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id="toc-Composition_and_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title,_authorship,_and_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title,_authorship,_and_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Title, authorship, and date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title,_authorship,_and_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Canonical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Synods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Protestant Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts_and_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_and_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Texts and manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_and_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure and content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure and content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literary structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Outline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Liturgical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paschal_liturgical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paschal_liturgical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Paschal liturgical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paschal_liturgical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Oriental Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eschatological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Roman Catholic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Protestant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Bahá'í Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Esoteric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_discipleship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_discipleship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Radical discipleship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_discipleship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_and_literary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_and_literary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Aesthetic and literary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_and_literary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Testament_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Old Testament origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olivet_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olivet_discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Olivet discourse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olivet_discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figures_in_Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figures_in_Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Figures in Revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figures_in_Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Book of Revelation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbaring" title="Openbaring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Openbaring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%90%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%AD" title="የዮሐንስ ራዕይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዮሐንስ ራዕይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontynung" title="Ontynung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ontynung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7" title="رؤيا يوحنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رؤيا يوحنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%A2%DC%A2" title="ܓܠܝܢܐ ܕܝܘܚܢܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܠܝܢܐ ܕܝܘܚܢܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipsa" title="Apocalipsa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Apocalipsa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipsis" title="Apocalipsis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Apocalipsis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99hy_Kitab%C4%B1" title="Vəhy Kitabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vəhy Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="প্রেরিত শিষ্য যোহনের নিকট প্রকাশিত বাক্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রেরিত শিষ্য যোহনের নিকট প্রকাশিত বাক্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9-s%C4%AB-lio%CC%8Dk" title="Khé-sī-lio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khé-sī-lio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81" title="Кніга Апакаліпсіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга Апакаліпсіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%91_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Адкрыцьцё Яна Багаслова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адкрыцьцё Яна Багаслова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Откровение на Йоан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Откровение на Йоан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offnbarung_vom_Johannes" title="Offnbarung vom Johannes – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Offnbarung vom Johannes" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otkrivenje" title="Otkrivenje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otkrivenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipsi" title="Apocalipsi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apocalipsi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjeven%C3%AD_Janovo" title="Zjevení Janovo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zjevení Janovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvakazarurwa" title="Zvakazarurwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zvakazarurwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datguddiad_Ioan" title="Datguddiad Ioan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Datguddiad Ioan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%27_%C3%85benbaring" title="Johannes' Åbenbaring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johannes' Åbenbaring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbarung_des_Johannes" title="Offenbarung des Johannes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Offenbarung des Johannes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannese_ilmutuse_raamat" title="Johannese ilmutuse raamat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannese ilmutuse raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αποκάλυψη του Ιωάννη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποκάλυψη του Ιωάννη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipsis" title="Apocalipsis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apocalipsis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokalipso_de_Johano" title="Apokalipso de Johano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apokalipso de Johano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokalipsia" title="Apokalipsia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apokalipsia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مکاشفه یوحنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکاشفه یوحنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinbering_J%C3%B3hannesar" title="Opinbering Jóhannesar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Opinbering Jóhannesar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apocalypse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iepenbiering_fan_Jehannes" title="Iepenbiering fan Jehannes – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iepenbiering fan Jehannes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocal%C3%ACs" title="Apocalìs – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Apocalìs" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apacailipsis" title="Apacailipsis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Apacailipsis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipse" title="Apocalipse – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apocalipse" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="जुांवाक प्रकासवणी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जुांवाक प्रकासवणी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD-s%E1%B9%B3-liu%CC%8Dk" title="Khí-sṳ-liu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khí-sṳ-liu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%AC%B5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A1%9D" title="요한의 묵시록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요한의 묵시록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Հայտնություն Հովհաննեսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայտնություն Հովհաննեսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otkrivenje" title="Otkrivenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otkrivenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahyu_kepada_Yohanes" title="Wahyu kepada Yohanes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wahyu kepada Yohanes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsAmbulo" title="IsAmbulo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsAmbulo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalisse_di_Giovanni" title="Apocalisse di Giovanni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apocalisse di Giovanni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="חזון יוחנן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חזון יוחנן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Wahyu" title="Kitab Wahyu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kitab Wahyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გამოცხადება იოანესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამოცხადება იოანესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufunuo_wa_Yohane" title="Ufunuo wa Yohane – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufunuo wa Yohane" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokalips" title="Apokalips – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Apokalips" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypsis_Ioannis" title="Apocalypsis Ioannis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apocalypsis Ioannis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81%C5%86a_atkl%C4%81smes_gr%C4%81mata" title="Jāņa atklāsmes grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jāņa atklāsmes grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprei%C5%A1kimas_Jonui" title="Apreiškimas Jonui – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apreiškimas Jonui" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apucaliss_de_Giuan" title="Apucaliss de Giuan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Apucaliss de Giuan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_jelen%C3%A9sek_k%C3%B6nyve" title="A jelenések könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A jelenések könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Откровение на Јован – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Откровение на Јован" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B4kalipsan%27_i_Joany" title="Apôkalipsan' i Joany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Apôkalipsan' i Joany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="യോഹന്നാനു ലഭിച്ച വെളിപാട്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യോഹന്നാനു ലഭിച്ച വെളിപാട്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7" title="رؤيا يوحنا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رؤيا يوحنا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Wahyu" title="Kitab Wahyu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Wahyu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%95k-s%C3%AA_Li%C5%8Fh" title="Mĕk-sê Liŏh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mĕk-sê Liŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဗျာဒိတ်ကျမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗျာဒိတ်ကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbaring_van_Johannes" title="Openbaring van Johannes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Openbaring van Johannes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%BB%99%E7%A4%BA%E9%8C%B2" title="ヨハネの黙示録 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネの黙示録" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%E2%80%99_%C3%A5penbaring" title="Johannes’ åpenbaring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannes’ åpenbaring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%27_openberring" title="Johannes' openberring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Johannes' openberring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_de_l%27Apocalypse" title="Livre de l'Apocalypse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Livre de l'Apocalypse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipsi" title="Apocalipsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apocalipsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahiy_kitobi" title="Vahiy kitobi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vahiy kitobi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81%DB%81" title="یوحنا دا مکاشفہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوحنا دا مکاشفہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%87" title="د یوحنا مکاشفه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د یوحنا مکاشفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%88" title="សៀវភៅវិវរណៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សៀវភៅវិវរណៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_d%27echl%27Apocalisse" title="Live d'echl'Apocalisse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Live d'echl'Apocalisse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokalipsa_%C5%9Bw._Jana" title="Apokalipsa św. Jana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apokalipsa św. Jana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipse_(B%C3%ADblia)" title="Apocalipse (Bíblia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apocalipse (Bíblia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipsa_lui_Ioan" title="Apocalipsa lui Ioan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apocalipsa lui Ioan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwanpa_Apokalipsisnin" title="Huwanpa Apokalipsisnin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Huwanpa Apokalipsisnin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Откровение Иоанна Богослова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Откровение Иоанна Богослова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_Faaaliga_ia_Ioane" title="O le Faaaliga ia Ioane – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le Faaaliga ia Ioane" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalisse" title="Apocalisse – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Apocalisse" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_i_Zbules%C3%ABs" title="Libri i Zbulesës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libri i Zbulesës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apucalissi_di_Giuvanni" title="Apucalissi di Giuvanni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Apucalissi di Giuvanni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Book of Revelation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjavenie_J%C3%A1na" title="Zjavenie Jána – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zjavenie Jána" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razodetje_(Apokalipsa)" title="Razodetje (Apokalipsa) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razodetje (Apokalipsa)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Откривење Јованово – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Откривење Јованово" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga_Otkrivenja" title="Knjiga Otkrivenja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knjiga Otkrivenja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanneksen_ilmestys" title="Johanneksen ilmestys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johanneksen ilmestys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppenbarelseboken" title="Uppenbarelseboken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uppenbarelseboken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat_ng_Pahayag" title="Aklat ng Pahayag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat ng Pahayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="திருவெளிப்பாடு (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருவெளிப்பாடு (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="หนังสือวิวรณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือวิวรณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndzumbululo" title="Ndzumbululo – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Ndzumbululo" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahiy_Kitab%C4%B1" title="Vahiy Kitabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vahiy Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiyis%C9%9Bm" title="Adiyisɛm – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Adiyisɛm" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Об'явлення Івана Богослова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Об'явлення Івана Богослова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81%DB%81" title="یوحنا کا مکاشفہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوحنا کا مکاشفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ۋەھىيلەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋەھىيلەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4gudezkirj" title="Nägudezkirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nägudezkirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_Huy%E1%BB%81n" title="Sách Khải Huyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách Khải Huyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginpaday%C3%A1g_kan_Ju%C3%A1n" title="Ginpadayág kan Juán – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ginpadayág kan Juán" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E7%A4%BA%E5%BD%95" title="启示录 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="启示录" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9_%C3%8Cfih%C3%A0n" title="Ìwé Ìfihàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé Ìfihàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E7%A4%BA%E9%8C%84" title="啟示錄 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啟示錄" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E7%A4%BA%E5%BD%95" title="启示录 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="启示录" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_Pangungkapon" title="Buku Pangungkapon – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Buku Pangungkapon" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Last book of the New Testament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Apocalypse of John" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_John_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apocalypse of John (disambiguation)">Apocalypse of John (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Book of Revelation (disambiguation)">Book of Revelation (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/180px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/240px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Luke-Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscript">New