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Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noble_gases_in_Earth_sciences_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noble_gases_in_Earth_sciences_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Noble gases in Earth sciences application </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noble_gases_in_Earth_sciences_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Helium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Helium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Neon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Argon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krypton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krypton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Krypton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krypton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xenon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xenon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Xenon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampling_of_noble_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampling_of_noble_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Sampling of noble gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampling_of_noble_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_noble_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_noble_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6.1 Analysis of noble gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_noble_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Discharge color </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discharge_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Noble gas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" > 124 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgasse" title="Edelgasse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edelgasse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="غاز نبيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاز نبيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytundyry_apojovai%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Pytundyry apojovai'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pytundyry apojovai'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99sirsiz_qazlar" title="Təsirsiz qazlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təsirsiz qazlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نجیب قاز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نجیب قاز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gas mulia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="নিষ্ক্রিয় গ্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিষ্ক্রিয় গ্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-i%C3%BA_kh%C3%AC-th%C3%A9" title="Hi-iú khì-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-iú khì-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Затлы газдар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Затлы газдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Інертныя газы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інертныя газы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Інэртныя газы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інэртныя газы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल गैस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नोबल गैस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Благороден газ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Благороден газ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འདྲེས་སྦྱོར་དཀའ་བའི་རླུང་གཟུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འདྲེས་སྦྱོར་དཀའ་བའི་རླུང་གཟུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plemeniti plinovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сӳрĕк газсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сӳрĕк газсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cn%C3%A9_plyny" title="Vzácné plyny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzácné plyny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwy_nobl" title="Nwy nobl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nwy nobl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86delgas" title="Ædelgas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ædelgas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="غاز نبيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="غاز نبيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgase" title="Edelgase – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edelgase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid" title="Väärisgaasid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väärisgaasid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ευγενή αέρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευγενή αέρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Куло коштнэ – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Куло коштнэ" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gases_nobles" title="Gases nobles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gases nobles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobla_gaso" title="Nobla gaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobla gaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="گاز نجیب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاز نجیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tey_%C3%B3virknu_gassini" title="Tey óvirknu gassini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tey óvirknu gassini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_noble" title="Gaz noble – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaz noble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edelgas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathgh%C3%A1s" title="Triathghás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Triathghás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_ooasle" title="Gas ooasle – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gas ooasle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gas nobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эздий газаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эздий газаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="惰性氣體 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="惰性氣體" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AE-y%C3%B9_hi-th%C3%AD" title="Hî-yù hi-thí – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hî-yù hi-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="비활성 기체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비활성 기체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իներտ գազեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իներտ գազեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="उत्कृष्ट गैस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्कृष्ट गैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drohop%C5%82un" title="Drohopłun – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Drohopłun" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plemeniti plinovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gas mulia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobile" title="Gas nobile – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gas nobile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0allofttegund" title="Eðallofttegund – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðallofttegund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobili" title="Gas nobili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gas nobili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C" title="גז אציל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גז אציל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulya" title="Gas mulya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gas mulya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠಾನಿಲಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠಾನಿಲಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ინერტული აირები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინერტული აირები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Инертті газдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инертті газдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesi_adimu" title="Gesi adimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gesi adimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_n%C3%B2b" title="Gaz nòb – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gaz nòb" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Инерттүү газдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инерттүү газдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasia_nobilia" title="Gasia nobilia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gasia nobilia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93lg%C4%81zes" title="Cēlgāzes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cēlgāzes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelgas" title="Eedelgas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eedelgas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertin%C4%97s_dujos" title="Inertinės dujos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Inertinės dujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedelgaas" title="Aedelgaas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aedelgaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/navni" title="navni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="navni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_n%C3%B2bil" title="Gas nòbil – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gas nòbil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesg%C3%A1zok" title="Nemesgázok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemesgázok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Благороден гас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Благороден гас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഉൽകൃഷ്ടവാതകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉൽകൃഷ്ടവാതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="निष्क्रिय वायू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निष्क्रिय वायू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gas adi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-i%C5%AB_k%C3%A9-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Hĭ-iū ké-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-iū ké-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Инерт хий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инерт хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="နိုဘယ်ဂက်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုဘယ်ဂက်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edelgas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल ग्यास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नोबल ग्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल ग्यास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नोबल ग्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC18%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第18族元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第18族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelgas" title="Eedelgas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eedelgas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edelgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edelgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_n%C3%B2ble" title="Gas nòble – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gas nòble" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Суаппез-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Суаппез-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جوگی گیساں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوگی گیساں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_inerto" title="Gas inerto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gas inerto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddelgas" title="Eddelgas – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eddelgas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helowce" title="Helowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Helowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1s_nobre" title="Gás nobre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gás nobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_nobil" title="Gaz nobil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaz nobil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi%C3%B1a_wapsi" title="Umiña wapsi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Umiña wapsi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Благородные газы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Благородные газы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мааны гаастар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мааны гаастар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasu_n%C3%B2bile" title="Gasu nòbile – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gasu nòbile" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_tet%C3%ABmb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i tetëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i tetëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94" title="උච්ච වායු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උච්ච වායු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cny_plyn" title="Vzácny plyn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vzácny plyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlahtni_plin" title="Žlahtni plin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žlahtni plin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neefta_Gobta" title="Neefta Gobta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Neefta Gobta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گازی خانەدان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گازی خانەدان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Племенити