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2 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides,_sulfides,_and_alkoxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides,_sulfides,_and_alkoxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Oxides, sulfides, and alkoxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides,_sulfides,_and_alkoxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrides_and_carbides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrides_and_carbides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Nitrides and carbides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrides_and_carbides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Organometallic complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticancer_therapy_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticancer_therapy_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Anticancer therapy studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticancer_therapy_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mineral_beneficiation_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_beneficiation_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mineral beneficiation processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_beneficiation_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purification_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purification_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Purification processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purification_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunter_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunter_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Hunter process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunter_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kroll_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kroll_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Kroll process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kroll_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arkel-Boer_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arkel-Boer_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Arkel-Boer process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkel-Boer_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armstrong_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armstrong_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Armstrong process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armstrong_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilot_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilot_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pilot plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilot_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fabrication </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fabrication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fabrication subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fabrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titanium_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titanium_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Titanium alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titanium_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forming_and_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forming_and_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Forming and forging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forming_and_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigments,_additives,_and_coatings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigments,_additives,_and_coatings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pigments, additives, and coatings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigments,_additives,_and_coatings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerospace_and_marine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace_and_marine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Aerospace and marine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace_and_marine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Industrial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_and_architectural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_and_architectural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Consumer and architectural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_and_architectural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Jewelry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Medical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_waste_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_waste_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Nuclear waste storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_waste_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function_in_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_in_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Function in plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_in_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Titanium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" > 159 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Titaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B2%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ቲታኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቲታኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटेनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टाइटेनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="تيتانيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيتانيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटानियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="टाइटानियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="تیتانیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیتانیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="টাইটানিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাইটানিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Тытан (хімічны элемент) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тытан (хімічны элемент)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тытан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тытан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटैनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टाइटैनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyo" title="Titanyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Titanyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (елемент) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Титан (елемент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཊའི་ཊི་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊའི་ཊི་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Titanij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniom" title="Titaniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Titaniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyo" title="Titanyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Titanyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(prvek)" title="Titan (prvek) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Titan (prvek)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniwm" title="Titaniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Titaniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(grundstof)" title="Titan (grundstof) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Titan (grundstof)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تيطان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تيطان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_doo_%C5%84diniichx%C3%ADihii" title="Béésh doo ńdiniichxíihii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh doo ńdiniichxíihii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Titaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τιτάνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιτάνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titano_(elemento)" title="Titano (elemento) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Titano (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تیتانیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیتانیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(grundevni)" title="Titan (grundevni) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Titan (grundevni)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titane" title="Titane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADot%C3%A1iniam" title="Tíotáiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tíotáiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hitaanium" title="Çhitaanium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhitaanium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%A6" title="鈦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鈦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ટાઇટેનિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટાઇટેનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%80%EB%8A%84" title="타이타늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이타늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տիտան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիտան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटेनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टाइटेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Titanij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsinTsazayiya" title="IsinTsazayiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsinTsazayiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADtan" title="Títan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Títan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="טיטניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיטניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniyum" title="Titaniyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Titaniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%A9tan%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Tɩtanɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɩtanɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೈಟೇನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೈಟೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტიტანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniom" title="Titaniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Titaniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerendel" title="Gerendel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gerendel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A0n" title="Titàn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Titàn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEtany%C3%BBm" title="Tîtanyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîtanyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C4%81ns" title="Titāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Titāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanas" title="Titanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Titanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtitani" title="jinmrtitani – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtitani" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(elem)" title="Titán (elem) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Titán (elem)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanina" title="Titanina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Titanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ടൈറ്റാനിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൈറ്റാനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टायटॅनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टायटॅनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="تيتانيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيتانيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Титана – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Титана" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E2%80%8C%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="တိုင်‌တေနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုင်‌တေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटानियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टाइटानियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="チタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Titaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(grunnstoff)" title="Titan (grunnstoff) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Titan (grunnstoff)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoffet_titan" title="Grunnstoffet titan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunnstoffet titan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanum" title="Titanum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Titanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଟିଟାନିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟିଟାନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(unsur)" title="Titan (unsur) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Titan (unsur)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਟਾਈਟੇਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਾਈਟੇਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटानियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टाइटानियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ٹائٹینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹائٹینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="တုဲင်တေနီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တုဲင်တေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="تېتانيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تېتانيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytan_(pierwiastek)" title="Tytan (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tytan (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A2nio" title="Titânio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Titânio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyu" title="Titanyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Titanyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटेनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टाइटेनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A0niu" title="Titàniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Titàniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ටයිටේනියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටයිටේනියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(chemick%C3%BD_prvok)" title="Titán (chemický prvok) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Titán (chemický prvok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(element)" title="Titan (element) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Titan (element)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaaniyaam" title="Titaaniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Titaaniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="تیتانیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیتانیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Титанијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Титанијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Titanij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaani" title="Titaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Titaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyo" title="Titanyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Titanyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தைட்டானியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தைட்டானியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="టైటానియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టైటానియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ไทเทเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไทเทเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Titanium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Titanium (disambiguation)">Titanium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 22 (Ti)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Titanium, 22Ti</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Titan-crystal_bar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/220px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/330px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/440px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5572" data-file-height="3500" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Titanium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin: 0; text-align: left;"><ul><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/taɪˈteɪniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ty-TAY-nee-əm</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɪˈteɪniəm/</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">tih-TAY-nee-əm</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery grey-white metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Ti)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>47.867±0.001<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-2">[2]</a></li><li>47.867±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Titanium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Ti ↓ <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> ← titanium → <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">group 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d2 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 10, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1941 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1668 °C, 3034 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">4.502 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">4.11 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14.15 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">425 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.060 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1982 </td> <td>2171 </td> <td>(2403) </td> <td>2692 </td> <td>3064 </td> <td>3558 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +4 −2,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +3<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.54 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 658.8 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#titanium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 147 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160±8 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:22_(Ti_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/22_%28Ti_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-22_%28Ti_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/22_%28Ti_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-22_%28Ti_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/22_%28Ti_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-22_%28Ti_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of titanium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for titanium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 295.05 pm c = 468.33 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.68×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21.9 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">420 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+153.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">116 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">44 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">110 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">5090 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.32 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">830–3420 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">716–2770 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-32-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Gregor" title="William Gregor">William Gregor</a> (1791)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> (1825)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> (1795)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium" title="Isotopes of titanium">Isotopes of titanium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_titanium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox titanium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_titanium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox titanium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">44Ti </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">59.1 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium-44" title="Scandium-44">44Sc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">46Ti </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.25% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">47Ti </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.44% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">48Ti </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">73.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">49Ti </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.41% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">50Ti </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.18% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Titanium" title="Category:Titanium">Category: Titanium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_titanium" title="Template:Infobox titanium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_titanium" title="Template talk:Infobox titanium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_titanium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox titanium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Titanium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Ti and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 22. Found in nature only as an <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> with a silver <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, low <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, and high strength, resistant to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. Titanium was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Gregor" title="William Gregor">William Gregor</a> in 1791 and was named by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. The element occurs within a number of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, principally <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, which are widely distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter_process" title="Hunter process">Hunter</a> processes.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> The most common compound, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, is a popular <a href="/wiki/Photocatalysis" title="Photocatalysis">photocatalyst</a> and is used in the manufacture of white pigments.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> Other compounds include <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">titanium tetrachloride</a> (TiCl4), a component of <a href="/wiki/Smoke_screen" title="Smoke screen">smoke screens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_chloride" title="Titanium(III) chloride">titanium trichloride</a> (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> Titanium can be <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloyed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, among other elements. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloys" title="Titanium alloys">titanium alloys</a> are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace (<a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, <a href="/wiki/Desalination_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Desalination plant">desalination plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>), automotive, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> Titanium is also considered one of the most <a href="/wiki/Biocompatibility" title="Biocompatibility">biocompatible</a> metals, leading to a range of medical applications including <a href="/wiki/Prostheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostheses">prostheses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic implant">orthopedic implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">dental implants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surgical_instrument" title="Surgical instrument">surgical instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medical_University_2022_v636-15">[14]</a> The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">strength-to-density ratio</a>, the highest of any metallic element.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steels</a>, but less dense.<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p738-17">[16]</a> There are two <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropic</a> forms<a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-18">[17]</a> and five naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of this element, <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium" title="Isotopes of titanium">46Ti</a> through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundant</a> (73.8%).<a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-19">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> As a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, titanium is recognized for its high <a href="/wiki/Strength-to-weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Strength-to-weight ratio">strength-to-weight ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-18">[17]</a> It is a strong metal with low <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> that is quite <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> (especially in an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>-free environment),<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> lustrous, and metallic-white in <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-20">[19]</a> Due to its relatively high melting point (1,668 °C or 3,034 °F) it has sometimes been described as a <a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">refractory metal</a>, but this is not the case.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> and has fairly low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> compared to other metals.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> Titanium is <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> when cooled below its critical temperature of 0.49 K.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Commercially pure (99.2% pure) <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy#Grades_of_titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">grades</a> of titanium have <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">ultimate tensile strength</a> of about 434 <a href="/wiki/Megapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapascal">MPa</a> (63,000 <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a>), equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, but are less dense. Titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p738-17">[16]</a> as the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloy" title="6061 aluminium alloy">6061-T6 aluminium alloy</a>. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Titanium_Beta_C" title="Titanium Beta C">Beta C</a>) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi).<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> However, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C (806 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-25">[24]</a> Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, because the material can <a href="/wiki/Galling" title="Galling">gall</a> unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_limit" title="Fatigue limit">fatigue limit</a> that guarantees longevity in some applications.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-20">[19]</a> The metal is a dimorphic <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close_packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close packed">hexagonal close packed</a> α form that changes into a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> (lattice) β form at 882 °C (1,620 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-schmidt65-26">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat</a> of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/220px-Titanium_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/330px-Titanium_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/440px-Titanium_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>Titanium products: plate, tube, rod, powder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png/220px-Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png/330px-Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png/440px-Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pourbaix_diagram" title="Pourbaix diagram">Pourbaix diagram</a> for titanium in pure water, perchloric acid, or sodium hydroxide<a href="#cite_note-medusa-27">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Like <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, the surface of titanium metal and its alloys <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidize</a> immediately upon exposure to air to form a thin non-porous <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a> layer that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation or corrosion.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> When it first forms, this protective layer is only 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> thick but it continues to grow slowly, reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-28">[27]</a> This layer gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion against oxidizing acids, but it will dissolve in dilute <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>, hot hydrochloric acid, and hot sulfuric acid. Titanium is capable of withstanding attack by dilute <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acids</a> at room temperature, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> However, titanium is corroded by concentrated acids.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Titanium is a very reactive metal that burns in normal air at lower temperatures than the melting point. Melting is possible only in an inert atmosphere or vacuum. At 550 °C (1,022 °F), it combines with chlorine.