CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Aluminium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e7d9529b-5abd-42c2-9771-7c25c9a1a63a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Aluminium","wgTitle":"Aluminium","wgCurRevisionId":1258469871,"wgRevisionId":1258469871,"wgArticleId":904,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Good articles","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018", "All articles containing potentially dated statements","Aluminium alloys","Aluminium","Chemical elements","Post-transition metals","Rocket fuels","Electrical conductors","Pyrotechnic fuels","Airship technology","Reducing agents","E-number additives","Native element minerals","Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Aluminium","wgRelevantArticleId":904,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q663","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons" :"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/640px-Aluminium-4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Aluminium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Aluminium rootpage-Aluminium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aluminium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aluminium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aluminium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aluminium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electron_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Electron shell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Bulk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organoaluminium_compounds_and_related_hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organoaluminium_compounds_and_related_hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Organoaluminium compounds and related hydrides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organoaluminium_compounds_and_related_hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Natural occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Natural occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Spelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_refinement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_refinement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Production and refinement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_and_refinement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production and refinement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_and_refinement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bayer_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayer_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bayer process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayer_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hall–Héroult_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hall–Héroult_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Hall–Héroult process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hall–Héroult_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Biology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Exposure routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Environmental effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aluminium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" > 190 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%89%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%95%E1%88%9D" title="አሉምንም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሉምንም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एल्युमिनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="एल्युमिनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ألومنيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألومنيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6_(%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A8%D5%B4)" title="Պաղլեղածին (էլիւմինիըմ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաղլեղածին (էլիւմինիըմ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="এলুমিনিয়াম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এলুমিনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itat%C4%A9membe" title="Itatĩmembe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itatĩmembe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminium" title="Alüminium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alüminium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="آلومینیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلومینیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অ্যালুমিনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালুমিনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-l%C3%BA-mih" title="A-lú-mih – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-lú-mih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Алюмин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алюмин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Алюміній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алюміній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Алюмін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алюмін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्मुनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्मुनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumino" title="Alumino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alumino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алуминий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алуминий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧ་ཡང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧ་ཡང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aluminij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiom" title="Aluminiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aluminiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хүнгэн сагаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүнгэн сагаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlin%C3%ADk" title="Hliník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hliník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluminiu" title="Alluminiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alluminiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwminiwm" title="Alwminiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alwminiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ألومينيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألومينيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiidna" title="Alumiidna – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Alumiidna" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C3%A1sz%C3%B3l%C3%AD" title="Béésh ászólí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh ászólí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinium" title="Alumiinium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alumiinium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αργίλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αργίλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Люм – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Люм" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آلومینیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلومینیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BAmanam" title="Alúmanam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alúmanam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollymin" title="Ollymin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ollymin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almain" title="Almain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Almain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="એલ્યુમિનિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલ્યુમિનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AE" title="Lî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алюминиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Алюминиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%AF%B8%EB%8A%84" title="알루미늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알루미늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAluminuma" title="ʻAluminuma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAluminuma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ալյումին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալյումին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एल्युमिनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एल्युमिनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aluminij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алюмини – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алюмини" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsAlumbe" title="IsAlumbe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsAlumbe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81l" title="Ál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluminio" title="Alluminio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alluminio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אלומיניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלומיניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumuniyum" title="Alumuniyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alumuniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimiiniy%C9%94%C9%94m" title="Alimiiniyɔɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alimiiniyɔɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲ್ಯೂಮಿನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಯೂಮಿನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADniu" title="Alumíniu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alumíniu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალუმინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალუმინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiom" title="Aluminiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aluminiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiyumu" title="Aluminiyumu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Aluminiyumu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliminy%C3%B2m" title="Aliminyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aliminyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baf%C3%BBn" title="Bafûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bafûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ACnium" title="Alumìnium – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alumìnium" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ອາລູມິນຽມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາລູມິນຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnijs" title="Alumīnijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alumīnijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliuminis" title="Aliuminis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aliuminis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluminio" title="Alluminio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Alluminio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleminium" title="Alleminium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alleminium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27umiinii" title="Al'umiinii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Al'umiinii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrmalume" title="jinmrmalume – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrmalume" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiyamu" title="Aluminiyamu – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Aluminiyamu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCm%C3%ACnio" title="Alümìnio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alümìnio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnium" title="Alumínium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alumínium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алуминиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viraty" title="Viraty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Viraty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="അലൂമിനിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലൂമിനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ॲल्युमिनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲल्युमिनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="الومنيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الومنيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A7" title="ꯀꯣꯟꯉꯧ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯟꯉꯧ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Lé̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lé̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алюмини – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Алюмини" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хөнгөн цагаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөнгөн цагаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အလူမီနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလူမီနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एल्मुनियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एल्मुनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="एलुमिनम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एलुमिनम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="アルミニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルミニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinium" title="Alumiinium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alumiinium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminie" title="Aluminie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aluminie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆଲୁମିନିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲୁମିନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldaqaa" title="Saldaqaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Saldaqaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiy" title="Aluminiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aluminiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਐਲਮੀਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਮੀਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एलुमिनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एलुमिनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایلومینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایلومینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အလူမီနီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အလူမီနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="الومېنيم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الومېنيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluuminom" title="Aluuminom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aluuminom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="អាលុយមីញ៉ូម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាលុយមីញ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glin" title="Glin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Glin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnio" title="Alumínio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alumínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allu" title="Allu – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Allu" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27aqu_q%27illay" title="Ch'aqu q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'aqu q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Алуміній – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алуміній" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एलुमिनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एलुमिनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allum%C3%ACniu" title="Allumìniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Allumìniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumeenium" title="Alumeenium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alumeenium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇලුමිනියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලුමිනියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlin%C3%ADk" title="Hliník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hliník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aluminij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiiniyaam" title="Alumiiniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alumiiniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86" title="فافۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فافۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алуминијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminijum" title="Aluminijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aluminijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiini" title="Alumiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alumiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminyo" title="Aluminyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aluminyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அலுமினியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலுமினியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamanyu" title="Lamanyu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lamanyu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminyum" title="Aluminyum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aluminyum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="అల్యూమినియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అల్యూమినియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อะลูมิเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะลูมิเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" title="Bau – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Bau" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8C%E1%8E%A7_%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminyum" title="Alüminyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alüminyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Алюміній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алюміній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایلومینیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلومینیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DB%87%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86" title="ئاليۇمىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاليۇمىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lij" title="Lij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminii" title="Alüminii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alüminii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B4m" title="Nhôm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhôm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalumin" title="Lalumin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lalumin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinium" title="Alumiinium – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alumiinium" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%81" title="鋁 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋁" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminyo" title="Aluminyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aluminyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אלומיניום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלומיניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADn%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Alumíníọ̀mù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alumíníọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%81" title="鋁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliom%C4%97nis" title="Aliomėnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aliomėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q663#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aluminium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Aluminium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Aluminium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&oldid=1258469871" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Aluminium&id=1258469871&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAluminium">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAluminium">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aluminium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Chemicals/Aluminums" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q663" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aluminium (disambiguation)">Aluminium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Aluminium, 13Al</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/220px-Aluminium-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/330px-Aluminium-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/440px-Aluminium-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="706" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Aluminium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin: 0; text-align: left;"><ul><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">aluminium: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæl(j)ʊˈmɪniəm/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/En-uk-aluminium.ogg\/En-uk-aluminium.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-aluminium.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/En-uk-aluminium.ogg/En-uk-aluminium.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-aluminium.ogg" title="File:En-uk-aluminium.ogg">ⓘ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AL-(y)uu-MIN-ee-əm</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">aluminum: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈluːmənəm/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4a\/En-us-aluminum.ogg\/En-us-aluminum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-aluminum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/En-us-aluminum.ogg/En-us-aluminum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-aluminum.ogg" title="File:En-us-aluminum.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ə-LOO-mə-nəm</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data">Aluminum (U.S., Canada)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Silvery gray metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Al)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>26.9815384±0.0000003<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>26.982±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Aluminium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> ↑ Al ↓ <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> ← aluminium → <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">group 13 (boron group)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">period 3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s2 3p1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">933.47 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2743<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> K (2470 °C, 4478 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20 °C)</th><td class="infobox-data">2.699 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2.375 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10.71 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">284 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.20 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1482 </td> <td>1632 </td> <td>1817 </td> <td>2054 </td> <td>2364 </td> <td>2790 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 −2,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> +2<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.61 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 577.5 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#aluminium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 143 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">121±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">184 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of aluminium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for aluminium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 404.93 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.87×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">237 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+16.5×10−6 cm3/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">76 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">(rolled) 5000 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.35 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.75 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160–350 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160–550 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7429-90-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">from alumine, obsolete name for <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prediction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> (1782)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (1824)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1812<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium" title="Isotopes of aluminium">Isotopes of aluminium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_aluminium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox aluminium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_aluminium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox aluminium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-14">[13]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">26Al</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.17×105 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a>84% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium-26" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium-26">26Mg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a><a href="#cite_note-branch-15">[14]</a>16% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">26Mg </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">27Al </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aluminium" title="Category:Aluminium">Category: Aluminium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_aluminium" title="Template:Infobox aluminium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_aluminium" title="Template talk:Infobox aluminium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_aluminium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox aluminium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Aluminium (or aluminum in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Al and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 13. Aluminium has a density lower than that of other common <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, about one-third that of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. It has a great affinity towards <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">forming a protective layer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">oxide</a> on the surface when exposed to air. Aluminium visually resembles <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">nonmagnetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>. It has one stable isotope, 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">twelfth-most common element</a> in the universe. The <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">26Al</a> leads to it being used in <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>. Chemically, aluminium is a <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">boron group</a>; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. The aluminium <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> Al3+ is <a href="/wiki/Fajans%27_rules" title="Fajans' rules">small and highly charged</a>; as such, it has more <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polarizing power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a> formed by aluminium have a more <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a> character. The strong affinity of aluminium for oxygen leads to the common occurrence of its oxides in nature. Aluminium is found on Earth primarily in rocks in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a>, where it is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">third-most abundant element</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, rather than in the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, and virtually never as the <a href="/wiki/Free_element" title="Free element">free metal</a>. It is obtained industrially by mining <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> rich in aluminium minerals. The discovery of aluminium was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a>. The first industrial production of aluminium was initiated by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Henri_%C3%89tienne_Sainte-Claire_Deville" title="Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville">Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville</a> in 1856. Aluminium became much more available to the public with the <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a> developed independently by French engineer <a href="/wiki/Paul_H%C3%A9roult" title="Paul Héroult">Paul Héroult</a> and American engineer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martin_Hall" title="Charles Martin Hall">Charles Martin Hall</a> in 1886, and the mass production of aluminium led to its extensive use in industry and everyday life. In the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second</a> World Wars, aluminium was a crucial <a href="/wiki/Strategic_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic resource">strategic resource</a> for <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>. In 1954, aluminium became the most produced <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_metal" title="Non-ferrous metal">non-ferrous metal</a>, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. In the 21st century, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolize</a> aluminium <a href="/wiki/Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a>, but this aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of the abundance of these salts, the potential for a biological role for them is of interest, and studies are ongoing. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium" title="Isotopes of aluminium">Isotopes of aluminium</a></div> Of aluminium isotopes, only 27 Al is stable. This situation is common for elements with an odd atomic number.<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> It is the only <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> aluminium isotope, i.e. the only one that has existed on Earth in its current form since the formation of the planet. It is therefore a <a href="/wiki/Mononuclidic_element" title="Mononuclidic element">mononuclidic element</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">standard atomic weight</a> is virtually the same as that of the isotope. This makes aluminium very useful in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR), as its single stable isotope has a high NMR sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-18">[16]</a> The standard atomic weight of aluminium is low in comparison with many other metals.<a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a> All other isotopes of aluminium are <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a>. The most stable of these is <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">26Al</a>: while it was present along with stable 27Al in the interstellar medium from which the Solar System formed, having been produced by <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a> as well, its <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> is only 717,000 years and therefore a detectable amount has not survived since the formation of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> However, minute traces of 26Al are produced from <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> by <a href="/wiki/Spallation" title="Spallation">spallation</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> protons. The ratio of 26Al to <a href="/wiki/Beryllium-10" title="Beryllium-10">10Be</a> has been used for <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiodating</a> of geological processes over 105 to 106 year time scales, in particular transport, deposition, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> storage, burial times, and erosion.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Most meteorite scientists believe that the energy released by the decay of 26Al was responsible for the melting and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiation</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a> after their formation 4.55 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The remaining isotopes of aluminium, with <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass numbers</a> ranging from 21 to 43, all have half-lives well under an hour. Three <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> states are known, all with half-lives under a minute.<a href="#cite_note-IAEA-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_shell">Electron shell</h3></div> An aluminium atom has 13 electrons, arranged in an <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> of [<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s2 3p1,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.2-23">[20]</a> with three electrons beyond a stable noble gas configuration. Accordingly, the combined first three <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energies</a> of aluminium are far lower than the fourth ionization energy alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.6-24">[21]</a> Such an electron configuration is shared with the other well-characterized members of its group, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>; it is also expected for <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a>. Aluminium can surrender its three outermost electrons in many chemical reactions (see <a href="#Chemistry">below</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of aluminium is 1.61 (Pauling scale).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.29-25">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="M. Tunes & S. Pogatscher, Montanuniversität Leoben 2019 No copyrights =)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png/260px-Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png/390px-Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>High-resolution <a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">STEM</a>-<a href="/wiki/Annular_dark-field_imaging" title="Annular dark-field imaging">HAADF</a> micrograph of Al atoms viewed along the [001] zone axis.</figcaption></figure> A free aluminium atom has a <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">radius</a> of 143 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30-26">[23]</a> With the three outermost electrons removed, the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">radius</a> shrinks to 39 pm for a 4-coordinated atom or 53.5 pm for a 6-coordinated atom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30-26">[23]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, aluminium atoms (when not affected by atoms of other elements) form a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic crystal system</a> bound by <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic bonding</a> provided by atoms' outermost electrons; hence aluminium (at these conditions) is a metal.<a href="#cite_note-Enghag2008-27">[24]</a> This crystal system is shared by many other metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>; the size of a unit cell of aluminium is comparable to that of those other metals.<a href="#cite_note-Enghag2008-27">[24]</a> The system, however, is not shared by the other members of its group: boron has ionization energies too high to allow metallization, thallium has a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> structure, and gallium and indium have unusual structures that are not close-packed like those of aluminium and thallium. The few electrons that are available for <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic bonding</a> in aluminium are a probable cause for it being soft with a low melting point and low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistivity">electrical resistivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood222-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulk">Bulk</h3></div> Aluminium metal has an appearance ranging from silvery white to dull gray depending on its <a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">surface roughness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[d]</a> Aluminium mirrors are the most reflective of all metal mirrors for near <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> and far <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light. It is also one of the most reflective for light in the visible spectrum, nearly on par with silver in this respect, and the two therefore look similar. Aluminium is also good at reflecting <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a>, although prolonged exposure to sunlight in air adds wear to the surface of the metal; this may be prevented if aluminium is <a href="/wiki/Anodization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anodization">anodized</a>, which adds a protective layer of oxide on the surface. The density of aluminium is 2.70 g/cm3, about 1/3 that of steel, much lower than other commonly encountered metals, making aluminium parts easily identifiable through their lightness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20044-3-32">[28]</a> Aluminium's low density compared to most other metals arises from the fact that its nuclei are much lighter, while difference in the unit cell size does not compensate for this difference. The only lighter metals are the metals of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">groups 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a>, which apart from <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> are too reactive for structural use (and beryllium is very toxic).<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> Aluminium is not as strong or stiff as steel, but the low density makes up for this in the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industry and for many other applications where light weight and relatively high strength are crucial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19991–3-34">[30]</a> Pure aluminium is quite soft and lacking in strength. In most applications various <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium alloys">aluminium alloys</a> are used instead because of their higher strength and hardness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19992-35">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">yield strength</a> of pure aluminium is 7–11 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloys</a> have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa.<a href="#cite_note-Polmear1995-36">[32]</a> Aluminium is <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, with a percent elongation of 50-70%,<a href="#cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-37">[33]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> allowing it to be easily <a href="/wiki/Drawing_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawing (metalworking)">drawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extruded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19994-38">[34]</a> It is also easily <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machined</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">cast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19994-38">[34]</a> Aluminium is an excellent <a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">thermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a>, having around 60% the conductivity of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, both thermal and electrical, while having only 30% of copper's density.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19992–3-39">[35]</a> Aluminium is capable of <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductivity</a>, with a superconducting critical temperature of 1.2 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> and a critical magnetic field of about 100 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Millitesla" class="mw-redirect" title="Millitesla">milliteslas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> and thus essentially unaffected by static magnetic fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20066-41">[37]</a> The high electrical conductivity, however, means that it is strongly affected by alternating magnetic fields through the induction of <a href="/wiki/Eddy_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddy currents">eddy currents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz2006161-42">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compounds_of_aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Compounds of aluminium">Compounds of aluminium</a></div> Aluminium combines characteristics of pre- and post-transition metals. Since it has few available electrons for metallic bonding, like its heavier <a href="/wiki/Group_13_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 13 element">group 13</a> congeners, it has the characteristic physical properties of a post-transition metal, with longer-than-expected interatomic distances.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood222-28">[25]</a> Furthermore, as Al3+ is a small and highly charged cation, it is strongly polarizing and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonding</a> in aluminium compounds tends towards <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalency</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a> this behavior is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> (Be2+), and the two display an example of a <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_relationship" title="Diagonal relationship">diagonal relationship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112–113-44">[40]</a> The underlying core under aluminium's valence shell is that of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a>, whereas those of its heavier congeners <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a> also include a filled d-subshell and in some cases a filled f-subshell. Hence, the inner electrons of aluminium shield the valence electrons almost completely, unlike those of aluminium's heavier congeners. As such, aluminium is the most electropositive metal in its group, and its hydroxide is in fact more basic than that of gallium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[e]</a> Aluminium also bears minor similarities to the metalloid boron in the same group: AlX3 compounds are valence <a href="/wiki/Isoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoelectronic">isoelectronic</a> to BX3 compounds (they have the same valence electronic structure), and both behave as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acids</a> and readily form <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adducts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995241-46">[41]</a> Additionally, one of the main motifs of boron chemistry is <a href="/wiki/Regular_icosahedron" title="Regular icosahedron">regular icosahedral</a> structures, and aluminium forms an important part of many icosahedral <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">quasicrystal</a> alloys, including the Al–Zn–Mg class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995235–236-47">[42]</a> Aluminium has a high <a href="/wiki/Chemical_affinity" title="Chemical affinity">chemical affinity</a> to oxygen, which renders it suitable for use as a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thermite" title="Thermite">thermite</a> reaction. A fine powder of aluminium reacts explosively on contact with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>; under normal conditions, however, aluminium forms a thin oxide layer (~5 nm at room temperature)<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> that protects the metal from further corrosion by oxygen, water, or dilute acid, a process termed <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-CorrAl-49">[44]</a> Because of its general resistance to corrosion, aluminium is one of the few metals that retains silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of <a href="/wiki/Silver_(color)" title="Silver (color)">silver-colored</a> paints.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> Aluminium is not attacked by oxidizing acids because of its passivation. This allows aluminium to be used to store reagents such as <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, and some organic acids.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[46]</a> In hot concentrated <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, aluminium reacts with water with evolution of hydrogen, and in aqueous <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> at room temperature to form <a href="/wiki/Aluminates" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminates">aluminates</a>—protective passivation under these conditions is negligible.<a href="#cite_note-Beal1999-52">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">Aqua regia</a> also dissolves aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[46]</a> Aluminium is corroded by dissolved <a href="/wiki/Chlorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorides">chlorides</a>, such as common <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, which is why household plumbing is never made from aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-Beal1999-52">[47]</a> The oxide layer on aluminium is also destroyed by contact with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgamation</a> or with salts of some electropositive metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a> As such, the strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion-resistant due to <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic</a> reactions with alloyed <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Polmear1995-36">[32]</a> and aluminium's corrosion resistance is greatly reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood222-28">[25]</a> Aluminium reacts with most nonmetals upon heating, forming compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitride" title="Aluminium nitride">aluminium nitride</a> (AlN), <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide" title="Aluminium sulfide">aluminium sulfide</a> (Al2S3), and the aluminium halides (AlX3). It also forms a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">intermetallic compounds</a> involving metals from every group on the periodic table.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_compounds">Inorganic compounds</h3></div> The vast majority of compounds, including all aluminium-containing minerals and all commercially significant aluminium compounds, feature aluminium in the oxidation state 3+. The <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination number</a> of such compounds varies, but generally Al3+ is either six- or four-coordinate. Almost all compounds of aluminium(III) are colorless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlHydrolysis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/AlHydrolysis.png/220px-AlHydrolysis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/AlHydrolysis.png 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Aluminium hydrolysis as a function of pH. Coordinated water molecules are omitted. (Data from Baes and Mesmer)<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> In aqueous solution, Al3+ exists as the hexaaqua cation [Al(H2O)6]3+, which has an approximate <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Ka</a> of 10−5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-18">[16]</a> Such solutions are acidic as this cation can act as a proton donor and progressively <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyze</a> until a <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">aluminium hydroxide</a>, Al(OH)3, forms. This is useful for <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">clarification</a> of water, as the precipitate nucleates on <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspended</a> particles in the water, hence removing them. Increasing the pH even further leads to the hydroxide dissolving again as <a href="/wiki/Aluminate" title="Aluminate">aluminate</a>, [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]−, is formed. Aluminium hydroxide forms both salts and aluminates and dissolves in acid and alkali, as well as on fusion with acidic and basic oxides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a> This behavior of Al(OH)3 is termed <a href="/wiki/Amphoterism" title="Amphoterism">amphoterism</a> and is characteristic of weakly basic cations that form insoluble hydroxides and whose hydrated species can also donate their protons. One effect of this is that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_salt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium salt (page does not exist)">aluminium salts</a> with weak acids are hydrolyzed in water to the aquated hydroxide and the corresponding nonmetal hydride: for example, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide" title="Aluminium sulfide">aluminium sulfide</a> yields <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. However, some salts like <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_carbonate" title="Aluminium carbonate">aluminium carbonate</a> exist in aqueous solution but are unstable as such; and only incomplete hydrolysis takes place for salts with strong acids, such as the halides, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitrate" title="Aluminium nitrate">nitrate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">sulfate</a>. For similar reasons, anhydrous aluminium salts cannot be made by heating their "hydrates": hydrated aluminium chloride is in fact not AlCl3·6H2O but [Al(H2O)6]Cl3, and the Al–O bonds are so strong that heating is not sufficient to break them and form Al–Cl bonds instead:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a> <dl><dd>2[Al(H2O)6]Cl3 heat→  Al2O3 + 6 HCl + 9 H2O</dd></dl> All four <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">trihalides</a> are well known. Unlike the structures of the three heavier trihalides, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_fluoride" title="Aluminium fluoride">aluminium fluoride</a> (AlF3) features six-coordinate aluminium, which explains its involatility and insolubility as well as high <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of formation">heat of formation</a>. Each aluminium atom is surrounded by six fluorine atoms in a distorted <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedral</a> arrangement, with each fluorine atom being shared between the corners of two octahedra. Such {AlF6} units also exist in complex fluorides such as <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a>, Na3AlF6.<a href="#cite_note-55">[f]</a> AlF3 melts at 1,290 °C (2,354 °F) and is made by reaction of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> gas at 700 °C (1,300 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-54">[49]</a> With heavier halides, the coordination numbers are lower. The other trihalides are <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimeric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> with tetrahedral four-coordinate aluminium centers.<a href="#cite_note-56">[g]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium trichloride">Aluminium trichloride</a> (AlCl3) has a layered polymeric structure below its melting point of 192.4 °C (378 °F) but transforms on melting to Al2Cl6 dimers. At higher temperatures those increasingly dissociate into trigonal planar AlCl3 monomers similar to the structure of <a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" title="Boron trichloride">BCl3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_tribromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium tribromide">Aluminium tribromide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_triiodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium triiodide">aluminium triiodide</a> form Al2X6 dimers in all three phases and hence do not show such significant changes of properties upon phase change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-54">[49]</a> These materials are prepared by treating aluminium with the halogen. The aluminium trihalides form many <a href="/wiki/Addition_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Addition compound">addition compounds</a> or complexes; their <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acidic</a> nature makes them useful as <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Friedel%E2%80%93Crafts_reaction" title="Friedel–Crafts reaction">Friedel–Crafts reactions</a>. Aluminium trichloride has major industrial uses involving this reaction, such as in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">anthraquinones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>; it is also often used as the precursor for many other aluminium compounds and as a reagent for converting nonmetal fluorides into the corresponding chlorides (a <a href="/wiki/Transhalogenation" title="Transhalogenation">transhalogenation reaction</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-54">[49]</a> Aluminium forms one stable oxide with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> Al2O3, commonly called <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> It can be found in nature in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, α-alumina;<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> there is also a γ-alumina phase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-18">[16]</a> Its crystalline form, corundum, is very hard (<a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> 9), has a high melting point of 2,045 °C (3,713 °F), has very low volatility, is chemically inert, and a good electrical insulator, it is often used in abrasives (such as toothpaste), as a refractory material, and in <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>, as well as being the starting material for the electrolytic production of aluminium. <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> are impure corundum contaminated with trace amounts of other metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-18">[16]</a> The two main oxide-hydroxides, AlO(OH), are <a href="/wiki/Boehmite" title="Boehmite">boehmite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaspore" title="Diaspore">diaspore</a>. There are three main trihydroxides: <a href="/wiki/Bayerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayerite">bayerite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibbsite" title="Gibbsite">gibbsite</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordstrandite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordstrandite (page does not exist)">nordstrandite</a>, which differ in their crystalline structure (<a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorphs</a>). Many other intermediate and related structures are also known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-18">[16]</a> Most are produced from ores by a variety of wet processes using acid and base. Heating the hydroxides leads to formation of corundum. These materials are of central importance to the production of aluminium and are themselves extremely useful. Some mixed oxide phases are also very useful, such as <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a> (MgAl2O4), Na-β-alumina (NaAl11O17), and <a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_aluminate" title="Tricalcium aluminate">tricalcium aluminate</a> (Ca3Al2O6, an important mineral phase in <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-18">[16]</a> The only stable <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">chalcogenides</a> under normal conditions are <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide" title="Aluminium sulfide">aluminium sulfide</a> (Al2S3), <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_selenide" title="Aluminium selenide">selenide</a> (Al2Se3), and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_telluride" title="Aluminium telluride">telluride</a> (Al2Te3). All three are prepared by direct reaction of their elements at about 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) and quickly hydrolyze completely in water to yield aluminium hydroxide and the respective <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">hydrogen chalcogenide</a>. As aluminium is a small atom relative to these chalcogens, these have four-coordinate tetrahedral aluminium with various polymorphs having structures related to <a href="/wiki/Wurtzite" title="Wurtzite">wurtzite</a>, with two-thirds of the possible metal sites occupied either in an orderly (α) or random (β) fashion; the sulfide also has a γ form related to γ-alumina, and an unusual high-temperature hexagonal form where half the aluminium atoms have tetrahedral four-coordination and the other half have trigonal bipyramidal five-coordination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257-59">[52]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Pnictide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictide">pnictides</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitride" title="Aluminium nitride">aluminium nitride</a> (AlN), <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">aluminium phosphide</a> (AlP), <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">aluminium arsenide</a> (AlAs), and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_antimonide" title="Aluminium antimonide">aluminium antimonide</a> (AlSb) – are known. They are all <a href="/wiki/III-V_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="III-V semiconductor">III-V semiconductors</a> isoelectronic to <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, all of which but AlN have the <a href="/wiki/Zinc_blende" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc blende">zinc blende</a> structure. All four can be made by high-temperature (and possibly high-pressure) direct reaction of their component elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257-59">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">Aluminium alloys</a> well with most other metals (with the exception of most <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a> and group 13 metals) and over 150 <a href="/wiki/Intermetallics" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallics">intermetallics</a> with other metals are known. Preparation involves heating fixed metals together in certain proportion, followed by gradual cooling and <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a>. Bonding in them is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic</a> and the crystal structure primarily depends on efficiency of packing.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> There are few compounds with lower oxidation states. A few <a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I)">aluminium(I)</a> compounds exist: AlF, AlCl, AlBr, and AlI exist in the gaseous phase when the respective trihalide is heated with aluminium, and at cryogenic temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-54">[49]</a> A stable derivative of aluminium monoiodide is the cyclic <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adduct</a> formed with <a href="/wiki/Triethylamine" title="Triethylamine">triethylamine</a>, Al4I4(NEt3)4. Al2O and Al2S also exist but are very unstable.<a href="#cite_note-al1-61">[54]</a> Very simple aluminium(II) compounds are invoked or observed in the reactions of Al metal with oxidants. For example, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium monoxide">aluminium monoxide</a>, AlO, has been detected in the gas phase after explosion<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> and in stellar absorption spectra.<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> More thoroughly investigated are compounds of the formula R4Al2 which contain an Al–Al bond and where R is a large organic <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organoaluminium_compounds_and_related_hydrides">Organoaluminium compounds and related hydrides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium_chemistry" title="Organoaluminium chemistry">Organoaluminium chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png/220px-Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png/330px-Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png/440px-Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Trimethylaluminium" title="Trimethylaluminium">trimethylaluminium</a>, a compound that features five-coordinate carbon.</figcaption></figure> A variety of compounds of empirical formula AlR3 and AlR1.5Cl1.5 exist.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> The aluminium trialkyls and triaryls are reactive, volatile, and colorless liquids or low-melting solids. They catch fire spontaneously in air and react with water, thus necessitating precautions when handling them. They often form dimers, unlike their boron analogues, but this tendency diminishes for branched-chain alkyls (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropyl">Pri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isobutyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobutyl">Bui</a>, Me3CCH2); for example, <a href="/wiki/Triisobutylaluminium" title="Triisobutylaluminium">triisobutylaluminium</a> exists as an equilibrium mixture of the monomer and dimer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67-66">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> These dimers, such as <a href="/wiki/Trimethylaluminium" title="Trimethylaluminium">trimethylaluminium</a> (Al2Me6), usually feature tetrahedral Al centers formed by dimerization with some alkyl group bridging between both aluminium atoms. They are <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">hard acids</a> and react readily with ligands, forming adducts. In industry, they are mostly used in alkene insertion reactions, as discovered by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a>, most importantly in "growth reactions" that form long-chain unbranched primary alkenes and alcohols, and in the low-pressure polymerization of <a href="/wiki/Ethene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethene">ethene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">propene</a>. There are also some <a href="/wiki/Heterocycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterocycle">heterocyclic</a> and cluster organoaluminium compounds involving Al–N bonds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67-66">[59]</a> The industrially most important aluminium hydride is <a href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">lithium aluminium hydride</a> (LiAlH4), which is used as a reducing agent in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. It can be produced from <a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">lithium hydride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">aluminium trichloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232-68">[61]</a> The simplest hydride, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">aluminium hydride</a> or alane, is not as important. It is a polymer with the formula (AlH3)n, in contrast to the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Boron_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron hydride">boron hydride</a> that is a dimer with the formula (BH3)2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232-68">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_bauxite_production" title="List of countries by bauxite production">List of countries by bauxite production</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3></div> Aluminium's per-particle abundance in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> is 3.15 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (parts per million).<a href="#cite_note-Lodders-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[h]</a> It is the twelfth most abundant of all elements and third most abundant among the elements that have odd atomic numbers, after hydrogen and nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Lodders-69">[62]</a> The only stable isotope of aluminium, 27Al, is the eighteenth most abundant nucleus in the universe. It is created almost entirely after fusion of carbon in massive stars that will later become <a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II supernovas</a>: this fusion creates 26Mg, which upon capturing free protons and neutrons, becomes aluminium. Some smaller quantities of 27Al are created in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen burning">hydrogen burning</a> shells of evolved stars, where 26Mg can capture free protons.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-71">[63]</a> Essentially all aluminium now in existence is 27Al. 26Al was present in the early Solar System with abundance of 0.005% relative to 27Al but its half-life of 728,000 years is too short for any original nuclei to survive; 26Al is therefore <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-71">[63]</a> Unlike for 27Al, hydrogen burning is the primary source of 26Al, with the nuclide emerging after a nucleus of 25Mg catches a free proton. However, the <a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace quantities</a> of 26Al that do exist are the most common <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> emitter in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar gas">interstellar gas</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-71">[63]</a> if the original 26Al were still present, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">gamma ray maps</a> of the Milky Way would be brighter.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-71">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth">Earth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG/220px-Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG/330px-Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG/440px-Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a>, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> minerals.</figcaption></figure> Overall, the Earth is about 1.59% aluminium by mass (seventh in abundance by mass).<a href="#cite_note-mit1-72">[64]</a> Aluminium occurs in greater proportion in the Earth's crust than in the universe at large. This is because aluminium easily forms the oxide and becomes bound into rocks and stays in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, while less reactive metals sink to the core.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-71">[63]</a> In the Earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant metallic element (8.23% by mass<a href="#cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-37">[33]</a>) and the third most abundant of all elements (after oxygen and silicon).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997217–219-73">[65]</a> A large number of silicates in the Earth's crust contain aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-WadeBanister2016-74">[66]</a> In contrast, the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is only 2.38% aluminium by mass.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> Aluminium also occurs in seawater at a concentration of 2 μg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-37">[33]</a> Because of its strong affinity for oxygen, aluminium is almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is found in oxides or silicates. <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">Feldspars</a>, the most common group of minerals in the Earth's crust, are aluminosilicates. Aluminium also occurs in the minerals <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> Impurities in Al2O3, such as <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, yield the <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-KotzTreichel2012-77">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_aluminium" title="Native aluminium">Native aluminium</a> metal is extremely rare and can only be found as a minor phase in low oxygen <a href="/wiki/Fugacity" title="Fugacity">fugacity</a> environments, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> Native aluminium has been reported in <a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a> in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Continental_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental slope">continental slope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. It is possible that these deposits resulted from <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> of tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)4−.<a href="#cite_note-Chen_2011-79">[71]</a> Although aluminium is a common and widespread element, not all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources of the metal. Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (AlOx(OH)3–2x). Bauxite occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> product of low iron and silica bedrock in tropical climatic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> In 2017, most bauxite was mined in Australia, China, Guinea, and India.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_aluminium" title="History of aluminium">History of aluminium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg/170px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg/255px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg/340px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a>, the chemist who first thoroughly described metallic elemental aluminium</figcaption></figure> The history of aluminium has been shaped by usage of <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>. The first written record of alum, made by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, dates back to the 5th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712-82">[74]</a> The ancients are known to have used alum as a dyeing <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> and for city defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712-82">[74]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, alum, an indispensable good in the European fabric industry,<a href="#cite_note-ClaphamPower1941-83">[75]</a> was a subject of international commerce;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200716-84">[76]</a> it was imported to Europe from the eastern Mediterranean until the mid-15th century.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> The nature of alum remained unknown. Around 1530, Swiss physician <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> suggested alum was a salt of an earth of alum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200725-86">[78]</a> In 1595, German doctor and chemist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a> experimentally confirmed this.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks1968-87">[79]</a> In 1722, German chemist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hoffmann" title="Friedrich Hoffmann">Friedrich Hoffmann</a> announced his belief that the base of alum was a distinct earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18962-88">[80]</a> In 1754, German chemist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18962-88">[80]</a> Attempts to produce aluminium date back to 1760.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18963-89">[81]</a> The first successful attempt, however, was completed in 1824 by Danish physicist and chemist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a>. He reacted anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">aluminium chloride</a> with potassium <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin.<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-(København)1827-91">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-woehler-92">[84]</a> He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the new metal in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200736-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FontaniCosta2014-94">[86]</a> In 1827, German chemist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> repeated Ørsted's experiments but did not identify any aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-Venetski-95">[87]</a> (The reason for this inconsistency was only discovered in 1921.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738-96">[88]</a> He conducted a similar experiment in the same year by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium and produced a powder of aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-woehler-92">[84]</a> In 1845, he was able to produce small pieces of the metal and described some physical properties of this metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738-96">[88]</a> For many years thereafter, Wöhler was credited as the discoverer of aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes1936-97">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg/170px-Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg/255px-Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg/340px-Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>The statue of <a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a>, London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues cast in aluminium.</figcaption></figure> As Wöhler's method could not yield great quantities of aluminium, the metal remained rare; its cost exceeded that of gold.<a href="#cite_note-Venetski-95">[87]</a> The first industrial production of aluminium was established in 1856 by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Etienne_Sainte-Claire_Deville" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville">Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville</a> and companions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200739-98">[90]</a> Deville had discovered that aluminium trichloride could be reduced by sodium, which was more convenient and less expensive than potassium, which Wöhler had used.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> Even then, aluminium was still not of great purity and produced aluminium differed in properties by sample.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200746-100">[92]</a> Because of its electricity-conducting capacity, aluminium was used as the cap of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>, completed in 1885. The tallest building in the world at the time, the non-corroding metal cap was intended to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> peak. The first industrial large-scale production method was independently developed in 1886 by French engineer <a href="/wiki/Paul_H%C3%A9roult" title="Paul Héroult">Paul Héroult</a> and American engineer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martin_Hall" title="Charles Martin Hall">Charles Martin Hall</a>; it is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200755–61-101">[93]</a> The Hall–Héroult process converts alumina into metal. Austrian chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Josef_Bayer" title="Carl Josef Bayer">Carl Joseph Bayer</a> discovered a way of purifying bauxite to yield alumina, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a>, in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200774-102">[94]</a> Modern production of aluminium is based on the Bayer and Hall–Héroult processes.<a href="#cite_note-aluminiumleader-103">[95]</a> As large-scale production caused aluminium prices to drop, the metal became widely used in jewelry, eyeglass frames, optical instruments, tableware, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">foil</a>, and other everyday items in the 1890s and early 20th century. Aluminium's ability to form hard yet light alloys with other metals provided the metal with many uses at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200764–69-104">[96]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, major governments demanded large shipments of aluminium for light strong airframes;<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, demand by major governments for aviation was even higher.<a href="#cite_note-Seldes2009-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thorsheim2015-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks20042-108">[100]</a> By the mid-20th century, aluminium had become a part of everyday life and an essential component of housewares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200769–70-109">[101]</a> In 1954, production of aluminium surpassed that of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[i]</a> historically second in production only to iron,<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> making it the most produced <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_metal" title="Non-ferrous metal">non-ferrous metal</a>. During the mid-20th century, aluminium emerged as a civil engineering material, with building applications in both basic construction and interior finish work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007165–166-114">[105]</a> and increasingly being used in military engineering, for both airplanes and land armor vehicle engines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200785-115">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Earth's first artificial satellite</a>, launched in 1957, consisted of two separate aluminium semi-spheres joined and all subsequent space vehicles have used aluminium to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-aluminiumleader-103">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium can">aluminium can</a> was invented in 1956 and employed as a storage for drinks in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007135-116">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg/220px-Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg/330px-Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg/440px-Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>World production of aluminium since 1900</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 20th century, the production of aluminium rose rapidly: while the world production of aluminium in 1900 was 6,800 metric tons, the annual production first exceeded 100,000 metric tons in 1916; 1,000,000 tons in 1941; 10,000,000 tons in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-110">[102]</a> In the 1970s, the increased demand for aluminium made it an exchange commodity; it entered the <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a>, the oldest industrial metal exchange in the world, in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-aluminiumleader-103">[95]</a> The output continued to grow: the annual production of aluminium exceeded 50,000,000 metric tons in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-110">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Real_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Real price">real price</a> for aluminium declined from $14,000 per metric ton in 1900 to $2,340 in 1948 (in 1998 United States dollars).