гас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Племенити гас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_gas" title="Plemeniti gas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plemeniti gas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulya" title="Gas mulya – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gas mulya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalokaasut" title="Jalokaasut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalokaasut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84delgas" title="Ädelgas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ädelgas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariringal_na_mga_hangin" title="Mariringal na mga hangin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mariringal na mga hangin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81" title="அருமன் வாயு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அருமன் வாயு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="แก๊สมีสกุล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก๊สมีสกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Газҳои асил – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Газҳои асил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_gaz" title="Soy gaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soy gaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Благородні гази – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Благородні гази" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="نوبل گیسیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل گیسیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Khí hiếm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí hiếm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5z_n%C3%B4be" title="Gåz nôbe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gåz nôbe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="貴氣體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="貴氣體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="稀有气体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; width:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;">Noble gases </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:1em; margin-top:1px; background:transparent; border:1px solid #a9a9a9;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> ←    → <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC group number</a></th> <th>18 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name by element</td> <td>helium group or neon group </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trivial name</td> <td>noble gases </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">CAS group number</a> (US, pattern A-B-A)</div></td> <td>VIIIA </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">old IUPAC number</a> (Europe, pattern A-B)</div></td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helium discharge tube"><img alt="Image: Helium discharge tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/210px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/315px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/420px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> (He) 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Neon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neon discharge tube"><img alt="Image: Neon discharge tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/210px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/315px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/420px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> (Ne) 10 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Argon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Argon discharge tube"><img alt="Image: Argon discharge tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/210px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/315px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/420px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> (Ar) 18 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krypton discharge tube"><img alt="Image: Krypton discharge tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/210px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/315px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/420px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> (Kr) 36 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xenon discharge tube"><img alt="Image: Xenon discharge tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/210px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/315px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/420px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> (Xe) 54 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> (Rn) 86 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> (Og) 118 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> Legend <table style="text-align:center; border:0; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial element</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; padding:0 2px; background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">element by radioactive decay</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The noble gases (historically the inert gases, sometimes referred to as aerogens<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>) are the members of <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> 18 of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> (He), <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> (Ne), <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> (Ar), <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a> (Kr), <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> (Xe), <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> (Rn) and, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> (Og). Under <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard conditions</a>, the first six of these <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> are odorless, colorless, <a href="/wiki/Monatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic">monatomic</a> gases with very low <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactivity">chemical reactivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> boiling points. The properties of the seventh, unstable, element, Og, are uncertain. The <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">intermolecular force</a> between noble gas atoms is the very weak <a href="/wiki/London_dispersion_force" title="London dispersion force">London dispersion force</a>, so their boiling points are all cryogenic, below 165 K (−108 °C; −163 °F).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The noble gases' <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inertness</a>, or tendency not to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">react</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substances</a>, results from their <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>: their <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">outer shell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a> is "full", giving them little tendency to participate in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. Only a few hundred <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_compound" title="Noble gas compound">noble gas compounds</a> are known to exist. The inertness of noble gases makes them useful whenever chemical reactions are unwanted. For example, argon is used as a <a href="/wiki/Shielding_gas" title="Shielding gas">shielding gas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> and as a filler gas in <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a>. Helium is used to provide buoyancy in <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_balloon" title="Gas balloon">balloons</a>. Helium and neon are also used as <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a> due to their low <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Industrial</a> quantities of the noble gases, except for radon, are obtained by separating them from <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> using the methods of <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases" title="Liquefaction of gases">liquefaction of gases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a>. Helium is also a byproduct of the mining of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. Radon is usually isolated from the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> of dissolved <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> compounds. The seventh member of group 18 is oganesson, an <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">unstable</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic element</a> whose chemistry is still uncertain because only five very short-lived atoms (t1/2 = 0.69 ms) have ever been synthesized (as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-smits2020-3">[3]</a>). <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> uses the term "noble gas" interchangeably with "group 18" and thus includes oganesson;<a href="#cite_note-Koppenol-4">[4]</a> however, due to <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic effects</a>, oganesson is predicted to be a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> under standard conditions and reactive enough not to qualify functionally as "noble".<a href="#cite_note-smits2020-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Noble gas is translated from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> noun Edelgas, first used in 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Erdmann" title="Hugo Erdmann">Hugo Erdmann</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity. The name makes an analogy to the term "<a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a>", which also have low reactivity. The noble gases have also been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gases</a>, but this label is deprecated as many <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_compound" title="Noble gas compound">noble gas compounds</a> are now known.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Rare gases is another term that was used,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> but this is also inaccurate because <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> forms a fairly considerable part (0.94% by volume, 1.3% by mass) of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> due to decay of radioactive <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line spectrum chart of the visible spectrum showing sharp lines on top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/300px-Helium_spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/450px-Helium_spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Helium was first detected in the Sun due to its characteristic <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">Pierre Janssen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Norman_Lockyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Norman Lockyer">Joseph Norman Lockyer</a> had discovered a new element on 18 August 1868 while looking at the <a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">chromosphere</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and named it <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> after the Greek word for the Sun, ἥλιος (hḗlios).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> No chemical analysis was possible at the time, but helium was later found to be a noble gas. Before them, in 1784, the English chemist and physicist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> had discovered that air contains a small proportion of a substance less reactive than <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ozima_1-10">[10]</a> A century later, in 1895, <a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> discovered that samples of nitrogen from the air were of a different <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> than nitrogen resulting from <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. Along with Scottish scientist <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, London">University College, London</a>, Lord Rayleigh theorized that the nitrogen extracted from air was mixed with another gas, leading to an experiment that successfully isolated a new element, argon, from the Greek word ἀργός (argós, "idle" or "lazy").<a href="#cite_note-Ozima_1-10">[10]</a> With this discovery, they realized an entire class of <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> was missing from the periodic table. During his search for argon, Ramsay also managed to isolate helium for the first time while heating <a href="/wiki/Cleveite" title="Cleveite">cleveite</a>, a mineral. In 1902, having accepted the evidence for the elements helium and argon, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> included these noble gases as group 0 in his arrangement of the elements, which would later become the periodic table.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Ramsay continued his search for these gases using the method of <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> to separate <a href="/wiki/Liquid_air" title="Liquid air">liquid air</a> into several components. In 1898, he discovered the elements <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, and named them after the Greek words κρυπτός (kryptós, "hidden"), νέος (néos, "new"), and ξένος (ksénos, "stranger"), respectively. <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> was first identified in 1898 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ernst_Dorn" title="Friedrich Ernst Dorn">Friedrich Ernst Dorn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and was named radium emanation, but was not considered a noble gas until 1904 when its characteristics were found to be similar to those of other noble gases.