Testament manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">epistles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template talk:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">John in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""St John the Evangelist" by Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), 1620s"><img alt=""St John the Evangelist" by Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), 1620s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg/180px-Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg/270px-Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg/360px-Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist_(Domenichino)" title="Saint John the Evangelist (Domenichino)">Saint John the Evangelist</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Domenichino" title="Domenichino">Domenichino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved disciple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Presbyter" title="John the Presbyter">Presbyter</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John_in_Rome" title="Acts of John in Rome">Acts in Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_Gospel" title="Signs Gospel">Signs Gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit in Johannine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">John's vision of the Son of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">New Testament people named John</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John" title="Template:John"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John" title="Template talk:John"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contrasting beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of <i>Revelation</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">The Millennium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a> <ul><li>Prewrath rapture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posttribulation_rapture" title="Posttribulation rapture">Posttribulation rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biblical texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revelation</a> <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">(Events)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pseudepigrapha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_eschatology" title="Template talk:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BibleSPaoloFol331vFrontRev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BibleSPaoloFol331vFrontRev.jpg/220px-BibleSPaoloFol331vFrontRev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BibleSPaoloFol331vFrontRev.jpg/330px-BibleSPaoloFol331vFrontRev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BibleSPaoloFol331vFrontRev.jpg/440px-BibleSPaoloFol331vFrontRev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece, Book of Revelation, <a href="/wiki/Bible_of_San_Paolo_fuori_le_Mura" title="Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura">Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura</a>, 9th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_236.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_236.png/280px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_236.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_236.png/420px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_236.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_236.png/560px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_236.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">Vision of John</a> on <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a> 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Book of Revelation</b> or <b>Book of the Apocalypse</b> is the final book of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (and therefore the final book of the <a href="/wiki/Bible#Christian_Bible" title="Bible">Christian Bible</a>). Written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, its title is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">first word</a> of the text: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apokalypsis</i></span>, meaning 'unveiling' or 'revelation'. The Book of Revelation is the only <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic book</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occupies a central place in <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>. </p><p>The author names himself as simply "John" in the text, but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate. Second-century Christian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, and the author of the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> identify <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> as the John of Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship generally takes a different view,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many considering that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern theological scholars characterize the Book of Revelation's author as "<a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>". The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (AD 81–96), which evidence tends to confirm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book spans three literary genres: the <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">epistolary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prophetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic">prophetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031536_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031536-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It begins with John, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, addressing letters to the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Churches_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Churches of Asia">Seven Churches of Asia</a>". He then describes a series of prophetic <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">visions</a>, including figures such as the Seven-Headed Dragon, <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible#Ancient_serpent" title="Serpents in the Bible">the Serpent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">the Beast</a>, which culminate in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. </p><p>The obscure and extravagant imagery has led to a wide variety of Christian interpretations. <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicist</a> interpretations see Revelation as containing a broad view of history while <a href="/wiki/Preterist" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterist">preterist</a> interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a> (1st century), or, at the latest, the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century. <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurists</a>, meanwhile, believe that Revelation describes future events with the seven churches growing into the body of believers throughout the age, and a reemergence or continuous rule of a Greco-Roman system with modern capabilities described by John in ways familiar to him; and <a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">idealist or symbolic</a> interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events but is an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_setting">Composition and setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition and setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_op_Patmos_Saint_John_on_Patmos_Berlin,_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin,_Gemaldegalerie_HR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Johannes_op_Patmos_Saint_John_on_Patmos_Berlin%2C_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin%2C_Gemaldegalerie_HR.jpg/220px-Johannes_op_Patmos_Saint_John_on_Patmos_Berlin%2C_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin%2C_Gemaldegalerie_HR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Johannes_op_Patmos_Saint_John_on_Patmos_Berlin%2C_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin%2C_Gemaldegalerie_HR.jpg/330px-Johannes_op_Patmos_Saint_John_on_Patmos_Berlin%2C_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin%2C_Gemaldegalerie_HR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Johannes_op_Patmos_Saint_John_on_Patmos_Berlin%2C_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin%2C_Gemaldegalerie_HR.jpg/440px-Johannes_op_Patmos_Saint_John_on_Patmos_Berlin%2C_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin%2C_Gemaldegalerie_HR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Evangelist_on_Patmos" title="St. John the Evangelist on Patmos">St. John the Evangelist on Patmos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymous_Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymous Bosch">Hieronymous Bosch</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1489</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title,_authorship,_and_date"><span id="Title.2C_authorship.2C_and_date"></span>Title, authorship, and date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Title, authorship, and date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg/220px-ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg/330px-ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg/440px-ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>St. John receives his Revelation, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sever_Beatus" title="Saint-Sever Beatus">Saint-Sever Beatus</a>, 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The book's most common English name is "[Book of] Revelation". It is also called "[Book of] the Apocalypse" (for example in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), "Revelation to John",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Apocalypse of St. John".