<a href="#cite_note-USGS-110">[102]</a> Extraction and processing costs were lowered over technological progress and the scale of the economies. However, the need to exploit lower-grade poorer quality deposits and the use of fast increasing input costs (above all, energy) increased the net cost of aluminium;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139-117">[108]</a> the real price began to grow in the 1970s with the rise of energy cost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139–10-118">[109]</a> Production moved from the industrialized countries to countries where production was cheaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201310-119">[110]</a> Production costs in the late 20th century changed because of advances in technology, lower energy prices, exchange rates of the United States dollar, and alumina prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201314–15-120">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a> countries' combined share in primary production and primary consumption grew substantially in the first decade of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201317-121">[112]</a> China is accumulating an especially large share of the world's production thanks to an abundance of resources, cheap energy, and governmental stimuli;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201320-122">[113]</a> it also increased its consumption share from 2% in 1972 to 40% in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201322-123">[114]</a> In the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201323-124">[115]</a> In 2021, prices for industrial metals such as aluminium have soared to near-record levels as <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 global energy crisis">energy shortages</a> in China drive up costs for electricity.<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The names aluminium and aluminum are derived from the word alumine, an obsolete term for alumina,<a href="#cite_note-127">[j]</a> the primary naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Oxide_of_aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide of aluminium">oxide of aluminium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OEDaluminium-origin-128">[118]</a> Alumine was borrowed from French, which in turn derived it from alumen, the classical Latin name for <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>, the mineral from which it was collected.<a href="#cite_note-OEDalumine-129">[119]</a> The Latin word alumen stems from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *alu- meaning "bitter" or "beer".<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Turner_Brass_Works_ad_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Turner_Brass_Works_ad_1897.jpg/170px-The_Turner_Brass_Works_ad_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Turner_Brass_Works_ad_1897.jpg/255px-The_Turner_Brass_Works_ad_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Turner_Brass_Works_ad_1897.jpg/340px-The_Turner_Brass_Works_ad_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption>1897 American advertisement featuring the aluminum spelling</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> British chemist <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>, who performed a number of experiments aimed to isolate the metal, is credited as the person who named the element. The first name proposed for the metal to be isolated from alum was alumium, which Davy suggested in an 1808 article on his electrochemical research, published in <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davy1808-131">[121]</a> It appeared that the name was created from the English word alum and the Latin suffix -ium; but it was customary then to give elements names originating in Latin, so this name was not adopted universally. This name was criticized by contemporary chemists from France, Germany, and Sweden, who insisted the metal should be named for the oxide, alumina, from which it would be isolated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18963–4-132">[122]</a> The English name alum does not come directly from Latin, whereas alumine/alumina obviously comes from the Latin word alumen (upon <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>, alumen changes to alumin-). One example was Essai sur la Nomenclature chimique (July 1811), written in French by a Swedish chemist, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>, in which the name aluminium is given to the element that would be synthesized from alum.<a href="#cite_note-berzelius-133">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[k]</a> (Another article in the same journal issue also refers to the metal whose oxide is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a>, i.e. the same metal, as to aluminium.)<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> A January 1811 summary of one of Davy's lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> mentioned the name aluminium as a possibility.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> The next year, Davy published a chemistry textbook in which he used the spelling aluminum.<a href="#cite_note-Davy1812-138">[127]</a> Both spellings have coexisted since. Their usage is currently regional: aluminum dominates in the United States and Canada; aluminium is prevalent in the rest of the English-speaking world.<a href="#cite_note-OEDaluminium-usage-139">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling">Spelling</h3></div> In 1812, British scientist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> wrote an anonymous review of Davy's book, in which he proposed the name aluminium instead of aluminum, which he thought had a "less classical sound".<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> This name persisted: although the -um spelling was occasionally used in Britain, the American scientific language used -ium from the start.<a href="#cite_note-Quinion2005-142">[131]</a> Most scientists throughout the world used -ium in the 19th century;<a href="#cite_note-OEDaluminium-usage-139">[128]</a> and it was entrenched in several other European languages, such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[l]</a> In 1828, an American lexicographer, <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a>, entered only the aluminum spelling in his <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary#First_edition_1828" title="Webster's Dictionary">American Dictionary of the English Language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a> In the 1830s, the -um spelling gained usage in the United States; by the 1860s, it had become the more common spelling there outside science.<a href="#cite_note-Quinion2005-142">[131]</a> In 1892, Hall used the -um spelling in his advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the -ium spelling in all the patents he filed between 1886 and 1903. It is unknown whether this spelling was introduced by mistake or intentionally, but Hall preferred aluminum since its introduction because it resembled <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, the name of a prestigious metal.<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a> By 1890, both spellings had been common in the United States, the -ium spelling being slightly more common; by 1895, the situation had reversed; by 1900, aluminum had become twice as common as aluminium; in the next decade, the -um spelling dominated American usage. In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> adopted this spelling.<a href="#cite_note-OEDaluminium-usage-139">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) adopted aluminium as the standard international name for the element in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-146">[134]</a> In 1993, they recognized aluminum as an acceptable variant;<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-146">[134]</a> the most recent <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry_2005" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005">2005 edition of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry</a> also acknowledges this spelling.<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a> IUPAC official publications use the -ium spelling as primary, and they list both where it is appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-149">[m]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_refinement">Production and refinement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_primary_aluminium_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by primary aluminium production">List of countries by primary aluminium production</a></div> <div style="float: right; margin: 2px; font-size:85%; margin-left:18px; margin-bottom:18px"> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption>World's largest producing countries of aluminium, 2023<a href="#cite_note-usgs-150">[137]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Output (thousand tons) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> China</td> <td align="right">45,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russia</td> <td align="right">4,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> India</td> <td align="right">4,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canada</td> <td align="right">3,270 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Arab Emirates</td> <td align="right">2,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australia</td> <td align="right">1,730 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Bahrain</td> <td align="right">1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> Norway</td> <td align="right">1,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States</td> <td align="right">1,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Brazil</td> <td align="right">1,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Malaysia</td> <td align="right">1,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> Iceland</td> <td align="right">880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other countries</td> <td align="right">10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td align="right">79,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> The production of aluminium starts with the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> rock from the ground. The bauxite is processed and transformed using the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a> into <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, which is then processed using the <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a>, resulting in the final aluminium. Aluminium production is highly energy-consuming, and so the producers tend to locate smelters in places where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive.<a href="#cite_note-WMP-151">[138]</a> Production of one kilogram of aluminium requires 7 kilograms of oil energy equivalent, as compared to 1.5 kilograms for steel and 2 kilograms for plastic.<a href="#cite_note-152">[139]</a> As of 2023, the world's largest producers of aluminium were China, Russia, India, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates,<a href="#cite_note-usgs-150">[137]</a> while China is by far the top producer of aluminium with a world share of over 55%. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metal_Stocks_in_Society_report" title="Metal Stocks in Society report">Metal Stocks in Society report</a>, the global <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> stock of aluminium in use in society (i.e. in cars, buildings, electronics, etc.) is 80 kg (180 lb). Much of this is in more-developed countries (350–500 kg (770–1,100 lb) per capita) rather than less-developed countries (35 kg (77 lb) per capita).<a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayer_process">Bayer process</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_bauxite_production" title="List of countries by bauxite production">List of countries by bauxite production</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a> is converted to alumina by the Bayer process. Bauxite is blended for uniform composition and then is ground. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a> is mixed with a hot solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>; the mixture is then treated in a digester vessel at a pressure well above atmospheric, dissolving the aluminium hydroxide in bauxite while converting impurities into relatively insoluble compounds:<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-154">[141]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">Al(OH)3 + Na+ + OH− → Na+ + [Al(OH)4]−</div> After this reaction, the slurry is at a temperature above its atmospheric boiling point. It is cooled by removing steam as pressure is reduced. The bauxite residue is separated from the solution and discarded. The solution, free of solids, is seeded with small crystals of aluminium hydroxide; this causes decomposition of the [Al(OH)4]− ions to aluminium hydroxide. After about half of aluminium has precipitated, the mixture is sent to classifiers. Small crystals of aluminium hydroxide are collected to serve as seeding agents; coarse particles are converted to alumina by heating; the excess solution is removed by evaporation, (if needed) purified, and recycled.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-154">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hall–Héroult_process">Hall–Héroult process</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg/170px-Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg/255px-Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg/340px-Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a> billets of aluminium</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" title="Aluminium smelting">Aluminium smelting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aluminium_oxide_production" title="List of countries by aluminium oxide production">List of countries by aluminium oxide production</a></div> The conversion of <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> to aluminium is achieved by the <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a>. In this energy-intensive process, a solution of alumina in a molten (950 and 980 °C (1,740 and 1,800 °F)) mixture of <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a> (Na3AlF6) with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a> is <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolyzed</a> to produce metallic aluminium. The liquid aluminium sinks to the bottom of the solution and is tapped off, and usually cast into large blocks called <a href="/wiki/Bar_stock" title="Bar stock">aluminium billets</a> for further processing.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[46]</a> Anodes of the electrolysis cell are made of carbon—the most resistant material against fluoride corrosion—and either bake at the process or are prebaked. The former, also called Söderberg anodes, are less power-efficient and fumes released during baking are costly to collect, which is why they are being replaced by prebaked anodes even though they save the power, energy, and labor to prebake the cathodes. Carbon for anodes should be preferably pure so that neither aluminium nor the electrolyte is contaminated with ash. Despite carbon's resistivity against corrosion, it is still consumed at a rate of 0.4–0.5 kg per each kilogram of produced aluminium. Cathodes are made of <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a>; high purity for them is not required because impurities <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leach</a> only very slowly. The cathode is consumed at a rate of 0.02–0.04 kg per each kilogram of produced aluminium. A cell is usually terminated after 2–6 years following a failure of the cathode.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[46]</a> The Hall–Heroult process produces aluminium with a purity of above 99%. Further purification can be done by the <a href="/wiki/Hoopes_process" title="Hoopes process">Hoopes process</a>. This process involves the electrolysis of molten aluminium with a sodium, barium, and aluminium fluoride electrolyte. The resulting aluminium has a purity of 99.99%.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a> Electric power represents about 20 to 40% of the cost of producing aluminium, depending on the location of the smelter. Aluminium production consumes roughly 5% of electricity generated in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-146">[134]</a> Because of this, alternatives to the Hall–Héroult process have been researched, but none has turned out to be economically feasible.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg/220px-Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg/330px-Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg/440px-Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Common bins for recyclable waste along with a bin for unrecyclable waste. The bin with a yellow top is labeled "aluminum". Rhodes, Greece.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium recycling</a></div> Recovery of the metal through <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> has become an important task of the aluminium industry. Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium <a href="/wiki/Beverage_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage can">beverage cans</a> brought it to public awareness.<a href="#cite_note-156">[143]</a> Recycling involves melting the scrap, a process that requires only 5% of the energy used to produce aluminium from ore, though a significant part (up to 15% of the input material) is lost as <a href="/wiki/Dross" title="Dross">dross</a> (ash-like oxide).<a href="#cite_note-157">[144]</a> An aluminium stack melter produces significantly less dross, with values reported below 1%.<a href="#cite_note-158">[145]</a> White dross from primary aluminium production and from secondary recycling operations still contains useful quantities of aluminium that can be <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_dross_recycling" title="Aluminium dross recycling">extracted industrially</a>. The process produces aluminium billets, together with a highly complex waste material. This waste is difficult to manage. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, among others, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>), which spontaneously ignites on contact with air;<a href="#cite_note-159">[146]</a> contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas. Despite these difficulties, the waste is used as a filler in <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[147]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg/220px-Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg/330px-Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg/440px-Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Aluminium-bodied <a href="/wiki/Austin_A40_Sports" title="Austin A40 Sports">Austin A40 Sports</a> (c. 1951)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">Aluminium alloy</a></div> The global production of aluminium in 2016 was 58.8 million metric tons. It exceeded that of any other metal except <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (1,231 million metric tons).<a href="#cite_note-BGS2018-161">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[149]</a> Aluminium is almost always alloyed, which markedly improves its mechanical properties, especially when <a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">tempered</a>. For example, the common <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">aluminium foils</a> and beverage cans are alloys of 92% to 99% aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-163">[150]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Alloying" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloying">alloying</a> agents are <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duralumin" title="Duralumin">duralumin</a>) with the levels of other metals in a few percent by weight.<a href="#cite_note-164">[151]</a> Aluminium, both wrought and cast, has been alloyed with: <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-ross13-165">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg/220px-Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg/330px-Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg/440px-Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium can">Aluminium can</a></figcaption></figure> The major uses for aluminium are in:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis199917–24-166">[153]</a> <ul><li>Transportation (<a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railway_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway car">railway cars</a>, marine vessels, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>, spacecraft, etc.). Aluminium is used because of its low density;</li> <li>Packaging (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium can">cans</a>, foil, frame, etc.). Aluminium is used because it is non-toxic (see <a href="#Toxicity">below</a>), non-<a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorptive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Splinter" title="Splinter">splinter</a>-proof;</li> <li>Building and construction (<a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)" title="Siding (construction)">siding</a>, building wire, sheathing, roofing, etc.). Since steel is cheaper, aluminium is used when lightness, corrosion resistance, or engineering features are important;</li> <li>Electricity-related uses (conductor alloys, motors, and generators, transformers, capacitors, etc.). Aluminium is used because it is relatively cheap, highly conductive, has adequate mechanical strength and low density, and resists corrosion;</li> <li>A wide range of <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> items, from <a href="/wiki/Cooking_utensil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking utensil">cooking utensils</a> to <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>. Low density, good appearance, ease of fabrication, and durability are the key factors of aluminium usage;</li> <li>Machinery and equipment (processing equipment, pipes, tools). Aluminium is used because of its corrosion resistance, non-<a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoricity</a>, and mechanical strength.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3></div> The great majority (about 90%) of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> is converted to metallic aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-154">[141]</a> Being a very hard material (<a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> 9),<a href="#cite_note-Lumley2010-167">[154]</a> alumina is widely used as an abrasive;<a href="#cite_note-Mortensen2006-168">[155]</a> being extraordinarily chemically inert, it is useful in highly reactive environments such as <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure sodium">high pressure sodium</a> lamps.<a href="#cite_note-Japan2012-169">[156]</a> Aluminium oxide is commonly used as a catalyst for industrial processes;<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-154">[141]</a> e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Claus_process" title="Claus process">Claus process</a> to convert <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> to sulfur in <a href="/wiki/Refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Refineries">refineries</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Alkylation" title="Alkylation">alkylate</a> <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slesser1988-170">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supp2013-171">[158]</a> Many industrial <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a> are <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_support" title="Catalyst support">supported</a> by alumina, meaning that the expensive <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> material is dispersed over a surface of the inert alumina.<a href="#cite_note-ErtlKnözinger2008-172">[159]</a> Another principal use is as a drying agent or absorbent.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-154">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArmaregoChai2009-173">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg/170px-Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg/255px-Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg/340px-Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2782" data-file-height="3952" /></a><figcaption>Laser deposition of alumina on a substrate</figcaption></figure> Several sulfates of aluminium have industrial and commercial application. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">Aluminium sulfate</a> (in its hydrate form) is produced on the annual scale of several millions of metric tons.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> About two-thirds is consumed in <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> The next major application is in the manufacture of paper.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> It is also used as a mordant in dyeing, in pickling seeds, deodorizing of mineral oils, in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">leather tanning</a>, and in production of other aluminium compounds.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> Two kinds of alum, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_alum" title="Ammonium alum">ammonium alum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">potassium alum</a>, were formerly used as mordants and in leather tanning, but their use has significantly declined following availability of high-purity aluminium sulfate.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> Anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">aluminium chloride</a> is used as a catalyst in chemical and petrochemical industries, the dyeing industry, and in synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> Aluminium hydroxychlorides are used in purifying water, in the paper industry, and as <a href="/wiki/Antiperspirants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiperspirants">antiperspirants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">Sodium aluminate</a> is used in treating water and as an accelerator of solidification of cement.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">[161]</a> Many aluminium compounds have niche applications, for example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_acetate" title="Aluminium acetate">Aluminium acetate</a> in solution is used as an <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Formulary_2008-175">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphate" title="Aluminium phosphate">Aluminium phosphate</a> is used in the manufacture of glass, ceramic, <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">pulp</a> and paper products, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, paints, <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnishes</a>, and in dental <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminium hydroxide</a> is used as an <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacid</a>, and mordant; it is used also in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> purification, the manufacture of glass and ceramics, and in the <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabrics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-papich-178">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">Lithium aluminium hydride</a> is a powerful reducing agent used in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium_chemistry" title="Organoaluminium chemistry">Organoaluminiums</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acids</a> and co-catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-181">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylaluminoxane" title="Methylaluminoxane">Methylaluminoxane</a> is a co-catalyst for <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziegler–Natta">Ziegler–Natta</a> <a href="/wiki/Olefin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefin">olefin</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">vinyl polymers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Polyethene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyethene">polyethene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[169]</a></li> <li>Aqueous aluminium ions (such as aqueous aluminium sulfate) are used to treat against fish parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Gyrodactylus_salaris" title="Gyrodactylus salaris">Gyrodactylus salaris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AasKlemetsen2011-183">[170]</a></li> <li>In many <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, certain aluminium salts serve as an immune <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">adjuvant</a> (immune response booster) to allow the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> in the vaccine to achieve sufficient potency as an immune stimulant.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2007-184">[171]</a> Until 2004, most of the adjuvants used in vaccines were aluminium-adjuvanted.<a href="#cite_note-185">[172]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg/290px-Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg/435px-Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg/580px-Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of aluminium absorption by human skin.<a href="#cite_note-health1-186">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite its widespread occurrence in the Earth's crust, aluminium has no known function in biology.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-51">[46]</a> At pH 6–9 (relevant for most natural waters), aluminium precipitates out of water as the hydroxide and is hence not available; most elements behaving this way have no biological role or are toxic.<a href="#cite_note-wou-187">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">Aluminium sulfate</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a> of 6207 mg/kg (oral, mouse), which corresponds to 435 grams (about one pound) for a 70 kg (150 lb) mouse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3></div> Aluminium is classified as a non-carcinogen by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[n]</a> A review published in 1988 said that there was little evidence that normal exposure to aluminium presents a risk to healthy adult,<a href="#cite_note-gitelman88-192">[178]</a> and a 2014 multi-element toxicology review was unable to find deleterious effects of aluminium consumed in amounts not greater than 40 mg/day per kg of <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">body mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a> Most aluminium consumed will leave the body in feces; most of the small part of it that enters the bloodstream, will be excreted via urine;<a href="#cite_note-atsdr-193">[179]</a> nevertheless some aluminium does pass the blood-brain barrier and is lodged preferentially in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.<a href="#cite_note-xu92-194">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-yumoto09-195">[181]</a> Evidence published in 1989 indicates that, for Alzheimer's patients, aluminium may act by <a href="/wiki/Electrostatically" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatically">electrostatically</a> <a href="/wiki/Crosslink" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosslink">crosslinking</a> proteins, thus down-regulating genes in the <a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus" title="Superior temporal gyrus">superior temporal gyrus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mclachlan15-196">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3></div> Aluminium, although rarely, can cause vitamin D-resistant <a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">osteomalacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a>-resistant <a href="/wiki/Microcytic_anemia" title="Microcytic anemia">microcytic anemia</a>, and central nervous system alterations. People with kidney insufficiency are especially at a risk.<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a> Chronic ingestion of hydrated aluminium silicates (for excess gastric acidity control) may result in aluminium binding to intestinal contents and increased elimination of other metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>; sufficiently high doses (>50 g/day) can cause anemia.<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg/290px-Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg/435px-Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg/580px-Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>There are five major aluminium forms absorbed by human body: the free solvated trivalent cation (Al3+(aq)); low-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (LMW-Al0(aq)); high-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (HMW-Al0(aq)); low-molecular-weight, charged, soluble complexes (LMW-Al(L)n+/−(aq)); nano and micro-particulates (Al(L)n(s)). They are transported across cell membranes or cell epi-/<a href="/wiki/Endothelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelia">endothelia</a> through five major routes: (1) <a href="/wiki/Paracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracellular">paracellular</a>; (2) <a href="/wiki/Transcellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcellular">transcellular</a>; (3) <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a>; (4) channels; (5) adsorptive or receptor-mediated <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-health1-186">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Camelford_water_pollution_incident" title="Camelford water pollution incident">Camelford water pollution incident</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Camelford" title="Camelford">Camelford</a> had their drinking water contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a> for several weeks. A final report into the incident in 2013 concluded it was unlikely that this had caused long-term health problems.<a href="#cite_note-197">[183]</a> Aluminium has been suspected of being a possible cause of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[184]</a> but research into this for over 40 years has found, as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&action=edit">[update]</a>, no good evidence of causal effect.<a href="#cite_note-199">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[186]</a> Aluminium increases <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> in human <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> cells cultured in the laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-201">[187]</a> In very high doses, aluminium is associated with altered function of the blood–brain barrier.<a href="#cite_note-202">[188]</a> A small percentage of people<a href="#cite_note-BinghamCohrssen2012-203">[189]</a> have contact <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a> to aluminium and experience itchy red rashes, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, poor memory, insomnia, depression, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, or other symptoms upon contact with products containing aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-204">[190]</a> Exposure to powdered aluminium or aluminium welding fumes can cause <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[191]</a> Fine aluminium powder can ignite or explode, posing another workplace hazard.<a href="#cite_note-206">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_routes">Exposure routes</h3></div> Food is the main source of aluminium. Drinking water contains more aluminium than solid food;<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a> however, aluminium in food may be absorbed more than aluminium from water.<a href="#cite_note-Yokel2008-208">[194]</a> Major sources of human oral exposure to aluminium include food (due to its use in food additives, food and beverage packaging, and cooking utensils), drinking water (due to its use in municipal water treatment), and aluminium-containing medications (particularly antacid/antiulcer and buffered aspirin formulations).<a href="#cite_note-209">[195]</a> Dietary exposure in Europeans averages to 0.2–1.5 mg/kg/week but can be as high as 2.3 mg/kg/week.<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a> Higher exposure levels of aluminium are mostly limited to miners, aluminium production workers, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> patients.<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-210">[196]</a> Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacids</a>, antiperspirants, <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, and cosmetics provide possible routes of exposure.<a href="#cite_note-ChenThyssen2018-211">[197]</a> Consumption of acidic foods or liquids with aluminium enhances aluminium absorption,<a href="#cite_note-212">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maltol" title="Maltol">maltol</a> has been shown to increase the accumulation of aluminium in nerve and bone tissues.<a href="#cite_note-213">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3></div> In case of suspected sudden intake of a large amount of aluminium, the only treatment is <a href="/wiki/Deferoxamine_mesylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferoxamine mesylate">deferoxamine mesylate</a> which may be given to help eliminate aluminium from the body by <a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">chelation therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toxicity-214">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[201]</a> However, this should be applied with caution as this reduces not only aluminium body levels, but also those of other metals such as copper or iron.<a href="#cite_note-Toxicity-214">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/220px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/330px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/440px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Bauxite_tailings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauxite tailings">Bauxite tailings</a>" storage facility in <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.</figcaption></figure> High levels of aluminium occur near mining sites; small amounts of aluminium are released to the environment at coal-fired power plants or <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incinerators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr-193">[179]</a> Aluminium in the air is washed out by the rain or normally settles down but small particles of aluminium remain in the air for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr-193">[179]</a> Acidic <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a> and the main reason for the environmental effects of aluminium;<a href="#cite_note-RosselandEldhuset1990-216">[202]</a> however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air.