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> Rayleigh and Ramsay received the 1904 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> in Physics and in Chemistry, respectively, for their discovery of the noble gases;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobelchem-15">[15]</a> in the words of J. E. Cederblom, then president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, "the discovery of an entirely new group of elements, of which no single representative had been known with any certainty, is something utterly unique in the history of chemistry, being intrinsically an advance in science of peculiar significance".<a href="#cite_note-nobelchem-15">[15]</a> The discovery of the noble gases aided in the development of a general understanding of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic structure</a>. In 1895, French chemist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> attempted to form a reaction between <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, the most <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> element, and argon, one of the noble gases, but failed. Scientists were unable to prepare compounds of argon until the end of the 20th century, but these attempts helped to develop new theories of atomic structure. Learning from these experiments, Danish physicist <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> proposed in 1913 that the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> in atoms are arranged in <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shells</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a>, and that for all noble gases except helium the outermost shell always contains eight electrons.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> formulated the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a>, which concluded an octet of electrons in the outer shell was the most stable arrangement for any atom; this arrangement caused them to be unreactive with other elements since they did not require any more electrons to complete their outer shell.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bartlett_(chemist)" title="Neil Bartlett (chemist)">Neil Bartlett</a> discovered the first chemical compound of a noble gas, <a href="/wiki/Xenon_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Xenon hexafluoroplatinate">xenon hexafluoroplatinate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bartlett-17">[17]</a> Compounds of other noble gases were discovered soon after: in 1962 for radon, <a href="/wiki/Radon_difluoride" title="Radon difluoride">radon difluoride</a> (RnF 2),<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> which was identified by radiotracer techniques and in 1963 for krypton, <a href="/wiki/Krypton_difluoride" title="Krypton difluoride">krypton difluoride</a> (KrF 2).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The first stable compound of argon was reported in 2000 when <a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohydride" title="Argon fluorohydride">argon fluorohydride</a> (HArF) was formed at a temperature of 40 K (−233.2 °C; −387.7 °F).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In October 2006, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> successfully created synthetically <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>, the seventh element in group 18,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> with calcium.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_atomic_properties">Physical and atomic properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical and atomic properties">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">Property</a><a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-greenwood891-23">[23]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (g/<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">dm3</a>)</td> <td>0.1786</td> <td>0.9002</td> <td>1.7818</td> <td>3.708</td> <td>5.851</td> <td>9.97</td> <td>7200 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-og-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> (K)</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>27.3</td> <td>87.4</td> <td>121.5</td> <td>166.6</td> <td>211.5</td> <td>450±10 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-og-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> (K)</td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td> <td>24.7</td> <td>83.6</td> <td>115.8</td> <td>161.7</td> <td>202.2</td> <td>325±15 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-og-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a> (kJ/mol)</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>1.74</td> <td>6.52</td> <td>9.05</td> <td>12.65</td> <td>18.1</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in water at 20 °C (cm3/kg)</td> <td>8.61</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>33.6</td> <td>59.4</td> <td>108.1</td> <td>230</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>10</td> <td>18</td> <td>36</td> <td>54</td> <td>86</td> <td>118 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a> (calculated) (<a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a>)</td> <td>31</td> <td>38</td> <td>71</td> <td>88</td> <td>108</td> <td>120</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energy</a> (kJ/mol)</td> <td>2372</td> <td>2080</td> <td>1520</td> <td>1351</td> <td>1170</td> <td>1037</td> <td>839 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Allen_electronegativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen electronegativity">Electronegativity</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td> <td>4.16</td> <td>4.79</td> <td>3.24</td> <td>2.97</td> <td>2.58</td> <td>2.60</td> <td>2.59<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more data, see <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_(data_page)" title="Noble gas (data page)">Noble gas (data page)</a>.</div> The noble gases have weak <a href="/wiki/Interatomic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Interatomic force">interatomic force</a>, and consequently have very low <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a>. They are all <a href="/wiki/Monatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic">monatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> under <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard conditions</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> with larger <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic masses</a> than many normally <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> has several unique qualities when compared with other elements: its boiling point at 1 atm is lower than those of any other known <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">substance</a>; it is the only element known to exhibit <a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">superfluidity</a>; and, it is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilks-29">[29]</a> (an effect explained by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Zero_point_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero point energy">zero point energy</a> is too high to permit <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a>)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> of 25 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmospheres</a> (2,500 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>; 370 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>) must be applied at a <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of 0.95 K (−272.200 °C; −457.960 °F) to convert it to a solid<a href="#cite_note-Wilks-29">[29]</a> while a pressure of about 113,500 atm (11,500,000 kPa; 1,668,000 psi) is required at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The noble gases up to xenon have multiple stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>; krypton and xenon also have naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a>, namely 78Kr, 124Xe, and 136Xe, all have very long lives (> 1021 years) and can undergo <a href="/wiki/Double_electron_capture" title="Double electron capture">double electron capture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a>. Radon has no <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotopes</a>; its longest-lived isotope, <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">222Rn</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 3.8 days and decays to form helium and <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, which ultimately decays to <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> Oganesson also has no stable isotopes, and its only known isotope 294Og is very short-lived (half-life 0.7 ms). Melting and boiling points increase going down the group. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph of ionization energy vs. atomic number showing sharp peaks for the noble gas atoms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg/660px-First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg/990px-First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg/1320px-First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>This is a plot of <a href="/wiki/Ionization_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization potential">ionization potential</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>. The noble gases have the largest ionization potential for each period, although period 7 is expected to break this trend because the predicted <a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">first ionization energy</a> of oganesson (Z = 118) is lower than those of elements 110-112.</figcaption></figure> The noble gas <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, like atoms in most groups, increase steadily in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic radius</a> from one <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">period</a> to the next due to the increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">size of the atom</a> is related to several properties. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Ionization_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization potential">ionization potential</a> decreases with an increasing radius because the <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a> in the larger noble gases are farther away from the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a> and are therefore not held as tightly together by the atom. Noble gases have the largest ionization potential among the elements of each period, which reflects the stability of their electron configuration and is related to their relative lack of <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">chemical reactivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood891-23">[23]</a> Some of the heavier noble gases, however, have ionization potentials small enough to be comparable to those of other elements and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>. It was the insight that xenon has an ionization potential similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> molecule that led <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bartlett_(chemist)" title="Neil Bartlett (chemist)">Bartlett</a> to attempt oxidizing xenon using <a href="/wiki/Platinum_hexafluoride" title="Platinum hexafluoride">platinum hexafluoride</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a> known to be strong enough to react with oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-bartlett-17">[17]</a> Noble gases cannot accept an electron to form stable <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>; that is, they have a negative <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscopic">macroscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical properties">physical properties</a> of the noble gases are dominated by the weak <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals forces">van der Waals forces</a> between the atoms. The attractive <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> increases with the size of the atom as a result of the increase in <a href="/wiki/Polarizability" title="Polarizability">polarizability</a> and the decrease in ionization potential. This results in systematic group trends: as one goes down group 18, the atomic radius increases, and with it the <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">interatomic forces</a> increase, resulting in an increasing melting point, boiling point, <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">enthalpy of vaporization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>. The increase in <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> is due to the increase in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood891-23">[23]</a> The noble gases are nearly <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gases</a> under standard conditions, but their deviations from the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a> provided important clues for the study of <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermolecular interactions">intermolecular interactions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential" title="Lennard-Jones potential">Lennard-Jones potential</a>, often used to model <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">intermolecular interactions</a>, was deduced in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/John_Lennard-Jones" title="John Lennard-Jones">John Lennard-Jones</a> from <a href="/wiki/Experimental_data" title="Experimental data">experimental data</a> on argon before the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> provided the tools for understanding intermolecular forces from <a href="/wiki/First_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="First principles">first principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The theoretical analysis of these interactions became tractable because the noble gases are monatomic and the atoms spherical, which means that the interaction between the atoms is independent of direction, or <a href="/wiki/Isotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotropic">isotropic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An atomic shell diagram with neon core, 2 electrons in the inner shell and 8 in the outer shell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg/220px-Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg/330px-Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg/440px-Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Neon, like all noble gases, has a full <a href="/wiki/Valence_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence shell">valence shell</a>. Noble gases have eight electrons in their outermost shell, except in the case of helium, which has two.