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<span>Acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_pressure_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_pressure_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sound pressure level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_pressure_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Perception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loudness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loudness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Loudness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loudness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timbre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timbre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Timbre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timbre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Texture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Spatial location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Frequency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frequency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Frequency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultrasound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ultrasound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrasound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrasound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Infrasound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrasound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sound</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klank" title="Klank – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klank" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schall" title="Schall – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schall" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%BD" title="ድምጽ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድምጽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%93g" title="Swēg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Swēg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="صوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soniu" title="Soniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Soniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%A0%DC%90_(%DC%A8%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܩܠܐ (ܨܘܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܠܐ (ܨܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ձայն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ձայն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="শব্দ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শব্দ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%C3%ADu" title="Soníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Soníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu" title="Pu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99s" title="Səs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="سس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="শব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia%E2%81%BF-im" title="Siaⁿ-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siaⁿ-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Тауыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тауыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Гук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Гук – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanog" title="Tanog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tanog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoi" title="Schoi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="སྒྲ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒྲ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvuk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Абяан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Абяан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/So" title="So – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="So" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%C4%83" title="Сасă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сасă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zvuk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongo" title="Chongo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chongo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sain_(ffiseg)" title="Sain (ffiseg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sain (ffiseg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyd" title="Lyd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lyd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="صوت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صوت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schall" title="Schall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heli" title="Heli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ήχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Эне – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эне" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonido" title="Sonido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sonido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sono" title="Sono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soinu" title="Soinu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soinu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="صدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaaj" title="Awaaj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Awaaj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(physique)" title="Son (physique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Son (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BBd" title="Lûd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lûd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuaim" title="Fuaim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuaim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B0%A3" title="聲氣 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="聲氣" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaz" title="Avaz – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Avaz" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-y%C3%AEm" title="Sâng-yîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-yîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="소리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti" title="Sauti – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sauti" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ձայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="ध्वनि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ध्वनि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvuk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sono" title="Sono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni" title="Uni – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Uni" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyi" title="Bunyi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bunyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sono" title="Sono – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sono" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umsindo" title="Umsindo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umsindo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hljóð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suono" title="Suono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="קול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni" title="Uni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6" title="ಶಬ್ದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಬ್ದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბგერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბგერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Дыбыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дыбыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti" title="Sauti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sauti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(fizik)" title="Son (fizik) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Son (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(fyzik)" title="Son (fyzik) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Son (fyzik)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng" title="Deng – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deng" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonus_(physica)" title="Sonus (physica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sonus (physica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%86a" title="Skaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garsas" title="Garsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Garsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluid" title="Geluid – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geluid" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sance" title="sance – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sance" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang" title="Hang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Звук" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feo_(fizika)" title="Feo (fizika) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Feo (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ശബ്ദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശബ്ദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)" title="आवाज (ध्वनी) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवाज (ध्वनी)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="صوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyi" title="Bunyi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bunyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyi" title="Bunyi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bunyi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonido" title="Sonido – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sonido" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Вайгялькс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вайгялькс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83" title="Дуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6" title="အသံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorogo" title="Rorogo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rorogo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluid" title="Geluid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geluid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="ध्वनि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ध्वनि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="सः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3" title="音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C3%BC%C3%BCt" title="Gelüüt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gelüüt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyd" title="Lyd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyd" title="Lyd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6_(%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF)" title="ଶବ୍ଦ (ଧ୍ୱନି) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶବ୍ଦ (ଧ୍ୱନି)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagalee" title="Sagalee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sagalee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovush" title="Tovush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tovush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਧੁਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧੁਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آواز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آواز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DA%96" title="غږ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غږ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song" title="Song – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Song" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAwi%C4%99k" title="Dźwięk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźwięk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som" title="Som – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Som" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunet" title="Sunet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sunet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqyay" title="Ruqyay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruqyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Звук" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%95%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дорҕоон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дорҕоон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="शब्दः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शब्दः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱥᱟᱰᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱰᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soond" title="Soond – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soond" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingulli" title="Tingulli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tingulli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ශබ්දය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශබ්දය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound" title="Sound – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sound" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آواز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آواز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zvuk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvok" title="Zvok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang" title="Klang – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Klang" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Звук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zvuk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora" title="Sora – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sora" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4ni" title="Ääni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ääni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljud" title="Ljud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunog" title="Tunog – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tunog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="ధ్వని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ధ్వని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="เสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ses" title="Ses – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ses" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1khwom" title="A̱khwom – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱khwom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD_(%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Үн (Физика) – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Үн (Физика)" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Звук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آواز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آواز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3n" title="Són – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Són" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulund" title="Kulund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kulund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_thanh" title="Âm thanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel%C3%BC" title="Helü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Helü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingog" title="Tingog – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tingog" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="声音 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="声音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpfumawulo" title="Mpfumawulo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mpfumawulo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="קלאנג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קלאנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veng" title="Veng – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Veng" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluud" title="Geluud – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Geluud" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garsos" title="Garsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Garsos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="声音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="声音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Звук" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about audible acoustic waves. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sound_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sound (disambiguation)">Sound (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg/300px-Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg/450px-Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg/600px-Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a> produces sound via a vibrating <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membrane</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Drum_-_Cadence_A.ogg" title="File:Drum - Cadence A.ogg">Drum - Cadence A</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="93" data-mwtitle="Drum_-_Cadence_A.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Drum_-_Cadence_A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Drum_-_Cadence_A.ogg/Drum_-_Cadence_A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Drum_cadence" title="Drum cadence">Drum cadences</a> performed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">United States Navy Band</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <b>sound</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> that propagates as an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_wave" title="Acoustic wave">acoustic wave</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">transmission medium</a> such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, sound is the <i>reception</i> of such waves and their <i>perception</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only acoustic waves that have <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a> lying between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz, the <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio frequency</a> range, elicit an auditory percept in humans. In air at atmospheric pressure, these represent sound waves with <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of 17 meters (56 ft) to 1.7 centimeters (0.67 in). Sound waves above 20 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> and are not audible to humans. Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a>. Different animal species have varying <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">hearing ranges</a>, allowing some to even hear ultrasounds. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>Sound is defined as "(a) <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">Oscillation</a> in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a)."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in air or other elastic media. In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound is a <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acoustics">Acoustics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></div> <p>Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_wave" title="Mechanical wave">mechanical waves</a> in gasses, liquids, and solids including <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> is an <i>acoustician</i>, while someone working in the field of <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">acoustical engineering</a> may be called an <i>acoustical engineer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineer</a>, on the other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound. </p><p>Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines include <a href="/wiki/Aeroacoustics" title="Aeroacoustics">aeroacoustics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">architectural acoustics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">bioacoustics</a>, electro-acoustics, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_noise" title="Environmental noise">environmental noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">musical acoustics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">noise control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">underwater acoustics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/260px--23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="23._Звучни_виљушки.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv/23._%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Experiment using two <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning forks</a> <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic oscillations">oscillating</a> usually at the same <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>. One fork is hit with a rubberized mallet, causing the second fork to become visibly excited due to the oscillation caused by the periodic change in the pressure and density of the air. This is an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" title="Acoustic resonance">acoustic resonance</a>. When an additional piece of metal is attached to a prong, the effect becomes less pronounced as resonance is not achieved as effectively.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">longitudinal waves</a> and also as a <a href="/wiki/Transverse_wave" title="Transverse wave">transverse wave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solids">solids</a>. The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)" title="Diaphragm (acoustics)">diaphragm</a> of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a>, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, and displacement of the medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. The particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or liquid transport the vibrations, while the <i>average</i> position of the particles over time does not change). During propagation, waves can be <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflected</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refracted</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuated</a> by the medium.<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things: </p> <ul><li>A complex relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and pressure of the medium. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium.</li> <li>Motion of the medium itself. If the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the wind if the sound and wind are moving in the same direction. If the sound and wind are moving in opposite directions, the speed of the sound wave will be decreased by the speed of the wind.</li> <li>The viscosity of the medium. Medium <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> determines the rate at which sound is attenuated. For many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.</li></ul> <p>When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be <a href="/wiki/Refracted" class="mw-redirect" title="Refracted">refracted</a> (either dispersed or focused).<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spherical_pressure_waves.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Spherical_pressure_waves.gif/220px-Spherical_pressure_waves.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Spherical_pressure_waves.gif/330px-Spherical_pressure_waves.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Spherical_pressure_waves.gif/440px-Spherical_pressure_waves.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Spherical compression (longitudinal) waves</figcaption></figure> <p>The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">forms of matter</a>: gases, liquids, solids, and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasmas</a>. The matter that supports the sound is called the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">medium</a>. Sound cannot travel through a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies has shown that sound waves are able to carry a tiny amount of mass and is surrounded by a weak gravitational field.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waves">Waves</h3></div> <p>Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">longitudinal waves</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a> waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and <a href="/wiki/Transverse_wave" title="Transverse wave">transverse waves</a>. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> deviations from the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equilibrium" title="Mechanical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> pressure, causing local regions of <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rarefaction" title="Rarefaction">rarefaction</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Transverse_wave" title="Transverse wave">transverse waves</a> (in solids) are waves of alternating <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a> at right angle to the direction of propagation. </p><p>Sound waves may be viewed using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energy carried by an oscillating sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of the extra <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a> (in case of longitudinal waves) or lateral displacement <a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">strain</a> (in case of transverse waves) of the matter, and the kinetic energy of the displacement velocity of particles of the medium. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:508px;max-width:508px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Longitudinal plane pressure pulse wave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif/250px-Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Longitudinal plane wave</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onde_cisaillement_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Transverse plane wave in linear polarization, i.e. oscillating only in the y-direction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Onde_cisaillement_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif/250px-Onde_cisaillement_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Onde_cisaillement_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Transverse plane wave</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Longitudinal and transverse plane wave</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Elements_of_Sound_jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Elements_of_Sound_jpg.jpg/220px-The_Elements_of_Sound_jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Elements_of_Sound_jpg.jpg/330px-The_Elements_of_Sound_jpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Elements_of_Sound_jpg.jpg/440px-The_Elements_of_Sound_jpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A 'pressure over time' graph of a 20 ms recording of a clarinet tone demonstrates the two fundamental elements of sound: Pressure and Time.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg/220px-Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg/330px-Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg/440px-Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Sounds can be represented as a mixture of their component <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">Sinusoidal waves</a> of different frequencies. The bottom waves have higher frequencies than those above. The horizontal axis represents time.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there are many complexities relating to the transmission of sounds, at the point of reception (i.e. the ears), sound is readily dividable into two simple elements: pressure and time. These fundamental elements form the basis of all sound waves. They can be used to describe, in absolute terms, every sound we hear. </p><p>In order to understand the sound more fully, a complex wave such as the one shown in a blue background on the right of this text, is usually separated into its component parts, which are a combination of various sound wave frequencies (and noise).<sup id="cite_ref-Handel,_S._1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handel,_S._1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kendall,_R._A._1986_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall,_R._A._1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matthews,_M._1999_pp._79-88_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews,_M._1999_pp._79-88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sound <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> are often simplified to a description in terms of <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sinusoidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Plane_wave" title="Plane wave">plane waves</a>, which are characterized by these generic properties: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a>, or its inverse, <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">Amplitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sound_intensity" title="Sound intensity">Intensity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_(geometry,_geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction (geometry, geography)">Direction</a></li></ul> <p>Sound that is perceptible by humans has frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In air at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 m (56 ft) to 17 mm (0.67 in). Sometimes speed and direction are combined as a <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometric)">vector</a>; wave number and direction are combined as a <a href="/wiki/Wave_vector" title="Wave vector">wave vector</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transverse_wave" title="Transverse wave">Transverse waves</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear</a> waves, have the additional property, <i><a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a></i>, which is not a characteristic of longitudinal sound waves.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_(7_July_1999)_-_filtered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_%287_July_1999%29_-_filtered.jpg/220px-FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_%287_July_1999%29_-_filtered.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_%287_July_1999%29_-_filtered.jpg/330px-FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_%287_July_1999%29_-_filtered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_%287_July_1999%29_-_filtered.jpg/440px-FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_%287_July_1999%29_-_filtered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18</a> approaching the speed of sound. The white halo is formed by condensed water droplets thought to result from a drop in air pressure around the aircraft (see <a href="/wiki/Prandtl%E2%80%93Glauert_singularity" title="Prandtl–Glauert singularity">Prandtl–Glauert singularity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. The first significant effort towards measurement of the speed of sound was made by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. He believed the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square root of the pressure acting on it divided by its density: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\frac {p}{\rho }}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\frac {p}{\rho }}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a07457de3f68d8624464d94b60bbbbb9a5f17cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:9.114ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\frac {p}{\rho }}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This was later proven wrong and the French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a> corrected the formula by deducing that the phenomenon of sound travelling is not isothermal, as believed by Newton, but <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatic</a>. He added another factor to the equation—<a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity_ratio" title="Heat capacity ratio"><i>gamma</i></a>—and multiplied <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\gamma }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>γ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\gamma }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a6b1d2df90a99119a720bc58364442839fb7425" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.198ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\gamma }}}"></span> by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {p/\rho }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {p/\rho }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e213920a70e7b9878a5ba40ef443c044006bab9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.858ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {p/\rho }}}"></span>, thus coming up with the equation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot p/\rho }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot p/\rho }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77a6d43c0f3de4ee131a0fc1a0a7c0984692c677" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.904ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot p/\rho }}}"></span>. Since <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K=\gamma \cdot p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K=\gamma \cdot p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e00522891b3d5da685e0806ded0b94e775c448cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.275ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K=\gamma \cdot p}"></span>, the final equation came up to be <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e2d7ce02ca3ae69204b70c149beec25f5c8aee0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.859ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}"></span>, which is also known as the Newton–Laplace equation. In this equation, <i>K</i> is the elastic bulk modulus, <i>c</i> is the velocity of sound, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> is the density. Thus, the speed of sound is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Square_root" title="Square root">square root</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> of the medium to its density. </p><p>Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions. For example, the speed of sound in gases depends on temperature. In 20 °C (68 °F) air at sea level, the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s (1,230 km/h; 767 mph) using the formula <span class="nowrap"><i>v</i> [m/s] = 331 + 0.6 <i>T</i> [°C]</span>. The speed of sound is also slightly sensitive, being subject to a second-order <a href="/wiki/Anharmonicity" title="Anharmonicity">anharmonic</a> effect, to the sound amplitude, which means there are non-linear propagation effects, such as the production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound (see <a href="/wiki/Parametric_array" title="Parametric array">parametric array</a>). If <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">relativistic</a> effects are important, the speed of sound is calculated from the <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Euler_equations" title="Relativistic Euler equations">relativistic Euler equations</a>. </p><p>In fresh water the speed of sound is approximately 1,482 m/s (5,335 km/h; 3,315 mph). In steel, the speed of sound is about 5,960 m/s (21,460 km/h; 13,330 mph). Sound moves the fastest in solid atomic hydrogen at about 36,000 m/s (129,600 km/h; 80,530 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_pressure_level">Sound pressure level</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccf;padding:0.3em;font-size:125%;">Sound measurements</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.15em 0.5em;">Characteristic</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.15em 0.5em;">Symbols</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">Sound pressure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i>, SPL, <i>L</i><sub>PA</sub></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Particle_velocity" title="Particle velocity">Particle velocity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml"><i>v</i>, SVL</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Particle_displacement" title="Particle displacement">Particle displacement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">δ</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sound_intensity" title="Sound intensity">Sound intensity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml"><i>I</i>, SIL</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sound_power" title="Sound power">Sound power</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml"><i>P</i>, SWL, <i>L</i><sub>WA</sub></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sound_energy" title="Sound energy">Sound energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">W</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sound_energy_density" title="Sound energy density">Sound energy density</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">w</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sound_exposure" title="Sound exposure">Sound exposure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i>, SEL</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">Acoustic impedance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Z</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">Audio frequency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml">AF</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Transmission_loss_(duct_acoustics)" title="Transmission loss (duct acoustics)">Transmission loss</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span><span class="texhtml">TL</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_measurements" title="Template:Sound measurements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_measurements" title="Template talk:Sound measurements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_measurements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound measurements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">Sound pressure</a></i> is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in the sound wave. A square of this difference (i.e., a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure) is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides a <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">root mean square</a> (RMS) value. For example, 1 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a> RMS sound pressure (94 dBSPL) in atmospheric air implies that the actual pressure in the sound wave oscillates between (1 atm <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f922458d7d412e30c23d59dfdd457803b867508" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.906ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}"></span> Pa) and (1 atm <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a348c078495926643fb34607bdc0fcc670b6fbd0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.906ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}"></span> Pa), that is between 101323.6 and 101326.4 Pa. As the human ear can detect sounds with a wide range of amplitudes, sound pressure is often measured as a level on a logarithmic <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a> scale. The <i>sound pressure level</i> (SPL) or <i>L</i><sub>p</sub> is defined as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {p} }=10\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p}^{2}}{{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}^{2}}}\right)=20\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {p}{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}}\right){\mbox{ dB}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>20</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> dB</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {p} }=10\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p}^{2}}{{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}^{2}}}\right)=20\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {p}{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}}\right){\mbox{ dB}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/433869a733dc250e0f1eed343b89fbd4ba0798d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:45.071ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {p} }=10\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p}^{2}}{{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}^{2}}}\right)=20\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {p}{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}}\right){\mbox{ dB}}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>where <i>p</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Root-mean-square" class="mw-redirect" title="Root-mean-square">root-mean-square</a> sound pressure and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {ref} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {ref} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56ae2d6d00469bc21c0c0b2737f61aef7377d3e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.477ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {ref} }}"></span> is a <i><a href="/wiki/Reference_sound_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference sound pressure">reference sound pressure</a></i>. Commonly used reference sound pressures, defined in the standard <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> <a href="/wiki/ANSI_S1.1-1994" title="ANSI S1.1-1994">S1.1-1994</a>, are 20 <a href="/wiki/Micropascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropascal">μPa</a> in air and 1 <a href="/wiki/Micropascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropascal">μPa</a> in water. Without a specified reference sound pressure, a value expressed in decibels cannot represent a sound pressure level.