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id="toc-In_comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensify/downplay_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensify/downplay_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intensify/downplay pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensify/downplay_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doublespeak_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doublespeak_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Doublespeak Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doublespeak_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCTE_Committee_on_Public_Doublespeak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCTE_Committee_on_Public_Doublespeak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>NCTE Committee on Public Doublespeak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-NCTE_Committee_on_Public_Doublespeak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle NCTE Committee on Public Doublespeak subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-NCTE_Committee_on_Public_Doublespeak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hugh_Rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hugh_Rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hugh Rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hugh_Rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daniel_Dieterich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniel_Dieterich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Daniel Dieterich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniel_Dieterich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_D._Lutz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_D._Lutz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>William D. Lutz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_D._Lutz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_against_doublespeak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_against_doublespeak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education against doublespeak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_against_doublespeak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Doublespeak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="দুইকথা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুইকথা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doble_discurso" title="Doble discurso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doble discurso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EB%B2%95" title="이중화법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이중화법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Doublespeak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duple-parla" title="Duple-parla – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Duple-parla" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ダブルスピーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダブルスピーク" 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distorts, or reverses the meaning of words</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the song by American metalcore band Myka Relocate, see <a href="/wiki/Lies_to_Light_the_Way" title="Lies to Light the Way">Lies to Light the Way</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a> or <a href="/wiki/Double-talk" title="Double-talk">Double-talk</a>.</div> <p><b>Doublespeak</b> is language that deliberately <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">obscures</a>, disguises, distorts, or reverses the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a> of words. Doublespeak may take the form of <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemisms</a> (e.g., "downsizing" for <a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">layoffs</a> and "servicing the target" for <a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">bombing</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which case it is primarily meant to make the truth sound more palatable. It may also refer to intentional <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> in language or to actual inversions of meaning. In such cases, doublespeak disguises the nature of the truth. </p><p>Doublespeak is most closely associated with political language used by large entities such as corporations and governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Orwell_2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orwell_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_concepts">Origins and concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>doublespeak</i> derives from two concepts in <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">doublethink</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>", despite the term itself not being used in the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-A1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another version of the term, <i>doubletalk</i>, also referring to intentionally ambiguous speech, did exist at the time Orwell wrote his book, but the usage of <i>doublespeak</i>, as well as of "doubletalk", in the sense of emphasizing ambiguity, clearly predates the publication of the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallels have also been drawn between doublespeak and Orwell's classic essay, <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a></i>, which discusses linguistic distortion for purposes related to politics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay, he observes that political language often serves to distort and obscure reality. Orwell's description of political speech is extremely similar to the popular definition of the term, doublespeak:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible… Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness… the great enemy of clear language is insincerity. Where there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms…</p></blockquote> <p>The writer <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> cited what he saw as examples of doublespeak and doublethink in modern society.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herman describes in his book, <i>Beyond Hypocrisy,</i> the principal characteristics of doublespeak: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is really important in the world of doublespeak is the ability to lie, whether knowingly or unconsciously, and to get away with it; and the ability to use lies and choose and shape facts selectively, blocking out those that don’t fit an agenda or program.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_politics">In politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> comment in their book <i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media</a></i> that Orwellian doublespeak is an important component of the manipulation of the English language in American media, through a process called <i>dichotomization,</i> a component of media propaganda involving "deeply embedded double standards in the reporting of news." For example, the use of state funds by the poor and financially needy is commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Handout" title="Handout">handouts</a>," which the "coddled" poor "take advantage of". These terms, however, are not as often applied to other beneficiaries of government spending such as military spending.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bellicose language used interchangeably with calls for peace towards <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> president <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Aliyev</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> were described as doublespeak in media.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_advertising">In advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advertisers can use doublespeak to mask their commercial intent from users, as users' defenses against advertising become more entrenched.