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-18">[17]</a> Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at 800 °C (1,470 °F) to form <a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">titanium nitride</a>, which causes embrittlement.<a href="#cite_note-titaniumindustry-30">[29]</a> Because of its high reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen, and many other gases, titanium that is evaporated from <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filaments</a> is the basis for <a href="/wiki/Titanium_sublimation_pump" title="Titanium sublimation pump">titanium sublimation pumps</a>, in which titanium serves as a scavenger for these gases by chemically binding to them. Such pumps inexpensively produce extremely low pressures in <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuum" title="Ultra-high vacuum">ultra-high vacuum</a> systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3></div> Titanium is the ninth-most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">abundant</a> element in <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s crust (0.63% by <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p732-31">[30]</a> and the seventh-most abundant metal. It is present as oxides in most <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sediments</a> derived from them, in living things, and natural bodies of water.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, 784 contained titanium. Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5–1.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p732-31">[30]</a> Common titanium-containing <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> are <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookite" title="Brookite">brookite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">perovskite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanite" title="Titanite">titanite</a> (sphene).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akaogiite" title="Akaogiite">Akaogiite</a> is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations. About 6.0 and 0.7 million tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-32">[31]</a> Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-28">[27]</a> About 210,000 tonnes of titanium <a href="/wiki/Metal_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal sponge">metal sponge</a> were produced in 2020, mostly in China (110,000 t), Japan (50,000 t), Russia (33,000 t) and Kazakhstan (15,000 t). Total reserves of anatase, ilmenite, and rutile are estimated to exceed 2 billion tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-32">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <caption>2017 production of titanium minerals and slag<a href="#cite_note-USGS-32">[31]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>thousand tonnes</th> <th>% of total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>3,830</td> <td>33.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>1,513</td> <td>13.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td>1,070</td> <td>9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>1,030</td> <td>8.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>743</td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>562</td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>510</td> <td>4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>502</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>492</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>11,563</td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> The concentration of titanium is about 4 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">picomolar</a> in the ocean. At 100 °C, the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be less than 10−7 M at pH 7. The identity of titanium species in aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods, although only the 4+ oxidation state is stable in air. No evidence exists for a biological role, although rare organisms are known to accumulate high concentrations of titanium.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Titanium is contained in <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, and it has been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">M-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a><a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> (the coolest type) with a surface temperature of 3,200 °C (5,790 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">Rocks</a> brought back from the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> mission are composed of 12.1% TiO2.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Native titanium (pure metallic) is very rare.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium" title="Isotopes of titanium">Isotopes of titanium</a></div> Naturally occurring titanium is composed of five stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>: 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, and 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a>). At least 21 <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized, the most stable of which are <a href="/wiki/Titanium-44" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium-44">44Ti</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 63 years; 45Ti, 184.8 minutes; 51Ti, 5.76 minutes; and 52Ti, 1.7 minutes. All other <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives less than 33 seconds, with the majority less than half a second.<a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-19">[18]</a> The isotopes of titanium range in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> from 39.002 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a> (39Ti) to 63.999 Da (64Ti).<a href="#cite_note-AME2016_II-36">[35]</a> The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> for isotopes lighter than 46Ti is <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron emission</a> (with the exception of 44Ti which undergoes <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>), leading to <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_scandium" title="Isotopes of scandium">isotopes of scandium</a>, and the primary mode for isotopes heavier than 50Ti is <a href="/wiki/Beta_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta emission">beta emission</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium" title="Isotopes of vanadium">isotopes of vanadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-19">[18]</a> Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with <a href="/wiki/Deuterons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterons">deuterons</a>, emitting mainly <a href="/wiki/Positrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Positrons">positrons</a> and hard <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Titanium_compounds" title="Category:Titanium compounds">Titanium compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Titanium_minerals" title="Category:Titanium minerals">Titanium minerals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">Titanium alloy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A steel colored twist drill bit with the spiral groove colored in a golden shade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg/60px-Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg/90px-Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg/120px-Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>TiN-coated <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bit</a></figcaption></figure> The +4 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> dominates titanium chemistry,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p958-37">[36]</a> but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also numerous.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p970-38">[37]</a> Commonly, titanium adopts an <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_coordination_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Octahedral coordination geometry">octahedral coordination geometry</a> in its complexes,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p960-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p967-40">[39]</a> but tetrahedral TiCl4 is a notable exception. Because of its high oxidation state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p958-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides,_sulfides,_and_alkoxides">Oxides, sulfides, and alkoxides</h3></div> The most important oxide is TiO2, which exists in three important <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorphs</a>; anatase, brookite, and rutile. All three are white diamagnetic solids, although mineral samples can appear dark (see <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>). They adopt polymeric structures in which Ti is surrounded by six <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> ligands that link to other Ti centers.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p961-41">[40]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Titanate" title="Titanate">titanates</a> usually refers to titanium(IV) compounds, as represented by <a href="/wiki/Barium_titanate" title="Barium titanate">barium titanate</a> (BaTiO3). With a perovskite structure, this material exhibits <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> properties and is used as a transducer in the interconversion of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-18">[17]</a> Many minerals are titanates, such as ilmenite (FeTiO3). <a href="/wiki/Star_sapphire_(jewel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star sapphire (jewel)">Star sapphires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a> get their <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(gemmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asterism (gemmology)">asterism</a> (star-forming shine) from the presence of titanium dioxide impurities.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-28">[27]</a> A variety of reduced oxides (<a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">suboxides</a>) of titanium are known, mainly reduced <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometries</a> of titanium dioxide obtained by <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_plasma_spraying" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric plasma spraying">atmospheric plasma spraying</a>. Ti3O5, described as a Ti(IV)-Ti(III) species, is a purple semiconductor produced by <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (chemistry)">reduction</a> of TiO2 with hydrogen at high temperatures,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> and is used industrially when surfaces need to be vapor-coated with titanium dioxide: it evaporates as pure TiO, whereas TiO2 evaporates as a mixture of oxides and deposits coatings with variable refractive index.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Also known is <a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Ti2O3</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> structure, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">TiO</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt structure">rock salt structure</a>, although often <a href="/wiki/Nonstoichiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstoichiometric">nonstoichiometric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997962-44">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxides</a> of titanium(IV), prepared by treating TiCl4 with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, are colorless compounds that convert to the dioxide on reaction with water. They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO2 via the <a href="/wiki/Sol-gel_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol-gel process">sol-gel process</a>. <a href="/wiki/Titanium_isopropoxide" title="Titanium isopropoxide">Titanium isopropoxide</a> is used in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds via the <a href="/wiki/Sharpless_epoxidation" title="Sharpless epoxidation">Sharpless epoxidation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Titanium forms a variety of sulfides, but only <a href="/wiki/Titanium_disulfide" title="Titanium disulfide">TiS2</a> has attracted significant interest. It adopts a layered structure and was used as a cathode in the development of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium batteries">lithium batteries</a>. Because Ti(IV) is a <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">"hard cation"</a>, the sulfides of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to the oxide with release of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrides_and_carbides">Nitrides and carbides</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">Titanium nitride</a> (TiN) is a refractory solid exhibiting extreme hardness, thermal/electrical conductivity, and a high melting point.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> TiN has a hardness equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carborundum" class="mw-redirect" title="Carborundum">carborundum</a> (9.0 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="Mohs scale">Mohs scale</a>),<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and is often used to coat cutting tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> It is also used as a gold-colored decorative finish and as a <a href="/wiki/Copper_interconnects#Barrier_metal" title="Copper interconnects">barrier layer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor fabrication">semiconductor fabrication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_carbide" title="Titanium carbide">Titanium carbide</a> (TiC), which is also very hard, is found in cutting tools and coatings.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TiCl3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/TiCl3.jpg/90px-TiCl3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/TiCl3.jpg/135px-TiCl3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/TiCl3.jpg/180px-TiCl3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium trichloride">titanium trichloride</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">Titanium tetrachloride</a> (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a>) is a colorless volatile liquid (commercial samples are yellowish) that, in air, hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds. Via the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a>, TiCl4 is used in the conversion of titanium ores to titanium metal. Titanium tetrachloride is also used to make titanium dioxide, e.g., for use in white paint.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> It is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases" title="Lewis acids and bases">Lewis acid</a>, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Mukaiyama_aldol_condensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukaiyama aldol condensation">Mukaiyama aldol condensation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Van_Arkel%E2%80%93de_Boer_process" title="Van Arkel–de Boer process">van Arkel–de Boer process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetraiodide" title="Titanium tetraiodide">titanium tetraiodide</a> (TiI4) is generated in the production of high purity titanium metal.