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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Schools of preterist thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_preterist_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools of preterist thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_preterist_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partial_preterism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_preterism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Partial preterism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_preterism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_preterism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_preterism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Full preterism</span> 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4terismus" title="Präterismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präterismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterismo" title="Preterismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Preterismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9risme" title="Prétérisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prétérisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EA%B1%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="과거주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과거주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMfezokade" title="IMfezokade – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMfezokade" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterizmus" title="Preterizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Preterizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterisma" title="Preterisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Preterisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterisme" title="Preterisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Preterisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="過去主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="過去主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterismo" title="Preterismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Preterismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Preterism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Претеризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Претеризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism – Swedish" lang="sv" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contrasting beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of <i>Revelation</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">The Millennium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a> <ul><li>Prewrath rapture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posttribulation_rapture" title="Posttribulation rapture">Posttribulation rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biblical texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">(Events)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pseudepigrapha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_eschatology" title="Template talk:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Preterism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatological view</a> or belief that interprets some (partial preterism) or all (full preterism) <a href="/wiki/Bible_Prophecy_(Eschatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible Prophecy (Eschatology)">prophecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as events which have already been fulfilled in history. This school of thought interprets the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> as referring to events that happened from the seventh century BC until the first century AD, while seeing the prophecies of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, as well as Christ's predictions within the <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>, as events that happened in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">first century AD</a>. Preterism holds that <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Ancient Israel</a> finds its <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">continuation or fulfillment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">Christian church</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/330px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/440px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5068" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">AD 70 destruction of Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a> painting pictured) is seen by preterists as being allegorically portrayed in the Book of Revelation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>preterism</i> comes from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praeter</i></span>, which is a prefix denoting that something is <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">past</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">beyond</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adherents of preterism are known as <b>preterists</b>. Preterism teaches that either all (full preterism) or a majority (partial preterism) of the <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> had come to pass by AD 70. </p><p>Historically, preterists and non-preterists have generally agreed that the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_del_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Luis del Alcázar">Luis de Alcasar</a> (1554–1613) wrote the first systematic preterist exposition of prophecy <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Vestigatio arcani sensus in Apocalypsi</i></span>, published during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcazar_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alcazar_title_page.jpg/250px-Alcazar_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alcazar_title_page.jpg/330px-Alcazar_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alcazar_title_page.jpg/500px-Alcazar_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="5933" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/Luis_del_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Luis del Alcázar">Luis del Alcázar</a>'s <i>Vestigatio arcani sensus in Apocalypsi</i> (1614), the founding text of modern preterism.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Alcasar" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Alcasar">Luis de Alcasar</a> wrote a prominent preterist exposition of prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanish_Jesuit_Alcasar_1614_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Jesuit_Alcasar_1614-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Stuart" title="Moses Stuart">Moses Stuart</a> noted in 1845 that Alcasar's preterist interpretation advantaged the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> during its arguments with <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Protestants_page_464_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestants_page_464-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kenneth Newport in an eschatological commentary in 2000 described preterism as a Catholic defense against the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">historicist</a> view which identified the Roman Catholic Church as a <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">persecuting apostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newport_page_74_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newport_page_74-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to resistance from Protestant historicists, the preterist view was slow to gain acceptance outside the Roman Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among Protestants preterism was first accepted by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewport200074_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewport200074-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1583-1645), a Dutch Protestant eager to establish common ground between Protestants and the Roman Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first attempt to do this in his "Commentary on Certain Texts Which Deal with Antichrist" (1640) arguing that the texts relating to <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> had had their fulfillment in the 1st century AD. Protestants did not welcome these views<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Grotius remained undeterred and in his next work, "Commentaries On The New Testament" (1641–1650), he expanded his preterist views to include the <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. </p><p>Preterism continued to struggle to gain credibility within other Protestant communities, especially in England.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English commentator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayne" title="Thomas Hayne">Thomas Hayne</a> claimed in 1645 that the prophecies of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> had all been fulfilled by the 1st century,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)" title="Joseph Hall (bishop)">Joseph Hall</a> expressed the same conclusion concerning Daniel's prophecies in 1650,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but neither of them applied a preterist approach to Revelation. However, the exposition of Grotius convinced the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hammond" title="Henry Hammond">Henry Hammond</a> (1605-1660). Hammond sympathized with Grotius' desire for unity among Christians, and found his preterist exposition useful to this end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1655_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1655-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hammond wrote his own preterist exposition in 1653, borrowing extensively from Grotius. In his introduction to Revelation he claimed that others had independently arrived at similar conclusions as himself, though giving pride of place to Grotius.