</figcaption></figure> The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard conditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> They were once labeled <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> 0 in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> because it was believed they had a <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">valence</a> of zero, meaning their <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> cannot combine with those of other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. However, it was later discovered some do indeed form compounds, causing this label to fall into disuse.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_configuration">Electron configuration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electron configuration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas configuration">Noble gas configuration</a></div> Like other groups, the members of this <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">family</a> show patterns in its <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th>No. of electrons/<a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shell</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></td> <td>2, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (predicted) </td></tr></tbody></table> The noble gases have full valence <a href="/wiki/Electron_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron shells">electron shells</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">Valence electrons</a> are the outermost <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> of an atom and are normally the only electrons that participate in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonding</a>. Atoms with full valence electron shells are extremely <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">stable</a> and therefore do not tend to form <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> and have little tendency to <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">gain or lose electrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, heavier noble gases such as radon are held less firmly together by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic force</a> than lighter noble gases such as helium, making it easier to remove outer electrons from heavy noble gases. As a result of a full shell, the noble gases can be used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> notation to form the noble gas notation. To do this, the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward. For example, the electron notation of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3, while the noble gas notation is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. This more compact notation makes it easier to identify elements, and is shorter than writing out the full notation of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The noble gases cross the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">blocks</a>—helium is an <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-element</a> whereas the rest of members are <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-elements</a>—which is unusual among the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> groups. All other IUPAC groups contain elements from one block each. This causes some inconsistencies in trends across the table, and on those grounds some <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemists</a> have proposed that helium should be moved to <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">group 2</a> to be with other s2 elements,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> but this change has not generally been adopted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_compound" title="Noble gas compound">Noble gas compound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A model of planar chemical molecule with a blue center atom (Xe) symmetrically bonded to four peripheral atoms (fluorine)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png/220px-Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png/330px-Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png/440px-Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetrafluoride" title="Xenon tetrafluoride">xenon tetrafluoride</a> (XeF 4), one of the first noble gas compounds to be discovered</figcaption></figure> The noble gases show extremely low <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">chemical reactivity</a>; consequently, only a few hundred <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_compound" title="Noble gas compound">noble gas compounds</a> have been formed. Neutral <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> in which helium and neon are involved in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> have not been formed (although some helium-containing <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> exist and there is some theoretical evidence for a few neutral helium-containing ones), while xenon, krypton, and argon have shown only minor reactivity.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a> The reactivity follows the order Ne < He < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn ≪ Og. In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> predicted that the heavier noble gases could form compounds with fluorine and oxygen. He predicted the existence of <a href="/wiki/Krypton_hexafluoride" title="Krypton hexafluoride">krypton hexafluoride</a> (KrF 6) and <a href="/wiki/Xenon_hexafluoride" title="Xenon hexafluoride">xenon hexafluoride</a> (XeF 6) and speculated that <a href="/wiki/Xenon_octafluoride" title="Xenon octafluoride">xenon octafluoride</a> (XeF 8) might exist as an unstable compound, and suggested that <a href="/wiki/Xenic_acid" title="Xenic acid">xenic acid</a> could form <a href="/wiki/Perxenate" title="Perxenate">perxenate</a> salts.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holloway-42">[42]</a> These predictions were shown to be generally accurate, except that XeF 8 is now thought to be both <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic stability">thermodynamically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">kinetically</a> unstable.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenon_compounds" title="Xenon compounds">Xenon compounds</a> are the most numerous of the noble gas compounds that have been formed.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Most of them have the xenon atom in the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of +2, +4, +6, or +8 bonded to highly <a href="/wiki/Electronegative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegative">electronegative</a> atoms such as fluorine or oxygen, as in <a href="/wiki/Xenon_difluoride" title="Xenon difluoride">xenon difluoride</a> (XeF 2), <a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetrafluoride" title="Xenon tetrafluoride">xenon tetrafluoride</a> (XeF 4), <a href="/wiki/Xenon_hexafluoride" title="Xenon hexafluoride">xenon hexafluoride</a> (XeF 6), <a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">xenon tetroxide</a> (XeO 4), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_perxenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium perxenate (page does not exist)">sodium perxenate</a> (Na 4XeO 6). Xenon reacts with fluorine to form numerous xenon fluorides according to the following equations: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Xe + F2 → XeF2</dd> <dd>Xe + 2F2 → XeF4</dd> <dd>Xe + 3F2 → XeF6</dd></dl></dd></dl> Some of these compounds have found use in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agents</a>; XeF 2, in particular, is commercially available and can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Fluorination" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorination">fluorinating</a> agent.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As of 2007, about five hundred compounds of xenon bonded to other elements have been identified, including organoxenon compounds (containing xenon bonded to carbon), and xenon bonded to nitrogen, chlorine, gold, mercury, and xenon itself.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Compounds of xenon bound to boron, hydrogen, bromine, iodine, beryllium, sulphur, titanium, copper, and silver have also been observed but only at low temperatures in noble gas <a href="/wiki/Matrix_isolation" title="Matrix isolation">matrices</a>, or in supersonic noble gas jets.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a> Radon is more reactive than xenon, and forms chemical bonds more easily than xenon does. However, due to the high radioactivity and short half-life of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radon" title="Isotopes of radon">radon isotopes</a>, only a few <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluorides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> of radon have been formed in practice.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Radon goes further towards metallic behavior than xenon; the difluoride RnF2 is highly ionic, and cationic Rn2+ is formed in halogen fluoride solutions. For this reason, kinetic hindrance makes it difficult to oxidize radon beyond the +2 state. Only tracer experiments appear to have succeeded in doing so, probably forming RnF4, RnF6, and RnO3.<a href="#cite_note-Stein-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Krypton is less reactive than xenon, but several compounds have been reported with krypton in the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of +2.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krypton_difluoride" title="Krypton difluoride">Krypton difluoride</a> is the most notable and easily characterized. Under extreme conditions, krypton reacts with fluorine to form KrF2 according to the following equation: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Kr + F2 → KrF2</dd></dl></dd></dl> Compounds in which krypton forms a single bond to nitrogen and oxygen have also been characterized,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> but are only stable below −60 °C (−76 °F) and −90 °C (−130 °F) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a> Krypton atoms chemically bound to other nonmetals (hydrogen, chlorine, carbon) as well as some late <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> (copper, silver, gold) have also been observed, but only either at low temperatures in noble gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a> Similar conditions were used to obtain the first few compounds of argon in 2000, such as <a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohydride" title="Argon fluorohydride">argon fluorohydride</a> (HArF), and some bound to the late transition metals copper, silver, and gold.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a> As of 2007, no stable neutral molecules involving covalently bound helium or neon are known.<a href="#cite_note-Ngcomp-40">[40]</a> Extrapolation from periodic trends predict that oganesson should be the most reactive of the noble gases; more sophisticated theoretical treatments indicate greater reactivity than such extrapolations suggest, to the point where the applicability of the descriptor "noble gas" has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Oganesson is expected to be rather like <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> in group 14:<a href="#cite_note-primefan-53">[53]</a> a reactive element with a common +4 and a less common +2 state,<a href="#cite_note-BFricke-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> which at room temperature and pressure is not a gas but rather a solid semiconductor. Empirical / experimental testing will be required to validate these predictions.<a href="#cite_note-og-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-semiconductor-56">[56]</a> (On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a>, despite being in group 14, is predicted to be unusually volatile, which suggests noble gas-like properties.)