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_Gibson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_Gibson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are attempting to counter this technique with a number of systems offering diverse views and information to highlight the manipulative and dishonest methods that advertisers employ.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidney_J._Hormell_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidney_J._Hormell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a>, "the aim is not to even modify people’s ideas on a given subject, rather, it is to achieve conformity in the way that people act." He demonstrates this view by offering an example from drug advertising. Use of doublespeak in advertisements resulted in aspirin production rates rising by almost 50 percent from over 23 million pounds in 1960 to over 35 million pounds in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_comedy">In comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doublespeak, particularly when exaggerated, can be used as a device in satirical comedy and social commentary to <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironically</a> parody political or bureaucratic establishments' intent on obfuscation or prevarication. The television series <i><a href="/wiki/Yes_Minister" title="Yes Minister">Yes Minister</a></i> is notable for its use of this device.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerron2007144_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerron2007144-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> was an early proponent of this device<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilleen201312_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilleen201312-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a significant influence on Orwell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensify/downplay_pattern"><span id="Intensify.2Fdownplay_pattern"></span>Intensify/downplay pattern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intensify/downplay pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This pattern was formulated by Hugh Rank and is a simple tool designed to teach some basic patterns of persuasion used in political propaganda and commercial advertising. The function of the intensify/downplay pattern is not to dictate what should be discussed but to encourage coherent thought and systematic organization. The pattern works in two ways: intensifying and downplaying. All people intensify, and this is done via repetition, association and composition. Downplaying is commonly done via omission, diversion and confusion as they communicate in words, gestures, numbers, et cetera. Individuals can better cope with organized persuasion by recognizing the common ways whereby communication is intensified or downplayed, so as to counter doublespeak.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselriis_1991_28–35_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselriis_1991_28–35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_social_media">In social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022 and 2023, it was widely reported that <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> users were using a form of doublespeak – sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Algospeak" title="Algospeak">algospeak</a>" – to subvert <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">content moderation</a> on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTAlgospeak_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTAlgospeak-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WPAlgospeak_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPAlgospeak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include using the word "unalive" instead of "dead" or "kill", or using "leg booty" instead of <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>, which users believed would prevent moderation algorithms from banning or <a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">shadow banning</a> their accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTAlgospeak_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTAlgospeak-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doublespeak_Award">Doublespeak Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Doublespeak Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doublespeak_Award" title="Doublespeak Award">Doublespeak Award</a></div> <p>Doublespeak is often used by politicians to advance their agenda. The <a href="/wiki/Doublespeak_Award" title="Doublespeak Award">Doublespeak Award</a> is an "ironic tribute to public speakers who have perpetuated language that is grossly deceptive, evasive, euphemistic, confusing, or self-centered." It has been issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a> (NCTE) since 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recipients of the Doublespeak Award are usually politicians, national administration or departments. An example of this is the United States Department of Defense, which won the award three times, in 1991, 1993, and 2001. For the 1991 award, the United States Department of Defense "swept the first six places in the Doublespeak top ten"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for using euphemisms like "servicing the target" (bombing) and "force packages" (warplanes). Among the other phrases in contention were "difficult exercise in labor relations", meaning a strike, and "meaningful downturn in aggregate output", an attempt to avoid saying the word "recession".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NCTE_Committee_on_Public_Doublespeak">NCTE Committee on Public Doublespeak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: NCTE Committee on Public Doublespeak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a></div> <p>The US <b>National Council of Teachers of English</b> (NCTE) Committee on Public Doublespeak was formed in 1971, in the midst of the Watergate scandal. It was at a point when there was widespread skepticism about the degree of truth which characterized relationships between the public and the worlds of politics, the military, and business. </p><p>NCTE passed two resolutions. One called for the council to find means to study dishonest and inhumane uses of language and literature by advertisers, to bring offenses to public attention, and to propose classroom techniques for preparing children to cope with commercial propaganda. The other called for the council to find means to study the relationships between language and public policy and to track, publicize, and combat semantic distortion by public officials, candidates for office, political commentators, and all others whose language is transmitted through the mass media. </p><p>The two resolutions were accomplished by forming NCTE's Committee on Public Doublespeak, a body which has made significant contributions in describing the need for reform where clarity in communication has been deliberately distorted.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_S.Zais_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_S.Zais-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hugh_Rank">Hugh Rank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hugh Rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hugh Rank helped form the Doublespeak committee in 1971 and was its first chairman. Under his editorship, the committee produced a book called <i>Language and Public Policy</i> (1974), with the aim of informing readers of the extensive scope of doublespeak being used to deliberately mislead and deceive the audience. He highlighted the deliberate public misuses of language and provided strategies for countering doublespeak by focusing on educating people in the English language so as to help them identify when doublespeak is being put into play. He was also the founder of the Intensify/Downplay pattern that has been widely used to identify instances of doublespeak being used.