<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-188">[175]</a> In water, aluminium acts as a toxiс agent on <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a>-breathing animals such as <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> when the water is acidic, in which aluminium may precipitate on gills,<a href="#cite_note-217">[203]</a> which causes loss of <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a> ions leading to <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulatory</a> failure.<a href="#cite_note-RosselandEldhuset1990-216">[202]</a> Organic complexes of aluminium may be easily absorbed and interfere with metabolism in mammals and birds, even though this rarely happens in practice.<a href="#cite_note-RosselandEldhuset1990-216">[202]</a> Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acidic soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, in acid soils the concentration of toxic Al3+ <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> increases and disturbs root growth and function.<a href="#cite_note-218">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> has <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">developed</a> a tolerance to aluminium, releasing <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> that bind to harmful aluminium <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a> is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-222">[208]</a> Aluminium production possesses its own challenges to the environment on each step of the production process. The major challenge is the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-210">[196]</a> These gases result from electrical consumption of the smelters and the byproducts of processing. The most potent of these gases are <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">perfluorocarbons</a> from the smelting process.<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-210">[196]</a> Released <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> is one of the primary precursors of <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-210">[196]</a> Biodegradation of metallic aluminium is extremely rare; most aluminium-corroding organisms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium, but instead produce corrosive wastes.<a href="#cite_note-223">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[210]</a> The fungus <a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a> can consume the aluminium in <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[213]</a> The bacterium <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a> and the fungus <a href="/wiki/Cladosporium_resinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladosporium resinae">Cladosporium resinae</a> are commonly detected in aircraft fuel tanks that use <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>-based fuels (not <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a>), and laboratory cultures can degrade aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-228">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_granules" title="Aluminium granules">Aluminium granules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_joining" title="Aluminium joining">Aluminium joining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Aluminium–air battery">Aluminium–air battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminized_steel" title="Aluminized steel">Aluminized steel</a>, for corrosion resistance and other properties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminized_screen" title="Aluminized screen">Aluminized screen</a>, for display devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminized_cloth" title="Aluminized cloth">Aluminized cloth</a>, to reflect heat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminized_mylar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminized mylar">Aluminized mylar</a>, to reflect heat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_edge_staining" title="Panel edge staining">Panel edge staining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">Quantum clock</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Davy's 1812 written usage of the word aluminum was predated by other authors' usage of aluminium. However, Davy is often mentioned as the person who named the element; he was the first to coin a name for aluminium: he used alumium in 1808. Other authors did not accept that name, choosing aluminium instead. See <a href="#Etymology">below</a> for more details. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> No elements with odd atomic numbers have more than two stable isotopes; even-numbered elements have multiple stable isotopes, with tin (element 50) having the highest number of stable isotopes of all elements, ten. The single exception is <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> which is even-numbered but has only one stable isotope.<a href="#cite_note-IAEA-16">[15]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">Even and odd atomic nuclei</a> for more details. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Most other metals have greater standard atomic weights: for instance, that of iron is 55.845; copper 63.546; lead 207.2.<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-3">[3]</a> which has consequences for the element's properties (see <a href="#Bulk">below</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The two sides of aluminium foil differ in their luster: one is shiny and the other is dull. The difference is due to the small mechanical damage on the surface of dull side arising from the technological process of aluminium foil manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-ReynoldsKitchens-29">[26]</a> Both sides reflect similar amounts of visible light, but the shiny side reflects a far greater share of visible light <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specularly</a> whereas the dull side almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffuses</a> light. Both sides of aluminium foil serve as good <a href="/wiki/Reflectance" title="Reflectance">reflectors</a> (approximately 86%) of <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> and an excellent reflector (as much as 97%) of medium and far <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Pozzobon-30">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> In fact, aluminium's electropositive behavior, high affinity for oxygen, and highly negative <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potential</a> are all better aligned with those of <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a>, which like aluminium have three valence electrons outside a noble gas core; this series shows continuous trends whereas those of group 13 is broken by the first added d-subshell in gallium and the resulting <a href="/wiki/D-block_contraction" title="D-block contraction">d-block contraction</a> and the first added f-subshell in thallium and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> These should not be considered as [AlF6]3− complex anions as the Al–F bonds are not significantly different in type from the other M–F bonds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-54">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Such differences in coordination between the fluorides and heavier halides are not unusual, occurring in SnIV and BiIII, for example; even bigger differences occur between <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-54">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Abundances in the source are listed relative to silicon rather than in per-particle notation. The sum of all elements per 106 parts of silicon is 2.6682×1010 parts; aluminium comprises 8.410×104 parts. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Compare annual statistics of aluminium<a href="#cite_note-USGS-110">[102]</a> and copper<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Copper-111">[103]</a> production by USGS. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The spelling alumine comes from French, whereas the spelling alumina comes from Latin.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Davy discovered several other elements, including those he named <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, after the English words <a href="/wiki/Soda_lime" title="Soda lime">soda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>. Berzelius referred to them as to natrium and kalium. Berzelius's suggestion was expanded in 1814<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> with his proposed system of one or two-letter <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbols</a>, which are used up to the present day; sodium and potassium have the symbols Na and K, respectively, after their Latin names. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Some European languages, like <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, use a different suffix from the Latin -um/-ium to form a name of a metal, some, like <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, have a different base for the name of the element, and some, like <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, do not use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> altogether. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> For instance, see the November–December 2013 issue of Chemistry International: in a table of (some) elements, the element is listed as "aluminium (aluminum)".<a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> While aluminium per se is not carcinogenic, Söderberg aluminium production is, as is noted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-worldcat-189">[176]</a> likely due to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.<a href="#cite_note-190">[177]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-aluminum" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=aluminum">"aluminum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=aluminum&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Daluminum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/aluminium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Aluminium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Faluminium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangEvansYang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231538496">"Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks"</a>. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fje1011086">10.1021/je1011086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Eng.+Data&rft.atitle=Corrected+Values+for+Boiling+Points+and+Enthalpies+of+Vaporization+of+Elements+in+Handbooks&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-337&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fje1011086&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yiming&rft.au=Evans%2C+Julian+R.+G.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Shoufeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231538496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWemdorffRöhr2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 62 (10): 1227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001">10.1515/znb-2007-1001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94972243">94972243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Naturforschung+B&rft.atitle=Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+Eine+Zintl-Phase+mit+isolierten+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+und+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-Anionen+%2F+Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+A+Zintl+Phase+with+Isolated+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+and+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1227&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94972243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wemdorff&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Al(–1) has been reported in Na5Al5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaopeng_WangXinxing_ZhangYeon_Jae_KoAndrej_Grubisic2014" class="citation journal cs1">Haopeng Wang; Xinxing Zhang; Yeon Jae Ko; Andrej Grubisic; Xiang Li; Gerd Ganteför; Hansgeorg Schnöckel; Bryan W. Eichhorn; Mal-Soon Lee; P. Jena; Anil K. Kandalam; Boggavarapu Kiran; Kit H. Bowen (2014). "Aluminum Zintl anion moieties within sodium aluminum clusters". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 140 (5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4862989">10.1063/1.4862989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Zintl+anion+moieties+within+sodium+aluminum+clusters&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4862989&rft.au=Haopeng+Wang&rft.au=Xinxing+Zhang&rft.au=Yeon+Jae+Ko&rft.au=Andrej+Grubisic&rft.au=Xiang+Li&rft.au=Gerd+Gantef%C3%B6r&rft.au=Hansgeorg+Schn%C3%B6ckel&rft.au=Bryan+W.+Eichhorn&rft.au=Mal-Soon+Lee&rft.au=P.+Jena&rft.au=Anil+K.+Kandalam&rft.au=Boggavarapu+Kiran&rft.au=Kit+H.+Bowen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of <a href="/wiki/Trimethylaluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethylaluminum">Al2(CH3)6</a> with carbon monoxide; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchezArringtonArrington_Jr.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (1 December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6973516-reaction-trimethylaluminum-carbon-monoxide-low-temperature-matrices">"Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes"</a>. American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00207a023">10.1021/ja00207a023</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6973516">6973516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Reaction+of+trimethylaluminum+with+carbon+monoxide+in+low-temperature+matrixes&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=9110-9111&rft.date=1989-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F6973516%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00207a023&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Ramiro&rft.au=Arrington%2C+Caleb&rft.au=Arrington+Jr.%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F6973516-reaction-trimethylaluminum-carbon-monoxide-low-temperature-matrices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-9"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohmeier,_C.Loos,_D.Schnöckel,_H.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199601291">10.1002/anie.199601291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Aluminum%28I%29+and+Gallium%28I%29+Compounds%3A+Syntheses%2C+Structures%2C+and+Reactions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-149&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.199601291&rft.au=Dohmeier%2C+C.&rft.au=Loos%2C+D.&rft.au=Schn%C3%B6ckel%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyte,_D._C.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Natur.202..383T">1964Natur.202..383T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F202383a0">10.1038/202383a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4163250">4163250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Red+%28B2%CE%A0%E2%80%93A2%CF%83%29+Band+System+of+Aluminium+Monoxide&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=4930&rft.pages=383&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4163250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F202383a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964Natur.202..383T&rft.au=Tyte%2C+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2000" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">"Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (81st ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0849304814" title="Special:BookSources/0849304814"><bdi>0849304814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0849304814&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-14"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-branch-15"><a href="#cite_ref-branch_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMougeot2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mougeot, X. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-02475843/document">"Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays"</a>. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 154 (108884). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apradiso.2019.108884">10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Radiation+and+Isotopes&rft.atitle=Towards+high-precision+calculation+of+electron+capture+decays&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=108884&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apradiso.2019.108884&rft.aulast=Mougeot&rft.aufirst=X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fcea-02475843%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAEA-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAEA_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAEA_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIAEA_–_Nuclear_Data_Section2017" class="citation web cs1">IAEA – Nuclear Data Section (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html">"Livechart – Table of Nuclides – Nuclear structure and decay data"</a>. www-nds.iaea.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323230752/https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-nds.iaea.org&rft.atitle=Livechart+%E2%80%93+Table+of+Nuclides+%E2%80%93+Nuclear+structure+and+decay+data&rft.date=2017&rft.au=IAEA+%E2%80%93+Nuclear+Data+Section&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Frelnsd%2Fvcharthtml%2FVChartHTML.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252_18-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 242–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaaw.org/aluminium.htm">"Aluminium"</a>. The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923154544/https://www.ciaaw.org/aluminium.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aluminium&rft.pub=The+Commission+on+Isotopic+Abundances+and+Atomic+Weights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciaaw.org%2Faluminium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickin2005" class="citation book cs1">Dickin, A.P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206010805/http://www.onafarawayday.com/Radiogenic/Ch14/Ch14-6.htm">"In situ Cosmogenic Isotopes"</a>. Radiogenic Isotope Geology. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53017-0"><bdi>978-0-521-53017-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onafarawayday.com/Radiogenic/Ch14/Ch14-6.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+situ+Cosmogenic+Isotopes&rft.btitle=Radiogenic+Isotope+Geology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53017-0&rft.aulast=Dickin&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onafarawayday.com%2FRadiogenic%2FCh14%2FCh14-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd1986" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, R.T. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thunderstonessho00dodd_673">Thunderstones and Shooting Stars</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thunderstonessho00dodd_673/page/n99">89</a>–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89137-1"><bdi>978-0-674-89137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thunderstones+and+Shooting+Stars&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-674-89137-1&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthunderstonessho00dodd_673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.2-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.2_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>, p. 4.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.6-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.6_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>, p. 4.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.29-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.29_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>, p. 4.29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>, p. 4.30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Enghag2008-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enghag2008_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enghag2008_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnghag2008" class="citation book cs1">Enghag, Per (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUmTX8yKU4gC">Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data – History – Processing – Applications</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 139, 819, 949. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-61234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-61234-5"><bdi>978-3-527-61234-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225132056/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUmTX8yKU4gC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Elements%3A+Technical+Data+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Processing+%E2%80%93+Applications&rft.pages=139%2C+819%2C+949&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-61234-5&rft.aulast=Enghag&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUmTX8yKU4gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood222-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood222_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood222_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood222_28-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 222–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReynoldsKitchens-29"><a href="#cite_ref-ReynoldsKitchens_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reynoldskitchens.com/products/aluminum-foil/heavy-duty-foil/">"Heavy Duty Foil"</a>. Reynolds Kitchens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923185810/https://www.reynoldskitchens.com/products/aluminum-foil/heavy-duty-foil/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reynolds+Kitchens&rft.atitle=Heavy+Duty+Foil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reynoldskitchens.com%2Fproducts%2Faluminum-foil%2Fheavy-duty-foil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pozzobon-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Pozzobon_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozzobonLevasseurDoPalpant2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pozzobon, V.; Levasseur, W.; Do, Kh.-V.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6906702">"Household aluminum foil matte and bright side reflectivity measurements: Application to a photobioreactor light concentrator design"</a>. Biotechnology Reports. 25: e00399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.btre.2019.e00399">10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-017X">2215-017X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6906702">6906702</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31867227">31867227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+Reports&rft.atitle=Household+aluminum+foil+matte+and+bright+side+reflectivity+measurements%3A+Application+to+a+photobioreactor+light+concentrator+design&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=e00399&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6906702%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2215-017X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31867227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.btre.2019.e00399&rft.aulast=Pozzobon&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Levasseur%2C+W.&rft.au=Do%2C+Kh.-V.&rft.au=Palpant%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Perr%C3%A9%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6906702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20044-3-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide20044-3_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLide2004">Lide 2004</a>, p. 4-3. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuchta2011" class="citation journal cs1">Puchta, Ralph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.1033">"A brighter beryllium"</a>. Nature Chemistry. 3 (5): 416. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatCh...3..416P">2011NatCh...3..416P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.1033">10.1038/nchem.1033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21505503">21505503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+brighter+beryllium&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=416&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21505503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.1033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011NatCh...3..416P&rft.aulast=Puchta&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnchem.1033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19991–3-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19991–3_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19992-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19992_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Polmear1995-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polmear1995_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polmear1995_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmear1995" class="citation book cs1">Polmear, I.J. (1995). Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-63207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-63207-9"><bdi>978-0-340-63207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+Alloys%3A+Metallurgy+of+the+Light+Metals&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-340-63207-9&rft.aulast=Polmear&rft.aufirst=I.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardarelli2008" class="citation book cs1">Cardarelli, François (2008). Materials handbook : a concise desktop reference (2nd ed.). London: Springer. pp. 158–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-669-8"><bdi>978-1-84628-669-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/261324602">261324602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+handbook+%3A+a+concise+desktop+reference&rft.place=London&rft.pages=158-163&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F261324602&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-669-8&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19994-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19994_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19994_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19992–3-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19992–3_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochranMapother1958" class="citation journal cs1">Cochran, J.F.; Mapother, D.E. (1958). "Superconducting Transition in Aluminum". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 111 (1): 132–142. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PhRv..111..132C">1958PhRv..111..132C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.111.132">10.1103/PhysRev.111.132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Superconducting+Transition+in+Aluminum&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-142&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.111.132&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958PhRv..111..132C&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.au=Mapother%2C+D.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20066-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20066_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2006">Schmitz 2006</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz2006161-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz2006161_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2006">Schmitz 2006</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227_43-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 224–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112–113-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112–113_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995241-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1995241_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King 1995</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995235–236-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1995235–236_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King 1995</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch1984" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, John E. (1984). Aluminum : properties and physical metallurgy. Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Metals, Aluminum Association. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-169-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-169-6"><bdi>978-1-61503-169-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759213422">759213422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aluminum+%3A+properties+and+physical+metallurgy&rft.place=Metals+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Metals%2C+Aluminum+Association&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759213422&rft.isbn=978-1-61503-169-6&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CorrAl-49"><a href="#cite_ref-CorrAl_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargel2004" class="citation book cs1">Vargel, Christian (2004) [French edition published 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAABS5KrVDYC&pg=PA81">Corrosion of Aluminium</a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044495-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044495-6"><bdi>978-0-08-044495-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521212331/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAABS5KrVDYC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corrosion+of+Aluminium&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044495-6&rft.aulast=Vargel&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAABS5KrVDYC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleod2001" class="citation book cs1">Macleod, H.A. (2001). Thin-film optical filters. CRC Press. p. 158159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0688-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0688-1"><bdi>978-0-7503-0688-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thin-film+optical+filters&rft.pages=158159&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0688-1&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_51-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2009" class="citation book cs1">Frank, W.B. (2009). "Aluminum". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_459.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a01_459.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminum&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_459.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beal1999-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beal1999_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal1999_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal1999" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Roy E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Askwi3lXdlcC&pg=PA90">Engine Coolant Testing : Fourth Volume</a>. ASTM International. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-2610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-2610-7"><bdi>978-0-8031-2610-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424071051/https://books.google.com/books?id=Askwi3lXdlcC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engine+Coolant+Testing+%3A+Fourth+Volume&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8031-2610-7&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Roy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAskwi3lXdlcC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaesMesmer1986" class="citation book cs1">Baes, C. F.; Mesmer, R. E. (1986) [1976]. The Hydrolysis of Cations. Robert E. Krieger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89874-892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89874-892-5"><bdi>978-0-89874-892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hydrolysis+of+Cations&rft.pub=Robert+E.+Krieger&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89874-892-5&rft.aulast=Baes&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft.au=Mesmer%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_54-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 233–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastaughWalshChaplinSiddall2008" class="citation book cs1">Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYAABAAAQBAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA14">Pigment Compendium</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37393-0"><bdi>978-1-136-37393-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415083327/https://books.google.com/books?id=MYAABAAAQBAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigment+Compendium&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37393-0&rft.aulast=Eastaugh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Valentine&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Siddall%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYAABAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAluminium%2Bforms%2Bone%2Bstable%2Boxide%2C%2Bknown%2Bby%2Bits%2Bmineral%2Bname%2Bcorundum%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoeSchorlemmer1913" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Henry Enfield; Schorlemmer, Carl (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2NZAAAAYAAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA718">A treatise on chemistry</a>. Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111928/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2NZAAAAYAAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA718">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+treatise+on+chemistry&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Henry+Enfield&rft.au=Schorlemmer%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2NZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAluminium%2Bforms%2Bone%2Bstable%2Boxide%2C%2Bknown%2Bby%2Bits%2Bmineral%2Bname%2Bcorundum%26pg%3DPA718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 252–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns1993" class="citation book cs1">Downs, A. J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&q=intermetallic+aluminium&pg=PA218">Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0103-5"><bdi>978-0-7514-0103-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115039/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&q=intermetallic+aluminium&pg=PA218">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Aluminium%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium+and+Thallium&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0103-5&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-04Kn758yIC%26q%3Dintermetallic%2Baluminium%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al1-61"><a href="#cite_ref-al1_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohmeierLoosSchnöckel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". <a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Angewandte Chemie International Edition">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a>. 35 (2): 129–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199601291">10.1002/anie.199601291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Aluminum%28I%29+and+Gallium%28I%29+Compounds%3A+Syntheses%2C+Structures%2C+and+Reactions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-149&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.199601291&rft.aulast=Dohmeier&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Loos%2C+D.&rft.au=Schn%C3%B6ckel%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyte1964" class="citation journal cs1">Tyte, D.C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 202 (4930): 383–384. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Natur.202..383T">1964Natur.202..383T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F202383a0">10.1038/202383a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4163250">4163250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Red+%28B2%CE%A0%E2%80%93A2%CF%83%29+Band+System+of+Aluminium+Monoxide&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=4930&rft.pages=383-384&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4163250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F202383a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964Natur.202..383T&rft.aulast=Tyte&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillDeutschKeenan1962" class="citation journal cs1">Merrill, P.W.; Deutsch, A.J.; Keenan, P.C. (1962). "Absorption Spectra of M-Type Mira Variables". <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 136: 21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962ApJ...136...21M">1962ApJ...136...21M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F147348">10.1086/147348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Absorption+Spectra+of+M-Type+Mira+Variables&rft.volume=136&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F147348&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962ApJ...136...21M&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.au=Deutsch%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Keenan%2C+P.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhl2004" class="citation book cs1">Uhl, W. (2004). "Organoelement Compounds Possessing AlAl, GaGa, InIn, and TlTl Single Bonds". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51. Vol. 51. pp. 53–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2803%2951002-4">10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-031151-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-031151-4"><bdi>978-0-12-031151-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organoelement+Compounds+Possessing+Al%EE%97%B8Al%2C+Ga%EE%97%B8Ga%2C+In%EE%97%B8In%2C+and+Tl%EE%97%B8Tl+Single+Bonds&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Organometallic+Chemistry+Volume+51&rft.pages=53-108&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2803%2951002-4&rft.isbn=978-0-12-031151-4&rft.aulast=Uhl&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElschenbroich2006" class="citation book cs1">Elschenbroich, C. (2006). Organometallics. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29390-2"><bdi>978-3-527-29390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organometallics&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-527-29390-2&rft.aulast=Elschenbroich&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 257–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1970" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Martin B. (1970). "The monomer-dimer equilibria of liquid aluminum alkyls". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 22 (2): 273–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2986043-X">10.1016/S0022-328X(00)86043-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+monomer-dimer+equilibria+of+liquid+aluminum+alkyls&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-281&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2986043-X&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Martin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 227–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodders-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodders_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodders_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodders2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Lodders" title="Katharina Lodders">Lodders, K.