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hammond was Grotius' only notable Protestant convert, and despite his reputation and influence, Protestants overwhelmingly rejected Grotius' interpretation of Revelation, which gained no ground for at least 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady1983158_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady1983158-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1954510_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1954510-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 18th century preterist exposition had gradually become more widespread. In 1730 the Protestant and <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a>, Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Firmin Abauzit</a> wrote the first full preterist exposition, "Essai sur l'Apocalypse". Abauzit worked in the then independent <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Republic of Geneva</a> as a librarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of a growing development of more systematic preterist expositions of Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470,_417,_471–72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470,_417,_471–72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, though, it appears that Abauzit recanted this approach after a critical examination by his English translator, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Twells" title="Leonard Twells">Leonard Twells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest American full-preterist work, <i>The Second Advent of the Lord Jesus Christ: A Past Event</i>, was written in 1845 by Robert Townley. Townley later recanted this view.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_preterist_thought">Schools of preterist thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schools of preterist thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two principal schools of preterist thought are commonly called <i>partial preterism</i> and <i>full preterism</i>. Preterists disagree significantly about the exact meaning of the terms used to denote these divisions of preterist thought. </p><p>Some partial preterists prefer to call their position <i>orthodox preterism</i>, thus contrasting their agreement with the creeds of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Councils">Ecumenical Councils</a> with what they perceive to be the full preterists' rejection of the same.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in effect, makes full preterism unorthodox in the eyes of partial preterists and gives rise to the claim by some that full preterism is heretical. Partial preterism is also sometimes called <i>orthodox preterism</i>, <i>classical preterism</i> or <i>moderate preterism</i>. </p><p>On the other hand, some full preterists prefer to call their position "consistent preterism", reflecting their extension of preterism to <i>all</i> biblical prophecy and thus claiming an inconsistency in the partial preterist <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic">hermeneutic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESproul1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKDVlICMWGCoCpgPA155_155]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESproul1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKDVlICMWGCoCpgPA155_155]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sub-variants of preterism include a form of partial preterism which places fulfillment of some eschatological passages in the first three centuries of the current era, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">fall of Rome</a>. In addition, certain statements from classical <a href="/wiki/Theological_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological liberalism">theological liberalism</a> are easily mistaken for preterism, as they hold that the biblical record accurately reflects Jesus' and the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>' belief that all prophecy would be fulfilled within their generation. Theological liberalism generally regards these apocalyptic expectations as being errant or mistaken, however, so this view cannot accurately be considered a form of preterism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_preterism">Partial preterism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Partial preterism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partial preterism (often referred to as <i>orthodox preterism</i> or <i>classical preterism</i>) may hold that most eschatological prophecies, such as the destruction of Jerusalem, the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a>, and the advent of <a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Lord" title="The Day of the Lord">the Day of the Lord</a> as a "judgment-coming" of Christ, were fulfilled either in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">AD 70</a><sup id="cite_ref-PopEncyc_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEncyc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or during the persecution of Christians under the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIzzAFl2ONfACpgPA61_61]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECory2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIzzAFl2ONfACpgPA61_61]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrow1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSkOg-tEYbR4CpgPA86_86]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrow1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSkOg-tEYbR4CpgPA86_86]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some partial preterists may believe that the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a>, and the advent of <a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Lord" title="The Day of the Lord">the Day of the Lord</a> as a "judgment-coming" of Christ, were not historically fulfilled. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Denarius_of_Nero,_Rome_(MANTIS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Silver_Denarius_of_Nero%2C_Rome_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/220px-Silver_Denarius_of_Nero%2C_Rome_%28MANTIS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Silver_Denarius_of_Nero%2C_Rome_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/330px-Silver_Denarius_of_Nero%2C_Rome_%28MANTIS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Silver_Denarius_of_Nero%2C_Rome_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/440px-Silver_Denarius_of_Nero%2C_Rome_%28MANTIS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Head of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> on a silver <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a>: [<i>The beast</i>]<i> also forced all people, great and small, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hands or on their foreheads, so that they could not buy or sell unless they had the mark, which is the name of the beast or the number of its name.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Some partial preterists identify "<a href="/wiki/Babylon_(New_Testament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylon (New Testament)">Babylon the Great</a>" (Revelation 17–18) with the pagan <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, though some, such as <a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Akin" title="Jimmy Akin">Jimmy Akin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Chilton" title="David Chilton">David Chilton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gentry" title="Kenneth Gentry">Kenneth Gentry</a> identify it with the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PopEncyc_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEncyc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most interpretations identify <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(preterism)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beast (preterism)">Nero as the Beast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cory,_61_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cory,_61-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrow199786_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrow199786-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-just_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-just-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">his mark</a> is often interpreted as the stamped image of the emperor's head on every coin of the Roman Empire: the stamp on the hand or in the mind of all, without which no one could buy or sell.<sup id="cite_ref-spilsbury2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spilsbury2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another partial preterist view regards first and second century events as recurrent patterns with Nero and Bar Kochba presented as archetypes. There is evidence that the epithet of <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba">Bar Kochba</a> is a play on the Hebrew <i>Shema</i> with the value equating to the gematria value of 666. The pun on his patronymic equates to the variant reading 616.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others believe the Book of Revelation was written after Nero's suicide in AD 68, and identify the <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a> with another emperor. The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> states that Revelation was "written during the latter part of the reign of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, probably in AD 95 or 96".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Protestant scholars agree.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgment">Final Judgment</a> however, have not yet occurred in the partial preterist system.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_preterism">Full preterism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Full preterism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full preterism differs from partial preterism in that full preterists believe that the destruction of Jerusalem fulfilled <i>all</i> eschatological or "end times" events, including the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> and Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, or <i>Parousia</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgment">Final Judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other names of full preterism include: </p> <ul><li><i>preterism</i> (because the term itself means "past")</li> <li><i>consistent preterism</i></li> <li><i>true preterism</i></li> <li><i>hyper-preterism</i> (a pejorative term used by opponents of preterists)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantelism" title="Pantelism">pantelism</a></i>. (The term "pantelism" comes from two Greek roots: παν (<i>pan</i>), "everything", and τελ- (<i>tel-</i>), referring to completion).