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_S.Zais_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_S.Zais-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniel_Dieterich">Daniel Dieterich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Daniel Dieterich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Daniel Dieterich, former chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a>, served as the second chairman of the Doublespeak committee after Hugh Rank in 1975. He served as editor of its second publication, <i>Teaching about Doublespeak</i> (1976), which carried forward the committee's charge to inform teachers of ways of teaching students how to recognize and combat language designed to mislead and misinform.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_S.Zais_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_S.Zais-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style></p><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?10449-1/doublespeak"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with William Lutz on <i>Doublespeak: The Use of Language to Deceive You</i></a>, December 31, 1989, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_D._Lutz">William D. Lutz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: William D. Lutz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lutz" title="William D. Lutz">William D. Lutz</a>, professor emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University-Camden" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers University-Camden">Rutgers University-Camden</a> has served as the third chairman of the Doublespeak Committee since 1975. In 1989, both his own book <i>Doublespeak</i> and, under his editorship, the committee's third book, <i>Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four</i>, were published. <i>Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four</i> consists of 220 pages and eighteen articles contributed by long-time Committee members and others whose bodies of work have contributed to public understanding about language, as well as a bibliography of 103 sources on doublespeak.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselriis_1991_28–35_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselriis_1991_28–35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutz was also the former editor of the now defunct <i>Quarterly Review of Doublespeak</i>, which examined the use of vocabulary by public officials to obscure the underlying meaning of what they tell the public. Lutz is one of the main contributors to the committee as well as promoting the term "doublespeak" to a mass audience to inform them of its deceptive qualities. He mentions:<sup id="cite_ref-William_Lutz2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Lutz2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is more to being an effective consumer of language than just expressing dismay at dangling modifiers, faulty subject and verb agreement, or questionable usage. All who use language should be concerned whether statements and facts agree, whether language is, in Orwell's words, "largely the defense of the indefensible" and whether language "is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind".</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_against_doublespeak">Education against doublespeak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education against doublespeak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Weingartner, one of the founding members of the NCTE committee on Public Doublespeak mentioned: "people do not know enough about the subject (the reality) to recognize that the language being used conceals, distorts, misleads. Teachers of English should teach our students that words are not things, but verbal tokens or signs of things that should finally be carried back to the things that they stand for to be verified."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesopian_language" title="Aesopian language">Aesopian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_speak" class="mw-redirect" title="Business speak">Business speak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant (language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catachresis" title="Catachresis">Catachresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_word_(figure_of_speech)" title="Code word (figure of speech)">Code word (figure of speech)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_lingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate lingo">Corporate lingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog-whistle_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog-whistle politics">Dog-whistle politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bind" title="Double bind">Double bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">Double entendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-talk" title="Double-talk">Double-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak_Award" title="Doublespeak Award">Doublespeak Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">Obscurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Pentagon Is Given an Award, but It's No Prize". <i>The New York Times</i>. November 24, 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Is+Given+an+Award%2C+but+It%27s+No+Prize&rft.date=1991-11-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orwell_2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orwell_2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2008" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2008). <i>1984</i>. Penguin Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103614-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103614-4"><bdi>978-0-14-103614-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103614-4&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWassermanHausrath2005" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Paul; Hausrath, Don (30 October 2005). "Introduction". <i>Weasel Words: The Dictionary of American Doublespeak</i>. Capital Ideas Book. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933102078" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933102078"><bdi>978-1933102078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Weasel+Words%3A+The+Dictionary+of+American+Doublespeak&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Capital+Ideas+Book&rft.date=2005-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1933102078&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hausrath%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57004?rskey=mWZwYd&result=1">"double, adj. 1 and adv."</a>. <i>OED</i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=double%2C+adj.+1+and+adv.&rft.btitle=OED&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F57004%3Frskey%3DmWZwYd%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57061">"double-talk, n."