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p965-55">[54]</a> Titanium(III) and titanium(II) also form stable chlorides. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_chloride" title="Titanium(III) chloride">titanium(III) chloride</a> (TiCl3), which is used as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> for production of <a href="/wiki/Polyolefin" title="Polyolefin">polyolefins</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalyst</a>) and a reducing <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">agent</a> in organic chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_complexes">Organometallic complexes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organotitanium_chemistry" title="Organotitanium chemistry">Organotitanium chemistry</a></div> Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> catalyst, compounds with Ti-C bonds have been intensively studied. The most common organotitanium complex is <a href="/wiki/Titanocene_dichloride" title="Titanocene dichloride">titanocene dichloride</a> ((C5H5)2TiCl2). Related compounds include <a href="/wiki/Tebbe%27s_reagent" title="Tebbe's reagent">Tebbe's reagent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petasis_reagent" title="Petasis reagent">Petasis reagent</a>. Titanium forms <a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">carbonyl complexes</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Titanocene_dicarbonyl" title="Titanocene dicarbonyl">(C5H5)2Ti(CO)2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticancer_therapy_studies">Anticancer therapy studies</h3></div> Following the success of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">platinum-based</a> chemotherapy, titanium(IV) complexes were among the first non-platinum compounds to be tested for cancer treatment. The advantage of titanium compounds lies in their high efficacy and low toxicity <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tshuva-Miller-58">[57]</a> In biological environments, hydrolysis leads to the safe and inert titanium dioxide. Despite these advantages the first candidate compounds failed clinical trials due to insufficient efficacy to toxicity ratios and formulation complications.<a href="#cite_note-Tshuva-Miller-58">[57]</a> Further development resulted in the creation of potentially effective, selective, and stable titanium-based drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Tshuva-Miller-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraved profile image of a mid-age male with high forehead. The person is wearing a coat and a neckerchief." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg/170px-Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg/255px-Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg/340px-Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> named titanium for the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.</figcaption></figure> Titanium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> in 1791 by the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergyman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Gregor" title="William Gregor">William Gregor</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusion</a> of a mineral in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a> Gregor recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite<a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> when he found black sand by a stream and noticed the sand was attracted by a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a> Analyzing the sand, he determined the presence of two metal oxides: <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide he could not identify.<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p732-31">[30]</a> Realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any known element, in 1791 Gregor reported his findings in both German and French science journals: <a href="/wiki/Crell%27s_Annalen" title="Crell's Annalen">Crell's Annalen</a> and Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> He named this oxide <a href="/wiki/Manaccanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Manaccanite">manaccanite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Franz-Joseph_M%C3%BCller_von_Reichenstein" title="Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein">Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein</a> produced a similar substance, but could not identify it.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> in rutile from Boinik (the German name of Bajmócska), a village in Hungary (now <a href="/wiki/Bojni%C4%8Dky" title="Bojničky">Bojničky</a> in Slovakia).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[b]</a> Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-34">[33]</a> After hearing about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed that it contained titanium.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a> An extraction of 95% pure titanium was achieved by <a href="/wiki/Lars_Fredrik_Nilson" title="Lars Fredrik Nilson">Lars Fredrik Nilson</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Pettersson" class="extiw" title="it:Otto Pettersson">Otto Petterson</a>. To achieve this they chlorinated titanium oxide in a carbon monoxide atmosphere with chlorine gas before reducing it to titanium metal by the use of sodium.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_A._Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew A. Hunter">Matthew A. Hunter</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> by heating TiCl4 with <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> at 700–800 °C (1,292–1,472 °F) under great pressure<a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p9-67">[65]</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Batch_production" title="Batch production">batch process</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_process" title="Hunter process">Hunter process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when <a href="/wiki/William_Justin_Kroll" title="William Justin Kroll">William Justin Kroll</a> produced it by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p955-68">[66]</a> Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and with sodium in what became known as the Kroll process.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p955-68">[66]</a> Although research continues to seek cheaper and more efficient routes, such as the <a href="/wiki/FFC_Cambridge_process" title="FFC Cambridge process">FFC Cambridge process</a>, the Kroll process is still predominantly used for commercial production.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_metal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanium_metal.jpg/220px-Titanium_metal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanium_metal.jpg/330px-Titanium_metal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanium_metal.jpg/440px-Titanium_metal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Titanium "sponge", made by the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a></figcaption></figure> Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when <a href="/wiki/Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> discovered the iodide process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications<a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p9-67">[65]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfa-class_submarine" title="Alfa-class submarine">Alfa class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets" title="Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets">Mike class</a>)<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> as part of programs related to the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Starting in the early 1950s, titanium came into use extensively in military aviation, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100 Super Sabre">F-100 Super Sabre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a> and <a href="/wiki/SR-71" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71">SR-71</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Throughout the Cold War period, titanium was considered a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_material" title="Strategic material">strategic material</a> by the U.S. government, and a large stockpile of titanium <a href="/wiki/Metal_foam" title="Metal foam">sponge</a> (a porous form of the pure metal) was maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Defense_National_Stockpile_Center" title="Defense National Stockpile Center">Defense National Stockpile Center</a>, until the stockpile was dispersed in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> As of 2021, the four leading producers of titanium sponge were China (52%), Japan (24%), Russia (16%) and Kazakhstan (7%).<a href="#cite_note-USGS-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titanium_production_by_country" title="Titanium production by country">Titanium production by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TitaniumUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small heap of uniform black grains smaller than 1mm diameter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TitaniumUSGOV.jpg/220px-TitaniumUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TitaniumUSGOV.jpg/330px-TitaniumUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TitaniumUSGOV.jpg/440px-TitaniumUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Titanium (mineral concentrate)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/220px-Titanium_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/330px-Titanium_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/440px-Titanium_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>Basic titanium products: plate, tube, rods, and powder</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_beneficiation_processes">Mineral beneficiation processes</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Becher_process" title="Becher process">Becher process</a> is an industrial process used to produce synthetic <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, a form of titanium dioxide, from the ore <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chloride_process" title="Chloride process">Chloride process</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide#Sulfate_process" title="Titanium dioxide">Sulfate process</a>: "relies on <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (H2SO4) to leach titanium from <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> ore (FeTiO3). The resulting reaction produces <a href="/wiki/Titanyl_sulfate" title="Titanyl sulfate">titanyl sulfate</a> (TiOSO4). A secondary hydrolysis stage is used to break the titanyl sulfate into hydrated TiO2 and H2SO4. Finally, heat is used to remove the water and create the end product - pure TiO2."<a href="#cite_note-bar1-74">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purification_processes">Purification processes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Titanium_processes" title="Category:Titanium processes">Category:Titanium processes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Titanium_companies" title="Category:Titanium companies">Category:Titanium companies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hunter_process">Hunter process</h4></div> The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure metallic titanium. It was invented in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_A._Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew A. Hunter">Matthew A. Hunter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> born in New Zealand who worked in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The process involves reducing <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">titanium tetrachloride</a> (TiCl4) with <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (Na) in a batch reactor with an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 1,000 °C. Dilute <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> is then used to leach the salt from the product.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <dl><dd>TiCl4(g) + 4 Na(l) → 4 NaCl(l) + Ti(s)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kroll_process">Kroll process</h4></div> The processing of titanium metal occurs in four major steps: reduction of titanium ore into "sponge", a porous form; melting of sponge, or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot; primary fabrication, where an ingot is converted into general mill products such as <a href="/wiki/Bar_stock" title="Bar stock">billet</a>, bar, <a href="/wiki/Plate_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate (metal)">plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet</a>, strip, and <a href="/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Tube (fluid conveyance)">tube</a>; and secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Because it cannot be readily produced by reduction of titanium dioxide,<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-20">[19]</a> titanium metal is obtained by reduction of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">titanium tetrachloride</a> (TiCl4) with magnesium metal in the Kroll process. The complexity of this batch production in the Kroll process explains the relatively high market value of titanium,<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p733-78">[76]</a> despite the Kroll process being less expensive than the Hunter process.<a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p9-67">[65]</a> To produce the TiCl4 required by the Kroll process, the dioxide is subjected to <a href="/wiki/Carbothermic_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbothermic reduction">carbothermic reduction</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. In this process, the chlorine gas is passed over a red-hot mixture of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon. After extensive purification by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a>, the TiCl4 is reduced with 800 °C (1,470 °F) molten magnesium in an <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-18">[17]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2FeTiO3 + 7Cl2 + 6C ->[900^oC] 2FeCl3 + 2TiCl4 + 6CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>FeTiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mn>900</mn> <mi>o</mi> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>FeCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>TiCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2FeTiO3 + 7Cl2 + 6C ->[900^oC] 2FeCl3 + 2TiCl4 + 6CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1eeb2d68819d30ab4f11311db1e92a04acc56bc6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.433ex; width:55.714ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2FeTiO3 + 7Cl2 + 6C ->[900^oC] 2FeCl3 + 2TiCl4 + 6CO}}}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {TiCl4 + 2Mg ->[1100^oC] Ti + 2MgCl2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>TiCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mn>1100</mn> <mi>o</mi> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>Ti</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MgCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {TiCl4 + 2Mg ->[1100^oC] Ti + 2MgCl2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f228cf9d1b37bed2a16479329a0cbac935343617" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.433ex; width:34.737ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {TiCl4 + 2Mg ->[1100^oC] Ti + 2MgCl2}}}"></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arkel-Boer_process">Arkel-Boer process</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Van_Arkel%E2%80%93de_Boer_process" title="Van Arkel–de Boer process">van Arkel–de Boer process</a> was the first semi-industrial process for pure Titanium. It involves thermal decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetraiodide" title="Titanium tetraiodide">titanium tetraiodide</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armstrong_process">Armstrong process</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_powder" title="Titanium powder">Titanium powder</a> is manufactured using a <a href="/wiki/Flow_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow production">flow production</a> process known as the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_process" title="Armstrong process">Armstrong process</a><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p25-79">[77]</a> that is similar to the batch production <a href="/wiki/Hunter_process" title="Hunter process">Hunter process</a>. A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered from the extra sodium. Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride.<a href="#cite_note-ECI_online-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilot_plants">Pilot plants</h3></div> Methods for <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolytic">electrolytic</a> production of Ti metal from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>TiO2 using molten salt electrolytes have been researched and tested at laboratory and small pilot plant scales. The lead author of an impartial review published in 2017 considered his own process "ready for scaling up."<a href="#cite_note-fray17-81">[79]</a> A 2023 review "discusses the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemical</a> principles involved in the recovery of metals from <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous solutions">aqueous solutions</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fused_salt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fused salt (page does not exist)">fused salt</a> electrolytes", with particular attention paid to titanium. While some metals such as <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> can be refined by <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a> at room temperature, titanium must be in the molten state and "there is a strong chance of attack of the <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> lining by molten titanium."<a href="#cite_note-sohn23-82">[80]</a> Zhang et al concluded their Perspective on Thermochemical and Electrochemical Processes for Titanium Metal Production in 2017 that "Even though there are strong interests in the industry for finding a better method to produce Ti metal, and a large number of new concepts and improvements have been investigated at the laboratory or even at pilot plant scales, there is no new process to date that can replace the Kroll process commercially."<a href="#cite_note-zhang17-83">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_assisted_magnesiothermic_reduction" title="Hydrogen assisted magnesiothermic reduction">Hydrogen assisted magnesiothermic reduction</a> (HAMR) process uses <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dihydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium dihydride">titanium dihydride</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fabrication">Fabrication</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_Ti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Evolution_Ti.jpg/220px-Evolution_Ti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Evolution_Ti.jpg/330px-Evolution_Ti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Evolution_Ti.jpg/440px-Evolution_Ti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Market price of Titanium</figcaption></figure> All <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen).<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-25">[24]</a> Contamination causes a variety of conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Embrittlement" title="Embrittlement">embrittlement</a>, which reduce the integrity of the assembly welds and lead to joint failure.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Titanium is very difficult to <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> directly, and hence a <a href="/wiki/Solderability" title="Solderability">solderable</a> metal or alloy such as steel is coated on titanium prior to soldering.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Titanium metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titanium_alloys">Titanium alloys</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloys" title="Titanium alloys">Titanium alloys</a></div> Common <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">titanium alloys</a> are made by reduction. For example, cuprotitanium (rutile with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> added), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> in an electric furnace), and manganotitanium (rutile with manganese or manganese oxides) are reduced.<a href="#cite_note-TI_Encarta2005-86">[84]</a> About fifty grades of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">titanium alloys</a> are designed and currently used, although only a couple of dozen are readily available commercially.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a> recognizes 31 grades of titanium metal and alloys, of which grades one through four are commercially pure (unalloyed). Those four vary in tensile strength as a function of oxygen content, with grade 1 being the most ductile (lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18%), and grade 4 the least ductile (highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40%).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-28">[27]</a> The remaining grades are alloys, each designed for specific properties of ductility, strength, hardness, electrical resistivity, <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> resistance, specific corrosion resistance, and combinations thereof.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In addition to the ASTM specifications, titanium alloys are also produced to meet aerospace and military specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards, and country-specific specifications, as well as proprietary end-user specifications for aerospace, military, medical, and industrial applications.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forming_and_forging">Forming and forging</h3></div> Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, but processing must take into account of the tendency of the metal to <a href="/wiki/Springback" class="mw-redirect" title="Springback">springback</a>. This is especially true of certain high-strength alloys.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Exposure to the oxygen in air at the elevated temperatures used in forging results in formation of a brittle oxygen-rich metallic surface layer called "<a href="/wiki/Alpha_case" title="Alpha case">alpha case</a>" that worsens the fatigue properties, so it must be removed by milling, etching, or electrochemical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-"Chen_2001"-92">[90]</a> The working of titanium is very complicated,<a href="#cite_note-tm1-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-tig1-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-ad1-95">[93]</a> and may include <a href="/wiki/Friction_welding" title="Friction welding">Friction welding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mti1-96">[94]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryo-forging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryo-forging (page does not exist)">cryo-forging</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mdes1-97">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanzylinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanzylinder.jpg/220px-Titanzylinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanzylinder.jpg/330px-Titanzylinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanzylinder.jpg/440px-Titanzylinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>A titanium cylinder of quality "grade 2"</figcaption></figure> Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (<a href="/wiki/Ferro-titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferro-titanium">ferro-titanium</a>) to reduce <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">grain size</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Deoxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxidizer">deoxidizer</a>, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to refine grain size), <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, copper (to harden), <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, and other metals.<a href="#cite_note-ECE738-98">[96]</a> Titanium mill products (sheet, plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) find application in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium is used in <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> as a source of bright-burning particles.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigments,_additives,_and_coatings">Pigments, additives, and coatings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium(IV)_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Watch glass on a black surface with a small portion of white powder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/220px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/330px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/440px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> is the most commonly used compound of titanium.</figcaption></figure> About 95% of all titanium ore is destined for refinement into <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> (TiO 2), an intensely white permanent <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> used in paints, paper, toothpaste, and plastics.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-32">[31]</a> It is also used in cement, in gemstones, and as an optical opacifier in paper.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> TiO 2 pigment is chemically inert, resists fading in sunlight, and is very opaque: it imparts a pure and brilliant white color to the brown or grey chemicals that form the majority of household plastics.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> In nature, this compound is found in the minerals anatase, brookite, and rutile.<a href="#cite_note-EBC-12">[11]</a> Paint made with titanium dioxide does well in severe temperatures and marine environments.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> Pure titanium dioxide has a very high <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">index of refraction</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Optical_dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical dispersion">optical dispersion</a> higher than <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Titanium dioxide is used in <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreens</a> because it reflects and absorbs <a href="/wiki/UV_light" class="mw-redirect" title="UV light">UV light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerospace_and_marine">Aerospace and marine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A12-flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/A12-flying.jpg/220px-A12-flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/A12-flying.jpg/330px-A12-flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/A12-flying.jpg/440px-A12-flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a>, first plane made of 93% titanium</figcaption></figure> Because titanium alloys have high <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> to density ratio,<a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-18">[17]</a> high <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> fatigue resistance, high crack resistance,<a href="#cite_note-Moiseyev-101">[99]</a> and ability to withstand moderately high temperatures without creeping, they are used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft, and missiles.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> For these applications, titanium is alloyed with aluminium, zirconium, nickel,<a href="#cite_note-Kramer-2013-07-05-102">[100]</a> vanadium, and other elements to manufacture a variety of components including critical structural parts, <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(engine)" title="Firewall (engine)">firewalls</a>, exhaust ducts (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. In fact, about two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p454-103">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Titanium_6AL-4V" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium 6AL-4V">titanium 6AL-4V</a> alloy accounts for almost 50% of all alloys used in aircraft applications.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 "Blackbird"</a> were two of the first aircraft frames where titanium was used, paving the way for much wider use in modern military and commercial aircraft. A large amount of titanium mill products are used in the production of many aircraft, such as (following values are amount of raw mill products used, only a fraction of this ends up in the finished aircraft): 116 metric tons are used in the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a>, 77 in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>, 59 in the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>, 45 in the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, 32 in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a>, 18 in the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>, 18 in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a>, and 12 in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In aero engine applications, titanium is used for rotors, compressor blades, hydraulic system components, and <a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">nacelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> An early use in jet engines was for the <a href="/wiki/Orenda_Iroquois" title="Orenda Iroquois">Orenda Iroquois</a> in the 1950s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Because titanium is resistant to corrosion by sea water, it is used to make propeller shafts, rigging, <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Desalination_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Desalination plant">desalination plants</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> heater-chillers for salt water aquariums, fishing line and leader, and divers' knives. Titanium is used in the housings and components of ocean-deployed surveillance and monitoring devices for science and military. The former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> developed techniques for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys,<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> forging titanium in huge vacuum tubes.