%3A+Postmodern+Intellectuals%27+Abuse+of+science&rft.pages=96%2C+n.+123&rft.pub=Picador+USA&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0312204075&rft.aulast=Sokal&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Bricmont%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2001" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2001) [1976]. "Truth and Power". In Faubion, James (ed.). <i>Power: Essential Works of Foucault</i>. New Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565847095" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565847095"><bdi>978-1565847095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Truth+and+Power&rft.btitle=Power%3A+Essential+Works+of+Foucault&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1565847095&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarsin2018" class="citation web cs1">Harsin, Jayson (2018-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-757">"Post-Truth and Critical Communication Studies"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.757">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.757</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190228613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190228613"><bdi>978-0190228613</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of&rft.atitle=Post-Truth+and+Critical+Communication+Studies&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.757&rft.isbn=978-0190228613&rft.aulast=Harsin&rft.aufirst=Jayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fcommunication%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228613-e-757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arendt 1972, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHan2022" class="citation book cs1">Han, Byung-Chul (2022). <i>Infocracy: Digitization and the Crisis of Democracy</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-509-55298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-509-55298-6"><bdi>978-1-509-55298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infocracy%3A+Digitization+and+the+Crisis+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Polity+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-509-55298-6&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Byung-Chul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter: The Crisis of Truth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSagan1996" class="citation book cs1">Sagan, Carl (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/B-001-001-709/page/n39/mode/1up"><i>The Demon-Haunted world: Science as a Candle in the Dark</i></a>. New York: Ballantine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345409461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345409461"><bdi>978-0345409461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demon-Haunted+world%3A+Science+as+a+Candle+in+the+Dark&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0345409461&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FB-001-001-709%2Fpage%2Fn39%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/carl-sagans-foreboding-of-an-america/">"Is This Carl Sagan's 'Foreboding of an America'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Is+This+Carl+Sagan%27s+%27Foreboding+of+an+America%27%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fcarl-sagans-foreboding-of-an-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVacura2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vacura, Miroslav (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/VACEOT">"Emergence of the Post-truth Situation—Its Sources and Contexts"</a>. <i>Disputatio</i>. <b>9</b> (13). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3567162">10.5281/zenodo.3567162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2254-0601">2254-0601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disputatio&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+the+Post-truth+Situation%E2%80%94Its+Sources+and+Contexts&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3567162&rft.issn=2254-0601&rft.aulast=Vacura&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FVACEOT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2021" class="citation news cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2021-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/magazine/trump-coup.html">"The American Abyss"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+American+Abyss&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F09%2Fmagazine%2Ftrump-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillet2017" class="citation web cs1">Gillet, George (20 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgegillett.com/2017/04/20/the-myth-of-post-truth-politics/">"The myth of post-truth politics"</a>. <i>georgegillet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgegillet.com&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+post-truth+politics&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.aulast=Gillet&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgegillett.com%2F2017%2F04%2F20%2Fthe-myth-of-post-truth-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-truth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Post-truth" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Post-truth">Post-truth</a> at Wikiquote </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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<li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_from_the_United_States" title="Remittances from the United States">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_States" title="Slum clearance in the United States">Slum Clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)#North_America" title="Hawker (trade)">Street vendors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_the_United_States" title="Urbanization in the United States">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Widening income gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Educational inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher education bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters in the United States">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Pollution in the United States">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_in_the_United_States" title="Cohabitation in the United States">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic violence in the United States">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family#Recent_trend_in_the_United_States" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_the_United_States" title="Family planning in the United States">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Marital rape in the United States">Martial rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in the United States">Polygamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Children in the United States">Children</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Child marriage in the United States">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Street children in the United States">Street children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack#United_States" title="Acid attack">Acid attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Women's health in the United States">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_States" title="Prostitution in the United States">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Sexism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">racial inequality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental racism in the United States">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Racial profiling in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Racial profiling in the United States">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_wage_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial wage gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration in the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organized_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Organized crime in the United States">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">prison overcrowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Race and crime in the United States">Race and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism#Vigilantism_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police#United_States" title="Internet police">Cybercrime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnutrition in the United States">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">Suicide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United States">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Censorship in the United States">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Internet censorship in the United States">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_social_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Films about social issues in the United States">Films about social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news in the United States">Fake news</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Age discrimination in the United States">Age discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Caste discrimination in the United States">Caste discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Family responsibilities discrimination in the United States">Family responsibilities discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Housing discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutionalized_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Institutionalized discrimination in the United States">Institutionalized discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Religious discrimination in the United States">Religious discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States" title="Gambling in the United States">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">Political apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">Police brutality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>Abraham, Praveen & Mathew, Raisun (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.in/Post-Truth-Era-Literature-Media/dp/B09D3N83S3/">The Post-Truth Era: Literature and Media, <i>Authorspress</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdlerDrieschova2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Emanuel; Drieschova, Alena (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/epistemological-challenge-of-truth-subversion-to-the-liberal-international-order/D2B6C964CBAAD892DB7ED5A62DBB2932">"The Epistemological Challenge of Truth Subversion to the Liberal International Order"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>75</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818320000533">10.1017/S0020818320000533</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183">0020-8183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221684565">221684565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Epistemological+Challenge+of+Truth+Subversion+to+the+Liberal+International+Order&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221684565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818320000533&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft.au=Drieschova%2C+Alena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-organization%2Farticle%2Fepistemological-challenge-of-truth-subversion-to-the-liberal-international-order%2FD2B6C964CBAAD892DB7ED5A62DBB2932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kakutani, Michiko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/573029/the-death-of-truth-by-michiko-kakutani/">"The Death of Truth" <i>Penguin Random House</i> (August 2019) </a></li> <li>McIntyre, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/post-truth/">"Post Truth" <i>MIT Press</i> (February 2018)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuckle2017" class="citation journal cs1">Muckle, Bob (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2FAN.297">"Equipping Archaeology for the Post-Truth, Fake News Era"</a>. <i>Anthropology News</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">e164 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e167</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2FAN.297">10.1111/AN.297</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-3502">1556-3502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+News&rft.atitle=Equipping+Archaeology+for+the+Post-Truth%2C+Fake+News+Era&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee164+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee167%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2FAN.297&rft.issn=1556-3502&rft.aulast=Muckle&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252FAN.297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-truth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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