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbreviations of these are "Rev." (traditional), "Rv" (shorter), or "Apoc."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These names come from the book's <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">opening words</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#1:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Rev 1:1</a>: </p> <dl><dd>The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John.</dd></dl> <p>"Revelation" and "Apocalypse" are respectively a translation and an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_(linguistics)" title="Anglicisation (linguistics)">anglicisation</a> of the original <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀποκάλυψις</span></span>, which can also mean "unveiling". In the original Greek, the word is singular, so the name "Revelations" sometimes found in English is often considered erroneous.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author states in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%201:9&version=nrsv">Rev 1:9</a> that he is on <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, and so he is conventionally called <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> prophet, probably belonging to a group of such prophets, and was accepted by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932,_24–25_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932,_24–25-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> has four other "<a href="/wiki/Johannine_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannine works">Johannine works</a>" ascribed to authors named John, and a tradition dating from <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 202</span> AD) identifies <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> as the author of all five. <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">The modern consensus</a> is that a <a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> and the three <a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine epistles</a>, while John of Patmos wrote the Book of Revelation separately.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428–29_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428–29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book is commonly dated to about AD 95, as suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beast with seven heads and the number <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">666</a> seem to allude directly to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (reigned AD 54–68), but this does not require that Revelation was written in the 60s, as there was a widespread belief in later decades that <a href="/wiki/Nero_Redivivus" title="Nero Redivivus">Nero would return</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1984100_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1984100-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre">Genre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revelation is an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia, in what is now western Turkey. The seven cities where churches were located are close together, and the Island of Patmos is near the western coast of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>apocalypse</i> means the revealing of divine mysteries;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKim201416_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKim201416-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John is to write down what is revealed (what he sees in his vision) and send it to the seven churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire book constitutes the prophecy—the letters to the seven individual churches are introductions to the rest of the book, which is addressed to all seven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the dominant genre is apocalyptic, the author sees himself as a Christian prophet: Revelation uses the word in various forms 21 times, more than any other <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouch200181_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouch200181-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predominant view is that Revelation alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, although it is difficult among scholars to agree on the exact number of allusions or the allusions themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revelation rarely quotes directly from the Old Testament, yet almost every verse alludes to or echoes ideas of older scriptures. Over half of the references stem from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Psalms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, with Daniel providing the largest number in proportion to length and Ezekiel standing out as the most influential. Because these references appear as allusions rather than as quotes, it is difficult to know whether the author used the Hebrew or the Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures, but he was often influenced by the Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBealeMcDonough20071081–1084_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBealeMcDonough20071081–1084-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting">Setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern understanding has been that the Book of Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent persecution at the hands of an emperor. This is not the only interpretation, however; Domitian may not have been a despot imposing an imperial cult, and there may not have been any systematic empire-wide persecution of Christians in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2011143–145_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2011143–145-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revelation may instead have been composed in the context of a conflict within the Christian community of Asia Minor over whether to engage with, or withdraw from, the far larger non-Christian community: Author Mark B. Stephens posed that the Revelation chastised those Christians who wanted to reach an accommodation with the Roman cult of empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2011152_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2011152-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not to say that Christians in Roman Asia were not suffering due to withdrawal from and defiance of the wider Roman society, which imposed very real penalties; Revelation offered a victory over this reality by offering an apocalyptic hope. In the words of professor <a href="/wiki/Adela_Yarbro_Collins" title="Adela Yarbro Collins">Adela Collins</a>, "What ought to be was experienced as a present reality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1984154_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1984154-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also theological interpretation that the book mainly prophesies the end of Old Covenant order, the Jewish temple and religious economy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonical_history">Canonical history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canonical history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p>Revelation was among the last books accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Christian biblical canon</a>, and to the present day some churches that derive from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> reject it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall2011no_page_number_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall2011no_page_number-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Christians became skeptical of the book as doubts concerning its authorship and unusual style<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattemore20041_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattemore20041-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were reinforced by aversion to its acceptance by <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanists</a> and other groups considered to be heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonehousen.d.138–142_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonehousen.d.138–142-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distrust of the Book of Revelation persisted in the East through the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a> (AD 248), bishop of Alexandria and disciple of <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, wrote that the Book of Revelation could have been written by <a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a> although he himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer. He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle (Eusebius, <i>Church History</i> VII.25).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)"><i>Church History</i></a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 330</span>), mentioned that the Apocalypse of John was accepted as a canonical book and rejected at the same time: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1. [...] it is proper to sum up the writings of the New Testament which have been already mentioned... After them is to be placed, if it really seem proper, the Apocalypse of John, concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time. These then belong among the accepted writings [Homologoumena].