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The noble gases—including helium—can form stable <a href="/wiki/Molecular_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular ion">molecular ions</a> in the gas phase. The simplest is the <a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">helium hydride molecular ion</a>, HeH+, discovered in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Because it is composed of the two most abundant elements in the universe, hydrogen and helium, it was believed to occur naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>, and it was finally detected in April 2019 using the airborne <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy" title="Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy">SOFIA telescope</a>. In addition to these ions, there are many known neutral <a href="/wiki/Excimer" title="Excimer">excimers</a> of the noble gases. These are compounds such as ArF and KrF that are stable only when in an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited electronic state</a>; some of them find application in <a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">excimer lasers</a>. In addition to the compounds where a noble gas atom is involved in a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a>, noble gases also form <a href="/wiki/Non-covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-covalent">non-covalent</a> compounds. The <a href="/wiki/Clathrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clathrate">clathrates</a>, first described in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> consist of a noble gas atom trapped within cavities of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattices</a> of certain organic and inorganic substances. The essential condition for their formation is that the guest (noble gas) atoms must be of appropriate size to fit in the cavities of the host crystal lattice. For instance, argon, krypton, and xenon form clathrates with <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a>, but helium and neon do not because they are too small or insufficiently <a href="/wiki/Polarizability" title="Polarizability">polarizable</a> to be retained.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon also form clathrate hydrates, where the noble gas is trapped in ice.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endohedral_fullerene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A skeletal structure of buckminsterfullerene with an extra atom in its center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/220px-Endohedral_fullerene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/330px-Endohedral_fullerene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/440px-Endohedral_fullerene.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>An endohedral fullerene compound containing a noble gas atom</figcaption></figure> Noble gases can form <a href="/wiki/Endohedral_fullerenes#Non-metal_doped_fullerenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Endohedral fullerenes">endohedral fullerene</a> compounds, in which the noble gas atom is trapped inside a <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a> molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C 60, a spherical molecule consisting of 60 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms, is exposed to noble gases at high pressure, <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complexes</a> such as He@C 60 can be formed (the @ notation indicates He is contained inside C 60 but not covalently bound to it).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> As of 2008, endohedral complexes with helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been created.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> These compounds have found use in the study of the structure and reactivity of fullerenes by means of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> of the noble gas atom.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XeF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Schematic illustration of bonding and antibonding orbitals (see text)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/XeF2.svg/300px-XeF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/XeF2.svg/450px-XeF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/XeF2.svg/600px-XeF2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Bonding in XeF 2 according to the 3-center-4-electron bond model</figcaption></figure> Noble gas compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Xenon_difluoride" title="Xenon difluoride">xenon difluoride</a> (XeF 2) are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Hypervalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervalent">hypervalent</a> because they violate the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a>. Bonding in such compounds can be explained using a <a href="/wiki/Three-center_four-electron_bond" title="Three-center four-electron bond">three-center four-electron bond</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This model, first proposed in 1951, considers bonding of three collinear atoms. For example, bonding in XeF 2 is described by a set of three <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">molecular orbitals</a> (MOs) derived from <a href="/wiki/P-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="P-orbital">p-orbitals</a> on each atom. Bonding results from the combination of a filled p-orbital from Xe with one half-filled p-orbital from each <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> atom, resulting in a filled bonding orbital, a filled non-bonding orbital, and an empty <a href="/wiki/Antibonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibonding">antibonding</a> orbital. The <a href="/wiki/Highest_occupied_molecular_orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest occupied molecular orbital">highest occupied molecular orbital</a> is localized on the two terminal atoms. This represents a localization of charge that is facilitated by the high electronegativity of fluorine.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The chemistry of the heavier noble gases, krypton and xenon, are well established. The chemistry of the lighter ones, argon and helium, is still at an early stage, while a neon compound is yet to be identified. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence and production">edit</a>]</div> The abundances of the noble gases in the universe decrease as their <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a> increase. Helium is the most common element in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> after hydrogen, with a mass fraction of about 24%. Most of the helium in the universe was formed during <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a>, but the amount of helium is steadily increasing due to the fusion of hydrogen in <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a> (and, to a very slight degree, the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> of heavy elements).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Abundances on Earth follow different trends; for example, helium is only the third most abundant noble gas in the atmosphere. The reason is that there is no <a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial</a> helium in the atmosphere; due to the small mass of the atom, helium cannot be retained by the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-morrison-71">[71]</a> Helium on Earth comes from the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> of heavy elements such as <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> found in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>, and tends to accumulate in <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas field">natural gas deposits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-morrison-71">[71]</a> The abundance of argon, on the other hand, is increased as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a>, also found in the Earth's crust, to form <a href="/wiki/Argon-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon-40">argon-40</a>, which is the most abundant isotope of argon on Earth despite being relatively rare in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. This process is the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Potassium-argon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium-argon dating">potassium-argon dating</a> method.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Xenon has an unexpectedly low abundance in the atmosphere, in what has been called the missing xenon problem; one theory is that the missing xenon may be trapped in minerals inside the Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> After the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Xenon_dioxide" title="Xenon dioxide">xenon dioxide</a>, research showed that Xe can substitute for Si in <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Radon is formed in the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> of radium. It can seep into buildings through cracks in their foundation and accumulate in areas that are not well ventilated. Due to its high radioactivity, radon presents a significant health hazard; it is implicated in an estimated 21,000 <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> deaths per year in the United States alone.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Oganesson does not occur in nature and is instead created manually by scientists. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Abundance</th> <th>Helium</th> <th>Neon</th> <th>Argon</th> <th>Krypton</th> <th>Xenon</th> <th>Radon </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Solar System (for each atom of silicon)<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></td> <td>2343</td> <td>2.148</td> <td>0.1025</td> <td>5.515 × 10−5</td> <td>5.391 × 10−6</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></td> <td>5.20</td> <td>18.20</td> <td>9340.00</td> <td>1.10</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>(0.06–18) × 10−19<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)<a href="#cite_note-greenwood891-23">[23]</a></td> <td>3 × 10−3</td> <td>7 × 10−5</td> <td>4 × 10−2</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1.7 × 10−10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="float: right; padding-left: 10px;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gas</th> <th>2004 price (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Dollar">USD</a>/m3)<a href="#cite_note-kirk-79">[79]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Helium (industrial grade)</td> <td>4.20–4.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Helium (laboratory grade)</td> <td>22.30–44.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Argon</td> <td>2.70–8.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Neon</td> <td>60–120 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Krypton</td> <td>400–500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Xenon</td> <td>4000–5000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> For large-scale use, helium is extracted by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> from natural gas, which can contain up to 7% helium.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air using the methods of <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases" title="Liquefaction of gases">liquefaction of gases</a>, to convert elements to a liquid state, and <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a>, to separate mixtures into component parts. Helium is typically produced by separating it from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and radon is isolated from the radioactive decay of radium compounds.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> The prices of the noble gases are influenced by their natural abundance, with argon being the cheapest and xenon the most expensive. As an example, the adjacent table lists the 2004 prices in the United States for laboratory quantities of each gas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_chemistry">Biological chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biological chemistry">edit</a>]</div> None of the elements in this group has any biological importance.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large solid cylinder with a hole in its center and a rail attached to its side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/220px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/330px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/440px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Liquid helium is used to cool superconducting magnets in modern MRI scanners.</figcaption></figure> Noble gases have very low boiling and melting points, which makes them useful as <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>, which boils at 4.2 K (−268.95 °C; −452.11 °F), is used for <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnets</a>, such as those needed in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging">nuclear magnetic resonance imaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Liquid neon, although it does not reach temperatures as low as liquid helium, also finds use in cryogenics because it has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity than liquid helium and over three times more than liquid hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-78">[78]</a> Helium is used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gases">breathing gases</a> to replace nitrogen, due its low <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> in fluids, especially in <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a>. Gases are absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Body tissue">body tissues</a> when under pressure like in <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>, which causes an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> effect known as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fowler-84">[84]</a> Due to its reduced solubility, little helium is taken into <a href="/wiki/Cell_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell membranes">cell membranes</a>, and when helium is used to replace part of the breathing mixtures, such as in <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a>, a decrease in the narcotic effect of the gas at depth is obtained.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Helium's reduced solubility offers further advantages for the condition known as <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness#Mechanism" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>, or the bends.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The reduced amount of dissolved gas in the body means that fewer gas bubbles form during the decrease in pressure of the ascent. Another noble gas, argon, is considered the best option for use as a <a href="/wiki/Drysuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Drysuit">drysuit</a> inflation gas for scuba diving.