</li> <li><i>Covenant Eschatology</i></li> <li><i>Fulfilled Eschatology</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Full preterists argue that a literal reading of Matthew 16:28 (where Jesus tells the disciples that some of them will not taste death until they see him coming in his kingdom)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> places the second coming in the first century. This precludes a physical second coming of Christ. Instead, the second coming is symbolic of a "judgment" against Jerusalem, said to have taken place with the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in AD 70.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, those who oppose the notion also call full preterism "the AD 70 doctrine", since the whole eschatology is hinged on this one event.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul" title="R. C. Sproul">R. C. Sproul</a> said of full preterist <a href="/wiki/Max_R._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Max R. King">Max R. King</a>, "for this schema to work, the traditional idea of resurrection must be replaced with a metaphorical idea of resurrection".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detractors of full preterism often refer to the school as <i>hyper-preterism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years full preterism has divided into sub-groups. An important offshoot that differs markedly from the theology of Max King is the Individual Body View (IBV) of full preterism. The term refers to a belief in a rapture of individuals that occurred in AD 66 (or AD 70), an event that first involved an experiential change into spiritual bodies. This is counter to the Max King variant of full preterism, the Corporate Body View (CBV), which Edward E. Stevens, debating against that view, defines as "a spiritual-only change of status for a collective body, and that it had absolutely nothing to do with the resurrection of individual disembodied souls out of Hades to receive their new immortal bodies and go to heaven where their fellowship with God was eternally restored."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_positions">Related positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pauline Eschatology</li> <li>Israel Onlyism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_within_Christian_thought">Influences within Christian thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influences within Christian thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Preterism" title="Talk:Preterism">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Partial preterism is generally considered to be a historic orthodox interpretation as it affirms all eschatological points of the ecumenical Creeds of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_2007_114_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland_2007_114-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderberg_2008_174_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderberg_2008_174-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sproul_1998_156_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sproul_1998_156-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, partial preterism is not the majority view among American <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a> founded after 1500 and meets with significant vocal opposition, especially by those denominations which espouse <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_2007_114_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland_2007_114-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sproul_1998_156_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sproul_1998_156-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, dispensationalists are concerned that partial preterism logically leads to an acceptance of full preterism, a concern which is denied by partial preterists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2007117_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2007117-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full preterism is sometimes viewed as heretical,<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_2007_114_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland_2007_114-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderberg_2008_174_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderberg_2008_174-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sproul_1998_156_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sproul_1998_156-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based upon the historic creeds of the church (which would exclude this view), and also from biblical passages that condemn a past view of the resurrection or the denial of a physical resurrection or transformation of the body — doctrines which most Christians believe to be essential to the faith. Critics of full preterism point to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>'s condemnation of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(Ephesian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenaeus (Ephesian)">Hymenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philetus_(Ephesian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philetus (Ephesian)">Philetus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they regard as analogous to full preterism. Adherents of full preterism, however, dispute this assertion by pointing out that Paul's condemnation was written during a time in which (their idea of) the resurrection was still in the future (i.e., pre-AD 70). Their critics assert that if the Resurrection has not yet happened, then the condemnation would still apply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_of_the_Book_of_Revelation">Interpretation of the Book of Revelation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interpretation of the Book of Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preterism holds that the contents of Revelation constitute a prophecy of events that were fulfilled in the first century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preterists believe that the dating of the book of Revelation is of vital importance<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006Foreword_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006Foreword-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it was written before the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. Preterism was first expounded by the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Alcasar" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Alcasar">Luis de Alcasar</a> during the Counter-Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanish_Jesuit_Alcasar_1614_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Jesuit_Alcasar_1614-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1954509_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1954509-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrar1882[httpsarchiveorgdetailsearlydaysofchri00farrpage228_228]_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrar1882[httpsarchiveorgdetailsearlydaysofchri00farrpage228_228]-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preterist view served to bolster the Catholic Church's position against attacks by Protestants,<sup id="cite_ref-Protestants_page_464_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestants_page_464-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newport_page_74_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newport_page_74-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who identified the Pope with the Antichrist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_of_the_Great_Tribulation">Interpretation of the Great Tribulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interpretation of the Great Tribulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_Desolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abomination of Desolation">Abomination of Desolation</a></div> <p>In the preterist view, the Tribulation took place in the past when <a href="/wiki/Roman_legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman legions">Roman legions</a> destroyed Jerusalem and its temple in AD 70 during the end stages of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, and it affected only the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> people rather than all mankind. </p><p>Christian preterists believe that the Tribulation was a divine judgment visited upon the Jews for their sins, including rejection of Jesus as the promised <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>. It occurred entirely in the past, around 70 AD when the armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> destroyed Jerusalem and its temple. </p><p>A preterist discussion of the Tribulation has its focus on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, in particular the prophetic passages in Matthew 24, Mark 13, Luke 21, and the <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>, rather than on the Book of Revelation. Most preterists apply much of the symbolism in Revelation to Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesars</a>, and their persecution of Christians, rather than to the Tribulation upon the Jews. </p><p>Jesus's warning in Matthew 24:34 that "this generation shall not pass until all these things be fulfilled"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is tied back to his similar warning to the <a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">scribes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> that their judgment would "come upon this generation",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, during the first century rather than at a future time long after the scribes and Pharisees had died. The destruction in AD 70 occurred within a 40-year biblical generation from the time when Jesus gave that discourse. Preterism maintains that the judgment on the Jewish nation was executed by the Roman legions, "the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can also be found in Luke 21:20.