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer-2013-07-05-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium-stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Titanium-stamps.jpg/220px-Titanium-stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Titanium-stamps.jpg/330px-Titanium-stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Titanium-stamps.jpg/440px-Titanium-stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Titanium <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">sealing stamps</a></figcaption></figure> Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels, valves) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. Specific alloys are used in oil and gas downhole applications and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">hydrometallurgy</a> for their high strength (e. g.: titanium beta C alloy), corrosion resistance, or both. The <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a> uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> or wet chlorine gas (in the bleachery).<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Other applications include <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">ultrasonic welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave_soldering" title="Wave soldering">wave soldering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a> targets.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colorless liquid, is important as an intermediate in the process of making TiO2 and is also used to produce the Ziegler–Natta catalyst. Titanium tetrachloride is also used to iridize glass and, because it fumes strongly in moist air, it is used to make smoke screens.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_and_architectural">Consumer and architectural</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tweeter_with_Titanium_membrane_of_loudspeaker_box_JBL_TI_5000,_1990s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tweeter_with_Titanium_membrane_of_loudspeaker_box_JBL_TI_5000%2C_1990s.jpg/220px-Tweeter_with_Titanium_membrane_of_loudspeaker_box_JBL_TI_5000%2C_1990s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tweeter_with_Titanium_membrane_of_loudspeaker_box_JBL_TI_5000%2C_1990s.jpg/330px-Tweeter_with_Titanium_membrane_of_loudspeaker_box_JBL_TI_5000%2C_1990s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tweeter_with_Titanium_membrane_of_loudspeaker_box_JBL_TI_5000%2C_1990s.jpg/440px-Tweeter_with_Titanium_membrane_of_loudspeaker_box_JBL_TI_5000%2C_1990s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tweeter" title="Tweeter">Tweeter</a> loudspeaker driver with a membrane with 25 mm diameter made from titanium; from a <a href="/wiki/JBL" title="JBL">JBL</a> TI 5000 <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Loudspeaker box">loudspeaker box</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1997</figcaption></figure> Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight and high strength and rigidity are critical.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a>(p 141) The metal is generally too expensive for the general consumer market, though some late model <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette" title="Chevrolet Corvette">Corvettes</a> have been manufactured with titanium exhausts,<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/GM_small-block_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="GM small-block engine">Corvette Z06's LT4</a> supercharged engine uses lightweight, solid titanium intake valves for greater strength and resistance to heat.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse stick shafts; cricket, hockey, lacrosse, and football helmet grills, and bicycle frames and components. Although not a mainstream material for bicycle production, titanium bikes have been used by racing teams and <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure Cycling">adventure cyclists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Titanium alloys are used in spectacle frames that are rather expensive but highly durable, long lasting, light weight, and cause no skin allergies. Titanium is a common material for backpacking cookware and eating utensils. Though more expensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives, titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength. Titanium horseshoes are preferred to steel by <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farriers</a> because they are lighter and more durable.<a href="#cite_note-Donachie2000-117">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Guggenheim_vizca%C3%ADno._(1454058701).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/El_Guggenheim_vizca%C3%ADno._%281454058701%29.jpg/220px-El_Guggenheim_vizca%C3%ADno._%281454058701%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/El_Guggenheim_vizca%C3%ADno._%281454058701%29.jpg/330px-El_Guggenheim_vizca%C3%ADno._%281454058701%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/El_Guggenheim_vizca%C3%ADno._%281454058701%29.jpg/440px-El_Guggenheim_vizca%C3%ADno._%281454058701%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption> Titanium cladding of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao" title="Guggenheim Museum Bilbao">Guggenheim Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a></figcaption></figure> Titanium has occasionally been used in architecture. The 42.5 m (139 ft) <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Yuri_Gagarin" title="Monument to Yuri Gagarin">Monument to Yuri Gagarin</a>, the first man to travel in space (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Titanium&params=55_42_29.7_N_37_34_57.2_E_region:CN-62_type:landmark">55°42′29.7″N 37°34′57.2″E / 55.708250°N 37.582556°E / 55.708250; 37.582556</a>), as well as the 110 m (360 ft) <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> on top of the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Cosmonaut Museum</a> in Moscow are made of titanium for the metal's attractive color and association with rocketry.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao" title="Guggenheim Museum Bilbao">Guggenheim Museum Bilbao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cerritos_Millennium_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerritos Millennium Library">Cerritos Millennium Library</a> were the first buildings in Europe and North America, respectively, to be sheathed in titanium panels.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p454-103">[101]</a> Titanium sheathing was used in the Frederic C. Hamilton Building in Denver, Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Because of titanium's superior strength and light weight relative to other metals (steel, stainless steel, and aluminium), and because of recent advances in metalworking techniques, its use has become more widespread in the manufacture of firearms. Primary uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders. For the same reasons, it is used in the body of some laptop computers (for example, in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_G4" title="PowerBook G4">PowerBook G4</a>).<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-use-122">[120]</a> In 2023, Apple launched the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_15_Pro" title="IPhone 15 Pro">iPhone 15 Pro</a>, which uses a titanium enclosure.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Some upmarket lightweight and corrosion-resistant tools, such as shovels, knife handles and flashlights, are made of titanium or titanium alloys.<a href="#cite_note-use-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry">Jewelry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anodized_titanium_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Anodized_titanium_table.jpg/220px-Anodized_titanium_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Anodized_titanium_table.jpg/330px-Anodized_titanium_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Anodized_titanium_table.jpg/440px-Anodized_titanium_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Relation between voltage and color for anodized titanium</figcaption></figure> Because of its durability, titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry (particularly, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_ring" title="Titanium ring">titanium rings</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Donachie2000-117">[115]</a> Its inertness makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will be wearing the jewelry in environments such as swimming pools. Titanium is also <a href="/wiki/Titanium_gold" title="Titanium gold">alloyed with gold</a> to produce an alloy that can be marketed as <a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">24-karat</a> gold because the 1% of alloyed Ti is insufficient to require a lesser mark. The resulting alloy is roughly the hardness of 14-karat gold and is more durable than pure 24-karat gold.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Titanium's durability, light weight, and dent and corrosion resistance make it useful for <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> cases.<a href="#cite_note-Donachie2000-117">[115]</a> Some artists work with titanium to produce sculptures, decorative objects and furniture.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Titanium may be <a href="/wiki/Anodising" class="mw-redirect" title="Anodising">anodized</a> to vary the thickness of the surface oxide layer, causing optical <a href="/wiki/Interference_fringe" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference fringe">interference fringes</a> and a variety of bright colors.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> With this coloration and chemical inertness, titanium is a popular metal for <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">body piercing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Titanium has a minor use in dedicated non-circulating coins and medals. In 1999, Gibraltar released the world's first titanium coin for the millennium celebration.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Titans" title="Gold Coast Titans">Gold Coast Titans</a>, an Australian rugby league team, award a medal of pure titanium to their player of the year.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titanium_biocompatibility" title="Titanium biocompatibility">Titanium biocompatibility</a></div> Because titanium is <a href="/wiki/Biocompatibility" title="Biocompatibility">biocompatible</a> (non-toxic and not rejected by the body), it has many medical uses, including surgical implements and implants, such as hip balls and sockets (<a href="/wiki/Joint_replacement" title="Joint replacement">joint replacement</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">dental implants</a> that can stay in place for up to 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a> The titanium is often alloyed with about 4% aluminium or 6% Al and 4% vanadium.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/220px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/330px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/440px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Medical screws and plate used to repair wrist fractures. Scale is in centimeters.</figcaption></figure> Titanium has the inherent ability to <a href="/wiki/Osseointegration" title="Osseointegration">osseointegrate</a>, enabling use in <a href="/wiki/Dental_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental implants">dental implants</a> that can last for over 30 years. This property is also useful for <a href="/wiki/Internal_fixator" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal fixator">orthopedic implant</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a> These benefit from titanium's lower modulus of elasticity (<a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a>) to more closely match that of the bone that such devices are intended to repair. As a result, skeletal loads are more evenly shared between bone and implant, leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress shielding and <a href="/wiki/Periprosthetic" title="Periprosthetic">periprosthetic</a> bone fractures, which occur at the boundaries of orthopedic implants. However, titanium alloys' stiffness is still more than twice that of bone, so adjacent bone bears a greatly reduced load and may deteriorate.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Because titanium is non-<a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a>, patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (convenient for long-term implants). Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> arc which removes the surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-59">[58]</a> Modern advancements in additive manufacturing techniques have increased potential for titanium use in orthopedic implant applications.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Complex implant scaffold designs can be 3D-printed using titanium alloys, which allows for more patient-specific applications and increased implant osseointegration.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Titanium is used for the <a href="/wiki/Surgical_instrument" title="Surgical instrument">surgical instruments</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Image-guided_surgery" title="Image-guided surgery">image-guided surgery</a>, as well as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Titanium dioxide <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> are widely used in electronics and the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceuticals</a> and cosmetics.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_waste_storage">Nuclear waste storage</h3></div> Because of its corrosion resistance, containers made of titanium have been studied for the long-term storage of nuclear waste. Containers lasting more than 100,000 years are thought possible with manufacturing conditions that minimize material defects.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> A titanium "drip shield" could also be installed over containers of other types to enhance their longevity.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2></div> Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any natural role inside the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-34">[33]</a> An estimated quantity of 0.8 milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each day, but most passes through without being absorbed in the tissues.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-34">[33]</a> It does, however, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bio-accumulate</a> in tissues that contain <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>. One study indicates a possible connection between titanium and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_nail_syndrome" title="Yellow nail syndrome">yellow nail syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard and, when heated in <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, an explosion hazard.