</a>. <i>OED</i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 1974). "Public Doublespeak: Teaching about Language in the Marketplace". <i>College English</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F374874">10.2307/374874</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/374874">374874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=Public+Doublespeak%3A+Teaching+about+Language+in+the+Marketplace&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1974-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F374874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F374874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dieterich&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerron2007144-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerron2007144_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerron2007">Herron 2007</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilleen201312-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilleen201312_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKilleen2013">Killeen 2013</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2015-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2015_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2015_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2015">Bennett 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasselriis_1991_28–35-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasselriis_1991_28–35_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasselriis_1991_28–35_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasselriis1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hasselriis, Peter (February 1991). "From Pearl Harbor to Watergate to Kuwait: "Language in Thought and Action"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The English Journal</i>. <b>80</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F818749">10.2307/818749</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/818749">818749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=From+Pearl+Harbor+to+Watergate+to+Kuwait%3A+%22Language+in+Thought+and+Action%22&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1991-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F818749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F818749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hasselriis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTAlgospeak-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTAlgospeak_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTAlgospeak_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelkic2022" class="citation news cs1">Delkic, Melina (2022-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/style/tiktok-avoid-moderators-words.html">"Leg Booty? Panoramic? Seggs? How TikTok Is Changing Language"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leg+Booty%3F+Panoramic%3F+Seggs%3F+How+TikTok+Is+Changing+Language&rft.date=2022-11-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Delkic&rft.aufirst=Melina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F19%2Fstyle%2Ftiktok-avoid-moderators-words.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPAlgospeak-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPAlgospeak_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2022" class="citation news cs1">Lorenz, Taylor (2022-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/">"Internet 'algospeak' is changing our language in real time, from 'nip nops' to 'le dollar bean'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Internet+%27algospeak%27+is+changing+our+language+in+real+time%2C+from+%27nip+nops%27+to+%27le+dollar+bean%27&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2022%2F04%2F08%2Falgospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKreuz2023" class="citation web cs1">Kreuz, Roger J. (2023-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460">"What is 'algospeak'? Inside the newest version of linguistic subterfuge"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=What+is+%27algospeak%27%3F+Inside+the+newest+version+of+linguistic+subterfuge&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.aulast=Kreuz&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhat-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/unalive-suicide-tiktok-language-death-e605d4da81c02335a3b60d27c40562bc">"Online, 'unalive' means death or suicide. Experts say it might help kids discuss those things"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 2023-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Online%2C+%27unalive%27+means+death+or+suicide.+Experts+say+it+might+help+kids+discuss+those+things&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Funalive-suicide-tiktok-language-death-e605d4da81c02335a3b60d27c40562bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131208/http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward">"NCTE: The Doublespeak Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward">the original</a> on 2018-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCTE%3A+The+Doublespeak+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncte.org%2Fvolunteer%2Fgroups%2Fpubliclangcom%2Fdoublespeakaward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1991" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Tom (December 21, 1991). "Rape trial deserved award for doublespeak". <i>The Gazette (Montreal, Quebec)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette+%28Montreal%2C+Quebec%29&rft.atitle=Rape+trial+deserved+award+for+doublespeak&rft.date=1991-12-21&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_S.Zais-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_S.Zais_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_S.Zais_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_S.Zais_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZais1978" class="citation journal cs1">Zais, Robert S. (September 1978). "Labels, Bandwagons, & Linguistic Pollution in the Field of Education". <i>The English Journal</i>. <b>67</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F815871">10.2307/815871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/815871">815871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=Labels%2C+Bandwagons%2C+%26+Linguistic+Pollution+in+the+Field+of+Education&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1978-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F815871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F815871%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zais&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Lutz2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_Lutz2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"A new look at 'doublespeak'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Advertising Age</i>. November 6, 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=A+new+look+at+%27doublespeak%27&rft.date=1989-11-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKehlHoward_Livingston1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kehl, D.G; Howard Livingston (July 1999). "Doublespeak Detection for the English Classroom". <i>The English Journal</i>. <b>88</b> (6): 77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F822191">10.2307/822191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/822191">822191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=Doublespeak+Detection+for+the+English+Classroom&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F822191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F822191%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kehl&rft.aufirst=D.G&rft.au=Howard+Livingston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaar2004" class="citation book cs1">Baar, James (2004). <i>Spinspeak II: The Dictionary Of Language Pollution</i>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4184-2742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4184-2742-9"><bdi>978-1-4184-2742-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spinspeak+II%3A+The+Dictionary+Of+Language+Pollution&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4184-2742-9&rft.aulast=Baar&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2015" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w41MCgAAQBAJ&q=doublespeak+oscar+wilde&pg=PT17"><i>Oscar Wilde's Society Plays</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137410931" title="Special:BookSources/9781137410931"><bdi>9781137410931</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde%27s+Society+Plays&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781137410931&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw41MCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddoublespeak%2Boscar%2Bwilde%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerman1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Herman, Edward S.