</li> <li>4. Among the rejected [Kirsopp. Lake translation: "not genuine"] writings must be reckoned, as I said, the Apocalypse of John, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></blockquote> <p>The Apocalypse of John is counted as both accepted (Kirsopp. Lake translation: "Recognized") and disputed, which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so. The disputation can perhaps be attributed to Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Origen seems to have accepted it in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a> (AD 348) does not name it among the canonical books (Catechesis IV.33–36).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a> (AD 367) in his <i>Letter 39</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 397</span>) in his book <i><a href="/wiki/De_doctrina_christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="De doctrina christiana">On Christian Doctrine</a></i> (Book II, Chapter 8),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Tyrannius Rufinus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 400</span>) in his <i>Commentary on the Apostles' Creed</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> (AD 405) in a letter to the bishop of Toulouse<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> (about AD 730) in his work <i>An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith</i> (Book IV:7)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed "the Revelation of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>" as a canonical book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synods">Synods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a> (AD 363) omits it as a canonical book.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gelasianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretum Gelasianum">Decretum Gelasianum</a></i></span>, which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553, contains a list of books of scripture presented as having been reckoned as canonical by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (AD 382). This list mentions it as a part of the New Testament canon.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (in AD 393),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (419)">Council of Carthage (419)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="The Council of Florence">the Council of Florence</a> (1442)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1546),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classified it as a canonical book.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic Canons</a>, approved by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Council in Trullo</a> in 692, but rejected by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a>, omit it.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doubts resurfaced during the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> called Revelation "neither apostolic nor prophetic" in the 1522 preface to his translation of the New Testament (he revised his position with a much more favorable assessment in 1530),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1988322,_337–338_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1988322,_337–338-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> labelled it "not a book of the Bible",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was the only New Testament book on which <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> did not write a commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekema1979297_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekema1979297-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Revelation remains the only New Testament book not read in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Catholic and Protestant liturgies include it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts_and_manuscripts">Texts and manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Texts and manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are fewer manuscripts of Revelation than of any other part of the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2008227_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2008227-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, in total, there are 310 manuscripts of Revelation. This number includes 7 papyri, 12 majuscules, and 291 minuscules. But, in fact, not all of them are available for research. Some of them have burned down, vanished, or been categorized wrongly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoester2020344_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoester2020344-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen202012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen202012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is not extant in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a></i></span> (4th century), it is extant in the other great <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">uncial</a> codices: the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a></i></span> (4th century), the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a></i></span> (5th century), and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus</a></i></span> (5th century). In addition, there are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">papyri</a>, especially <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_47" title="Papyrus 47">𝔓<sup>47</sup></a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_115" title="Papyrus 115">𝔓<sup>115</sup></a></span> (both 3rd century); <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_New_Testament_minuscules" title="Lists of New Testament minuscules">minuscules</a> (8th to 10th century); and fragmentary quotations in the Church fathers of the 2nd to 5th centuries and the 6th-century Greek commentary on Revelation by Andreas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPate2010no_page_number_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2010no_page_number-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_content">Structure and content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure and content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_structure">Literary structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literary structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divisions in the book seem to be marked by the repetition of key phrases, by the arrangement of subject matter into blocks, and associated with its <a href="/wiki/Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> passages,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenney198832–41_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETenney198832–41-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much use is made of significant numbers, especially the number seven, which represented perfection according to ancient numerology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeniorGetty1990398–399_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeniorGetty1990398–399-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there is a "complete lack of consensus" among scholars about the structure of Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMounce199832_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMounce199832-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is therefore an outline of the book's contents rather than of its structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outline">Outline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events of Revelation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></div> <p>Outline of the book of Revelation: </p> <ol><li><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG/220px-BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG/330px-BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG/440px-BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Apocalypse" title="Bamberg Apocalypse">Bamberg Apocalypse</a> of the Son of Man among the seven lampstands.</figcaption></figure>The Revelation of Jesus Christ <ol><li>The Revelation of Jesus Christ is communicated to John through prophetic visions. (1:1–9)</li> <li>John is instructed by the "one like a son of man" to write all that he hears and sees, from the prophetic visions, to <a href="/wiki/Seven_Churches_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Churches of Asia">Seven Churches of Asia</a>. (1:10–13)</li> <li>The appearance of the "one like a son of man" is given, and he reveals what the seven stars and seven lampstands represent. (1:14–20)</li></ol></li> <li>Messages for seven churches of Asia <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>: From this church, he "who overcomes is granted to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God." (2:1–7) <ol><li>Praised for not bearing those who are evil, testing those who say they are apostles and are not, and finding them to be liars; hating the deeds of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaitan">Nicolaitans</a>; having persevered and possessing patience.</li> <li>Admonished to "do the first works" and to repent for having left their "first love."</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>: From this church, those who are faithful until death, will be given "the crown of life." He who overcomes shall not be hurt by the <a href="/wiki/Second_death" title="Second death">second death</a>. (2:8–11) <ol><li>Praised for being "rich" while impoverished and in tribulation.