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Water and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> are ineffective for extinguishing a titanium fire; <a href="/wiki/Fire_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire classes">Class D</a> dry powder agents must be used instead.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-14">[13]</a> When used in the production or handling of chlorine, titanium should not be exposed to dry chlorine gas because it may result in a titanium–chlorine fire.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Titanium can catch fire when a fresh, non-oxidized surface comes in contact with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_in_plants">Function in plants</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopiva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The dark green dentated elliptic leaves of a nettle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kopiva.JPG/220px-Kopiva.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kopiva.JPG/330px-Kopiva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kopiva.JPG/440px-Kopiva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">Nettles</a> contain up to 80 parts per million of titanium.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-34">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> An unknown mechanism in <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> may use titanium to stimulate the production of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and encourage growth. This may explain why most plants contain about 1 <a href="/wiki/Part_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Part per million">part per million</a> (ppm) of titanium, food plants have about 2 ppm, and <a href="/wiki/Horsetail" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsetail">horsetail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urtica" title="Urtica">nettle</a> contain up to 80 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloys" title="Titanium alloys">Titanium alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">Suboxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_in_zircon_geothermometry" title="Titanium in zircon geothermometry">Titanium in zircon geothermometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_Man" title="Titanium Man">Titanium Man</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion#Coefficients" title="Thermal expansion">coefficients</a> for each crystal axis are (at 20 °C): αa = 9.48×10−6/K, αc = 10.06×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 9.68×10−6/K. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "Diesem zufolge will ich den Namen für die gegenwärtige metallische Substanz, gleichergestalt wie bei dem Uranium geschehen, aus der Mythologie, und zwar von den Ursöhnen der Erde, den Titanen, entlehnen, und benenne also diese neue Metallgeschlecht: Titanium; ... "<a href="#cite_note-Klaproth-1795-63">[62]</a>(p 244) [By virtue of this I will derive the name for the present metallic substance — as happened similarly in the case of uranium — from mythology, namely from the first sons of the Earth, the Titans, and thus [I] name this new species of metal: "titanium"; ... ] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220034548/https://www.lexico.com/definition/titanium">"titanium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/titanium">the original</a> on 20 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=titanium&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftitanium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/titanium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Titanium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Ftitanium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-3"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Ti(-2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ti(CO)2−6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJilekTripepiUrneziusBrennessel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6:[Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB700808B">10.1039/B700808B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17579764">17579764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Commun.&rft.atitle=Zerovalent+titanium%E2%80%93sulfur+complexes.+Novel+dithiocarbamato+derivatives+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22avoidwrap%22+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3B%22%3ETi%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A%5BTi%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%28S%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ECNR%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%5D%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2639-%3C%2Fspan%3E2641&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB700808B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17579764&rft.aulast=Jilek&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Tripepi%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Urnezius%2C+Eugenijus&rft.au=Brennessel%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Young%2C+Victor+G.+Jr.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson,_N.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Andersson, N.; et al. 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Corrosion Reviews. 18 (4–5): 331–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FCORRREV.2000.18.4-5.331">10.1515/CORRREV.2000.18.4-5.331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137825823">137825823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corrosion+Reviews&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Absorption+and+the+Lifetime+Performance+of+Titanium+Nuclear+Waste+Containers&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FCORRREV.2000.18.4-5.331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137825823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shoesmith&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft.au=Noel%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Hardie%2C+D.&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter,_L.J.Pigford,_T.J.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, L.J.; Pigford, T.J. (2005). "Proof of Safety at Yucca Mountain". Science. 310 (5747): 447–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1112786">10.1126/science.1112786</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16239463">16239463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128447596">128447596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Proof+of+Safety+at+Yucca+Mountain&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5747&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128447596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16239463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1112786&rft.au=Carter%2C+L.J.&rft.au=Pigford%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerglundCarlmark,_Bjorn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Berglund, Fredrik; Carlmark, Bjorn (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176400">"Titanium, Sinusitis, and the Yellow Nail Syndrome"</a>. Biological Trace Element Research. 143 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BTER..143....1B">2011BTER..143....1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12011-010-8828-5">10.1007/s12011-010-8828-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176400">3176400</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20809268">20809268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Trace+Element+Research&rft.atitle=Titanium%2C+Sinusitis%2C+and+the+Yellow+Nail+Syndrome&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3176400%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20809268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12011-010-8828-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011BTER..143....1B&rft.aulast=Berglund&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft.au=Carlmark%2C+Bjorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3176400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotellSprague,_J.A.Smidt,_F.A.1994" class="citation book cs1">Cotell, Catherine Mary; Sprague, J.A.; Smidt, F.A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGtsPjqUwy0C">ASM Handbook: Surface Engineering</a> (10th ed.). <a href="/wiki/ASM_International_(society)" title="ASM International (society)">ASM International</a>. p. 836. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-384-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-384-2"><bdi>978-0-87170-384-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASM+Handbook%3A+Surface+Engineering&rft.pages=836&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-384-2&rft.aulast=Cotell&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Mary&rft.au=Sprague%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Smidt%2C+F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGtsPjqUwy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompressed_Gas_Association1999" class="citation book cs1">Compressed Gas Association (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSLULtCG9JgC">Handbook of compressed gases</a> (4th ed.). Springer. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-78230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-78230-5"><bdi>978-0-412-78230-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+compressed+gases&rft.pages=323&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-412-78230-5&rft.au=Compressed+Gas+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSLULtCG9JgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2002" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Robert E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fHsoobsCNwC">Fire and Life Safety Inspection Manual</a>. National Fire Prevention Association (8th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-472-8"><bdi>978-0-87765-472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+and+Life+Safety+Inspection+Manual&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87765-472-8&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fHsoobsCNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarksdale1968" class="citation book cs1">Barksdale, Jelks (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp">"Titanium"</a>. In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York, NY: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/732">732–738</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68029938">68029938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titanium&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=732-738&rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68029938&rft.aulast=Barksdale&rft.aufirst=Jelks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonachie1988" class="citation book cs1">Donachie, Matthew J. Jr. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct9RAAAAMAAJ">Titanium: A technical guide</a>. Metals Park, OH: <a href="/wiki/ASM_International_(society)" title="ASM International (society)">ASM International</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-309-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-309-5"><bdi>978-0-87170-309-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titanium%3A+A+technical+guide&rft.place=Metals+Park%2C+OH&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-309-5&rft.aulast=Donachie&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCt9RAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC">"Titanium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z guide to the elements</a>. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titanium&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlower2000" class="citation journal cs1">Flower, Harvey M. (2000). "Materials Science: A moving oxygen story". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 407 (6802): 305–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35030266">10.1038/35030266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11014169">11014169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4425634">4425634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Materials+Science%3A+A+moving+oxygen+story&rft.volume=407&rft.issue=6802&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4425634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11014169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35030266&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Harvey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-3365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoza2008" class="citation book cs1">Roza, Greg (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsAGRf7j7fQC">Titanium</a> (1st ed.). New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1412-5"><bdi>978-1-4042-1412-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titanium&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-1412-5&rft.aulast=Roza&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsAGRf7j7fQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitanium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/titanium" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/titanium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA2-PA46">"Titanium: Our Next Major Metal"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> (October 1950), one of first general public detailed articles on Titanium</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/022.htm">Titanium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Periodic_Videos" title="Periodic Videos">Periodic Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://titanium.org/">Titanium.org</a>: official website of the International Titanium Association, an <a href="/wiki/Industry_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry association">industry association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2003/titanium.movies/titanium.html">Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys</a> - slide presentations, movies, and other material from <a href="/wiki/Harshad_Bhadeshia" title="Harshad Bhadeshia">Harshad Bhadeshia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> metallurgists</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Titanium_compounds78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Titanium_compounds" title="Template:Titanium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Titanium_compounds" title="Template talk:Titanium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Titanium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Titanium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Titanium_compounds78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Titanium_compounds" title="Titanium compounds">Titanium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_chloride" title="Titanium(II) chloride">TiCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_hydride" title="Titanium