</a> (1992). <i>Beyond Hypocrisy: Decoding the News in an Age of Propaganda : Including A Doublespeak Dictionary for the 1990s</i>. Black Rose Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895431-48-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895431-48-3"><bdi>978-1-895431-48-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Hypocrisy%3A+Decoding+the+News+in+an+Age+of+Propaganda+%3A+Including+A+Doublespeak+Dictionary+for+the+1990s&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-895431-48-3&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerron2007" class="citation book cs1">Herron, Fred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zvRVmSlcVkC&q=yes+minister+double+speak&pg=PA144"><i>Combing the Tradition: Catholic Schools in the Era of Baptismal Consciousness</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761837985" title="Special:BookSources/9780761837985"><bdi>9780761837985</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combing+the+Tradition%3A+Catholic+Schools+in+the+Era+of+Baptismal+Consciousness&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780761837985&rft.aulast=Herron&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zvRVmSlcVkC%26q%3Dyes%2Bminister%2Bdouble%2Bspeak%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilleen2013" class="citation book cs1">Killeen, Jarlath (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvChAgAAQBAJ&q=doublespeak+oscar+wilde&pg=PA12"><i>The Fairy Tales of Oscar Wilde</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409489832" title="Special:BookSources/9781409489832"><bdi>9781409489832</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fairy+Tales+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409489832&rft.aulast=Killeen&rft.aufirst=Jarlath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvChAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddoublespeak%2Boscar%2Bwilde%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lutz" title="William D. Lutz">Lutz, William</a>. (1987). <i>Doublespeak: From "Revenue Enhancement" to "Terminal Living": How Government, Business, Advertisers, and Others Use Language to Deceive You</i>. New York: Harper & Row</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLutz1989" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, William (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondnineteenei0000unse"><i>Beyond 1984: Doublespeak in a Post-Orwellian Age</i></a></span>. National Council of Teachers of English. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8141-0285-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8141-0285-5"><bdi>978-0-8141-0285-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+1984%3A+Doublespeak+in+a+Post-Orwellian+Age&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Teachers+of+English&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8141-0285-5&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondnineteenei0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaby1997" class="citation book cs1">Raby, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tEV0AgAAQBAJ&q=doublespeak+oscar+wilde&pg=PT122"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107493803" title="Special:BookSources/9781107493803"><bdi>9781107493803</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Oscar+Wilde&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781107493803&rft.aulast=Raby&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtEV0AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddoublespeak%2Boscar%2Bwilde%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoublespeak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doublespeak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/doublespeak" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/doublespeak">doublespeak</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830154127/http://www.dt.org/html/Doublespeak.html">Business Doublespeak</a> A short essay by William Lutz</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damronplanet.com/doublespeak/">DoubleSpeak Homepage</a> by Michele Damron (1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward">National Council of Teachers of English Doublespeak Award</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131208/http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward">Archived</a> 2018-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> established in 1974</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audience_fragmentation" title="Audience fragmentation">Audience fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tactics165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tactics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lie" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Lie">Big Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_playbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinformation playbook">Disinformation playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle (politics)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">Doxxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">List of fake news websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satirical_fake_news_websites" title="List of satirical fake news websites">List of satirical fake news websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li>Logic and reasoning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_gallop" title="Gish gallop">Gish gallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_fallacy" title="Formal fallacy">Formal fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Quote mining">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">Counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumors">Rumors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin (propaganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_fabrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific fabrication">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_terms165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Targets_&amp;_Campaigns165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Targets & Campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Gaza_war" title="Misinformation in the Gaza war">Misinformation in the Gaza war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_conspiracy_theory" title="New World Order conspiracy theory">New World Order conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russian disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disinformation_attacks_by_country" title="List of disinformation attacks by country">List of disinformation attacks by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_disinformation_website_campaigns" title="List of political disinformation website campaigns">List of political disinformation website campaigns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li>Fossil fuel industry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial" title="ExxonMobil climate change denial">ExxonMobil climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaded gasoline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_Corporation" title="Ethyl Corporation">Ethyl Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Kehoe" title="Robert A. Kehoe">Robert A. Kehoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Cameron_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clair Cameron Patterson">Clair Cameron Patterson</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pesticide industry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine and Public health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccine activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">COVID-19 misinformation by governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMO conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Transgender health care misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_water_fluoridation" title="Opposition to water fluoridation">Opposition to water fluoridation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalism and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_journalists" title="Safety of journalists">Safety of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Maverick" title="Daily Maverick">Daily Maverick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quint" title="The Quint">The