</li> <li>Admonished not to fear the "<a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Satan" title="Synagogue of Satan">synagogue of Satan</a>", nor fear a ten-day tribulation of being thrown into prison.</li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamberg_Apocalypse_-_To_the_Church_in_Pergamum_and_Thyatira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bamberg_Apocalypse_-_To_the_Church_in_Pergamum_and_Thyatira.jpg/220px-Bamberg_Apocalypse_-_To_the_Church_in_Pergamum_and_Thyatira.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bamberg_Apocalypse_-_To_the_Church_in_Pergamum_and_Thyatira.jpg/330px-Bamberg_Apocalypse_-_To_the_Church_in_Pergamum_and_Thyatira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bamberg_Apocalypse_-_To_the_Church_in_Pergamum_and_Thyatira.jpg/440px-Bamberg_Apocalypse_-_To_the_Church_in_Pergamum_and_Thyatira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>To the Church in Pergamum and Thyatira.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>: From this church, he who overcomes will be given the hidden <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> to eat and a white stone with a secret name on it." (2:12–17) <ol><li>Praised for holding "fast to My name", not denying "My faith" even in the days of <a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a>, "My faithful martyr."</li> <li>Admonished to repent for having held the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a>, who taught <a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a> to put a stumbling block before the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">children of Israel</a>; eating things sacrificed to idols, committing sexual immorality, and holding the "doctrine of the Nicolaitans."</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a>: From this church, he who overcomes until the end, will be given power over the nations in order to dash them to pieces with a rod of iron; he will also be given the "morning star." (2:18–29) <ol><li>Praised for their works, love, service, faith, and patience.</li> <li>Admonished to repent for allowing a "prophetess" to promote sexual immorality and to eat things sacrificed to idols.</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>: From this church, he who overcomes will be clothed in white garments, and his name will not be blotted out from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Life" title="Book of Life">Book of Life</a>; his name will also be confessed before the Father and his angels. (3:1–6) <ol><li>Admonished to be watchful and to strengthen since their works have not been perfect before God.</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a>: From this church, he who overcomes will be made a pillar in the temple of God having the name of God, the name of the city of God, "<a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a>", and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>'s new name. (3:7–13) <ol><li>Praised for having some strength, keeping "My word", and having not denied "My name."</li> <li>Reminded to hold fast what they have, that no one may take their crown.</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicean_Church" title="Laodicean Church">Laodicea</a>: From this church, he who overcomes will be granted the opportunity to sit with the Son of God on his throne. (3:14–22) <ol><li>Admonished to be zealous and repent from being "lukewarm"; they are instructed to buy the "gold refined in the fire", that they may be rich; to buy "white garments", that they may be clothed, so that the shame of their nakedness would not be revealed; to anoint their eyes with eye salve, that they may see.</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypseFolio013vLambAndBookWith7Seals_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BambergApocalypseFolio013vLambAndBookWith7Seals_-_crop.jpg/220px-BambergApocalypseFolio013vLambAndBookWith7Seals_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BambergApocalypseFolio013vLambAndBookWith7Seals_-_crop.jpg/330px-BambergApocalypseFolio013vLambAndBookWith7Seals_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BambergApocalypseFolio013vLambAndBookWith7Seals_-_crop.jpg/440px-BambergApocalypseFolio013vLambAndBookWith7Seals_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>The Lamb with the Book with Seven Seals.</figcaption></figure>Before the Throne of God <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God" title="Throne of God">Throne of God</a> appears, surrounded by twenty four thrones with twenty-four elders seated in them. (4:1–5)</li> <li>The four <a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">living creatures</a> are introduced. (4:6–11)</li> <li>A scroll, with seven seals, is presented and it is declared that the <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of the tribe of Judah</a>, from the "Root of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">David</a>", is the only one worthy to open this scroll. (5:1–5)</li> <li>When the "Lamb having seven horns and seven eyes" took the scroll, the creatures of heaven fell down before the Lamb to give him praise, joined by myriads of angels and the creatures of the earth. (5:6–14)</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Seals">Seven Seals</a> are opened <ol><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg/220px-White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg/330px-White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg/440px-White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>"And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer." White Rider from <i>Tolkovy Apocalyps</i>, Moscow, 17th century</figcaption></figure>First Seal: A white horse appears, whose crowned rider has a bow with which to conquer. (6:1–2)</li> <li>Second Seal: A red horse appears, whose rider is granted a "great sword" to take peace from the earth. (6:3–4)</li> <li>Third Seal: A black horse appears, whose rider has "a pair of balances in his hand", where a voice then says, "A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and [see] thou hurt not the oil and the wine." (6:5–6)</li> <li>Fourth Seal: A pale horse appears, whose rider is <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death#In_Christianity" title="Personifications of death">Death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hades_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades in Christianity">Hades</a> follows him. Death is granted a fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and with the beasts of the earth. (6:7–8)</li> <li>Fifth Seal: "Under the altar", appeared the souls of martyrs for the "word of God", who cry out for vengeance. They are given white robes and told to rest until the martyrdom of their brothers is completed. (6:9–11)</li> <li>Sixth Seal: (6:12–17) <ol><li>There occurs a great earthquake where "the sun becomes black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon like blood" (6:12).</li> <li>The stars of heaven fall to the earth and the sky recedes like a scroll being rolled up (6:13–14).</li> <li>Every mountain and island is moved out of place (6:14).</li> <li>The people of earth retreat to caves in the mountains (6:15).</li> <li>The survivors call upon the mountains and the rocks to fall on them, so as to hide them from the "wrath of the Lamb" (6:16).</li></ol></li> <li>Interlude: The 144,000 Hebrews are sealed. <ol><li><a href="/wiki/The_144,000_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="The 144,000 of the Book of Revelation">144,000</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a> are sealed as servants of God on their foreheads (7:1–8)</li> <li>A great multitude stand before the Throne of God, who come out of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a>, clothed with robes made "white in the blood of the Lamb" and having <a href="/wiki/Martyr%27s_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyr's palm">palm branches</a> in their hands. (7:9–17)</li></ol></li> <li>Seventh Seal: Introduces the seven trumpets (8:1–5) <ol><li>"Silence in heaven for about half an hour" (8:1).</li> <li>Seven angels are each given trumpets (8:2).</li> <li>An eighth angel takes a "golden <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a>", filled with fire from the heavenly altar, and throws it to the earth (8:3–5). What follows are "peals of thunder, rumblings, flashes of lightning, and an earthquake" (8:5).</li> <li>After the eighth angel has devastated the earth, the seven angels introduced in verse 2 prepare to sound their trumpets (8:6).</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG/220px-BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG/330px-BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG/440px-BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>The Seven Trumpets and the angel with a censer.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Seven_trumpets" title="Seven trumpets">Seven trumpets</a> are sounded (Seen in Chapters 8, 9, and 11). <ol><li>First Trumpet: Hail and fire, mingled with blood, are thrown to the earth burning up a third of the trees and green grass. (8:6–7)</li> <li>Second Trumpet: Something that resembles a great mountain, burning with fire, falls from the sky and lands in the ocean. It kills a third of the sea creatures and destroys a third of the ships at sea. (8:8–9)</li> <li>Third Trumpet: A great star, named <a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(Bible)" title="Wormwood (Bible)">Wormwood</a>, falls from heaven and poisons a third of the rivers and springs of water. (8:10–11)</li> <li>Fourth Trumpet: A third of the sun, the moon, and the stars are darkened creating complete darkness for a third of the day and the night. (8:12–13)</li> <li>Fifth Trumpet: The First Woe (9:1–12) <ol><li>A "star" falls from the sky (9:1).