</dd></dl> <p>Since the human ear does not have a flat <a href="/wiki/Responsivity" title="Responsivity">spectral response</a>, sound pressures are often <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> weighted so that the measured level matches perceived levels more closely. The <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) has defined several weighting schemes. <a href="/wiki/A-weighting" title="A-weighting">A-weighting</a> attempts to match the response of the human ear to noise and A-weighted sound pressure levels are labeled dBA. C-weighting is used to measure peak levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception">Perception</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></div> <p>A distinct use of the term <i>sound</i> from its use in physics is that in physiology and psychology, where the term refers to the subject of <i>perception</i> by the brain. The field of <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a> is dedicated to such studies. Webster's dictionary defined sound as: "1. The sensation of hearing, that which is heard; specif.: a. Psychophysics. Sensation due to stimulation of the auditory nerves and auditory centers of the brain, usually by vibrations transmitted in a material medium, commonly air, affecting the organ of hearing. b. Physics. Vibrational energy which occasions such a sensation. Sound is propagated by progressive longitudinal vibratory disturbances (sound waves)."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the correct response to the question: "<a href="/wiki/If_a_tree_falls_in_a_forest_and_no_one_is_around_to_hear_it,_does_it_make_a_sound%3F" title="If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?">if a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?</a>" is "yes", and "no", dependent on whether being answered using the physical, or the psychophysical definition, respectively. </p><p>The physical reception of sound in any hearing organism is limited to a range of frequencies. Humans normally hear sound frequencies between approximately 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> and 20,000 Hz (20 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1967_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1967-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 382">: 382 </span></sup> The upper limit decreases with age.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1967_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1967-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249">: 249 </span></sup> Sometimes <i>sound</i> refers to only those vibrations with <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a> that are within the <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">hearing range</a> for humans<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sometimes it relates to a particular animal. Other species have different ranges of hearing. For example, dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz. </p><p>As a signal perceived by one of the major <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>, sound is used by many species for <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanism (biology)">detecting danger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>, and communication. Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">water</a>, and virtually any <a href="/wiki/Physical_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical phenomenon">physical phenomenon</a>, such as fire, rain, wind, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">surf</a>, or earthquake, produces (and is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">marine</a> and terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, have also developed special <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> to produce sound. In some species, these produce <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a>. Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">Noise</a> is a term often used to refer to an unwanted sound. In science and engineering, noise is an undesirable component that obscures a wanted signal. However, in sound perception it can often be used to identify the source of a sound and is an important component of timbre perception (see below). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a> is the component of the acoustic environment that can be perceived by humans. The acoustic environment is the combination of all sounds (whether audible to humans or not) within a given area as modified by the environment and understood by people, in context of the surrounding environment. </p><p>There are, historically, six experimentally separable ways in which sound waves are analysed. They are: <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">duration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">sonic texture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">spatial location</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these terms have a standardised definition (for instance in the ANSI Acoustical Terminology <a href="/wiki/ANSI/ASA_S1.1-2013" title="ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013">ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013</a>). More recent approaches have also considered <a href="/wiki/Temporal_envelope_and_fine_structure" title="Temporal envelope and fine structure">temporal envelope and temporal fine structure</a> as perceptually relevant analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitch">Pitch</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitch_perception.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pitch_perception.png/220px-Pitch_perception.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pitch_perception.png/330px-Pitch_perception.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pitch_perception.png/440px-Pitch_perception.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Pitch perception. During the listening process, each sound is analysed for a repeating pattern (orange arrows) and the results forwarded to the auditory cortex as a single pitch of a certain height (octave) and chroma (note name).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a> is perceived as how "low" or "high" a sound is and represents the cyclic, repetitive nature of the vibrations that make up sound. For simple sounds, pitch relates to the frequency of the slowest vibration in the sound (called the fundamental harmonic). In the case of complex sounds, pitch perception can vary. Sometimes individuals identify different pitches for the same sound, based on their personal experience of particular sound patterns. Selection of a particular pitch is determined by pre-conscious examination of vibrations, including their frequencies and the balance between them. Specific attention is given to recognising potential harmonics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every sound is placed on a pitch continuum from low to high. </p><p>For example: <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a> (random noise spread evenly across all frequencies) sounds higher in pitch than <a href="/wiki/Pink_noise" title="Pink noise">pink noise</a> (random noise spread evenly across octaves) as white noise has more high frequency content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration">Duration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duration_perception.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Duration_perception.png/220px-Duration_perception.