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Matthew 24 begins with Jesus visiting the Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> and pronouncing that "there shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down" (vs. 3), preterists see nothing in scripture to indicate that another Jewish temple will ever be built. The prophecies were all fulfilled against the temple of that time, which was subsequently destroyed within that generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_verses">Key verses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Key verses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When they persecute you in one town, flee to the next; for truly I tell you, you will not have gone through all the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 10:23, <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But truly I tell you, there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luke 9:27, NRSV<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>for these are days of vengeance, as a fulfillment of all that is written.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luke 21:22, NRSV<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Truly I tell you, there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 16:28, NRSV<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Truly I tell you, this generation will not pass away until all these things have taken place. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 24:34, NRSV<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This predicted event has been variously interpreted as referring to:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>Jesus' transfiguration</li> <li>the resurrection</li> <li>the coming of the Spirit at <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li>the spread of the kingdom through the preaching of the early church</li> <li>the destruction of the Temple and of Jerusalem in AD 70</li> <li>the second coming and final establishment of the kingdom</li> <li>the coming of Jesus Christ in vision to the apostle John in revelation.</li></ol> <p>Many preterists find view 6 unacceptable because it implies a mistake on the part of Jesus about the timing of his return. Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (May 2014)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> preterists believe the immediate context seems to indicate the first view, the transfiguration, which immediately follows.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view seems to satisfy that "some" disciples would see the glory of the Son of Man, but it does not satisfy the statement that "he will repay every man for what he has done". The same situation occurs with views 2 through 4. Only view 5 (the judgement on Jerusalem in AD 70) appears to satisfy both conditions, reinforced with Revelation 2:23, 20:12 and 22:12,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a preterist would argue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(preterism)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beast (preterism)">The Beast in preterist theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology#Comparison_of_Futurist,_Preterist_and_Historicist_beliefs" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology#Comparison of Futurist, Preterist and Historicist beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelism" title="Pantelism">Pantelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Whose name, written in Aramaic, can be valued at 666, using the Hebrew numerology of <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a>), a manner of speaking against the emperor without the Roman authorities knowing. Also "Nero Caesar" in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> is נרון קסר <i>NRWN QSR</i>, which when <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet#Numeric_values_of_letters" title="Hebrew alphabet">used as numbers</a> represent 50 200 6 50 100 60 200, which add to 666. The Greek term χάραγμα (<i>charagma</i>, "mark" in Revelation 13:16) was most commonly used for imprints on documents or coins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's 1913 Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_RDAAAAcAAJ">Vestigatio arcani sensus in Apocalypsi</a><i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_Jesuit_Alcasar_1614-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Jesuit_Alcasar_1614_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Jesuit_Alcasar_1614_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarrar1882">Farrar 1882</a>, It has been usual to say that the Spanish Jesuit Alcasar, in his Vestigatio arcani sensus in Apocalpysi (1614), was the founder of the Præterist School'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroom1954">Froom 1954</a>, p. 509, Alcazar was the first to apply preterism to the Apocalypse with anything like completeness, though it had previously been applied somewhat to Daniel'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protestants_page_464-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Protestants_page_464_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestants_page_464_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart1845">Stuart 1845</a>, p. 464 "It might be expected, that a commentary which thus freed the Romish church from the assaults of Protestants, would be popular among the advocates of the papacy. Alcassar met, of course, with general approbation and reception among the Romish community"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newport_page_74-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newport_page_74_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newport_page_74_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewport2000">Newport 2000</a>, p. 74 "It is hardly surprising, given this general context, that the relatively few English Catholic commentators who turned their hands to the interpretation of these same passages should be concerned to counter this widely held, if somewhat variously presented, Protestant view. The response came in three basic forms: preterism, futurism, and 'counter historicism' – a term that has been created for the purposes of this discussion"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCressener1689" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Drue_Cressener" title="Drue Cressener">Cressener, Drue</a> (1689), "Preface", <i>The Judgments of God Upon The Roman Catholic Church, &c</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Judgments+of+God+Upon+The+Roman+Catholic+Church%2C+%26c&rft.date=1689&rft.aulast=Cressener&rft.aufirst=Drue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroom1954">Froom 1954</a>, p. 510, "The Preterist view was soon adopted and taught, with various modifications, by the Protestant Hugo Grotius of Holland in his Annotationes (1644)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewport200074-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewport200074_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewport2000">Newport 2000</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1655">Hammond 1655</a>, "all that this very learned man was guilty of in this matter, was but this, his passionate desire of the unity of the Church in the bands of peace and truth, and a full dislike of all uncharitable distempers, and impious doctrines"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroom1954">Froom 1954</a>, p. 510, "When Grotius' authorship of the book was detected, it turned all orthodox theologians against him"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrady1983">Brady 1983</a>, p. 158. "But those who argued for the preterist interpretation of the Book of Revelation, and for that matter the futurist interpretation also, were playing to empty galleries, until at least the fourth decade of the nineteenth century. Their views were anything but popular and those who followed them could soon find themselves branded with the infamous mark of the papal beast".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayne1645" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayne" title="Thomas Hayne">Hayne, Thomas</a> (1645). <i>Christs Kingdome on Earth, opened according to the Scriptures. Herein is examined what Mr. Th. Brightman, Dr. J. Alstede, Mr. I. Mede, Mr. H. Archer, The Glympse of Sions Glory, and such as concurre in opinion with them, hold concerning the thousand years of the Saints Reign with Christ, and of Satans binding</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christs+Kingdome+on+Earth%2C+opened+according+to+the+Scriptures.+Herein+is+examined+what+Mr.+Th.+Brightman%2C+Dr.+J.+Alstede%2C+Mr.+I.+Mede%2C+Mr.+H.+Archer%2C+The+Glympse+of+Sions+Glory%2C+and+such+as+concurre+in+opinion+with+them%2C+hold+concerning+the+thousand+years+of+the+Saints+Reign+with+Christ%2C+and+of+Satans+binding&rft.place=London&rft.date=1645&rft.aulast=Hayne&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1650" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)" title="Joseph Hall (bishop)">Hall, Joseph</a> (1650). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4qZBwwEACAAJ"><i>The Revelation Unrevealed. Concerning The Thousand-Yeares Reigne of the Saints with Christ Upon Earth. Laying Forth the Weak Grounds, and Strange Consequences of that Plausible, and Too- Much Received Opinion</i></a>. R.L.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revelation+Unrevealed.+Concerning+The+Thousand-Yeares+Reigne+of+the+Saints+with+Christ+Upon+Earth.+Laying+Forth+the+Weak+Grounds%2C+and+Strange+Consequences+of+that+Plausible%2C+and+Too-+Much+Received+Opinion&rft.pub=R.L.