</li> <li>This "star" is given "the key to the bottomless pit" (9:1).</li> <li>The "star" then opens the bottomless pit. When this happens, "smoke [rises] from [the Abyss] like smoke from a gigantic furnace. The sun and sky [are] darkened by the smoke from the Abyss" (9:2).</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B_Escorial_94v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B_Escorial_94v.jpg/220px-B_Escorial_94v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B_Escorial_94v.jpg/330px-B_Escorial_94v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/B_Escorial_94v.jpg/440px-B_Escorial_94v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>The Fourth Angel sounds his trumpet, Apocalypse 8, <a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Apocalypse" title="Commentary on the Apocalypse">Beatus Escorial</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950</span></figcaption></figure>From out of the smoke, locusts who are "given power like that of scorpions of the earth" (9:3), who are commanded not to harm anyone or anything except for people who were not given the "seal of God" on their foreheads (from chapter 7) (9:4).</li> <li>The "locusts" are described as having a human appearance (faces and hair) but with lion's teeth, and wearing "breastplates of iron"; the sound of their wings resembles "the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle" (9:7–9).</li></ol></li> <li>Sixth Trumpet: The Second Woe (9:13–21) <ol><li>The four <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> bound to the great river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> are released to prepare two hundred million horsemen.</li> <li>These armies kill a third of mankind by plagues of fire, smoke, and brimstone.</li></ol></li> <li>Interlude: The little scroll. (10:1–11) <ol><li>An angel appears, with one foot on the sea and one foot on the land, having an opened little book in his hand.</li> <li>Upon the cry of the angel, seven thunders utter mysteries and secrets that are not to be written down by John.</li> <li>John is instructed to eat the little scroll that happens to be sweet in his mouth, but bitter in his stomach, and to prophesy.</li> <li>John is given a measuring rod to measure the temple of God, the altar, and those who worship there.</li> <li>Outside the temple, at the court of the holy city, it is trod by the nations for forty-two months (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a> prophesy for 1,260 days, clothed in sackcloth. (11:1–14)</li></ol></li> <li>Seventh Trumpet: The Third Woe that leads into the <a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">seven bowls</a> (11:15–19) <ol><li>The temple of God opens in heaven, where the ark of his covenant can be seen. There are lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail.</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li>The Seven Spiritual Figures. (Events leading into the Third Woe) <ol><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypseFolio031vDragonPursuingWomanInWilderness.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BambergApocalypseFolio031vDragonPursuingWomanInWilderness.JPG/220px-BambergApocalypseFolio031vDragonPursuingWomanInWilderness.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BambergApocalypseFolio031vDragonPursuingWomanInWilderness.JPG/330px-BambergApocalypseFolio031vDragonPursuingWomanInWilderness.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BambergApocalypseFolio031vDragonPursuingWomanInWilderness.JPG/440px-BambergApocalypseFolio031vDragonPursuingWomanInWilderness.JPG 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>The Woman and the Dragon.</figcaption></figure>A Woman "clothed with a white robe, with the sun at her back, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars" is in pregnancy with a male child. (12:1–2)</li> <li>A great Dragon (with seven heads, ten horns, and seven crowns on his heads) drags a third of the stars of Heaven with his tail, and throws them to the Earth. (12:3–4). The Dragon waits for the birth of the child so he can devour it. However, sometime after the child is born, he is caught up to God's throne while the Woman flees into the wilderness into her place prepared of God that they should feed her there for 1,260 days (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years). (12:5–6). War breaks out in heaven between <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> and the Dragon, identified as that old Serpent, the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> (12:9). After a great fight, the Dragon and his angels are cast out of Heaven for good, followed by praises of victory for God's kingdom. (12:7–12). The Dragon engages to persecute the Woman, but she is given aid to evade him. Her evasiveness enrages the Dragon, prompting him to wage war against the rest of her offspring, who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. (12:13–17)</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B_Escorial_108v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/B_Escorial_108v.jpg/220px-B_Escorial_108v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/B_Escorial_108v.jpg/330px-B_Escorial_108v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/B_Escorial_108v.jpg/440px-B_Escorial_108v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>A seven-headed leopard-like beast.</figcaption></figure>A Beast (with seven heads, ten horns, and ten crowns on his horns and on his heads names of blasphemy) emerges from the Sea, having one mortally wounded head that is then healed. The people of the world wonder and follow the Beast. The Dragon grants him power and authority for forty-two months. (13:1–5)</li> <li>The Beast of the Sea blasphemes God's name (along with God's tabernacle and his kingdom and all who dwell in Heaven), wages war against the Saints, and overcomes them. (13:6–10)</li> <li>Then, a Beast emerges from the Earth having two horns like a lamb, speaking like a dragon. He directs people to make an image of the Beast of the Sea who was wounded yet lives, breathing life into it, and forcing all people to bear "<a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">the mark of the Beast</a>". The number of the beast the Bible says is "666". Events leading into the Third Woe:</li> <li>The Lamb stands on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a> with the 144,000 "first fruits" who are redeemed from Earth and victorious over the Beast and his mark and image. (14:1–5) <ol><li>The proclamations of three angels. (14:6–13)</li> <li>One like the Son of Man reaps the earth. (14:14–16)</li> <li>A second angel reaps "the vine of the Earth" and throws it into "the great winepress of the wrath of God... and blood came out of the winepress... up to one thousand six hundred <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a>." (14:17–20)</li> <li>The temple of the tabernacle, in Heaven, is opened (15:1–5), beginning the "Seven Bowls" revelation.</li> <li>Seven angels are given a golden bowl, from the Four Living Creatures, that contains the seven last plagues bearing the wrath of God. (15:6–8)</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypseFolio038vAngelWith7Plagues.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BambergApocalypseFolio038vAngelWith7Plagues.JPG/220px-BambergApocalypseFolio038vAngelWith7Plagues.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BambergApocalypseFolio038vAngelWith7Plagues.JPG/330px-BambergApocalypseFolio038vAngelWith7Plagues.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BambergApocalypseFolio038vAngelWith7Plagues.JPG/440px-BambergApocalypseFolio038vAngelWith7Plagues.JPG 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Angels with the seven plagues.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a> are poured onto Earth: <ol><li>First Bowl: A "foul and malignant sore" afflicts the followers of the Beast. (16:1–2)</li> <li>Second Bowl: The Sea turns to blood and everything within it dies. (16:3)</li> <li>Third Bowl: All fresh water turns to blood. (16:4–7)</li> <li>Fourth Bowl: The Sun scorches the Earth with intense heat and even burns some people with fire. (16:8–9)</li> <li>Fifth Bowl: There is total darkness and great pain in the Beast's kingdom. (16:10–11)</li> <li>Sixth Bowl: The Great River Euphrates is dried up and preparations are made for the kings of the East and the final battle at <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> between the forces of good and evil. (16:12–16)</li> <li>Seventh Bowl: A great earthquake and heavy hailstorm: "every island fled away and the mountains were not found." (16:17–21)</li></ol></li> <li>Aftermath: Vision of John given by "an angel who had the seven bowls" <ol><li>The great Harlot who sits on a scarlet Beast (with seven heads and ten horns and names of blasphemy all over its body) and by many waters: Babylon the Great. The angel showing John the vision of the Harlot and the scarlet Beast reveals their identities and fates (17:1–18)</li> <li>New Babylon is destroyed. (18:1–8)</li> <li>The people of the Earth (the kings, merchants, sailors, etc.) mourn New Babylon's destruction. (18:9–19)</li> <li>The permanence of New Babylon's destruction. (18:20–24)</li></ol></li> <li>The Marriage Supper of the Lamb <ol><li>A great multitude praises God. (19:1–6)</li> <li>The marriage Supper of the Lamb. (19:7–10)</li></ol></li> <li>The