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Helium is also used as filling gas in nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goodyear-blimp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cigar-shaped blimp with "Good Year" written on its side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goodyear-blimp.jpg/220px-Goodyear-blimp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goodyear-blimp.jpg/330px-Goodyear-blimp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goodyear-blimp.jpg/440px-Goodyear-blimp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Goodyear Blimp</figcaption></figure> Since the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster" title="Hindenburg disaster">Hindenburg disaster</a> in 1937,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> helium has replaced hydrogen as a <a href="/wiki/Lifting_gas" title="Lifting gas">lifting gas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloons</a>: despite an 8.6%<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> decrease in buoyancy compared to hydrogen, helium is not combustible.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> In many applications, the noble gases are used to provide an inert atmosphere. Argon is used in the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Air_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Air sensitive">air-sensitive compounds</a> that are sensitive to nitrogen. Solid argon is also used for the study of very unstable compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Reactive_intermediate" title="Reactive intermediate">reactive intermediates</a>, by trapping them in an inert <a href="/wiki/Matrix_isolation" title="Matrix isolation">matrix</a> at very low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Helium is used as the carrier medium in <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a>, as a filler gas for <a href="/wiki/Thermometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermometers">thermometers</a>, and in devices for measuring radiation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">bubble chamber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-79">[79]</a> Helium and argon are both commonly used to shield <a href="/wiki/Welding_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding arc">welding arcs</a> and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metal</a> from the atmosphere during welding and cutting, as well as in other metallurgical processes and in the production of silicon for the semiconductor industry.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elongated glass sphere with two metal rod electrodes inside, facing each other. One electrode is blunt and another is sharpened." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/220px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/330px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/440px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>15,000-watt <a href="/wiki/Xenon_short-arc_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon short-arc lamp">xenon short-arc lamp</a> used in <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> projectors</figcaption></figure> Noble gases are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> because of their lack of chemical reactivity. Argon, mixed with nitrogen, is used as a filler gas for <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-78">[78]</a> Krypton is used in high-performance light bulbs, which have higher <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperatures</a> and greater efficiency, because it reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament more than argon; <a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogen lamps">halogen lamps</a>, in particular, use krypton mixed with small amounts of compounds of <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-78">[78]</a> The noble gases glow in distinctive colors when used inside <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamps</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">neon lights</a>". These lights are called after neon but often contain other gases and <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a>, which add various hues to the orange-red color of neon. Xenon is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">xenon arc lamps</a>, which, due to their nearly <a href="/wiki/Continuous_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous spectrum">continuous spectrum</a> that resembles daylight, find application in film projectors and as automobile headlamps.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-78">[78]</a> The noble gases are used in <a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">excimer lasers</a>, which are based on short-lived electronically excited molecules known as <a href="/wiki/Excimer" title="Excimer">excimers</a>. The excimers used for lasers may be noble gas dimers such as Ar2, Kr2 or Xe2, or more commonly, the noble gas is combined with a halogen in excimers such as ArF, KrF, XeF, or XeCl. These lasers produce <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light, which, due to its short <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> (193 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a> for ArF and 248 nm for KrF), allows for high-precision imaging. Excimer lasers have many industrial, medical, and scientific applications. They are used for <a href="/wiki/Microlithography" title="Microlithography">microlithography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">microfabrication</a>, which are essential for <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> manufacture, and for <a href="/wiki/Laser_surgery" title="Laser surgery">laser surgery</a>, including laser <a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">angioplasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">eye surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some noble gases have direct application in medicine. Helium is sometimes used to improve the ease of breathing of people with <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-78">[78]</a> Xenon is used as an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> because of its high solubility in lipids, which makes it more potent than the usual <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, and because it is readily eliminated from the body, resulting in faster recovery.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Xenon finds application in medical imaging of the lungs through hyperpolarized MRI.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Radon, which is highly radioactive and is only available in minute amounts, is used in <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brit-13">[13]</a> Noble gases, particularly xenon, are predominantly used in <a href="/wiki/Ion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion engines">ion engines</a> due to their inertness. Since ion engines are not driven by chemical reactions, chemically inert fuels are desired to prevent unwanted reaction between the fuel and anything else on the engine. Oganesson is too unstable to work with and has no known application other than research. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noble_gases_in_Earth_sciences_application">Noble gases in Earth sciences application</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Noble gases in Earth sciences application">edit</a>]</div> The relative isotopic abundances of noble gases serve as an important <a href="/wiki/Geochemical_cycle" title="Geochemical cycle">geochemical</a> tracing tool in <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:44-95">[95]</a> They can unravel the Earth's degassing history and its effects to the surrounding environment (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> composition<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>). Due to their inert nature and low abundances, change in the noble gas concentration and their isotopic ratios can be used to resolve and quantify the processes influencing their current signatures across <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> settings.<a href="#cite_note-:44-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:06-97">[97]</a>    <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helium">Helium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Helium">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> has two abundant isotopes: <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> with high abundance in <a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">earth's core</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a>, which originates from decay of <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a> (232Th, 235,238U) abundant in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">earth's crust</a>. Isotopic ratios of helium are represented by RA value, a value relative to air measurement (3He/4He = 1.39*10−6).<a href="#cite_note-:103-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">Volatiles</a> that originate from the earth's crust have a 0.02-0.05 RA, which indicate an enrichment of helium-4.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Volatiles that originate from deeper sources such as <a href="/wiki/Subcontinental_lithospheric_mantle" title="Subcontinental lithospheric mantle">subcontinental lithospheric mantle</a> (SCLM), have a 6.1± 0.9 RA<a href="#cite_note-:32-100">[100]</a> and mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB) display higher values (8 ± 1 RA). <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">Mantle plume</a> samples have even higher values than > 8 RA.<a href="#cite_note-:32-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a>, which represent an unmodified <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> signature is reported to have ~ 330 RA.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>    <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neon">Neon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neon">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> has three main stable isotopes:20Ne, 21Ne and 22Ne, with 20Ne produced by cosmic <a href="/wiki/Nucleogenic" title="Nucleogenic">nucleogenic</a> reactions, causing high abundance in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-:06-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetherill_679–683-103">[103]</a> 21Ne and 22Ne are produced in the earth's crust as a result of interactions between alpha and neutron particles with light elements; 18O, 19F and 24,25Mg.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The neon ratios (20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne) are systematically used to discern the heterogeneity in the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">Earth's mantle</a> and volatile sources. Complimenting He isotope data, neon isotope data additionally provide insight to thermal evolution of Earth's systems.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>        <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>20Ne/22Ne </th> <th>21Ne/22Ne </th> <th>Endmember </th></tr> <tr> <td>9.8 </td> <td>0.029 </td> <td>Air<a href="#cite_note-:02-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.5 </td> <td>0.0677 </td> <td>MORB<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.81 </td> <td>0.0330 </td> <td>Solar Wind<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>3.30±0.2 </td> <td>Archean Crust<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>0.47 </td> <td>Precambrian Crust<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argon">Argon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argon">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_argon" title="Isotopes of argon">Argon</a> has three stable isotopes: 36Ar, 38Ar and 40Ar. 36Ar and 38Ar are <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a>, with their inventory on the earth's crust dependent on the equilibration of <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_water" title="Meteoric water">meteoric water</a> with the crustal fluids.<a href="#cite_note-:06-97">[97]</a> This explains huge inventory of 36Ar in the atmosphere. Production of these two isotopes (36Ar and 38Ar) is negligible within the earth's crust, only limited concentrations of 38Ar can be produced by interaction between alpha particles from decay of 235,238U and 232Th and light elements (37Cl and 41K). While 36Ar is continuously being produced by Beta-decay of 36Cl.<a href="#cite_note-Wetherill_679–683-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> 40Ar is a product of radiogenic decay of 40K. Different endmembers values for 40Ar/36Ar have been reported; Air = 295.5,<a href="#cite_note-:22-112">[112]</a> MORB = 40,000,<a href="#cite_note-:22-112">[112]</a> and crust = 3000.<a href="#cite_note-:06-97">[97]</a>    <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krypton">Krypton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Krypton">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> has several <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_krypton" title="Isotopes of krypton">isotopes</a>, with 78, 80, 82Kr being <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a>, while 83,84, 86Kr results from spontaneous fission of 244Pu and radiogenic decay of 238U.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:06-97">[97]</a> Krypton's isotopes geochemical signature in mantle reservoirs resembling the modern atmosphere. preserves the solar-like primordial signature.<a href="#cite_note-:72-114">[114]</a> Krypton isotopes have been used to decipher the mechanism of volatiles delivery to earth's system, which had great implication to evolution of earth (nitrogen, oxygen, and oxygen) and emergence of life.