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf">"Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 591 (2): 1220–1247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...591.1220L">2003ApJ...591.1220L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F375492">10.1086/375492</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42498829">42498829</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090136/http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Solar+System+abundances+and+condensation+temperatures+of+the+elements&rft.volume=591&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1220-1247&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F375492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42498829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...591.1220L&rft.aulast=Lodders&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.wustl.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Freprints%2F2003%2FLodders%25202003%2520ApJ%2520Elemental%2520abundances.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_71-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2003" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609856530">Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos : Hydrogen to Gallium</a>. Leiden: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-67305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-67305-4"><bdi>978-0-511-67305-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609856530">609856530</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060733/https://www.worldcat.org/title/handbook-of-isotopes-in-the-cosmos-hydrogen-to-gallium/oclc/609856530">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Isotopes+in+the+Cosmos+%3A+Hydrogen+to+Gallium.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=129-137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609856530&rft.isbn=978-0-511-67305-4&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F609856530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit1-72"><a href="#cite_ref-mit1_72-0">^</a> William F McDonough <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928074153/http://quake.mit.edu/hilstgroup/CoreMantle/EarthCompo.pdf">The composition of the Earth</a>. quake.mit.edu, archived by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997217–219-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997217–219_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 217–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-WadeBanister2016-74"><a href="#cite_ref-WadeBanister2016_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeBanister2016" class="citation book cs1">Wade, K.; Banister, A.J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1049">The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium: Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry</a>. Elsevier. p. 1049. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5322-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5322-3"><bdi>978-1-4831-5322-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130020257/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1049">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Aluminium%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium+and+Thallium%3A+Comprehensive+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1049&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-5322-3&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Banister%2C+A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwNPDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmeO'Neill2005" class="citation book cs1">Palme, H.; O'Neill, Hugh St. C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geol.umd.edu/~mcdonoug/KITP%20Website%20for%20Bill/papers/Earth_Models/3.1%20Palme%20&%20O'Neill%20Primative%20mantle%20(1).pdf">"Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition"</a> (PDF). In Carlson, Richard W. (ed.). The Mantle and Core. Elseiver. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403101355/https://www.geol.umd.edu/~mcdonoug/KITP%20Website%20for%20Bill/papers/Earth_Models/3.1%20Palme%20%26%20O%27Neill%20Primative%20mantle%20%281%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmochemical+Estimates+of+Mantle+Composition&rft.btitle=The+Mantle+and+Core&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Elseiver&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Palme&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Hugh+St.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geol.umd.edu%2F~mcdonoug%2FKITP%2520Website%2520for%2520Bill%2Fpapers%2FEarth_Models%2F3.1%2520Palme%2520%26%2520O%27Neill%2520Primative%2520mantle%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns1993" class="citation book cs1">Downs, A.J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA17">Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0103-5"><bdi>978-0-7514-0103-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725044500/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Aluminium%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium+and+Thallium&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0103-5&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-04Kn758yIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KotzTreichel2012-77"><a href="#cite_ref-KotzTreichel2012_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotzTreichelTownsend2012" class="citation book cs1">Kotz, John C.; Treichel, Paul M.; Townsend, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUwJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-42007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-42007-1"><bdi>978-1-133-42007-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222050939/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUwJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Chemical+Reactivity&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-42007-1&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Treichel%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Townsend%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUwJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthelmy" class="citation web cs1">Barthelmy, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Aluminum.shtml">"Aluminum Mineral Data"</a>. Mineralogy Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704001129/http://webmineral.com/data/Aluminum.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineralogy+Database&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Mineral+Data&rft.aulast=Barthelmy&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmineral.com%2Fdata%2FAluminum.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen_2011-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2011_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenHuangZhaoYan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Z.; Huang, Chi-Yue; Zhao, Meixun; Yan, Wen; Chien, Chih-Wei; Chen, Muhong; Yang, Huaping; Machiyama, Hideaki; Lin, Saulwood (2011). "Characteristics and possible origin of native aluminum in cold seep sediments from the northeastern South China Sea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 40 (1): 363–370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JAESc..40..363C">2011JAESc..40..363C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2010.06.006">10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.06.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Characteristics+and+possible+origin+of+native+aluminum+in+cold+seep+sediments+from+the+northeastern+South+China+Sea&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=363-370&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2010.06.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JAESc..40..363C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Chi-Yue&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Meixun&rft.au=Yan%2C+Wen&rft.au=Chien%2C+Chih-Wei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Muhong&rft.au=Yang%2C+Huaping&rft.au=Machiyama%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Lin%2C+Saulwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilbertPark1986" class="citation book cs1">Guilbert, J.F.; Park, C.F. (1986). The Geology of Ore Deposits. W.H. Freeman. pp. 774–795. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1456-9"><bdi>978-0-7167-1456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+Ore+Deposits&rft.pages=774-795&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1456-9&rft.aulast=Guilbert&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.au=Park%2C+C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey2018" class="citation web cs1">United States Geological Survey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/mcs-2018-bauxi.pdf">"Bauxite and alumina"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodities Summaries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202117/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/mcs-2018-bauxi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bauxite+and+alumina&rft.series=Mineral+Commodities+Summaries&rft.date=2018&rft.au=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fbauxite%2Fmcs-2018-bauxi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-ClaphamPower1941-83"><a href="#cite_ref-ClaphamPower1941_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaphamPower1941" class="citation book cs1">Clapham, John Harold; Power, Eileen Edna (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA682">The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: From the Decline of the Roman Empire</a>. CUP Archive. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08710-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08710-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08710-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Europe%3A+From+the+Decline+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08710-0&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=John+Harold&rft.au=Power%2C+Eileen+Edna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBw9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200716-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200716_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The papacy and the Levant: 1204-1571. 1 The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9"><bdi>978-0-87169-127-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165383496">165383496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+papacy+and+the+Levant%3A+1204-1571.+1+The+thirteenth+and+fourteenth+centuries&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165383496&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-127-9&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200725-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200725_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks1968-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks1968_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1968" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6kPAQAAMAAJ">Discovery of the elements</a>. Vol. 1 (7 ed.). Journal of chemical education. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608300177" title="Special:BookSources/9780608300177"><bdi>9780608300177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+elements&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Journal+of+chemical+education&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780608300177&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds6kPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18962-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards18962_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards18962_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1896">Richards 1896</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18963-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards18963_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1896">Richards 1896</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖrsted1825" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Örsted, H. C. (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435054254693&view=1up&seq=17">Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhanlingar og dets Medlemmerz Arbeider, fra 31 Mai 1824 til 31 Mai 1825</a> [Overview of the Royal Danish Science Society's Proceedings and the Work of its Members, from 31 May 1824 to 31 May 1825] (in Danish). pp. 15–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316113549/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435054254693&view=1up&seq=17">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Oversigt+over+det+Kongelige+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskabs+Forhanlingar+og+dets+Medlemmerz+Arbeider%2C+fra+31+Mai+1824+til+31+Mai+1825&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=%C3%96rsted&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dosu.32435054254693%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-(København)1827-91"><a href="#cite_ref-(København)1827_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters1827" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2BFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR25">Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs philosophiske og historiske afhandlinger</a> [The philosophical and historical dissertations of the Royal Danish Science Society] (in Danish). Popp. pp. xxv–xxvi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324064522/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2BFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR25">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Det+Kongelige+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskabs+philosophiske+og+historiske+afhandlinger&rft.pages=xxv-xxvi&rft.pub=Popp&rft.date=1827&rft.au=Royal+Danish+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Letters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2BFAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-woehler-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woehler_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-woehler_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWöhler1827" class="citation journal cs1">Wöhler, Friedrich (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4433551;view=1up;seq=162">"Ueber das Aluminium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik_und_Chemie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Physik und Chemie">Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>. 2. 11 (9): 146–161. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....87..146W">1828AnP....87..146W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18270870912">10.1002/andp.18270870912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122170259">122170259</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060735/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4433551&view=1up&seq=162">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Aluminium&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=146-161&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122170259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18270870912&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....87..146W&rft.aulast=W%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4433551%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200736-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200736_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FontaniCosta2014-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FontaniCosta2014_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaniCostaOrna2014" class="citation book cs1">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938334-4"><bdi>978-0-19-938334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Elements%3A+The+Periodic+Table%27s+Shadow+Side&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938334-4&rft.aulast=Fontani&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Costa%2C+Mariagrazia&rft.au=Orna%2C+Mary+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCk9jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venetski-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venetski_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venetski_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenetski1969" class="citation journal cs1">Venetski, S. (1969). "'Silver' from clay". Metallurgist. 13 (7): 451–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00741130">10.1007/BF00741130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137541986">137541986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metallurgist&rft.atitle=%27Silver%27+from+clay&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=451-453&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00741130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137541986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Venetski&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes1936-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes1936_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1936" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, Harry N. (1936). "Fifty Years of Industrial Aluminum". The Scientific Monthly. 42 (3): 236–239. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936SciMo..42..236H">1936SciMo..42..236H</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/15938">15938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+Monthly&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Industrial+Aluminum&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236-239&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F15938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1936SciMo..42..236H&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Harry+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200739-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200739_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainte-Claire_Deville1859" class="citation book cs1">Sainte-Claire Deville, H.E. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCoKAAAAIAAJ">De l'aluminium, ses propriétés, sa fabrication</a>. Paris: Mallet-Bachelier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430001812/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCoKAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27aluminium%2C+ses+propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s%2C+sa+fabrication&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Mallet-Bachelier&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Sainte-Claire+Deville&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCoKAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200746-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200746_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200755–61-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200755–61_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, pp. 55–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200774-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200774_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-aluminiumleader-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aluminiumleader_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aluminiumleader_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aluminiumleader_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aluminiumleader.com/history/industry_history/">"Aluminium history"</a>. All about aluminium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222100/https://aluminiumleader.com/history/industry_history/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+about+aluminium&rft.atitle=Aluminium+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faluminiumleader.com%2Fhistory%2Findustry_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200764–69-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200764–69_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, pp. 64–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngulstad2012" class="citation book cs1">Ingulstad, Mats (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFS6NAEACAAJ">"'We Want Aluminum, No Excuses': Business-Government Relations in the American Aluminum Industry, 1917–1957"</a>. In Ingulstad, Mats; Frøland, Hans Otto (eds.). From Warfare to Welfare: Business-Government Relations in the Aluminium Industry. Tapir Academic Press. pp. 33–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-321-0049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-321-0049-1"><bdi>978-82-321-0049-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725055556/https://books.google.com/books?id=TFS6NAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27We+Want+Aluminum%2C+No+Excuses%27%3A+Business-Government+Relations+in+the+American+Aluminum+Industry%2C+1917%E2%80%931957&rft.btitle=From+Warfare+to+Welfare%3A+Business-Government+Relations+in+the+Aluminium+Industry&rft.pages=33-68&rft.pub=Tapir+Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-82-321-0049-1&rft.aulast=Ingulstad&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFS6NAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seldes2009-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Seldes2009_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldes1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes">Seldes, George</a> (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/FactsAndFascism/FactsandFascism_djvu.txt">Facts and Fascism</a> (5 ed.). In Fact, Inc. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Fascism&rft.pages=261&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=In+Fact%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Seldes&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FFactsAndFascism%2FFactsandFascism_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorsheim2015-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Thorsheim2015_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsheim2015" class="citation book cs1">Thorsheim, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUlLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Waste into Weapons</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09935-7"><bdi>978-1-107-09935-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406160604/https://books.google.com/books?id=uUlLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waste+into+Weapons&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09935-7&rft.aulast=Thorsheim&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUlLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks20042-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks20042_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2004" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Albert Loren (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3hP33KprskC&pg=PA135">Russia's Life-saver: Lend-lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0736-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0736-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0736-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406160618/https://books.google.com/books?id=z3hP33KprskC&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Life-saver%3A+Lend-lease+Aid+to+the+U.S.S.R.+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0736-2&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Albert+Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3hP33KprskC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200769–70-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200769–70_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_110-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/">"Aluminum"</a>. Historical Statistics for Mineral Commodities in the United States (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308171100/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Historical+Statistics+for+Mineral+Commodities+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fhistorical-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Copper-111"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Copper_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/">"Copper. Supply-Demand Statistics"</a>. Historical Statistics for Mineral Commodities in the United States (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308171100/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Historical+Statistics+for+Mineral+Commodities+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fhistorical-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregersen" class="citation web cs1">Gregersen, Erik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/copper">"Copper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622234613/https://www.britannica.com/science/copper">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Copper&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fcopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007165–166-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007165–166_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200785-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200785_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007135-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007135_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi20139_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139–10-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi20139–10_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201310-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201310_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201314–15-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201314–15_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201317-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201317_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201320-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201320_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201322-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201322_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201323-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201323_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Commodities/Aluminum-prices-hit-13-year-high-amid-power-shortage-in-China">"Aluminum prices hit 13-year high amid power shortage in China"</a>. Nikkei Asia. 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Aluminum+prices+hit+13-year+high+amid+power+shortage+in+China&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FMarkets%2FCommodities%2FAluminum-prices-hit-13-year-high-amid-power-shortage-in-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1806" class="citation book cs1">Black, J. (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/2543060RX2.nlm.nih.gov">Lectures on the elements of chemistry: delivered in the University of Edinburgh</a>. Vol. 2. Graves, B. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+elements+of+chemistry%3A+delivered+in+the+University+of+Edinburgh&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Graves%2C+B.&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F2543060RX2.nlm.nih.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The French chemists have given a new name to this pure earth; alumine in French, and alumina in Latin. I confess I do not like this alumina.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDaluminium-origin-128"><a href="#cite_ref-OEDaluminium-origin_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5889">"aluminium, n."</a> Oxford English Dictionary, third edition. Oxford University Press. December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060750/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=103D1FF8ECD2A058B7F6241C7F97B88D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F5889">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+third+edition&rft.atitle=aluminium%2C+n.&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F5889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>aluminen., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">-ium suffix, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">aluminum n.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDalumine-129"><a href="#cite_ref-OEDalumine_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5880">"alumine, n."</a> Oxford English Dictionary, third edition. Oxford University Press. December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060739/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=2B8662831CD405D28E3F852F18211FD4?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F5880">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+third+edition&rft.atitle=alumine%2C+n.&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F5880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Etymology: < French alumine (L. B. Guyton de Morveau 1782, Observ. sur la Physique 19 378) < classical Latin alūmin-, alūmen <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">alum n.1, after French -ine <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">-ine suffix4.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokorny1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Pokorny, Julius</a> (1959). "alu- (-d-, -t-)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indo-european.info/pokorny-etymological-dictionary/whnjs.htm">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a> [Indo-European etymological dictionary] (in German). A. Francke Verlag. pp. 33–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123145109/https://indo-european.info/pokorny-etymological-dictionary/whnjs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=alu-+%28-d-%2C+-t-%29&rft.btitle=Indogermanisches+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=A.+Francke+Verlag&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Pokorny&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findo-european.info%2Fpokorny-etymological-dictionary%2Fwhnjs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy1808-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Davy1808_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1808" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg9GAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA353">"Electro Chemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earths; with Observations on the Metals obtained from the alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam procured from Ammonia"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 98: 353. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1808RSPT...98..333D">1808RSPT...98..333D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">10.1098/rstl.1808.0023</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111945/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg9GAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA353">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Electro+Chemical+Researches%2C+on+the+Decomposition+of+the+Earths%3B+with+Observations+on+the+Metals+obtained+from+the+alkaline+Earths%2C+and+on+the+Amalgam+procured+from+Ammonia&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=353&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1808RSPT...98..333D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKg9GAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18963–4-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards18963–4_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1896">Richards 1896</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-berzelius-133"><a href="#cite_ref-berzelius_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzelius1811" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius, J. J.</a> (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA253">"Essai sur la nomenclature chimique"</a>. Journal de Physique. 73: 253–286. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415120753/https://books.google.com/books?id=HpfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA253">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Essai+sur+la+nomenclature+chimique&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=253-286&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Berzelius&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpfOAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzelius1814" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Berzelius, J.</a> (1814). <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomson, Th.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54032#page/5/mode/1up">"Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions, and on some Circumstances relating to them: together with a short and easy Method of expressing them"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Philosophy" title="Annals of Philosophy">Annals of Philosophy</a>. III. Baldwin, R.: 51–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715120636/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54032#page/5/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Essay+on+the+Cause+of+Chemical+Proportions%2C+and+on+some+Circumstances+relating+to+them%3A+together+with+a+short+and+easy+Method+of+expressing+them&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=51-62&rft.date=1814&rft.aulast=Berzelius&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F54032%23page%2F5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaméntherie1811" class="citation journal cs1">Delaméntherie, J.-C. (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA470">"Leçonse de minéralogie. Données au collége de France"</a>. Journal de Physique. 73: 469–470. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415114959/https://books.google.com/books?id=HpfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA470">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Le%C3%A7onse+de+min%C3%A9ralogie.+Donn%C3%A9es+au+coll%C3%A9ge+de+France&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=469-470&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Delam%C3%A9ntherie&rft.aufirst=J.-C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpfOAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year 1810. — Part I". The Critical Review: Or, Annals of Literature. The Third. XXII: 9. January 1811. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fchi.36013662?urlappend=%3Bseq=17">2027/chi.36013662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Critical+Review%3A+Or%2C+Annals+of+Literature&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+For+the+Year+1810.+%E2%80%94+Part+I&rft.volume=XXII&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1811-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fchi.36013662%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Potassium, acting upon alumine and glucine, produces pyrophoric substances of a dark grey colour, which burnt, throwing off brilliant sparks, and leaving behind alkali and earth, and which, when thrown into water, decomposed it with great violence. The result of this experiment is not wholly decisive as to the existence of what might be called aluminium and glucinium</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy1812-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Davy1812_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1812" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy, Humphry</a> (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjMwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201">"Of metals; their primary compositions with other uncompounded bodies, and with each other"</a>. Elements of Chemical Philosophy: Part 1. Vol. 1. Bradford and Inskeep. p. 201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314113620/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjMwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+metals%3B+their+primary+compositions+with+other+uncompounded+bodies%2C+and+with+each+other&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Chemical+Philosophy%3A+Part+1&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Bradford+and+Inskeep&rft.date=1812&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjMwAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDaluminium-usage-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDaluminium-usage_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDaluminium-usage_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDaluminium-usage_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5889">"aluminium, n."</a> Oxford English Dictionary, third edition. Oxford University Press. December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060736/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=7486FA56257A57791FB5DF1C726BAE1F?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F5889">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+third+edition&rft.atitle=aluminium%2C+n.&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F5889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">aluminium n. coexisted with its synonym <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">aluminum n. throughout the 19th cent. From the beginning of the 20th cent., aluminum gradually became the predominant form in North America; it was adopted as the official name of the metal in the United States by the American Chemical Society in 1925. Elsewhere, aluminum was gradually superseded by aluminium, which was accepted as international standard by IUPAC in 1990.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutmore2005" class="citation web cs1">Cutmore, Jonathan (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/15.html#contents">"Quarterly Review Archive"</a>. Romantic Circles. University of Maryland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301094017/http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romantic+Circles&rft.atitle=Quarterly+Review+Archive&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Cutmore&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rc.umd.edu%2Freference%2Fqr%2Findex%2F15.html%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1812" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Thomas (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGykjvn032IC&pg=PA72">"Elements of Chemical Philosophy By Sir Humphry Davy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">Quarterly Review</a>. VIII (15): 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-217-88947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-217-88947-6"><bdi>978-0-217-88947-6</bdi></a>. 210. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725043632/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGykjvn032IC&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Elements+of+Chemical+Philosophy+By+Sir+Humphry+Davy&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1812&rft.isbn=978-0-217-88947-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGykjvn032IC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinion2005-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quinion2005_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinion2005_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinion2005" class="citation book cs1">Quinion, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Js-PbsEjKSQC&pg=PT23">Port Out, Starboard Home: The Fascinating Stories We Tell About the words We Use</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190904-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190904-2"><bdi>978-0-14-190904-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Out%2C+Starboard+Home%3A+The+Fascinating+Stories+We+Tell+About+the+words+We+Use&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190904-2&rft.aulast=Quinion&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJs-PbsEjKSQC%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1828" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Webster, Noah</a> (1828). "aluminum". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/aluminum">American Dictionary of the English Language</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222259/http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/aluminum">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=aluminum&rft.btitle=American+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebstersdictionary1828.com%2FDictionary%2Faluminum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKean2018" class="citation book cs1">Kean, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qy40DwAAQBAJ&q=aluminium+aluminum+hall+typo+spelling&pg=PT120">"Elements as money"</a>. The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Rivalry, Adventure, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements (Young Readers ed.). Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-38825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-38825-2"><bdi>978-0-316-38825-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111942/https://books.google.com/books?id=qy40DwAAQBAJ&q=aluminium+aluminum+hall+typo+spelling&pg=PT120">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elements+as+money&rft.btitle=The+Disappearing+Spoon%3A+And+Other+True+Tales+of+Rivalry%2C+Adventure%2C+and+the+History+of+the+World+from+the+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=Young+Readers&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Books+for+Young+Readers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-316-38825-2&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqy40DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Daluminium%2Baluminum%2Bhall%2Btypo%2Bspelling%26pg%3DPT120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2011-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2011_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2011_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2011_146-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Emsley" title="John Emsley">Emsley, John</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA24">Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 24–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222070959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pages=24-30&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EfYXzwPo3UC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnellyDamhus2005" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Neil G.; Damhus, Ture, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222172055/http://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/databases/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/RSC_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="RSC Publishing">RSC Publishing</a>. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-438-2"><bdi>978-0-85404-438-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/databases/Red_Book_2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+inorganic+chemistry.+IUPAC+Recommendations+2005&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=RSC+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-438-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fdatabases%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211093133/http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2013/3506/nov13.pdf">"Standard Atomic Weights Revised"</a> (PDF). Chemistry International. 35 (6): 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0193-6484">0193-6484</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2013/3506/nov13.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+International&rft.atitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights+Revised&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=17-18&rft.issn=0193-6484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fci%2F2013%2F3506%2Fnov13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Minerals_Information_Center2024" class="citation journal cs1">National Minerals Information Center (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-aluminum.pdf">"USGS Minerals Information: Mineral Commodity Summaries"</a> (PDF). minerals.usgs.gov. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5066%2FP144BA54">10.5066/P144BA54</a>. Retrieved 5 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=minerals.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=USGS+Minerals+Information%3A+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5066%2FP144BA54&rft.au=National+Minerals+Information+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2024%2Fmcs2024-aluminum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMP-151"><a href="#cite_ref-WMP_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, T.J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1388">World Mineral Production 2003–2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713005219/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm%3Fid%3D1388">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Mineral+Production+2003%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fstart.cfm%3Fid%3D1388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLama2023" class="citation book cs1">Lama, F. (2023). Why the West Can't Win: From Bretton Woods to a Multipolar World. Clarity Press, Inc. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-949762-74-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-949762-74-7"><bdi>978-1-949762-74-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+West+Can%27t+Win%3A+From+Bretton+Woods+to+a+Multipolar+World&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Clarity+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-949762-74-7&rft.aulast=Lama&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraedel2010" class="citation report cs1">Graedel, T.E.; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1264xPA-Metal%20stocks%20in%20society.pdf">Metal stocks in Society – Scientific Synthesis</a> (PDF) (Report). International Resource Panel. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3082-1"><bdi>978-92-807-3082-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426184751/http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1264xPA-Metal%20stocks%20in%20society.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Metal+stocks+in+Society+%E2%80%93+Scientific+Synthesis&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=International+Resource+Panel&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-807-3082-1&rft.aulast=Graedel&rft.aufirst=T.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.fr%2Fshared%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FDTIx1264xPA-Metal%2520stocks%2520in%2520society.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UllmannOxide-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannOxide_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannOxide_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannOxide_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannOxide_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannOxide_154-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudsonMisraPerrottaWefers2005" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; et al. (2005). "Aluminum Oxide". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Wiley-VCH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Oxide&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=L.+Keith&rft.au=Misra%2C+Chanakya&rft.au=Perrotta%2C+Anthony+J.&rft.au=Wefers%2C+Karl&rft.au=Williams%2C+F.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenMackenzie2003" class="citation book cs1">Totten, G.E.; Mackenzie, D.S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpgTrFloOq0C&pg=PA40">Handbook of Aluminum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dekker" title="Marcel Dekker">Marcel Dekker</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4843-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4843-2"><bdi>978-0-8247-4843-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615132126/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpgTrFloOq0C&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Aluminum&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-4843-2&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=G.E.&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+D.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpgTrFloOq0C%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2006" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtX1nbel49kC">Aluminum Recycling</a>. CRC Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9662-5"><bdi>978-0-8493-9662-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215051211/https://books.google.com/books?id=DtX1nbel49kC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aluminum+Recycling&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9662-5&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtX1nbel49kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030624162738/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/recycling/awareness/facts/benefits.htm">"Benefits of Recycling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">Ohio Department of Natural Resources</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/recycling/awareness/facts/benefits.htm">the original</a> on 24 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benefits+of+Recycling&rft.pub=Ohio+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.oh.us%2Frecycling%2Fawareness%2Ffacts%2Fbenefits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031072356/http://www.afsinc.org/files/best%20practice%20energy-schifo-radia-may%202004.pdf">"Theoretical/Best Practice Energy Use in Metalcasting Operations"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsinc.org/files/best%20practice%20energy-schifo-radia-may%202004.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theoretical%2FBest+Practice+Energy+Use+in+Metalcasting+Operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsinc.org%2Ffiles%2Fbest%2520practice%2520energy-schifo-radia-may%25202004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.experts123.com/q/why-are-dross-saltcake-a-concern.html">"Why are dross & saltcake a concern?"</a>. www.experts123.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114111346/http://www.experts123.com/q/why-are-dross-saltcake-a-concern.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.experts123.com&rft.atitle=Why+are+dross+%26+saltcake+a+concern%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.experts123.com%2Fq%2Fwhy-are-dross-saltcake-a-concern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunster2005" class="citation web cs1">Dunster, A.M.; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100402111522/http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/BRE_Added_value_study_report.4ca28919.1753.pdf">"Added value of using new industrial waste streams as secondary aggregates in both concrete and asphalt"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Waste_%26_Resources_Action_Programme" title="Waste & Resources Action Programme">Waste & Resources Action Programme</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/document.rm?id=1753">the original</a> on 2 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Added+value+of+using+new+industrial+waste+streams+as+secondary+aggregates+in+both+concrete+and+asphalt&rft.pub=Waste+%26+Resources+Action+Programme&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dunster&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faggregain.wrap.org.uk%2Fdocument.rm%3Fid%3D1753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS2018-161"><a href="#cite_ref-BGS2018_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownIdoineRaycraftShaw2018" class="citation book cs1">Brown, T.J.; Idoine, N.E.; Raycraft, E.R.; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=3396">World Mineral Production: 2012–2016</a>. British Geological Survey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85272-882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85272-882-6"><bdi>978-0-85272-882-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516174440/https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/directDownload.cfm?id=3396&noexcl=true&t=World%20Mineral%20Production%202012%20to%202016">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Mineral+Production%3A+2012%E2%80%932016&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-85272-882-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft.au=Idoine%2C+N.E.&rft.au=Raycraft%2C+E.R.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+S.F.&rft.au=Everett%2C+P.&rft.au=Deady%2C+E.A.&rft.au=Bide%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fstart.cfm%3Fid%3D3396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/17944/aluminum-Al">"Aluminum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312125740/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/17944/aluminum-Al">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F17944%2Faluminum-Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillberg" class="citation web cs1">Millberg, L.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Aluminum-Foil.html">"Aluminum Foil"</a>. How Products are Made. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713102210/http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Aluminum-Foil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Products+are+Made&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Foil&rft.aulast=Millberg&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2FVolume-1%2FAluminum-Foil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyleGrangerSanders2005" class="citation book cs1">Lyle, J.P.; Granger, D.A.; Sanders, R.E. (2005). "Aluminum Alloys". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_481">10.1002/14356007.a01_481</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Alloys&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_481&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Lyle&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Granger%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross13-165"><a href="#cite_ref-ross13_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2013" class="citation book cs1">Ross, R.B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v171BwAAQBAJ">Metallic Materials Specification Handbook</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461534822" title="Special:BookSources/9781461534822"><bdi>9781461534822</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060734/https://books.google.com/books?id=v171BwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metallic+Materials+Specification+Handbook&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781461534822&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv171BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis199917–24-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis199917–24_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, pp. 17–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumley2010-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Lumley2010_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumley2010" class="citation book cs1">Lumley, Roger (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXpwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy: Production, Processing and Applications</a>. Elsevier Science. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-025-6"><bdi>978-0-85709-025-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222153110/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXpwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Aluminium+Metallurgy%3A+Production%2C+Processing+and+Applications&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85709-025-6&rft.aulast=Lumley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXpwAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortensen2006-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Mortensen2006_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortensen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mortensen, Andreas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs_lGeGsuaAC&pg=PA281">Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials</a>. Elsevier. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052462-7"><bdi>978-0-08-052462-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220232017/https://books.google.com/books?id=zs_lGeGsuaAC&pg=PA281">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Composite+Materials&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-08-052462-7&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs_lGeGsuaAC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan2012-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan2012_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Ceramic_Society_of_Japan2012" class="citation book cs1">The Ceramic Society of Japan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8NNHruBKVQC&pg=PA541">Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-431-54108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-431-54108-0"><bdi>978-4-431-54108-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129220847/https://books.google.com/books?id=y8NNHruBKVQC&pg=PA541">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Ceramic+Technologies+%26+Products&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-4-431-54108-0&rft.au=The+Ceramic+Society+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8NNHruBKVQC%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slesser1988-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Slesser1988_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlesser1988" class="citation book cs1">Slesser, Malcolm (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUOvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">Dictionary of Energy</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19476-6"><bdi>978-1-349-19476-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060750/https://books.google.com/books?id=kUOvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Energy&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-349-19476-6&rft.aulast=Slesser&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUOvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supp2013-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Supp2013_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupp2013" class="citation book cs1">Supp, Emil (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi3wCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">How to Produce Methanol from Coal</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00895-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00895-9"><bdi>978-3-662-00895-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226154639/https://books.google.com/books?id=vi3wCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Produce+Methanol+from+Coal&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-662-00895-9&rft.aulast=Supp&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi3wCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ErtlKnözinger2008-172"><a href="#cite_ref-ErtlKnözinger2008_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtlKnözingerWeitkamp2008" class="citation book cs1">Ertl, Gerhard; Knözinger, Helmut; Weitkamp, Jens (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ev47CMLmM2sC&pg=PA80">Preparation of Solid Catalysts</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-62068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-62068-5"><bdi>978-3-527-62068-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224115243/https://books.google.com/books?id=ev47CMLmM2sC&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparation+of+Solid+Catalysts&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-62068-5&rft.aulast=Ertl&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6zinger%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Weitkamp%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dev47CMLmM2sC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmaregoChai2009-173"><a href="#cite_ref-ArmaregoChai2009_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmaregoChai2009" class="citation book cs1">Armarego, W.L.F.; Chai, Christina (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTXyS7Yj6zUC&pg=PA155">Purification of Laboratory Chemicals</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 73, 109, 116, 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087824-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087824-9"><bdi>978-0-08-087824-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222155719/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTXyS7Yj6zUC&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purification+of+Laboratory+Chemicals&rft.pages=73%2C+109%2C+116%2C+155&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087824-9&rft.aulast=Armarego&rft.aufirst=W.L.F.&rft.au=Chai%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTXyS7Yj6zUC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UllmannInorganic-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_174-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmboldt2007" class="citation book cs1">Helmboldt, O. (2007). "Aluminum Compounds, Inorganic". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-VCH" title="Wiley-VCH">Wiley-VCH</a>. pp. 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_527.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a01_527.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Compounds%2C+Inorganic&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pages=1-17&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_527.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Helmboldt&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_Formulary_2008-175"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_Formulary_2008_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F44053">10665/44053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241547659" title="Special:BookSources/9789241547659"><bdi>9789241547659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Model+Formulary+2008&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F44053&rft.isbn=9789241547659&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRsAAAAMAAJ&q=Aluminium+phosphate+used+in+the+manufacture+of+glass,+ceramic,+pulp+and+paper+products,+cosmetics,+paints,+varnishes,+and+in+dental+cement.">Occupational Skin Disease</a>. Grune & Stratton. 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-1494-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-1494-5"><bdi>978-0-8089-1494-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415120754/https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRsAAAAMAAJ&q=Aluminium+phosphate+used+in+the+manufacture+of+glass,+ceramic,+pulp+and+paper+products,+cosmetics,+paints,+varnishes,+and+in+dental+cement.">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupational+Skin+Disease&rft.pub=Grune+%26+Stratton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-1494-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueRsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAluminium%2Bphosphate%2Bused%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bmanufacture%2Bof%2Bglass%2C%2Bceramic%2C%2Bpulp%2Band%2Bpaper%2Bproducts%2C%2Bcosmetics%2C%2Bpaints%2C%2Bvarnishes%2C%2Band%2Bin%2Bdental%2Bcement.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith,_ABullock,_SManias,_EHunt,_B1999" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, A; Bullock, S; Manias, E; Hunt, B; Richards, A (1999). Fundamentals of pharmacology: a text for nurses and health professionals. Harlow: Pearson. p. 482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+pharmacology%3A+a+text+for+nurses+and+health+professionals&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Galbraith%2C+A&rft.au=Bullock%2C+S&rft.au=Manias%2C+E&rft.au=Hunt%2C+B&rft.au=Richards%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-papich-178"><a href="#cite_ref-papich_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapich2007" class="citation book cs1">Papich, Mark G. (2007). "Aluminum Hydroxide and Aluminum Carbonate". Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (2nd ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2888-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2888-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-2888-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Hydroxide+and+Aluminum+Carbonate&rft.btitle=Saunders+Handbook+of+Veterinary+Drugs&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Mo&rft.pages=15-16&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2888-8&rft.aulast=Papich&rft.aufirst=Mark+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation cs2">Brown, Weldon G. (15 March 2011), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/0471264180.or006.10">"Reductions by Lithium Aluminum Hydride"</a>, Organic Reactions, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 469–510, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or006.10">10.1002/0471264180.or006.10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26418-7"><bdi>978-0-471-26418-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060736/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471264180.or006.10">archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021, retrieved 22 May 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Reactions&rft.atitle=Reductions+by+Lithium+Aluminum+Hydride&rft.pages=469-510&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471264180.or006.10&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26418-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Weldon+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F0471264180.or006.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerrans,_G.C.Hartmann-Petersen,_P.2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gerrans, G.C.; Hartmann-Petersen, P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wS3aWR5SO4C&pg=PA143">"Lithium Aluminium Hydride"</a>. SASOL Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology. New Africa Books. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86928-384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86928-384-1"><bdi>978-1-86928-384-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823221511/https://books.google.com/books?id=1wS3aWR5SO4C&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lithium+Aluminium+Hydride&rft.btitle=SASOL+Encyclopaedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=New+Africa+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86928-384-1&rft.au=Gerrans%2C+G.C.&rft.au=Hartmann-Petersen%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wS3aWR5SO4C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._WittH.W._Roesky2000" class="citation journal cs1">M. Witt; H.W. Roesky (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124655/http://tejas.serc.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252000/NMC2.pdf">"Organoaluminum chemistry at the forefront of research and development"</a> (PDF). Curr. Sci. 78 (4): 410. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tejas.serc.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252000/NMC2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Organoaluminum+chemistry+at+the+forefront+of+research+and+development&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=410&rft.date=2000&rft.au=M.+Witt&rft.au=H.W.+Roesky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftejas.serc.iisc.ernet.in%2Fcurrsci%2Ffeb252000%2FNMC2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._AndresenH.G._CordesJ._HerwigW._Kaminsky1976" class="citation journal cs1">A. Andresen; H.G. Cordes; J. Herwig; W. Kaminsky; A. Merck; R. Mottweiler; J. Pein; H. Sinn; H.J. Vollmer (1976). "Halogen-free Soluble Ziegler-Catalysts for the Polymerization of Ethylene". <a href="/wiki/Angew._Chem._Int._Ed." class="mw-redirect" title="Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.">Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.</a> 15 (10): 630–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.197606301">10.1002/anie.197606301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Halogen-free+Soluble+Ziegler-Catalysts+for+the+Polymerization+of+Ethylene&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=630-632&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.197606301&rft.au=A.+Andresen&rft.au=H.G.+Cordes&rft.au=J.+Herwig&rft.au=W.+Kaminsky&rft.au=A.+Merck&rft.au=R.+Mottweiler&rft.au=J.+Pein&rft.au=H.+Sinn&rft.au=H.J.+Vollmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AasKlemetsen2011-183"><a href="#cite_ref-AasKlemetsen2011_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAasKlemetsenEinumSkurdal2011" class="citation book cs1">Aas, Øystein; Klemetsen, Anders; Einum, Sigurd; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lMZnUdUGZUC&pg=PA240">Atlantic Salmon Ecology</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4819-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4819-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-4819-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221202430/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lMZnUdUGZUC&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Salmon+Ecology&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4819-4&rft.aulast=Aas&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&rft.au=Klemetsen%2C+Anders&rft.au=Einum%2C+Sigurd&rft.au=Skurdal%2C+Jostein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lMZnUdUGZUC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2007-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2007_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Manmohan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QKRrTPwuDYC&pg=PA112">Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 81–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13492-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13492-4"><bdi>978-0-470-13492-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220055221/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QKRrTPwuDYC&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccine+Adjuvants+and+Delivery+Systems&rft.pages=81-109&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-13492-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Manmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QKRrTPwuDYC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindblad2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lindblad, Erik B (October 2004). "Aluminium compounds for use in vaccines". Immunology & Cell Biology. 82 (5): 497–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0818-9641.2004.01286.x">10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01286.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15479435">15479435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21284189">21284189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunology+%26+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Aluminium+compounds+for+use+in+vaccines&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=497-505&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21284189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15479435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0818-9641.2004.01286.x&rft.aulast=Lindblad&rft.aufirst=Erik+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-health1-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-health1_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health1_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExley2013" class="citation journal cs1">Exley, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC3EM00374D">"Human exposure to aluminium"</a>. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 15 (10): 1807–1816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC3EM00374D">10.1039/C3EM00374D</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23982047">23982047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Processes+%26+Impacts&rft.atitle=Human+exposure+to+aluminium&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1807-1816&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC3EM00374D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23982047&rft.aulast=Exley&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FC3EM00374D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wou-187"><a href="#cite_ref-wou_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/natwater.htm">"Environmental Applications. Part I. Common Forms of the Elements in Water"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Oregon_University" title="Western Oregon University">Western Oregon University</a>. Western Oregon University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211082553/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/natwater.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Oregon+University&rft.atitle=Environmental+Applications.+Part+I.+Common+Forms+of+the+Elements+in+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wou.edu%2Flas%2Fphysci%2Fch412%2Fnatwater.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piero3-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piero3_188-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolara2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dolara, Piero (21 July 2014). "Occurrence, exposure, effects, recommended intake and possible dietary use of selected trace compounds (aluminium, bismuth, cobalt, gold, lithium, nickel, silver)". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 65 (8): 911–924. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09637486.2014.937801">10.3109/09637486.2014.937801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-3478">1465-3478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25045935">25045935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43779869">43779869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Sciences+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Occurrence%2C+exposure%2C+effects%2C+recommended+intake+and+possible+dietary+use+of+selected+trace+compounds+%28aluminium%2C+bismuth%2C+cobalt%2C+gold%2C+lithium%2C+nickel%2C+silver%29&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=911-924&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.issn=1465-3478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43779869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25045935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09637486.2014.937801&rft.aulast=Dolara&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldcat-189"><a href="#cite_ref-worldcat_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11527472">Polynuclear aromatic compounds. part 3, Industrial exposures in aluminium production, coal gasification, coke production, and iron and steel founding</a>. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1984. pp. 51–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-832-1534-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-832-1534-6"><bdi>92-832-1534-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11527472">11527472</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060739/https://www.worldcat.org/title/polynuclear-aromatic-compounds-part-3-industrial-exposures-in-aluminium-production-coal-gasification-coke-production-and-iron-and-steel-founding/oclc/11527472">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polynuclear+aromatic+compounds.+part+3%2C+Industrial+exposures+in+aluminium+production%2C+coal+gasification%2C+coke+production%2C+and+iron+and+steel+founding.&rft.pages=51-59&rft.pub=International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11527472&rft.isbn=92-832-1534-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F11527472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesdockArnold2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wesdock, J. C.; Arnold, I. M. F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131940">"Occupational and Environmental Health in the Aluminum Industry"</a>. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S5–S11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJOM.0000000000000071">10.1097/JOM.0000000000000071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-2752">1076-2752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131940">4131940</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24806726">24806726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Health+in+the+Aluminum+Industry&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5+Suppl&rft.pages=S5-S11&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4131940%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1076-2752&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24806726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FJOM.0000000000000071&rft.aulast=Wesdock&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+I.+M.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4131940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gitelman88-192"><a href="#cite_ref-gitelman88_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519101650/https://books.google.com/books?id=wRnOytsi8boC&pg=PA90">Physiology of Aluminum in Man</a>. Aluminum and Health. CRC Press. 1988. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-8026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-8026-4"><bdi>0-8247-8026-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRnOytsi8boC&pg=PA90">the original</a> on 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology+of+Aluminum+in+Man&rft.series=Aluminum+and+Health&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8247-8026-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRnOytsi8boC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atsdr-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr_193-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34">"Public Health Statement: Aluminum"</a>. ATSDR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212212014/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ATSDR&rft.atitle=Public+Health+Statement%3A+Aluminum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Fphs%2Fphs.asp%3Fid%3D1076%26tid%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xu92-194"><a href="#cite_ref-xu92_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuMajidiMarkesberyEhmann1992" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, N.; Majidi, V.; Markesbery, W. R.; Ehmann, W. D. (1992). "Brain aluminum in Alzheimer's disease using an improved GFAAS method". Neurotoxicology. 13 (4): 735–743. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1302300">1302300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurotoxicology&rft.atitle=Brain+aluminum+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease+using+an+improved+GFAAS+method&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=735-743&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1302300&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Majidi%2C+V.&rft.au=Markesbery%2C+W.+R.