&rft.date=1650&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4qZBwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1655-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1655_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1655">Hammond 1655</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1653" class="citation cs2">Hammond, Henry (1653), "Introduction to Revelation", <i>Paraphrase and Annotations</i>, <q>…appeared to me to be the meaning of this prophecie, hath, for this main of it, in the same manner represented it self to several persons of great piety and learning (as since I have discerned) none taking it from the other, but all from the same light shining in the Prophecie it self. Among which number I now also find the most learned Hugo Grotius, in those posthumous notes of his on the Apocalypse, lately publish'd</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Revelation&rft.btitle=Paraphrase+and+Annotations&rft.date=1653&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady1983158-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady1983158_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrady1983">Brady 1983</a>, p. 158: This volume contained a brave but lonely attempt to introduce the preterist interpretation of the Book of Revelation to English soil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Wall1994" class="citation cs2">Van Der Wall, Ernestine (1994), "Between Grotius And Cocceius: The 'Theologica Prophetica' of Campegius Vitringa (1659–1722)", <i>Hugo Grotius, Theologian: Essays in Honour of GHM Posthumous Meyjer</i>, Studies in the History of Christian Thought, vol. 55, p. 202, <q>For most divines in the (early) Enlightenment the choice between the preterist approach of Grotius and the historicist approach of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cocceius" title="Johannes Cocceius">Cocceius</a> was not a difficult one: there was a strong predilection for the latter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Grotius+And+Cocceius%3A+The+%27Theologica+Prophetica%27+of+Campegius+Vitringa+%281659%E2%80%931722%29&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%2C+Theologian%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+GHM+Posthumous+Meyjer&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Christian+Thought&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Wall&rft.aufirst=Ernestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1954510-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1954510_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroom1954">Froom 1954</a>, p. 510"…in 1791 JG Eichhorn (1752–1827), the noted German rationalist, revived and republished Alcazar's Preterist interpretation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart1845">Stuart 1845</a>, p. 470: "The great mass of the religious public became, at last, wearied out with the extravagances and the errors of apocalyptic interpreters. This prepared the way for ABAUZIT, in his Essay on the Apocalypse (see p. 443 above), to broach the idea, that the whole book relates to the destruction of Judea and Jerusalem. His starting point was, that the book itself declares that all which it predicts would take place speedily. Hence Rome, in chap. xiii–xix. points figuratively to Jerusalem. Chap. xxi. xxii. relate to the extension of the church, after the destruction of the Jews"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470,_417,_471–72-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1845470,_417,_471–72_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart1845">Stuart 1845</a>, pp. 470, 417, 471–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAiken1799" class="citation cs2">Aiken (1799), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkEBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA4"><i>General Biography</i></a>, p. 4, <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Essay upon the Apocalypse", (was) written to show that the canonical authority of the book of Revelation was doubtful, and to apply the predictions to the destruction of Jerusalem. This work was sent by the author to Dr. Twells, in London, who translated it from French into English, and added a refutation, – with which Abauzit was so well satisfied, that he desired his friend in Holland to stop an intended impression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Biography&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1799&rft.au=Aiken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkEBAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownley1852" class="citation cs2">Townley (1852), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRkEAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Second Advent of the Lord Jesus Christ: A Past Event</i></a>, <q>We, on the contrary, fulfil every thing by that magic phrase, 'the destruction of Jerusalem.' But can we really and seriously refer these passages which I have quoted from Paul, to the destruction Jerusalem? Can we truly say that the rejection of the Jews and the calling of the Gentiles, let that mean what it may, exhausted all their meaning — the meaning which was the thought in Paul's mind when he wrote them? I must confess I cannot</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Advent+of+the+Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+A+Past+Event&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Townley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRkEAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-Malak2010" class="citation cs2">Abdul-Malak, Michael (February 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po-eEvdQPo8C&pg=PA92"><i>The Birth Pangs: An Obstetrician Unveils Jesus' Timeline for Earth's Final Travail</i></a>, p. 92, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607994039" title="Special:BookSources/9781607994039"><bdi>9781607994039</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+Pangs%3A+An+Obstetrician+Unveils+Jesus%27+Timeline+for+Earth%27s+Final+Travail&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2010-02&rft.isbn=9781607994039&rft.aulast=Abdul-Malak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo-eEvdQPo8C%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESproul1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKDVlICMWGCoCpgPA155_155]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESproul1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKDVlICMWGCoCpgPA155_155]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSproul1998">Sproul 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDVlICMWGCoC&pg=PA155">155</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllison1994" class="citation cs2">Allison, DC jr (Winter 1994), "A Plea for Thoroughgoing Eschatology", <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>, <b>113</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">651–</span>68, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3266712">10.2307/3266712</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266712">3266712</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=A+Plea+for+Thoroughgoing+Eschatology&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E651-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3266712&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3266712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=DC+jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopEncyc-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopEncyc_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopEncyc_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHindsonCaner2008" class="citation cs2">Hindson; Caner, Ergun, eds. (May 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC&q=partial+preterism&pg=PA405"><i>The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity</i></a>, Harvest House, p. 405, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736936354" title="Special:BookSources/9780736936354"><bdi>9780736936354</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Encyclopedia+of+Apologetics%3A+Surveying+the+Evidence+for+the+Truth+of+Christianity&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=9780736936354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyipXIHcteRsC%26q%3Dpartial%2Bpreterism%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECory2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIzzAFl2ONfACpgPA61_61]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIzzAFl2ONfACpgPA61_61]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCory2006">Cory 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzzAFl2ONfAC&pg=PA61">61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrow1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSkOg-tEYbR4CpgPA86_86]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrow1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSkOg-tEYbR4CpgPA86_86]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrow1997">Garrow 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkOg-tEYbR4C&pg=PA86">86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N. T.</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003600/http://ntwrightpage.com/files/2016/05/Wright_Jerusalem_New_Testament.pdf"><i>Jerusalem in the New Testament</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntwrightpage.com/files/2016/05/Wright_Jerusalem_New_Testament.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-26</span></span>, <q>Finally something must be said, despite its difficulties, concerning the book of Revelation. The above presentation adds some weight to the quite controversial thesis that the city which is to be destroyed (the great whore that has become drunk with the blood of the saints) is to be identified, not with Rome, but with Jerusalem. As with any interpretation of Revelation there are problems with this, but there are also some strong arguments in favour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+New+Testament&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntwrightpage.com%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F05%2FWright_Jerusalem_New_Testament.