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> This is largely due to a clear distinction of krypton isotope signature from various sources such as <a href="/wiki/Chondrite" title="Chondrite">chondritic material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">cometary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>   <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xenon">Xenon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Xenon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xenon_isotope_geochemistry" title="Xenon isotope geochemistry">Xenon isotope geochemistry</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> has <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon" title="Isotopes of xenon">nine isotopes</a>, most of which are produced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiogenic_decay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiogenic decay (page does not exist)">radiogenic decay</a>. Krypton and xenon noble gases requires pristine, robust geochemical sampling protocol to avoid atmospheric contamination.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Furthermore, sophisticated instrumentation is required to resolve mass peaks among many isotopes with narrow mass difference during analysis.    <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>129Xe/130Xe </th> <th>Endmember </th></tr> <tr> <td>6,496 </td> <td>Air </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.7<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td>MORB </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.7<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td>OIB Galapagos </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.8<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td> <td>OIB Icelands </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sampling_of_noble_gases">Sampling of noble gases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sampling of noble gases">edit</a>]</div> Noble gas measurements can be obtained from sources like <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_vents" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic vents">volcanic vents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">springs</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_wells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal wells (page does not exist)">geothermal wells</a> following specific sampling protocols.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The classic specific sampling protocol include the following. <ul><li>Copper tubes - These are standard refrigeration copper tubes, cut to ~10 cm³ with a 3/8” outer diameter, and are used for sampling volatile discharges by connecting an inverted funnel to the tube via TygonⓇ tubing, ensuring one-way inflow and preventing air contamination. Their malleability allows for cold welding or pinching off to seal the ends after sufficient flushing with the sample. <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giggenbach_Bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giggenbach_Bottle.jpg/220px-Giggenbach_Bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giggenbach_Bottle.jpg/330px-Giggenbach_Bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giggenbach_Bottle.jpg/440px-Giggenbach_Bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Sampling of noble gases using a Giggenbach bottle, a funnel is placed on top of the hot spring to focus the stream of sample towards the bottle via the Tygon tube. A geochemist is controlling the flow of the sample inlet using a Teflon valve. Note the condensation process inside the evacuated Giggenbach bottle.</figcaption></figure>Giggenbach bottles - Giggenbach bottles are evacuated glass flasks with a Teflon stopcock, used for sampling and storing gases. They require pre-evacuation before sampling, as noble gases accumulate in the headspace.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> These bottles were first invented and distributed by a Werner F. Giggenbach, a German chemist.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Analysis_of_noble_gases">Analysis of noble gases</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Analysis of noble gases">edit</a>]</div> Noble gases have numerous isotopes and subtle mass variation that requires high-precision detection systems. Originally, scientists used <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_sector_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetic sector mass spectrometry (page does not exist)">magnetic sector mass spectrometry</a>, which is time-consuming and has low sensitivity due to "peak jumping mode".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-126">[126]</a> Multiple-collector mass spectrometers, like <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_mass_analyzer" title="Quadrupole mass analyzer">Quadrupole mass spectrometers</a> (QMS), enable simultaneous detection of isotopes, improving sensitivity and throughput.<a href="#cite_note-:52-126">[126]</a> Before analysis, sample preparation is essential due to the low abundance of noble gases, involving extraction, purification system.<a href="#cite_note-:44-95">[95]</a> Extraction allows liberation of noble gases from their carrier (major phase; fluid or solid) while purification remove impurities and improve concentration per unit sample volume.<a href="#cite_note-:92-127">[127]</a> Cryogenic traps are used for sequential analysis without peak interference by stepwise temperature raise.<a href="#cite_note-:82-128">[128]</a> Research labs have successfully developed miniaturized field-based mass spectrometers, such as the portable mass spectrometer (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gasometrix.com/products/">miniRuedi</a>), which can analyze noble gases with an analytical uncertainty of 1-3% using low-cost vacuum systems and quadrupole mass analyzers.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gchron.copernicus.org.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gchron.copernicus.org.jpg/220px-Gchron.copernicus.org.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gchron.copernicus.org.jpg/330px-Gchron.copernicus.org.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gchron.copernicus.org.jpg/440px-Gchron.copernicus.org.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Extraction and purification (clean up) mass spectrometer line.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discharge_color">Discharge color</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discharge color">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:1em auto"> <caption>Colors and spectra (bottom row) of electric discharge in noble gases; only the second row represents pure gases. </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining violet light with a wire wound over it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg/120px-Helium-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg/180px-Helium-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg/240px-Helium-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1092" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Neon-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining orange light with a wire wound over it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg/120px-Neon-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg/180px-Neon-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg/240px-Neon-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1216" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Argon-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining purple light with a wire wound over it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg/120px-Argon-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg/180px-Argon-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg/240px-Argon-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="968" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Krypton-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining white light with a wire wound over it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg/120px-Krypton-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg/180px-Krypton-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg/240px-Krypton-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1016" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining blue light with a wire wound over it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg/120px-Xenon-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg/180px-Xenon-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg/240px-Xenon-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1140" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining light red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/120px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/180px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Neon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining reddish-orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/120px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/180px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Argon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining purple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/120px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/180px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining bluish-white" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/120px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/180px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass tube shining bluish-violet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/120px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/180px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:HeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illuminated light red gas discharge tubes shaped as letters H and e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/120px-HeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/180px-HeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/240px-HeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:NeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illuminated orange gas discharge tubes shaped as letters N and e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/120px-NeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/180px-NeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/240px-NeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:ArTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illuminated light blue gas discharge tubes shaped as letters A and r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ArTube.jpg/120px-ArTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ArTube.jpg/180px-ArTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ArTube.jpg/240px-ArTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:KrTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illuminated white gas discharge tubes shaped as letters K and r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KrTube.jpg/120px-KrTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KrTube.jpg/180px-KrTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KrTube.jpg/240px-KrTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:XeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illuminated violet gas discharge tubes shaped as letters X and e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XeTube.jpg/120px-XeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XeTube.jpg/180px-XeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XeTube.jpg/240px-XeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_spectra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Helium line spectrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/120px-Helium_spectra.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/180px-Helium_spectra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/240px-Helium_spectra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="63" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Neon_spectra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Neon line spectrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neon_spectra.jpg/120px-Neon_spectra.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neon_spectra.jpg/180px-Neon_spectra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neon_spectra.jpg/240px-Neon_spectra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Argon_Spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Argon line spectrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Argon_Spectrum.png/120px-Argon_Spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Argon_Spectrum.png/180px-Argon_Spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Argon_Spectrum.png/240px-Argon_Spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Krypton_Spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Krypton line spectrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Krypton_Spectrum.jpg/120px-Krypton_Spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Krypton_Spectrum.jpg/180px-Krypton_Spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Krypton_Spectrum.jpg/240px-Krypton_Spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td width="20%"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_Spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Xenon line spectrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xenon_Spectrum.jpg/120px-Xenon_Spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xenon_Spectrum.jpg/180px-Xenon_Spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xenon_Spectrum.jpg/240px-Xenon_Spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The color of gas discharge emission depends on several factors, including the following:<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <ul><li>discharge parameters (local value of <a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">current density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a>, temperature, etc. – note the color variation along the discharge in the top row);</li> <li>gas purity (even small fraction of certain gases can affect color);</li> <li>material of the discharge tube envelope – note suppression of the UV and blue components in the bottom-row tubes made of thick household glass.