hydride">TiH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_bromide" title="Titanium(II) bromide">TiBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_iodide" title="Titanium(II) iodide">TiI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">TiO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_sulfide" title="Titanium(II) sulfide">TiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_disilicide" title="Titanium disilicide">TiSi2</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organotitanium(II)_compounds28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organotitanium(II) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_dicarbonyl" title="Titanocene dicarbonyl">[(C5H5)2Ti(CO)2]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_aluminide" title="Titanium aluminide">TiAl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_bromide" title="Titanium(III) bromide">TiBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_chloride" title="Titanium(III) chloride">TiCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_fluoride" title="Titanium(III) fluoride">TiF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_iodide" title="Titanium(III) iodide">TiI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">TiN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_phosphide" title="Titanium(III) phosphide">TiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Ti2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_sulfide" title="Titanium(III) sulfide">Ti2S3</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organotitanium(III)_compounds29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organotitanium(III) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III)_chloride" title="Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride">[(C5H5)2TiCl]2</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_diboride" title="Titanium diboride">TiB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrabromide" title="Titanium tetrabromide">TiBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_carbide" title="Titanium carbide">TiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_trisulfide" title="Titanium trisulfide">TiS(S2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">TiCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_perchlorate" title="Titanium perchlorate">Ti(ClO4)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrafluoride" title="Titanium tetrafluoride">TiF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluorotitanic_acid" title="Hexafluorotitanic acid">H2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride" title="Titanium(IV) hydride">TiH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetraiodide" title="Titanium tetraiodide">TiI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanyl_sulfate" title="Titanyl sulfate">TiOSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium" title="Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium">Ti(NMe2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium nitrate">Ti(NO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">TiO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_acid" title="Titanic acid">H4TiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_acetate" title="Titanium(IV) acetate">Ti(C2H3O2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_ethoxide" title="Titanium ethoxide">Ti4(OCH2CH3)16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_isopropoxide" title="Titanium isopropoxide">Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_butoxide" title="Titanium butoxide">Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_titanyl_phosphate" title="Potassium titanyl phosphate">KTiOPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_yellow" title="Titanium yellow">NiO·Sb2O3·20TiO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_disulfide" title="Titanium disulfide">TiS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_diselenide" title="Titanium diselenide">TiSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_disilicide" title="Titanium disilicide">TiSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetralactate" title="Titanium tetralactate">Ti(C 3H 5O 3) 4</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanate compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barium_titanate" title="Barium titanate">BaTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_orthotitanate" title="Barium orthotitanate">Ba2TiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_titanate" title="Bismuth titanate">Bi4Ti3O12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_titanate" title="Calcium titanate">CaTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_copper_titanate" title="Calcium copper titanate">CaCu3Ti4O12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconolite" title="Zirconolite">CaZrTi2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_titanate" title="Caesium titanate">Cs2TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_titanate" title="Dysprosium titanate">Dy2Ti2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium_barium_titanate" title="Europium barium titanate">EuBaTiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">FeTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium_titanate" title="Holmium titanate">Ho2Ti2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_titanate" title="Lithium titanate">Li2TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_titanate" title="Manganese(II) titanate">MnTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatitanate" title="Sodium metatitanate">Na2Ti3O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuth_titanate" title="Sodium bismuth titanate">Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Sodium hexafluorotitanate">Na2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Potassium hexafluorotitanate">K2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Lithium hexafluorotitanate">Li2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Rubidium hexafluorotitanate">Rb2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_titanate" title="Nickel(II) titanate">NiTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_titanate" title="Lead titanate">PbTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate" title="Lead zirconate titanate">Pb(Zr,Ti)O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_titanate" title="Strontium titanate">SrTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_titanate" title="Zinc titanate">ZnTiO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organotitanium(IV) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_dichloride" title="Titanocene dichloride">[(C5H5)2TiCl2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasis_reagent" title="Petasis reagent">[(C5H5)2Ti(CH3)2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_pentasulfide" title="Titanocene pentasulfide">[(C5H5)2TiS5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebbe%27s_reagent" title="Tebbe's reagent">[(C5H5)2Ti(μ-Cl)(μ-CH2)Al(CH3)2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_Y" title="Titanocene Y">[(η5-C5H4-CH2C6H4OCH3)2TiCl2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Titanium_minerals234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Titanium_minerals" title="Template:Titanium minerals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Titanium_minerals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Titanium minerals (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Titanium_minerals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Titanium minerals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Titanium_minerals234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Titanium_minerals" title="Category:Titanium minerals">Titanium minerals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxide_mineral" title="Oxide mineral">Oxide minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Simple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">Anatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookite" title="Brookite">Brookite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geikielite" title="Geikielite">Geikielite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">Rutile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschynite-(Y)" title="Aeschynite-(Y)">Aeschynite-(Y)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalcolite" title="Armalcolite">Armalcolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betafite" title="Betafite">Betafite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxenite" title="Euxenite">Euxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudenbergite" title="Freudenbergite">Freudenbergite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggertyite" title="Haggertyite">Haggertyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">Ilmenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keilhauite" title="Keilhauite">Keilhauite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latrappite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latrappite (page does not exist)">Latrappite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">Perovskite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycrase" title="Polycrase">Polycrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweite" title="Zimbabweite">Zimbabweite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconolite" title="Zirconolite">Zirconolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirkelite" title="Zirkelite">Zirkelite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">Silicate minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aenigmatite" title="Aenigmatite">Aenigmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossmanite" title="Grossmanite">Grossmanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keilhauite" title="Keilhauite">Keilhauite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzenite" title="Lorenzenite">Lorenzenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andradite" title="Andradite">Melanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenadkevichite" title="Nenadkevichite">Nenadkevichite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanite" title="Titanite">Titanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircophyllite" title="Zircophyllite">Zircophyllite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabinaite" title="Sabinaite">Sabinaite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate mineral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwickite" title="Warwickite">Warwickite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Borate_mineral" title="Borate mineral">borate mineral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140648-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFDonachie1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel,_Abraham_L.Huber,_R.W.Lane,_I.R.1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlower2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraySchwandt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFroes,_F.H.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunatani,_K.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGafner,_G.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor,_William1791\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGundersenRiseUndheimMéndez_Andino2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabashi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampel1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartwig,_J.F.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarunManamKamariahSharif2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasper,_Adam2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaproth,_Martin_Heinrich1795\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleefisch,_E.W.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer,_Andrew_E.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavine2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis,_W.J.Faulkner,_G.E.Rieppel,_P.J.1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuHuangYi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLütjering,_GerdWilliams,_James_Case2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKelvyGlaunsinger1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedicalUniversity2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Gruntman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMocella,_ChrisConkling,_John_A.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoiseyev2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinsinoRussoBonaventuraBrunelli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQian,_MaNiinomi,_Mitsuo2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamón,_Diego_J.Yus,_Miguel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoza2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaha1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaschke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtWood1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubert,_E.F.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeong,_S.Younossi,_O.Goldsmith,_B.W.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamsuddinSohn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoesmithNoelHardieIkeda2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmook2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteeleHein1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStwertka1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakedaUdaOkabe2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiemann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevisanCalignanoAversaMarchese2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruini1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTshuvaMiller2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurgeon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanko2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangFangSunZheng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Arkel,_A.E.de_Boer,_J.H.1925\"] = 1,\n [\"Commercially_pure_titanium\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AME2016 II\"] = 1,\n [\"Also\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bcn\"] = 1,\n [\"Br\"] = 1,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 2,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 25,\n [\"Infobox titanium\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewellery\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Mvar\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"RubberBible86th\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 3,\n [\"Titanium compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Titanium minerals\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","28.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","15.9"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Titanium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titanium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q716","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q716","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T15:02:23Z","dateModified":"2025-02-07T11:07:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/db\/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG","headline":"chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22"}</script> </body> </html>