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cory,_61-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cory,_61_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCory2006">Cory 2006</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrow199786-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrow199786_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrow1997">Garrow 1997</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnORJqkR7qsC&pg=RA7-PT1423"><i>The Catholic youth Bible: New American Bible including the revised Psalms and the revised New Testament, translated from the original languages with critical use of all the ancient sources</i></a> (rev ed.). Winona, MN: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Mary%27s_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Mary's Press (page does not exist)">Saint Mary's Press</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-798-9"><bdi>978-0-88489-798-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+youth+Bible%3A+New+American+Bible+including+the+revised+Psalms+and+the+revised+New+Testament%2C+translated+from+the+original+languages+with+critical+use+of+all+the+ancient+sources&rft.place=Winona%2C+MN&rft.edition=rev&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-798-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnORJqkR7qsC%26pg%3DRA7-PT1423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-just-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-just_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJust2002" class="citation web cs1">Just, Felix (2002-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/666.htm#Academic">"666: The Number of the Beast"</a>. Catholic resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=666%3A+The+Number+of+the+Beast&rft.pub=Catholic+resources&rft.date=2002-02-02&rft.aulast=Just&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholic-resources.org%2FBible%2F666.htm%23Academic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillers1963" class="citation journal cs1">Hillers, DR (1963). "Revelation 13:18 and a Scroll from Murabba'at". <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research">Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</a></i>. <b>170</b> (170): 65 es. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1355990">10.2307/1355990</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1355990">1355990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163790686">163790686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Revelation+13%3A18+and+a+Scroll+from+Murabba%27at&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=170&rft.pages=65+es&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163790686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1355990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1355990&rft.aulast=Hillers&rft.aufirst=DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990" class="citation cs2">Brown, Raymond E; Fitzmyer, Joseph A; Murphy, Roland E, eds. (1990), <i>The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</i>, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 1009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Jerome+Biblical+Commentary&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pages=1009&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHead2000" class="citation cs2">Head, Peter M (2000), "Some Recently Published NT Papyri from Oxyrhynchus: An Overview and Preliminary Assessment", <i><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bulletin" title="Tyndale Bulletin">Tyndale Bulletin</a></i>, <b>51</b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>: CAM: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53751%2F001c.30281">10.53751/001c.30281</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:69099150">69099150</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyndale+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Some+Recently+Published+NT+Papyri+from+Oxyrhynchus%3A+An+Overview+and+Preliminary+Assessment&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53751%2F001c.30281&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A69099150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Peter+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spilsbury2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spilsbury2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpilsbury2002" class="citation cs2">Spilsbury, Paul (2002), <i>The throne, the lamb & the dragon: A Reader's Guide to the Book of Revelation</i>, InterVarsity Press, p. 99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+throne%2C+the+lamb+%26+the+dragon%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Spilsbury&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Scholars have noted that the Greek form of Neron Caesar transliterated into Hebrew characters is equivalent to 666 and the Latin form of Nero Caesar transliterated into Hebrew script is equivalent to the variant 616. Similarly the <i>Shema</i> of Bar Kochba is 666 and his patronymic that was modified in order to reflect his true nature (that of a deceiver/liar/false messiah)". P. Wyns, The Shema and Bar Kochba: the false messiah and 666, (Biblaridion media, March 2018), p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C&q=book+of+Revelation+95+catholic&pg=PA861"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>, Our Sunday Visitor, 1979, p. 861, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879736699" title="Special:BookSources/9780879736699"><bdi>9780879736699</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=861&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780879736699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJ78Vd4O9d4C%26q%3Dbook%2Bof%2BRevelation%2B95%2Bcatholic%26pg%3DPA861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaHaye2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye, Tim</a> (August 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-BT7qW6mVAC&q=book+of+Revelation+written+after&pg=PA126"><i>Understanding Bible Prophecy for Yourself</i></a>, p. 126, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736934022" title="Special:BookSources/9780736934022"><bdi>9780736934022</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Bible+Prophecy+for+Yourself&rft.pages=126&rft.date=2009-08&rft.isbn=9780736934022&rft.aulast=LaHaye&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-BT7qW6mVAC%26q%3Dbook%2Bof%2BRevelation%2Bwritten%2Bafter%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerthold-Bond1989" class="citation cs2">Berthold-Bond, Daniel (January 1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZq2HjvC0_wC&q=book+of+Revelation+written+after&pg=PA118"><i>Hegel's grand synthesis: a study of being, thought, and history</i></a>, p. 118, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887069550" title="Special:BookSources/9780887069550"><bdi>9780887069550</bdi></a>, <q>notes in consensus that Revelation was written around 95 AD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegel%27s+grand+synthesis%3A+a+study+of+being%2C+thought%2C+and+history&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1989-01&rft.isbn=9780887069550&rft.aulast=Berthold-Bond&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZq2HjvC0_wC%26q%3Dbook%2Bof%2BRevelation%2Bwritten%2Bafter%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2010" class="citation cs2">Rhodes, Ron (Feb 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMq5m_3hYoEC&q=partial+preterism&pg=PA232"><i>The Popular Dictionary of Bible Prophecy</i></a>, Harvest House, p. 232, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736937504" title="Special:BookSources/9780736937504"><bdi>9780736937504</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Dictionary+of+Bible+Prophecy&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=2010-02&rft.isbn=9780736937504&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMq5m_3hYoEC%26q%3Dpartial%2Bpreterism%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrostGreenHasserttSullivan" class="citation cs2">Frost, Samuel; Green, David; Hassertt, Ed; Sullivan, Michael, <i>House Divided: Bridging the Gap in Reformed Eschatology. A Preterist Response to </i>When Shall These Things Be?<i><span></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+Divided%3A+Bridging+the+Gap+in+Reformed+Eschatology.+A+Preterist+Response+to+When+Shall+These+Things+Be%3F&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Green%2C+David&rft.au=Hassertt%2C+Ed&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiwanag2015" class="citation cs2">Liwanag, Tim (May 2015), <i>Fulfilled Eschatology</i>, CreateSpace, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1512063110" title="Special:BookSources/978-1512063110"><bdi>978-1512063110</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fulfilled+Eschatology&rft.pub=CreateSpace&rft.date=2015-05&rft.isbn=978-1512063110&rft.aulast=Liwanag&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2010" class="citation cs2">Rhodes, Ron (March 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E53TGSIxgyoC&q=partial%20preterism&pg=PA316"><i>5-Minute Apologetics for Today</i></a>, Harvest House, p. 316, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736937580" title="Special:BookSources/9780736937580"><bdi>9780736937580</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5-Minute+Apologetics+for+Today&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=2010-03&rft.isbn=9780736937580&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE53TGSIxgyoC%26q%3Dpartial%2520preterism%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWohlberg2005" class="citation cs2">Wohlberg, Steve (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux-X_FFK5i0C&q=partial%20preterism&pg=PA115"><i>End Time Delusions: The Rapture, the Antichrist, Israel, and the End of the World</i></a>, Destiny Image, p. 115, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768429602" title="Special:BookSources/9780768429602"><bdi>9780768429602</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+Time+Delusions%3A+The+Rapture%2C+the+Antichrist%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+End+of+the+World&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Destiny+Image&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780768429602&rft.aulast=Wohlberg&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUx-X_FFK5i0C%26q%3Dpartial%2520preterism%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke2000" class="citation cs2">Clarke (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030131050658/http://kc-cofc.org/39th/Lectures/2000%20Manuscripts/Clarke%20-%20AD%2070.PDF"><i>AD 70</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (lecture manuscript), KC COFC, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kc-cofc.org/39th/Lectures/2000%20Manuscripts/Clarke%20-%20AD%2070.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 31, 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AD+70&rft.pub=KC+COFC&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Clarke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kc-cofc.org%2F39th%2FLectures%2F2000%2520Manuscripts%2FClarke%2520-%2520AD%252070.