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_(data_page)" title="Noble gas (data page)">Noble gas (data page)</a>, for extended tables of physical properties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metal</a>, for metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">Inert gas</a>, for any gas that is not reactive under normal circumstances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">Octet rule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Focal Press. pp. 383–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51323-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51323-1"><bdi>0-240-51323-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+photography+and+applied+imaging&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-240-51323-1&rft.au=Ray%2C+Sidney+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEFPNfghI3QC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Noble gas <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Gases%2C+Rare&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Gases%2C+Rare">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Gases%2C+Rare&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noble_gases" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Noble gases">Noble gases</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/noble_gas" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/noble gas">noble gas</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Noble_gas" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Noble gas">Noble gas</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Noble_gases" class="extiw" title="v:Noble gases">Noble gases</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Peter B.; Elliott, David H. (1998). The Physiology and Medicine of Diving. <a href="/wiki/SPCK_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK Publishing">SPCK Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7020-2410-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7020-2410-4"><bdi>0-7020-2410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physiology+and+Medicine+of+Diving&rft.pub=SPCK+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7020-2410-4&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliffsNotes2007" class="citation book cs1">Bobrow Test Preparation Services (5 December 2007). CliffsAP Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/CliffsNotes" title="CliffsNotes">CliffsNotes</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13500-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13500-6"><bdi>978-0-470-13500-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CliffsAP+Chemistry&rft.pub=CliffsNotes&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.isbn=978-0-470-13500-6&rft.au=Bobrow+Test+Preparation+Services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4"><bdi>0-7506-3365-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford%3AButterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2002" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Charlie J.; Janes, Rob (2002). Elements of the P Block. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-690-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-690-9"><bdi>0-85404-690-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+P+Block&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85404-690-9&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Charlie+J.&rft.au=Janes%2C+Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1968" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, John H. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116400178434">Noble-Gas Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-21100-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-21100-9"><bdi>0-412-21100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble-Gas+Chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-412-21100-9&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116400178434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendeleev1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Mendeleev, D.</a> (1902–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofchem00menduoft">Osnovy Khimii (The Principles of Chemistry)</a> (in Russian) (7th ed.). New York: Collier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osnovy+Khimii+%28The+Principles+of+Chemistry%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Collier&rft.date=1902%2F1903&rft.aulast=Mendeleev&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofchem00menduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzima2002" class="citation book cs1">Ozima, Minoru; Podosek, Frank A. (2002). Noble Gas Geochemistry. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80366-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80366-7"><bdi>0-521-80366-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble+Gas+Geochemistry&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-80366-7&rft.aulast=Ozima&rft.aufirst=Minoru&rft.au=Podosek%2C+Frank+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinhold2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinhold, F.; Landis, C. (2005). Valency and bonding. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83128-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83128-8"><bdi>0-521-83128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valency+and+bonding&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-83128-8&rft.aulast=Weinhold&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Landis%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+gas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" 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style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> He Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Weight: 4.002602 Melting Point: 0.95 K Boiling Point: 4.22 K Specific mass: 0.0001785 Electronegativity: ? </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> Ne Atomic Number: 10 Atomic Weight: 20.1797 Melting Point: 24.703 K Boiling Point: 27.07 K Specific mass: 0.0008999 Electronegativity: ? </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> Ar Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Weight: 39.948 Melting Point: 83.96 K Boiling Point: 87.30 K Specific mass: 0.0017837 Electronegativity: ? </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> Kr Atomic Number: 36 Atomic Weight: 83.798 Melting Point: 115.93 K Boiling Point: 119.93 K Specific mass: 0.003733 Electronegativity: 3 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> Xe Atomic Number: 54 Atomic Weight: 131.293 Melting Point: 161.45 K Boiling Point: 165.03 K Specific mass: 0.005887 Electronegativity: 2.6 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> Rn Atomic Number: 86 Atomic Weight: [222] Melting Point: 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-8ndbz","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.228","walltime":"2.512","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26857,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":658821,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28361,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":532776,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2156.829 1 -total"," 49.63% 1070.342 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.18% 672.494 86 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.20% 263.143 6 Template:Navbox"," 11.05% 238.392 1 Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)"," 6.41% 138.205 118 Template:Element_cell/navbox"," 6.34% 136.778 1 Template:Infobox_periodic_table_group/header"," 6.07% 131.003 11 Template:Lang"," 5.70% 123.023 1 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[\"CITEREFBurnardGrahamTurner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCederblom,_J._E.1904\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCliffsNotes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoc,_A.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunkin,_I._R.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyadin,_Yuri_A.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarleyNeroda1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFields,_Paul_R.Stein,_LawrenceZirin,_Moshe_H.1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlemingThode1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowlerAcklesPorlier1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreudenrich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFricke1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrunziCrossSaunders2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFüriHiltonHalldórssonBarry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGautheronMoreira2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiggenbach1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilfillanBallentineHollandBlagburn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie,_R._J.Robinson,_E._A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandinetti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimbergBaurBühlerBochsler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrochala2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrochala2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosse,_A._V.Kirschenbaum,_A._D.Streng,_A._G.Streng,_L._V.1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltonFischerMarty2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogness,_T._R.Lunn,_E._G.1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollandBallentine2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorhoianuIonescuOlteanu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHwang,_Shuen-ChenLein,_Robert_D.Morgan,_Daniel_A.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHäussinger,_PeterGlatthaar,_ReinhardRhode,_WilhelmKick,_Helmut2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalcher,_JosefSax,_Alexander_F.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedyHiyagonReynolds1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhriachtchev,_LeonidPettersson,_MikaRuneberg,_NinoLundell,_Jan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoppenol2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulsha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann,_J2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiTootellHollandZhou2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebman1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippmann-PipkeSherwood_LollarNiedermannStroncik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodders2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaiken2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkBarfodStuartImlach2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarty2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartyAltweggBalsigerBar-Nun2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendeleev1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMewesSmitsJerabekSchwerdtfeger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoody1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreiraKunzAllègre1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisonPine1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMott1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMtiliByrneTyneKazimoto2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukhopadhyayParai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovLobanovAbdullin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzima2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzimaPodosek2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartington1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauling1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimentel1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinceauxMauryBesson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell,_H._M.Guter,_M.1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPéronMukhopadhyayKurzGraham2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaquinMoreira2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay,_Sidney_F.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemickHelmann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenouf1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSanders,_Robert_D.Ma,_DaqingMaze,_Mervyn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanloupSchmidtPerezJambon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders,_M.Jiménez-Vázquez,_H._A.Cross,_R._J.Poreda,_R._J.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders,_MartinJimenez-Vazquez,_Hugo_A.Cross,_R._JamesMroczkowski,_Stanley1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScherer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeppelt1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeppelt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitsMewesJerabekSchwerdtfeger2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStein1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTantardini,_ChristianOganov,_Artem_R.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremblayShusterBalcoCassata2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler_Irving2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVann1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinhold2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetherill1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley-VCH2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilks1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter,_Mark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2020\"] 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