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Duration_perception.png/330px-Duration_perception.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Duration_perception.png/440px-Duration_perception.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Duration perception. When a new sound is noticed (Green arrows), a sound onset message is sent to the auditory cortex. When the repeating pattern is missed, a sound offset messages is sent.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Duration</a> is perceived as how "long" or "short" a sound is and relates to onset and offset signals created by nerve responses to sounds. The duration of a sound usually lasts from the time the sound is first noticed until the sound is identified as having changed or ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes this is not directly related to the physical duration of a sound. For example; in a noisy environment, gapped sounds (sounds that stop and start) can sound as if they are continuous because the offset messages are missed owing to disruptions from noises in the same general bandwidth.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be of great benefit in understanding distorted messages such as radio signals that suffer from interference, as (owing to this effect) the message is heard as if it was continuous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loudness">Loudness</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loudness_perception_v5.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Loudness_perception_v5.gif/220px-Loudness_perception_v5.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Loudness_perception_v5.gif/330px-Loudness_perception_v5.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Loudness_perception_v5.gif/440px-Loudness_perception_v5.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Loudness information is summed over a period of about 200 ms before being sent to the auditory cortex. Louder signals create a greater 'push' on the Basilar membrane and thus stimulate more nerves, creating a stronger loudness signal. A more complex signal also creates more nerve firings and so sounds louder (for the same wave amplitude) than a simpler sound, such as a sine wave.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a> is perceived as how "loud" or "soft" a sound is and relates to the totalled number of auditory nerve stimulations over short cyclic time periods, most likely over the duration of theta wave cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that at short durations, a very short sound can sound softer than a longer sound even though they are presented at the same intensity level. Past around 200 ms this is no longer the case and the duration of the sound no longer affects the apparent loudness of the sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timbre">Timbre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbre_perception.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Timbre_perception.png/220px-Timbre_perception.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Timbre_perception.png/330px-Timbre_perception.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Timbre_perception.png/440px-Timbre_perception.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Timbre perception, showing how a sound changes over time. Despite a similar waveform, differences over time are evident.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a> is perceived as the quality of different sounds (e.g. the thud of a fallen rock, the whir of a drill, the tone of a musical instrument or the quality of a voice) and represents the pre-conscious allocation of a sonic identity to a sound (e.g. "it's an oboe!"). This identity is based on information gained from frequency transients, noisiness, unsteadiness, perceived pitch and the spread and intensity of overtones in the sound over an extended time frame.<sup id="cite_ref-Handel,_S._1995_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handel,_S._1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kendall,_R._A._1986_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall,_R._A._1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matthews,_M._1999_pp._79-88_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews,_M._1999_pp._79-88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way a sound changes over time provides most of the information for timbre identification. Even though a small section of the wave form from each instrument looks very similar, differences in changes over time between the clarinet and the piano are evident in both loudness and harmonic content. Less noticeable are the different noises heard, such as air hisses for the clarinet and hammer strikes for the piano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texture">Texture</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">Sonic texture</a> relates to the number of sound sources and the interaction between them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>texture</i>, in this context, relates to the cognitive separation of auditory objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Cariani,_P._2012_pp._351-390_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cariani,_P._2012_pp._351-390-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In music, texture is often referred to as the difference between <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a>, but it can also relate (for example) to a busy cafe; a sound which might be referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Cacophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacophony">cacophony</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_location">Spatial location</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">Sound localization</a></div> <p>Spatial location represents the cognitive placement of a sound in an environmental context; including the placement of a sound on both the horizontal and vertical plane, the distance from the sound source and the characteristics of the sonic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Cariani,_P._2012_pp._351-390_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cariani,_P._2012_pp._351-390-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a thick texture, it is possible to identify multiple sound sources using a combination of spatial location and timbre identification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency">Frequency</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">Audio frequency</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg/290px-Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg/435px-Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg/580px-Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption>Approximate frequency ranges corresponding to ultrasound, with rough guide of some applications</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a> is sound waves with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound is not different from audible sound in its physical properties, but cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Medical ultrasound</a> is commonly used for diagnostics and treatment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrasound">Infrasound</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perception_of_infrasound" title="Perception of infrasound">Perception of infrasound</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a> is sound waves with frequencies lower than 20 Hz. Although sounds of such low frequency are too low for humans to hear as a pitch, these sound are heard as discrete pulses (like the 'popping' sound of an idling motorcycle). Whales, elephants and other animals can detect infrasound and use it to communicate. It can be used to detect volcanic eruptions and is used in some types of music.