&rft.au=Ehmann%2C+W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yumoto09-195"><a href="#cite_ref-yumoto09_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYumotoKakimiOhsakiIshikawa2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yumoto, Sakae; Kakimi, Shigeo; Ohsaki, Akihiro; Ishikawa, Akira (2009). "Demonstration of aluminum in amyloid fibers in the cores of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 103 (11): 1579–1584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinorgbio.2009.07.023">10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.07.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19744735">19744735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Demonstration+of+aluminum+in+amyloid+fibers+in+the+cores+of+senile+plaques+in+the+brains+of+patients+with+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1579-1584&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jinorgbio.2009.07.023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19744735&rft.aulast=Yumoto&rft.aufirst=Sakae&rft.au=Kakimi%2C+Shigeo&rft.au=Ohsaki%2C+Akihiro&rft.au=Ishikawa%2C+Akira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mclachlan15-196"><a href="#cite_ref-mclachlan15_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrapper_MclachlanLukiwKruck1989" class="citation journal cs1">Crapper Mclachlan, D.R.; Lukiw, W.J.; Kruck, T.P.A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0317167100029826">"New Evidence for an Active Role of Aluminum in Alzheimer's Disease"</a>. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 16 (4 Suppl): 490–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0317167100029826">10.1017/S0317167100029826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2680008">2680008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Neurological+Sciences&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+for+an+Active+Role+of+Aluminum+in+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4+Suppl&rft.pages=490-497&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0317167100029826&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2680008&rft.aulast=Crapper+Mclachlan&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft.au=Lukiw%2C+W.J.&rft.au=Kruck%2C+T.P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0317167100029826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cot/cotpnlwpirv2.pdf">"Lowermoor Water Pollution incident "unlikely" to have caused long term health effects"</a> (PDF). Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. 18 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221033817/https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cot/cotpnlwpirv2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lowermoor+Water+Pollution+incident+%22unlikely%22+to+have+caused+long+term+health+effects&rft.pub=Committee+on+Toxicity+of+Chemicals+in+Food%2C+Consumer+Products+and+the+Environment&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcot.food.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcot%2Fcotpnlwpirv2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomljenovic2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tomljenovic, Lucija (21 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/JAD-2010-101494">"Aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease: After a Century of Controversy, Is there a Plausible Link?"</a>. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 23 (4): 567–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FJAD-2010-101494">10.3233/JAD-2010-101494</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21157018">21157018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060821/https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad101494">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&rft.atitle=Aluminum+and+Alzheimer%27s+Disease%3A+After+a+Century+of+Controversy%2C+Is+there+a+Plausible+Link%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=567-598&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FJAD-2010-101494&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21157018&rft.aulast=Tomljenovic&rft.aufirst=Lucija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medra.org%2Fservlet%2FaliasResolver%3Falias%3Diospress%26doi%3D10.3233%2FJAD-2010-101494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alzheimer.ca/en/Home/About-dementia/Alzheimer-s-disease/Risk-factors/Aluminum">"Aluminum and dementia: Is there a link?"</a>. Alzheimer Society Canada. 24 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221040250/https://alzheimer.ca/en/Home/About-dementia/Alzheimer-s-disease/Risk-factors/Aluminum">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aluminum+and+dementia%3A+Is+there+a+link%3F&rft.pub=Alzheimer+Society+Canada&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falzheimer.ca%2Fen%2FHome%2FAbout-dementia%2FAlzheimer-s-disease%2FRisk-factors%2FAluminum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantibáñezBolumarGarcía2007" class="citation journal cs1">Santibáñez, Miguel; Bolumar, Francisco; García, Ana M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078415">"Occupational risk factors in Alzheimer's disease: a review assessing the quality of published epidemiological studies"</a>. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 64 (11): 723–732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.2006.028209">10.1136/oem.2006.028209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0711">1351-0711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078415">2078415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17525096">17525096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Occupational+risk+factors+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+a+review+assessing+the+quality+of+published+epidemiological+studies&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=723-732&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2078415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1351-0711&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17525096&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.2006.028209&rft.aulast=Santib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft.au=Bolumar%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Ana+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2078415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarbre2006" class="citation journal cs1">Darbre, P.D. (2006). "Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 26 (3): 191–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjat.1135">10.1002/jat.1135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489580">16489580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26291680">26291680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Metalloestrogens%3A+an+emerging+class+of+inorganic+xenoestrogens+with+potential+to+add+to+the+oestrogenic+burden+of+the+human+breast&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=191-197&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26291680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16489580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjat.1135&rft.aulast=Darbre&rft.aufirst=P.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks,_W.A.Kastin1989" class="citation journal cs1">Banks, W.A.; Kastin, A.J. (1989). "Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood–brain barrier". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 13 (1): 47–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0149-7634%2889%2980051-X">10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2671833">2671833</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46507895">46507895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosci+Biobehav+Rev&rft.atitle=Aluminum-induced+neurotoxicity%3A+alterations+in+membrane+function+at+the+blood%E2%80%93brain+barrier&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46507895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2671833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0149-7634%2889%2980051-X&rft.au=Banks%2C+W.A.&rft.au=Kastin%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BinghamCohrssen2012-203"><a href="#cite_ref-BinghamCohrssen2012_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinghamCohrssen2012" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Eula; Cohrssen, Barbara (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mk3lFVtBSQC&pg=PA244">Patty's Toxicology, 6 Volume Set</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41081-3"><bdi>978-0-470-41081-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220172223/https://books.google.com/books?id=1mk3lFVtBSQC&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patty%27s+Toxicology%2C+6+Volume+Set&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-41081-3&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Eula&rft.au=Cohrssen%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mk3lFVtBSQC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allergy-symptoms.org/aluminum-allergy/">"Aluminum Allergy Symptoms and Diagnosis"</a>. Allergy-symptoms.org. 20 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152243/https://allergy-symptoms.org/aluminum-allergy/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allergy-symptoms.org&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Allergy+Symptoms+and+Diagnosis&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallergy-symptoms.org%2Faluminum-allergy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-MasalkhiWalton1994" class="citation journal cs1">al-Masalkhi, A.; Walton, S.P. (1994). "Pulmonary fibrosis and occupational exposure to aluminum". The Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association. 92 (2): 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-0294">0023-0294</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8163901">8163901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Kentucky+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+fibrosis+and+occupational+exposure+to+aluminum&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-61&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8163901&rft.issn=0023-0294&rft.aulast=al-Masalkhi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Walton%2C+S.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0022.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Aluminum"</a>. www.cdc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530203735/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Aluminum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0023.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Aluminum (pyro powders and welding fumes, as Al)"</a>. www.cdc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530205127/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0023.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Aluminum+%28pyro+powders+and+welding+fumes%2C+as+Al%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yokel2008-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Yokel2008_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYokel_R.A.Hicks_C.L.Florence_R.L.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yokel R.A.; Hicks C.L.; Florence R.L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2449821">"Aluminum bioavailability from basic sodium aluminum phosphate, an approved food additive emulsifying agent, incorporated in cheese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Chemical_Toxicology" title="Food and Chemical Toxicology">Food and Chemical Toxicology</a>. 46 (6): 2261–2266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fct.2008.03.004">10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2449821">2449821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436363">18436363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Chemical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Aluminum+bioavailability+from+basic+sodium+aluminum+phosphate%2C+an+approved+food+additive+emulsifying+agent%2C+incorporated+in+cheese&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2261-2266&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2449821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18436363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fct.2008.03.004&rft.au=Yokel+R.A.&rft.au=Hicks+C.L.&rft.au=Florence+R.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2449821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services1999" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcmt.org/tp22.pdf">Toxicological profile for aluminum</a> (PDF) (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509192819/http://abcmt.org/tp22.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Toxicological+profile+for+aluminum&rft.date=1999&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcmt.org%2Ftp22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-enviroliteracy-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enviroliteracy_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enviroliteracy_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enviroliteracy_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enviroliteracy_210-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027112722/https://enviroliteracy.org/special-features/its-element-ary/aluminum/">"Aluminum"</a>. The Environmental Literacy Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enviroliteracy.org/special-features/its-element-ary/aluminum/">the original</a> on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Environmental+Literacy+Council&rft.atitle=Aluminum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenviroliteracy.org%2Fspecial-features%2Fits-element-ary%2Faluminum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChenThyssen2018-211"><a href="#cite_ref-ChenThyssen2018_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenThyssen2018" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Jennifer K.; Thyssen, Jacob P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKlVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333">Metal Allergy: From Dermatitis to Implant and Device Failure</a>. Springer. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58503-1"><bdi>978-3-319-58503-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226141303/https://books.google.com/books?id=hKlVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metal+Allergy%3A+From+Dermatitis+to+Implant+and+Device+Failure&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-58503-1&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Thyssen%2C+Jacob+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKlVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlanina,_P.FrenchEkströmLööf1986" class="citation journal cs1">Slanina, P.; French, W.; Ekström, L.G.; Lööf, L.; Slorach, S.; Cedergren, A. (1986). "Dietary citric acid enhances absorption of aluminum in antacids". Clinical Chemistry. 32 (3): 539–541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F32.3.539">10.1093/clinchem/32.3.539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3948402">3948402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Dietary+citric+acid+enhances+absorption+of+aluminum+in+antacids&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-541&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F32.3.539&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3948402&rft.au=Slanina%2C+P.&rft.au=French%2C+W.&rft.au=Ekstr%C3%B6m%2C+L.G.&rft.au=L%C3%B6%C3%B6f%2C+L.&rft.au=Slorach%2C+S.&rft.au=Cedergren%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_GinkelVan_Der_VoetD'haeseDe_Broe1993" class="citation journal cs1">Van Ginkel, M.F.; Van Der Voet, G.B.; D'haese, P.C.; De Broe, M.E.; De Wolff, F.A. (1993). "Effect of citric acid and maltol on the accumulation of aluminum in rat brain and bone". The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 121 (3): 453–460. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8445293">8445293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Laboratory+and+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effect+of+citric+acid+and+maltol+on+the+accumulation+of+aluminum+in+rat+brain+and+bone&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-460&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8445293&rft.aulast=Van+Ginkel&rft.aufirst=M.F.&rft.au=Van+Der+Voet%2C+G.B.&rft.au=D%27haese%2C+P.C.&rft.au=De+Broe%2C+M.E.&rft.au=De+Wolff%2C+F.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toxicity-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toxicity_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toxicity_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831154809/http://www.arltma.com/Articles/AlumToxDoc.htm">"ARL: Aluminum Toxicity"</a>. www.arltma.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arltma.com/Articles/AlumToxDoc.htm">the original</a> on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arltma.com&rft.atitle=ARL%3A+Aluminum+Toxicity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arltma.com%2FArticles%2FAlumToxDoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=164929">Aluminum Toxicity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203055539/http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=164929">Archived</a> 3 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/NYU_Langone_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Langone Medical Center">NYU Langone Medical Center</a>. Last reviewed November 2012 by Igor Puzanov, MD </li> <li id="cite_note-RosselandEldhuset1990-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RosselandEldhuset1990_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RosselandEldhuset1990_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RosselandEldhuset1990_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosselandEldhusetStaurnes1990" class="citation journal cs1">Rosseland, B.O.; Eldhuset, T.D.; Staurnes, M. (1990). "Environmental effects of aluminium". Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 12 (1–2): 17–27. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990EnvGH..12...17R">1990EnvGH..12...17R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01734045">10.1007/BF01734045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-4042">0269-4042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24202562">24202562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23714684">23714684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Geochemistry+and+Health&rft.atitle=Environmental+effects+of+aluminium&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23714684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990EnvGH..12...17R&rft.issn=0269-4042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01734045&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24202562&rft.aulast=Rosseland&rft.aufirst=B.O.&rft.au=Eldhuset%2C+T.D.&rft.au=Staurnes%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerSchofield1982" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Joan P.; Schofield, Carl L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02419419">"Aluminum toxicity to fish in acidic waters"</a>. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 18 (1–3): 289–309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982WASP...18..289B">1982WASP...18..289B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02419419">10.1007/BF02419419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-6979">0049-6979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98363768">98363768</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060738/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02419419">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+and+Soil+Pollution&rft.atitle=Aluminum+toxicity+to+fish+in+acidic+waters&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=289-309&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02419419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98363768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0049-6979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982WASP...18..289B&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Joan+P.&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Carl+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF02419419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelmonte_PereiraAimed_TabaldiFabbrin_GonçalvesJucoski2006" class="citation journal cs1">Belmonte Pereira, Luciane; Aimed Tabaldi, Luciane; Fabbrin Gonçalves, Jamile; Jucoski, Gladis Oliveira; Pauletto, Mareni Maria; Nardin Weis, Simone; Texeira Nicoloso, Fernando; Brother, Denise; Batista Teixeira Rocha, João; Chitolina Schetinger, Maria Rosa Chitolina (2006). "Effect of aluminum on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and the development of cucumber (Cucumis sativus)". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 57 (1–2): 106–115. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EnvEB..57..106P">2006EnvEB..57..106P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envexpbot.2005.05.004">10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.05.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+and+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Effect+of+aluminum+on+%CE%B4-aminolevulinic+acid+dehydratase+%28ALA-D%29+and+the+development+of+cucumber+%28Cucumis+sativus%29&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=106-115&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envexpbot.2005.05.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006EnvEB..57..106P&rft.aulast=Belmonte+Pereira&rft.aufirst=Luciane&rft.au=Aimed+Tabaldi%2C+Luciane&rft.au=Fabbrin+Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Jamile&rft.au=Jucoski%2C+Gladis+Oliveira&rft.au=Pauletto%2C+Mareni+Maria&rft.au=Nardin+Weis%2C+Simone&rft.au=Texeira+Nicoloso%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Brother%2C+Denise&rft.au=Batista+Teixeira+Rocha%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Chitolina+Schetinger%2C+Maria+Rosa+Chitolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Andersson, Maud (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00279487">"Toxicity and tolerance of aluminium in vascular plants"</a>. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 39 (3–4): 439–462. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988WASP...39..439A">1988WASP...39..439A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00279487">10.1007/BF00279487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82896081">82896081</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228160931/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00279487">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+%26+Soil+Pollution&rft.atitle=Toxicity+and+tolerance+of+aluminium+in+vascular+plants&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=439-462&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82896081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00279487&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988WASP...39..439A&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Maud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF00279487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorst1995" class="citation journal cs1">Horst, Walter J. (1995). "The role of the apoplast in aluminium toxicity and resistance of higher plants: A review". Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde. 158 (5): 419–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjpln.19951580503">10.1002/jpln.19951580503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Pflanzenern%C3%A4hrung+und+Bodenkunde&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+apoplast+in+aluminium+toxicity+and+resistance+of+higher+plants%3A+A+review&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=419-428&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjpln.19951580503&rft.aulast=Horst&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaRyanDelhaize2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Jian Feng; Ryan, P.R.; Delhaize, E. (2001). "Aluminium tolerance in plants and the complexing role of organic acids". Trends in Plant Science. 6 (6): 273–278. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001TPS.....6..273M">2001TPS.....6..273M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1360-1385%2801%2901961-6">10.1016/S1360-1385(01)01961-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11378470">11378470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Aluminium+tolerance+in+plants+and+the+complexing+role+of+organic+acids&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=273-278&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11378470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1360-1385%2801%2901961-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001TPS.....6..273M&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Jian+Feng&rft.au=Ryan%2C+P.R.&rft.au=Delhaize%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagalhaes,_J.V.GarvinWangSorrells2004" class="citation journal cs1">Magalhaes, J.V.; Garvin, D.F.; Wang, Y.; Sorrells, M.E.; Klein, P.E.; Schaffert, R.E.; Li, L.; Kochian, L.V. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1471010">"Comparative Mapping of a Major Aluminum Tolerance Gene in Sorghum and Other Species in the Poaceae"</a>. Genetics. 167 (4): 1905–1914. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.103.023580">10.1534/genetics.103.023580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1471010">1471010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15342528">15342528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Comparative+Mapping+of+a+Major+Aluminum+Tolerance+Gene+in+Sorghum+and+Other+Species+in+the+Poaceae&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1905-1914&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1471010%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15342528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.103.023580&rft.au=Magalhaes%2C+J.V.&rft.au=Garvin%2C+D.F.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Sorrells%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Klein%2C+P.E.&rft.au=Schaffert%2C+R.E.&rft.au=Li%2C+L.&rft.au=Kochian%2C+L.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1471010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225051128/http://www.duncanaviation.aero/intelligence/201102/fuel_starvation_system_contamination.php">"Fuel System Contamination & Starvation"</a>. Duncan Aviation. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duncanaviation.aero/intelligence/201102/fuel_starvation_system_contamination.php">the original</a> on 25 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fuel+System+Contamination+%26+Starvation&rft.pub=Duncan+Aviation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duncanaviation.aero%2Fintelligence%2F201102%2Ffuel_starvation_system_contamination.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeroFerreiraMartínezJesús_Martínez2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Romero, Elvira; Ferreira, Patricia; Martínez, Ángel T.; Jesús Martínez, María (April 2009). "New oxidase from Bjerkandera arthroconidial anamorph that oxidizes both phenolic and nonphenolic benzyl alcohols". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. Proteins and Proteomics 1794 (4): 689–697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbapap.2008.11.013">10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.11.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19110079">19110079</a>. <q>A Geotrichum-type arthroconidial fungus was isolated by the authors from a deteriorated compact disc found in Belize (Central America)....In the present paper, we report the purification and characterization of an H2O2-generating extracellular oxidase produced by this fungus, which shares catalytic properties with both P. eryngii AAO and P. simplicissimum VAO.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Proteins+and+Proteomics&rft.atitle=New+oxidase+from+Bjerkandera+arthroconidial+anamorph+that+oxidizes+both+phenolic+and+nonphenolic+benzyl+alcohols&rft.volume=Proteins+and+Proteomics+1794&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=689-697&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbapap.2008.11.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19110079&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Elvira&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+%C3%81ngel+T.&rft.au=Jes%C3%BAs+Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> See also the abstract of <a href="#CITEREFRomeroSperanzaGarcía-GuineaMartínez2007">Romero et al. 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosch,_Xavier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bosch, Xavier (27 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010627/full/news010628-11.html">"Fungus eats CD"</a>. Nature: news010628–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews010628-11">10.1038/news010628-11</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231163222/http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010627/full/news010628-11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Fungus+eats+CD&rft.pages=news010628-11&rft.date=2001-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews010628-11&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2F010627%2Ffull%2Fnews010628-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-GuineaCárdenesMartínezJesús_Martínez2001" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia-Guinea, Javier; Cárdenes, Victor; Martínez, Angel T.; Jesús Martínez, Maria (2001). "Fungal bioturbation paths in a compact disk". Short Communication. Naturwissenschaften. 88 (8): 351–354. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NW.....88..351G">2001NW.....88..351G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001140100249">10.1007/s001140100249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11572018">11572018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7599290">7599290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Fungal+bioturbation+paths+in+a+compact+disk&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=351-354&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001140100249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7599290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11572018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001NW.....88..351G&rft.aulast=Garcia-Guinea&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=C%C3%A1rdenes%2C+Victor&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Angel+T.&rft.au=Jes%C3%BAs+Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeroSperanzaGarcía-GuineaMartínez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Romero, Elvira; Speranza, Mariela; García-Guinea, Javier; Martínez, Ángel T.; Jesús Martínez, María (8 August 2007). Prior, Bernard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2007.00876.x">"An anamorph of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta capable of colonizing and degrading compact disc components"</a>. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 275 (1). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: 122–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2007.00876.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00876.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F47650">10261/47650</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17854471">17854471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiol+Lett&rft.atitle=An+anamorph+of+the+white-rot+fungus+Bjerkandera+adusta+capable+of+colonizing+and+degrading+compact+disc+components&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-129&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F47650&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17854471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2007.00876.x&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Elvira&rft.au=Speranza%2C+Mariela&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Guinea%2C+Javier&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+%C3%81ngel+T.&rft.au=Jes%C3%BAs+Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1574-6968.2007.00876.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan,_J.E.Nelson,_JanTan,_Y.L." class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, J.E.; Nelson, Jan; Tan, Y.L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html">"Studies on the "Kerosene Fungus" Cladosporium resinae (Lindau) De Vries: Part I. The Problem of Microbial Contamination of Aviation Fuels"</a>. Tuatara. 19 (1): 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213140543/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tuatara&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+%22Kerosene+Fungus%22+Cladosporium+resinae+%28Lindau%29+De+Vries%3A+Part+I.+The+Problem+of+Microbial+Contamination+of+Aviation+Fuels&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+J.E.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Jan&rft.au=Tan%2C+Y.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, J. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEeiQEeLOmYC">Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys</a>. ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-238-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-238-9"><bdi>978-1-61503-238-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corrosion+of+Aluminum+and+Aluminum+Alloys&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-61503-238-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEeiQEeLOmYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1999" class="citation book cs1">Dean, J. A. (1999). Lange's handbook of chemistry (15 ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016384-3"><bdi>978-0-07-016384-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40213725">40213725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lange%27s+handbook+of+chemistry&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40213725&rft.isbn=978-0-07-016384-3&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrozdov2007" class="citation book cs1">Drozdov, A. (2007). <a href="/wiki/Aluminium:_The_Thirteenth_Element" title="Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element">Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element</a>. <a href="/wiki/RUSAL" class="mw-redirect" title="RUSAL">RUSAL</a> Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91523-002-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91523-002-5"><bdi>978-5-91523-002-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aluminium%3A+The+Thirteenth+Element&rft.pub=RUSAL+Library&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-5-91523-002-5&rft.aulast=Drozdov&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, N. N.</a>; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1995" class="citation book cs1">King, R. B. (1995). Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18602-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18602-1"><bdi>978-0-471-18602-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry+of+Main+Group+Elements&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-471-18602-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2004" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (84 ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0566-5"><bdi>978-0-8493-0566-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=84&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0566-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNappi2013" class="citation report cs1">Nappi, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/mclaughlin1/docs/nappi.pdf">The global aluminium industry 40 years from 1972</a> (PDF) (Report). International Aluminium Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/mclaughlin1/docs/nappi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+global+aluminium+industry+40+years+from+1972&rft.pub=International+Aluminium+Institute&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nappi&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2016%2Fph240%2Fmclaughlin1%2Fdocs%2Fnappi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1896" class="citation book cs1">Richards, J. W. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924003633751/cu31924003633751_djvu.txt">Aluminium: Its history, occurrence, properties, metallurgy and applications, including its alloys</a> (3 ed.). Henry Carey Baird & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aluminium%3A+Its+history%2C+occurrence%2C+properties%2C+metallurgy+and+applications%2C+including+its+alloys&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Henry+Carey+Baird+%26+Co.