Quint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Publications_about_disinformation" title="Publications about disinformation">Publications about disinformation</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countering_disinformation165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countering disinformation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic research">Academic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">Digital literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_literacy" title="Media literacy">Media literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">Scientific consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">List of climate change video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_sandwich" title="Truth sandwich">Truth sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificado_2018" title="Verificado 2018">Verificado 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fact-checking_and_research165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fact-checking and research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fact-checking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fact-checking_websites" title="List of fact-checking websites">List of fact-checking websites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Non-profits and charities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Check" title="Africa Check">Africa Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFacts" title="USAFacts">USAFacts</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Private companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuard" title="NewsGuard">NewsGuard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopFake" title="StopFake">StopFake</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fact-Checking_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="International Fact-Checking Network">International Fact-Checking Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Bias/Fact_Check" title="Media Bias/Fact Check">Media Bias/Fact Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projeto_Comprova" title="Projeto Comprova">Projeto Comprova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Lab" title="Citizen Lab">Citizen Lab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>EU <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faktabaari" title="Faktabaari">Faktabaari</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit" title="Counter disinformation unit">Counter disinformation unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Countering_Disinformation" title="Center for Countering Disinformation">Center for Countering Disinformation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>USA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Misinformation Team">Counter Misinformation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_Governance_Board" title="Disinformation Governance Board">Disinformation Governance Board</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="WikiProjects165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">WikiProjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Meta-wiki page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/20px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/40px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCred" class="extiw" title="meta:WikiCred">WikiCred</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_COVID-19" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Skepticism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vaccine_safety" title="Wikipedia:Vaccine safety">Vaccine safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Propaganda_techniques25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Propaganda" title="Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Propaganda" title="Template talk:Propaganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Propaganda_techniques25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Propaganda techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_propaganda" title="Atrocity propaganda">Atrocity propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Beautiful people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">Buzzword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">Cartographic propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonizing_the_enemy" title="Demonizing the enemy">Demonizing the enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a 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(propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_propaganda" title="White propaganda">White propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Orwell&#039;s_Nineteen_Eighty-Four265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Template:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Template talk:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell&#039;s_Nineteen_Eighty-Four265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Political geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_in_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Ministries in Nineteen Eighty-Four">Ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_%2B_2_%3D_5" title="2 + 2 = 5">2 + 2 = 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">Thoughtcrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescreen" title="Telescreen">Telescreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Minutes_Hate" title="Two Minutes Hate">Two Minutes Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_Week" title="Hate Week">Hate Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(1956_film)" title="1984 (1956 film)">1956 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(1984_film)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)">1984 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(2023_film)" title="1984 (2023 film)">2023 film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(Westinghouse_Studio_One)" title="1984 (Westinghouse Studio One)">US program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(British_TV_programme)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (British TV programme)">UK programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(opera)" title="1984 (opera)">2005 opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(play)" title="1984 (play)">2013 play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_in_popular_media" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media">In popular media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Truth_(Lynskey_book)" title="The Ministry of Truth (Lynskey book)"><i>The Ministry of Truth</i> (Lynskey book)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_on_Screen" title="George Orwell on Screen">George Orwell on Screen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">"1984" (advertisement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(radio_series)" title="Room 101 (radio series)">radio series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (British TV series)">British TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (Australian TV series)">Australian TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-n8rrd","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.519","walltime":"0.631","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3427,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":134252,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4017,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":135206,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 505.237 1 -total"," 33.84% 170.985 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.88% 80.248 1 Template:Disinformation"," 15.34% 77.486 5 Template:Cite_news"," 10.83% 54.703 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.84% 39.603 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.83% 39.568 10 Template:Cite_book"," 6.97% 35.198 5 Template:Sfn"," 6.24% 31.518 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.61% 28.348 1 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