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <dl><dt>Sound sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Earphones">Earphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_box" title="Sound box">Sound box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reproduction">Sound reproduction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sound measurement</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">Acoustic impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic velocity">Acoustic velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characteristic_impedance" title="Characteristic impedance">Characteristic impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_scale" title="Mel scale">Mel scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_acceleration" title="Particle acceleration">Particle acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_amplitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle amplitude">Particle amplitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_displacement" title="Particle displacement">Particle displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_velocity" title="Particle velocity">Particle velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_energy_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound energy flux">Sound energy flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_impedance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound impedance">Sound impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_intensity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound intensity level">Sound intensity level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_power" title="Sound power">Sound power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_power_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound power level">Sound power level</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="anchor" id="Units"></span>Units</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a>, decibel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sone" title="Sone">sone</a> - perceived <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phon" title="Phon">phon</a> - subjective loudness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> - unit of frequency</li></ul> <dl><dt>General</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_theory" title="Acoustic theory">Acoustic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(phenomenon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo (phenomenon)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a> — sound at extremely low frequencies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unexplained_sounds" title="List of unexplained sounds">List of unexplained sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_tone" title="Musical tone">Musical tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">Resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">Reverberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_weaponry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic weaponry">Sonic weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound synthesis">Sound synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_acoustics" title="Structural acoustics">Structural acoustics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Fundamentals of Telephone Communication Systems</i>. 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(1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233076257">"Gestalt phenomena in musical texture"</a>, <i>Journal of New Music Research</i>, <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>314, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09298219708570732">10.1080/09298219708570732</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121084708/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shlomo_Dubnov/publication/233076257_Polyspectra_as_measures_of_sound_texture_and_timbre*/links/0f31752f6ce3c49334000000.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+New+Music+Research&rft.atitle=Gestalt+phenomena+in+musical+texture&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09298219708570732&rft.au=Cohen%2C+D.&rft.au=Dubnov%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233076257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamien, R. (1980). Music: an appreciation. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cariani,_P._2012_pp._351-390-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cariani,_P._2012_pp._351-390_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cariani,_P._2012_pp._351-390_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarianiMicheyl2012" class="citation book cs1">Cariani, Peter; Micheyl, Christophe (2012). "Toward a Theory of Information Processing in Auditory Cortex". <i>The Human Auditory Cortex</i>. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. 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(1999). Memory for musical attributes. In P.R. Cook (Ed.), Music, cognition, and computerized sound: An introduction to psychoacoustics (pp. 105–127). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeventhall2007" class="citation journal cs1">Leventhall, Geoff (2007-01-01). "What is infrasound?". <i>Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Biophysics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=What+is+infrasound%3F&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.issn=0079-6107&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16934315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2006.07.006&rft.aulast=Leventhall&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Sound</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sound">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Mack2019" class="citation web cs1">Eric Mack (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/stanford-scientists-created-a-sound-so-loud-it-instantly-boils-water/">"Stanford scientists created a sound so loud it instantly boils water"</a>. <i>CNET</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Stanford+scientists+created+a+sound+so+loud+it+instantly+boils+water&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.au=Eric+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fstanford-scientists-created-a-sound-so-loud-it-instantly-boils-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/schools/index1.htm">Sounds Amazing; a KS3/4 learning resource for sound and waves (uses Flash)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313122023/http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/schools/index1.htm">Archived</a> 2012-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html">HyperPhysics: Sound and Hearing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podcomplex.com/guide/physics.html">Introduction to the Physics of Sound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/hearing.html">Hearing curves and on-line hearing test</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiodesignline.com/howto/audioprocessing/193303241">Audio for the 21st Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123120804/http://www.audiodesignline.com/howto/audioprocessing/193303241">Archived</a> 2009-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-soundlevel.htm">Conversion of sound units and levels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Calculations03.htm">Sound calculations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiocheck.net">Audio Check: a free collection of audio tests and test tones playable on-line</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salfordacoustics.co.uk/sound-waves">More Sounds Amazing; a sixth-form learning resource about sound waves</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acoustics" title="Template:Acoustics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acoustics" title="Template talk:Acoustics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acoustics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acoustics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acoustics243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">Monochord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">Reverberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_vibration" title="String vibration">String vibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_resonance" title="Sympathetic resonance">Sympathetic resonance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spectrogram of a violin playing a note and then a perfect fifth above it. 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Van Holliday">D. Van Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img 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