&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924003633751%2Fcu31924003633751_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvT2OEf8DskC">Handbook of Aluminium Recycling</a>. Vulkan-Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8027-2936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8027-2936-2"><bdi>978-3-8027-2936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Aluminium+Recycling&rft.pub=Vulkan-Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8027-2936-2&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvT2OEf8DskC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Mimi Sheller, Aluminum Dream: The Making of Light Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Aluminium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aluminium" class="extiw" title="wikt:aluminium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" class="extiw" title="c:Aluminium">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aluminium" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aluminium">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Chemicals/Aluminums" class="extiw" title="v:Chemicals/Aluminums">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/013.htm">Aluminium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp22.pdf">Toxicological Profile for Aluminum</a> (PDF) (September 2008) – 357-page report from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>, Public Health Service, <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0022.html">Aluminum</a> entry (last reviewed 30 October 2019) in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards published by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=aluminum&months=300">Current and historical prices</a> (1998–present) for aluminum <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures</a> on the global <a href="/wiki/Commodities_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities market">commodities market</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.38661">Aluminum</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aluminium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aluminium_compounds" title="Template:Aluminium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aluminium_compounds" title="Template talk:Aluminium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aluminium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aluminium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aluminium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_compounds" title="Aluminium compounds">Aluminium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Al(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monobromide" title="Aluminium monobromide">AlBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">AlCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">AlF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monoiodide" title="Aluminium monoiodide">AlI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide" title="Aluminium(I) oxide">Al2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monohydroxide" title="Aluminium monohydroxide">AlOH</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoaluminium(I)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoaluminium">Organoaluminium</a>(I) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I)" title="(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I)">Al(C5(CH3)5)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Al(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_diboride" title="Aluminium diboride">AlB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_dodecaboride" title="Aluminium dodecaboride">AlB12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">AlO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Al(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">AlAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_borohydride" title="Aluminium borohydride">Al(BH4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bromide" title="Aluminium bromide">AlBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_cyanide" title="Aluminium cyanide">Al(CN)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">AlCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloroaluminate" title="Sodium tetrachloroaluminate">NaAlCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_fluoride" title="Aluminium fluoride">AlF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">AlH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_iodide" title="Aluminium iodide">AlI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitride" title="Aluminium nitride">AlN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitrate" title="Aluminium nitrate">Al(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_carbonate" title="Aluminium carbonate">Al2(CO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Al(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monoacetate" title="Aluminium monoacetate">Al(OH)2OAc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_diacetate" title="Aluminium diacetate">Al(OH)(OAc)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_triacetate" title="Aluminium triacetate">Al(OAc)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfacetate" title="Aluminium sulfacetate">Al2SO4(OAc)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">AlP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphate" title="Aluminium phosphate">AlPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_antimonide" title="Aluminium antimonide">AlSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_acetylacetonate" title="Aluminium acetylacetonate"> Al(C5H7O2)3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_permanganate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium permanganate (page does not exist)">Al(MnO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_molybdate" title="Aluminium molybdate">Al2(MoO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide" title="Aluminium sulfide">Al2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">Al2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_selenide" title="Aluminium selenide">Al2Se3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_telluride" title="Aluminium telluride">Al2Te3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">Al2SiO5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenate" title="Aluminium arsenate">AlAsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_carbide" title="Aluminium carbide">Al4C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide_oxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide oxide">AlOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monostearate" title="Aluminium monostearate">Al(OH)2CO2C17H5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride">NaAlH2(OC2H4OCH3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride (page does not exist)">LiAlH2(OC2H4OCH3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_aluminium_borate" title="Potassium aluminium borate">K2Al2B2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluoroaluminate" title="Potassium hexafluoroaluminate">K3AlF6</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">Alums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium aluminium sulfate">(NH4)Al(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">KAl(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium aluminium sulfate">NaAl(SO4)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organoaluminium(III) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_lactate" title="Aluminium lactate">Al(C3H5O3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_laurate" title="Aluminium laurate">C 36H 69AlO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylaluminium" title="Trimethylaluminium">(Al(CH3)3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylaluminium" title="Triethylaluminium">(Al(C2H5)3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triisobutylaluminium" title="Triisobutylaluminium">Al(CH2CH(CH3)2)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylaluminium_chloride" title="Diethylaluminium chloride">Al(C2H5)2Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylaluminium_cyanide" title="Diethylaluminium cyanide">Al(C2H5)2CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutylaluminium_hydride" title="Diisobutylaluminium hydride">Al(CH2CH(CH3)2)2H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylaluminium_sesquichloride" title="Ethylaluminium sesquichloride">Al(C2H5)2Cl2C2H5Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebbe%27s_reagent" title="Tebbe's reagent">Ti(C5H5)2CH2ClAl(CH3)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aluminium_alloys" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aluminium_alloys" title="Template:Aluminium alloys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aluminium_alloys" title="Template talk:Aluminium alloys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aluminium_alloys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aluminium alloys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aluminium_alloys" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium alloys">Aluminium alloys</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum powder">Aluminum powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">Aluminium alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aluminium" title="History of aluminium">History of aluminium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Aluminium_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Aluminium alloys">Al</a> 1000 series (pure)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1050_aluminium_alloy" title="1050 aluminium alloy">1050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1060_aluminium_alloy" title="1060 aluminium alloy">1060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1070_aluminium_alloy" title="1070 aluminium alloy">1070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1100_aluminium_alloy" title="1100 aluminium alloy">1100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1145_aluminium_alloy" title="1145 aluminium alloy">1145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1199_aluminium_alloy" title="1199 aluminium alloy">1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200_aluminium_alloy" title="1200 aluminium alloy">1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1230_aluminium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="1230 aluminium alloy">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1350_aluminium_alloy" title="1350 aluminium alloy">1350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1370_aluminium_alloy" title="1370 aluminium alloy">1370</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1420_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1420 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1420</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1421_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1421 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1421</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1424_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1424 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1424</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1430_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1430 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1430</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1440_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1440 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1440</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1441_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1441 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1441</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1445_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1445 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1445</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1450_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1450 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1450</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1460_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1460 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1460</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1461_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1461 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1464_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1464 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1469_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1469 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">1469</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93copper_alloys" title="Aluminium–copper alloys">Al-Cu</a> 2000 series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_aluminium_alloy" title="2004 aluminium alloy">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_aluminium_alloy" title="2014 aluminium alloy">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_aluminium_alloy" title="2017 aluminium alloy">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_aluminium_alloy" title="2024 aluminium alloy">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2029_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2029 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2029</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2036_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2036 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2036</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2048_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2048 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2048</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2055_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2055 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2080_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2080 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2080</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2090_aluminium_alloy" title="2090 aluminium alloy">2090</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2091_aluminium_alloy" title="2091 aluminium alloy">2091</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2094_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2094 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2094</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2095_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2095 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2095</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2097_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2097 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2097</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2098_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2098 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2099_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2099 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2099</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2124_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2124 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2195_aluminium_alloy" title="2195 aluminium alloy">2195</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2196_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2196 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2196</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2197_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2197 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2197</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2198_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2198 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2218_aluminium_alloy" title="2218 aluminium alloy">2218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy" title="2219 aluminium alloy">2219</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2224%262324_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2224&2324 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2224&2324</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2297_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2297 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2319_aluminium_alloy" title="2319 aluminium alloy">2319</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2397_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2397 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2519_aluminium_alloy" title="2519 aluminium alloy">2519</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2524_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2524 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">2524</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2618_aluminium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="2618 aluminium alloy">2618</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93manganese_alloys" title="Aluminium–manganese alloys">Al-Mn</a> 3000 series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3003_aluminium_alloy" title="3003 aluminium alloy">3003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3004_aluminium_alloy" title="3004 aluminium alloy">3004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3005_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3005 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">3005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3102_aluminium_alloy" title="3102 aluminium alloy">3102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3103%263303_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3103&3303 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">3102&3303</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3105_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3105 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">3105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3203_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3203 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">3203</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93silicon_alloys" title="Aluminium–silicon alloys">Al-Si</a> 4000 series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4006_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4006 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">4006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4007_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4007 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">4007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4015_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4015 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">4015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4032_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4032 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">4032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4043_aluminium_alloy" title="4043 aluminium alloy">4043</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4047_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4047 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">4047</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4543_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4543 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">4543</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93magnesium_alloys" title="Aluminium–magnesium alloys">Al-Mg</a> 5000 series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5005_aluminium_alloy" title="5005 aluminium alloy">5005&5657</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5010_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5010 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5019_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5019 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5024_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5024 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5026_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5026 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5026</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5050_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5050 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5052_aluminium_alloy" title="5052 aluminium alloy">5052&5652</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5056_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5056 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5059_aluminium_alloy" title="5059 aluminium alloy">5059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5083_aluminium_alloy" title="5083 aluminium alloy">5083</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5086_aluminium_alloy" title="5086 aluminium alloy">5086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5154_aluminium_alloy" title="5154 aluminium alloy">5154&5254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5182_aluminium_alloy" title="5182 aluminium alloy">5182</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5252_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5252 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5356_aluminium_alloy" title="5356 aluminium alloy">5356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5454_aluminium_alloy" title="5454 aluminium alloy">5454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5456_aluminium_alloy" title="5456 aluminium alloy">5456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5457_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5457 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5457</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5557_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5557 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">5557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5754_aluminium_alloy" title="5754 aluminium alloy">5754</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93magnesium%E2%80%93silicon_alloys" title="Aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys">Al-Mg-Si</a> 6000 series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6005_aluminium_alloy" title="6005 aluminium alloy">6005</a> (<a href="/wiki/6005A_aluminium_alloy" title="6005A aluminium alloy">6005A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6009_aluminium_alloy" title="6009 aluminium alloy">6009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6010_aluminium_alloy" title="6010 aluminium alloy">6010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6013_aluminium_alloy" title="6013 aluminium alloy">6013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6022_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6022 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6060_aluminium_alloy" title="6060 aluminium alloy">6060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloy" title="6061 aluminium alloy">6061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6063_aluminium_alloy" title="6063 aluminium alloy">6063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6065_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6065 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6065</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6066_aluminium_alloy" title="6066 aluminium alloy">6066</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6070_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6070 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6070</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6081_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6081 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6082_aluminium_alloy" title="6082 aluminium alloy">6082</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6101_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6101 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6105_aluminium_alloy" title="6105 aluminium alloy">6105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6113_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6113 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6151_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6151 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6162_aluminium_alloy" title="6162 aluminium alloy">6162</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6201_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6201 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6205_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6205 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6262_aluminium_alloy" title="6262 aluminium alloy">6262</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6351_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6351 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6463_aluminium_alloy" title="6463 aluminium alloy">6463</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6951_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6951 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6951</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93zinc_alloys" title="Aluminium–zinc alloys">Al-Zn</a> 7000 series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7005_aluminium_alloy" title="7005 aluminium alloy">7005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7010_aluminium_alloy" title="7010 aluminium alloy">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7022_aluminium_alloy" title="7022 aluminium alloy">7022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7034_aluminium_alloy" title="7034 aluminium alloy">7034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7039_aluminium_alloy" title="7039 aluminium alloy">7039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7049_aluminium_alloy" title="7049 aluminium alloy">7046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7050_aluminium_alloy" title="7050 aluminium alloy">7050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7055_aluminium_alloy" title="7055 aluminium alloy">7055</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7065_aluminium_alloy" title="7065 aluminium alloy">7065</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7068_aluminium_alloy" title="7068 aluminium alloy">7068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7072_aluminium_alloy" title="7072 aluminium alloy">7072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7075_aluminium_alloy" title="7075 aluminium alloy">7075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7079_aluminium_alloy" title="7079 aluminium alloy">7079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7085_aluminium_alloy" title="7085 aluminium alloy">7085</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7090_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7090 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">7090</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7091_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7091 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">7091</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7093_aluminium_alloy" title="7093 aluminium alloy">7093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7116_aluminium_alloy" title="7116 aluminium alloy">7116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7129_aluminium_alloy" title="7129 aluminium alloy">7129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7150_aluminium_alloy" title="7150 aluminium alloy">7150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7178_aluminium_alloy" title="7178 aluminium alloy">7178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7255_aluminium_alloy" title="7255 aluminium alloy">7255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7475_aluminium_alloy" title="7475 aluminium alloy">7475</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_8000_alloys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium 8000 alloys (page does not exist)">8000 series</a> (misc.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8006_aluminium_alloy" title="8006 aluminium alloy">8006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8009_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8009 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">8009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8011_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8011 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">8011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8014_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8014 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">8014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8019_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8019 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">8019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8025_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8025 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">8025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8030_aluminium_alloy" title="8030 aluminium alloy">8030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8090_aluminium_alloy" title="8090 aluminium alloy">8090</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8091_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8091 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">8091</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8093_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8093 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8176_aluminium_alloy" title="8176 aluminium alloy">8176</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named alloys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93lithium_alloys" title="Aluminium–lithium alloys">Aluminium–lithium alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlBeMet" class="mw-redirect" title="AlBeMet">AlBeMet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclad" title="Alclad">Alclad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alnico" title="Alnico">Alnico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlSiC" title="AlSiC">AlSiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumel" title="Alumel">Alumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_granules" title="Aluminium granules">Aluminium granules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alusil" title="Alusil">Alusil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmabright" title="Birmabright">Birmabright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devarda%27s_alloy" title="Devarda's alloy">Devarda's alloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duralumin" title="Duralumin">Duralumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiduminium" title="Hiduminium">Hiduminium</a> (aka R.R. alloys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronalium" title="Hydronalium">Hydronalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italma" title="Italma">Italma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Ex" title="Lo-Ex">Lo-Ex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnalium" title="Magnalium">Magnalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox_(alloy)" title="Magnox (alloy)">Magnox (alloy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKM_steel" title="MKM steel">MKM steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_aluminide" title="Nickel aluminide">Nickel aluminide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93scandium_alloys" title="Aluminium–scandium alloys">Aluminium–scandium alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_alloy" title="Y alloy">Y alloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ca_composite" title="Al-Ca composite">Al-Ca composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypereutectic_piston" title="Hypereutectic piston">Hypereutectic piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bronze" title="Aluminium bronze">Aluminium bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlSi10Mg" title="AlSi10Mg">AlSi10Mg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001573-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003956">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976300k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976300k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560358">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120753&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294750205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637694">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&oldid=1258469871">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&oldid=1258469871</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aluminium_alloys" title="Category:Aluminium alloys">Aluminium alloys</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aluminium" title="Category:Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Post-transition_metals" title="Category:Post-transition metals">Post-transition metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rocket_fuels" title="Category:Rocket fuels">Rocket fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrical_conductors" title="Category:Electrical conductors">Electrical conductors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrotechnic_fuels" title="Category:Pyrotechnic fuels">Pyrotechnic fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airship_technology" title="Category:Airship technology">Airship technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reducing_agents" title="Category:Reducing agents">Reducing agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:E-number_additives" title="Category:E-number additives">E-number additives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_element_minerals" title="Category:Native element minerals">Native element minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_face-centered_cubic_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure">Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b5stz","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.721","walltime":"4.202","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40171,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":896388,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":47955,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":753187,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3660.387 1 -total"," 44.99% 1646.763 3 Template:Infobox"," 32.89% 1203.813 1 Template:Infobox_aluminium"," 32.75% 1198.929 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 32.58% 1192.685 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.34% 451.781 77 Template:Cite_book"," 11.41% 417.586 59 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.71% 318.861 73 Template:Sfn"," 8.07% 295.527 1 Template:Infobox_aluminium_isotopes"," 7.98% 292.066 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.058","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14432123,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._AndresenH.G._CordesJ._HerwigW._Kaminsky1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAasKlemetsenEinumSkurdal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmaregoChai2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaesMesmer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerSchofield1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanks,_W.A.Kastin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarthelmy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelmonte_PereiraAimed_TabaldiFabbrin_GonçalvesJucoski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerzelius1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerzelius1814\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinghamCohrssen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1806\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosch,_Xavier2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownIdoineRaycraftShaw2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardarelli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenHuangZhaoYan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenThyssen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaphamPower1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochranMapother1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnellyDamhus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrapper_MclachlanLukiwKruck1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutmore2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarbre2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavy1808\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavy1812\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelaméntherie1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodd1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohmeierLoosSchnöckel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolara2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowns1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDrozdov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunster2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastaughWalshChaplinSiddall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElschenbroich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnghag2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtlKnözingerWeitkamp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaniCostaOrna2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith,_ABullock,_SManias,_EHunt,_B1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia-GuineaCárdenesMartínezJesús_Martínez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerrans,_G.C.Hartmann-Petersen,_P.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraedel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregersen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilbertPark1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatch1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmboldt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorst1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudsonMisraPerrottaWefers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIAEA_–_Nuclear_Data_Section2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngulstad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKean2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotzTreichelTownsend2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLama2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindblad2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodders2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyleGrangerSanders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._WittH.W._Roesky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaRyanDelhaize2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacleod2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagalhaes,_J.V.GarvinWangSorrells2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrillDeutschKeenan1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortensen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNappi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Minerals_Information_Center2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmeO\u0026#039;Neill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPokorny1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmear1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPozzobonLevasseurDoPalpant2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuchta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinion2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomeroFerreiraMartínezJesús_Martínez2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomeroSperanzaGarcía-GuineaMartínez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoeSchorlemmer1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosselandEldhusetStaurnes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSainte-Claire_Deville1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantibáñezBolumarGarcía2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldes1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetton1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan,_J.E.Nelson,_JanTan,_Y.L.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlanina,_P.FrenchEkströmLööf1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlesser1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSupp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Ceramic_Society_of_Japan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorsheim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomljenovic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottenMackenzie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyte1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_GinkelVan_Der_VoetD\u0026#039;haeseDe_Broe1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenetski1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadeBanister2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster1828\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesdockArnold2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWöhler1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuMajidiMarkesberyEhmann1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYokel_R.A.Hicks_C.L.Florence_R.L.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1812\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYumotoKakimiOhsakiIshikawa2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-MasalkhiWalton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖrsted1825\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Aluminium alloys\"] = 1,\n [\"Aluminium compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Block indent\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"CIAAW2021\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"E\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 13,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 12,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox aluminium\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 10,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Overunderset\"] = 1,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 73,\n [\"SimpleNuclide\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 7,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","900","34.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","5.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","1.6"],["tostring","40","1.6"],["[others]","720","27.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gfg4b","timestamp":"20241122223156","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aluminium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aluminium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q663","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q663","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-28T19:54:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T22:34:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5d\/Aluminium-4.jpg","headline":"metallic chemical element of silvery appearance with symbol Al and atomic number 13"}</script> </body> </html>