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The End Times Controversy</i> edited by Tim F. LaHaye, Thomas Ice 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGKY59jebNUC&pg=PA24">p.24</a> "..an orthodox view of the resurrection which is associated with Christ's return.33 Dr. Sproul says of full preterist Max King, "For this schema to work, the traditional idea of resurrection must be replaced with a metaphorical idea of resurrection,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHindsonCaner2008" class="citation cs2">Hindson, Ed; Caner, Ergun (May 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC&q=hyper-preterism&pg=PA405"><i>The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity</i></a>, p. 405, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736936354" title="Special:BookSources/9780736936354"><bdi>9780736936354</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Encyclopedia+of+Apologetics%3A+Surveying+the+Evidence+for+the+Truth+of+Christianity&rft.pages=405&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=9780736936354&rft.aulast=Hindson&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Caner%2C+Ergun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyipXIHcteRsC%26q%3Dhyper-preterism%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First Negative of the "Preston-Stevens Debate on the Rapture</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland_2007_114-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_2007_114_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_2007_114_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_2007_114_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland2007">Garland 2007</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderberg_2008_174-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderberg_2008_174_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderberg_2008_174_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderberg2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_W_Anderberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy W Anderberg (page does not exist)">Anderberg, Roy</a> (2008). <i>The Return of Christ: A Biblical Study</i>. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Christ%3A+A+Biblical+Study&rft.pages=174&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Anderberg&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sproul_1998_156-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sproul_1998_156_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sproul_1998_156_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sproul_1998_156_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSproul1998">Sproul 1998</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiemer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_A_Riemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael A Riemer (page does not exist)">Riemer, Michael</a> (2000). <i>It Was At Hand</i>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Was+At+Hand&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Riemer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2007117-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2007117_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland2007">Garland 2007</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%202:17–18&version=nrsv">2 Tim 2:17–18</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112104451/http://www.catholic.com/library/Whore_of_Babylon.asp">"The Whore of Babylon"</a>. Catholic Answers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/library/Whore_of_Babylon.asp">the original</a> on 2008-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Whore+of+Babylon&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Flibrary%2FWhore_of_Babylon.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006Foreword-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006Foreword_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, Foreword.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1954509-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1954509_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroom1954">Froom 1954</a>, p. 509: Alcazar was the first to apply Preterism to the Apocalypse with anything like completeness, though it had previously been applied somewhat to Daniel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrar1882[httpsarchiveorgdetailsearlydaysofchri00farrpage228_228]-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrar1882[httpsarchiveorgdetailsearlydaysofchri00farrpage228_228]_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarrar1882">Farrar 1882</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlydaysofchri00farr/page/228">228</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:34&version=nrsv">Matthew 24:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2023:36&version=nrsv">Matthew 23:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:15&version=nrsv">Matthew 24:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2021:20&version=nrsv">Luke 21:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2010:23&version=nrsv">Matthew 10:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:27&version=nrsv">Luke 9:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2021:22&version=nrsv">Luke 21:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:28&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:28</a>, quoted mostly by full preterists</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:34&version=nrsv">Matthew 24:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2017:1–9&version=nrsv">Matthew 17:1–9</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%209:2–10&version=nrsv">Mark 9:2–10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:28–36&version=nrsv">Luke 9:28–36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">reinforced with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%202:23&version=nrsv">Revelation 2:23; 20:12; 22:12</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrady1983" class="citation cs2">Brady, David (1983), <i>The Contribution of British Writers Between 1560 and 1830 to the Interpretation of Revelation 13.16–18</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contribution+of+British+Writers+Between+1560+and+1830+to+the+Interpretation+of+Revelation+13.16%E2%80%9318&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChilton1987" class="citation cs2">Chilton, David (1987), <i>Days of Vengeance</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Vengeance&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCory2006" class="citation cs2">Cory, Catherine A (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzzAFl2ONfAC"><i>The Book of Revelation</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814628850" title="Special:BookSources/9780814628850"><bdi>9780814628850</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Revelation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780814628850&rft.aulast=Cory&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzzAFl2ONfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2018" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Roderick (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09SZKQ83X"><i>About Preterism</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781079955798" title="Special:BookSources/9781079955798"><bdi>9781079955798</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Preterism&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781079955798&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB09SZKQ83X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2022" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Roderick (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09SZKQ83X"><i>After Preterism</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798409178130" title="Special:BookSources/9798409178130"><bdi>9798409178130</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Preterism&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9798409178130&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB09SZKQ83X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2022" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Roderick (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09SZKQ83X"><i>Against Preterism</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798849717302" title="Special:BookSources/9798849717302"><bdi>9798849717302</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Preterism&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9798849717302&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB09SZKQ83X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2023" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Roderick (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09SZKQ83X"><i>How to Debate a Preterist</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798375904672" title="Special:BookSources/9798375904672"><bdi>9798375904672</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Debate+a+Preterist&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9798375904672&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB09SZKQ83X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2024" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Roderick (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09SZKQ83X"><i>Preterism From the Beginning</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798343695694" title="Special:BookSources/9798343695694"><bdi>9798343695694</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preterism+From+the+Beginning&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9798343695694&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB09SZKQ83X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrar1882" class="citation cs2">Farrar, Frederic (1882), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlydaysofchri00farr"><i>The Early Days of Christianity</i></a>, vol. 2, NY: E.P Dutton + Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Days+of+Christianity&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=E.P+Dutton+%2B+Co.&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlydaysofchri00farr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFroom1954" class="citation cs2">Froom, Leroy Edwin (1954), <i>The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers</i>, vol. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophetic+Faith+of+Our+Fathers&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Froom&rft.aufirst=Leroy+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarland2007" class="citation cs2">Garland, Anthony (2007), <i>A Testimony of Jesus Christ</i>, vol. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Testimony+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrow1997" class="citation cs2">Garrow, Alan John Philip (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkOg-tEYbR4C"><i>Revelation</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203133088" title="Special:BookSources/9780203133088"><bdi>9780203133088</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780203133088&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.aufirst=Alan+John+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkOg-tEYbR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGumerlock2012" class="citation cs2">Gumerlock, Francis X. (2012), <i>Revelation and the First Century: Preterist Interpretations of the Apocalypse in Early Christianity</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation+and+the+First+Century%3A+Preterist+Interpretations+of+the+Apocalypse+in+Early+Christianity&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gumerlock&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1655" class="citation cs2">Hammond, Henry (1655), <i>Treatise on The Epistle of Ignatius</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+The+Epistle+of+Ignatius&rft.date=1655&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1971" class="citation cs2">King, Max (1971), <i>The Spirit of Prophecy</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Prophecy&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewport2000" class="citation cs2">Newport, Kenneth GC (2000), <i>Apocalypse and Millennium: Studies in Biblical Eisegesis</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+and+Millennium%3A+Studies+in+Biblical+Eisegesis&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+GC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreston2006" class="citation cs2">Preston, Don (2006), <i>Who Is This Babylon</i>, Ja Management Ibc, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937501-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937501-02-0"><bdi>978-1-937501-02-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+This+Babylon&rft.pub=Ja+Management+Ibc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-937501-02-0&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1887" class="citation cs2">Russell, James (1887), <i>The Parousia: A Critical Inquiry Into the New Testament Doctrine of Our Lord's Second Coming</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parousia%3A+A+Critical+Inquiry+Into+the+New+Testament+Doctrine+of+Our+Lord%27s+Second+Coming&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSproul1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/R_C_Sproul" class="mw-redirect" title="R C Sproul">Sproul, R. C.</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDVlICMWGCoC&pg=PA155"><i>The Last Days According to Jesus</i></a>, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, p. 155, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801063404" title="Special:BookSources/9780801063404"><bdi>9780801063404</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+According+to+Jesus&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780801063404&rft.aulast=Sproul&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDVlICMWGCoC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuart1845" class="citation cs2">Stuart, Moses (1845), <i>A Commentary on The Apocalypse</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+The+Apocalypse&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreterism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks750" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Rogue star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posttribulation_rapture" title="Posttribulation rapture">Posttribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/15px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/23px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/30px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Daniel172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template talk:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Daniel172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoni" title="Palmoni">Palmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Angels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Lion's den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher (angel)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian interpretations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Daniel" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel">Historicist interpretations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Preterism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">Papyrus 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Chisianus_45" title="Codex Chisianus 45">Codex Chisianus 45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:דניאל ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BB" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Δανιήλ">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Daniel">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Daniel">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Daniel">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Revelation251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template talk:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Revelation251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_1" title="Revelation 1">Revelation 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_2" title="Revelation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_3" title="Revelation 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_4" title="Revelation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_5" title="Revelation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_6" title="Revelation 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_7" title="Revelation 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_8" title="Revelation 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_9" title="Revelation 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_10" title="Revelation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_11" title="Revelation 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_14" title="Revelation 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_15" title="Revelation 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_16" title="Revelation 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_17" title="Revelation 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_18" title="Revelation 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_19" title="Revelation 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_20" title="Revelation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_21" title="Revelation 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_22" title="Revelation 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (biblical person)">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben (biblical person)">Reuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon (Hebrew Bible)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>/<br />Terms/ Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon/Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Life" title="Book of Life">Book of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Four Living Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_trumpets" title="Seven trumpets">Seven trumpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">Son of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(Bible)" title="Wormwood (Bible)">Wormwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Historicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Preterist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe%27s_apocalyptic_thought" title="John Foxe's apocalyptic thought">by John Foxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Textual variants in the Book of Revelation">Textual variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_24" title="Papyrus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_43" title="Papyrus 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_47" title="Papyrus 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_85" title="Papyrus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_98" title="Papyrus 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_115" title="Papyrus 115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Aramaic_New_Testament_manuscript" title="Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript">Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Αποκάλυψις Ιωάννου">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Apocalips" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Apocalips">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Revelation">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preterism&oldid=1268928863">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preterism&oldid=1268928863</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_interpretation_of_the_Book_of_Daniel_and_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Category:Christian interpretation of the Book 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[\"Doomsday\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Globalize\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 11,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-86vb2","timestamp":"20250320215753","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Preterism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preterism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q691393","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q691393","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T23:59:00Z","dateModified":"2025-01-12T05:45:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/00\/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg","headline":"Christian eschatological view that interprets some (partial preterism) or all (full preterism) prophecies of the Bible as events which have already happened"}</script> </body> </html>