Judgment of the two Beasts, the Dragon, and the Dead (19:11–20:15) <ol><li>The Beast and the False Prophet are cast into the Lake of Fire. (19:11–21)</li> <li>The Dragon is imprisoned in the Bottomless Pit for a thousand years. (20:1–3)</li> <li>The resurrected martyrs live and reign with Christ for a thousand years. (20:4–6)</li> <li>After the Thousand Years <ol><li>The Dragon is released and goes out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth—<a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>—and gathers them for battle at the holy city. The Dragon makes war against the people of God, but is defeated. (20:7–9)</li> <li>The Dragon is cast into the Lake of Fire with the Beast and the False Prophet. (20:10)</li> <li>The Last Judgment: the wicked, along with Death and Hades, are cast into the Lake of Fire, which is the second death. (20:11–15)</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypseFolio055rNew_Jerusalem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BambergApocalypseFolio055rNew_Jerusalem.JPG/220px-BambergApocalypseFolio055rNew_Jerusalem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BambergApocalypseFolio055rNew_Jerusalem.JPG/330px-BambergApocalypseFolio055rNew_Jerusalem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BambergApocalypseFolio055rNew_Jerusalem.JPG/440px-BambergApocalypseFolio055rNew_Jerusalem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>The angel showing John the New Jerusalem, with the Lamb of God at its center.</figcaption></figure>The New Heaven and Earth, and <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a> <ol><li>A "new heaven" and "new earth" replace the old heaven and old earth. There is no more suffering or death. (21:1–8)</li> <li>God comes to dwell with humanity in the New Jerusalem. (21:2–8)</li> <li>Description of the New Jerusalem. (21:9–27)</li> <li>The River of Life and the Tree of Life appear for the healing of the nations and peoples. The curse of sin is ended. (22:1–5)</li></ol></li> <li>Conclusion <ol><li>Christ's reassurance that his coming is imminent. Final admonitions. (22:6–21)</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revelation has a wide variety of interpretations, ranging from the simple historical interpretation, to a prophetic view on what will happen in the future by way of <a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">God's will</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman's</a> (traditionally believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Virgin Mary</a>) victory over Satan ("<a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">symbolic</a> interpretation"), to different end time scenarios ("futurist interpretation"),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the views of critics who deny any spiritual value to Revelation at all,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ascribing it to a human-inherited <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetype</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical">Liturgical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liturgical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paschal_liturgical">Paschal liturgical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paschal liturgical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This interpretation, which has found expression among both Catholic and Protestant theologians, considers the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> worship, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> rites, of early Christianity as background and context for understanding the Book of Revelation's structure and significance. This perspective is explained in <i>The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse</i> (new edition, 2004) by <a href="/wiki/Massey_H._Shepherd" title="Massey H. Shepherd">Massey H. Shepherd</a>, an Episcopal scholar, and in <a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a>'s <i>The Lamb's Supper: The Mass as Heaven on Earth</i> (1999), in which he states that Revelation in form is structured after creation, fall, judgment and redemption. Those who hold this view say that the Temple's destruction (AD 70) had a profound effect on the Jewish people, not only in Jerusalem but among the Greek-speaking Jews of the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They believe the Book of Revelation provides insight into the early Eucharist, saying that it is the new Temple worship in the New Heaven and Earth. The idea of the Eucharist as a foretaste of the heavenly banquet is also explored by British Methodist Geoffrey Wainwright in his book <i>Eucharist and Eschatology</i> (Oxford University Press, 1980). According to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> some of the images of Revelation should be understood in the context of the dramatic suffering and persecution of the churches of Asia in the 1st century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, they argue, the Book of Revelation should not be read as an enigmatic warning, but as an encouraging vision of Christ's definitive victory over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriental_Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_from_Apa_Apollo_in_Bawit_-_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mural_from_Apa_Apollo_in_Bawit_-_Detail.jpg/250px-Mural_from_Apa_Apollo_in_Bawit_-_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mural_from_Apa_Apollo_in_Bawit_-_Detail.jpg/375px-Mural_from_Apa_Apollo_in_Bawit_-_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mural_from_Apa_Apollo_in_Bawit_-_Detail.jpg/500px-Mural_from_Apa_Apollo_in_Bawit_-_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption>"Christ in Glory (Pankrator)", c. 6th–8th century CE, wall painting from the Monastery of Bawit. The Coptic iconography represents many elements from the Book of Revelation.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> the whole Book of Revelation is read during Apocalypse Night after <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblically Ugo Vanni and other biblical scholars have argued that the Book of Revelation was written with the intention to be read entirely in one liturgical setting with dialogue-elements between the reader (singular) and the hearers (plural) based on Rev 1:3 and Rev 1:10.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beniamin Zakhary has recently shown that the structure of the reading the Book of Revelation within the Coptic rite of Apocalypse Night (this is the only biblical reading in the Coptic church with a dialogue in it, where the reader stops many times and the people respond; additionally the entire book is read in a liturgical setting that culminates with the Eucharist) shows great support for this biblical hypothesis, albeit with some notable difference.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the Book of Revelation permeates many liturgical prayers and iconography within the Coptic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatological">Eschatological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eschatological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Christian interpretations fall into one or more of the following categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a>, which sees in Revelation a broad view of history;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a>, in which Revelation mostly refers to the events of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic era">apostolic era</a> (1st century) or the fall of Jerusalem<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a>, which believes that Revelation describes future events (modern believers in this interpretation are often called "<a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennialists</a>"); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism/Allegoricalism</a>, which holds that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events, but is an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a>.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, there are significant differences in interpretation of the thousand years (the "millennium") mentioned in Revelation 20:2. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a>, which holds a literal interpretation of the "millennium" and generally prefers literal interpretations of the content of the book;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a>, which rejects a literal interpretation of the "millennium" and generally prefers allegorical interpretations of the content of the book; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a>, which includes both literal and allegorical interpretations of the "millennium" but views the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> as following the conversion to Christianity of a gradually improving world.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Catholic">Roman Catholic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> the Book of Revelation contains an account of visions in symbolic and allegorical language borrowed extensively from the Old Testament. Symbolic descriptions are not to be taken as literal descriptions, nor is the symbolism meant to be pictured realistically.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> taught that Revelation "should be understood against the backdrop of" the early church's persecutions and inner problems, that "the Lamb who is slain yet standing" symbolizes Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">paschal mystery</a> and Jesus being the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a>, that the vision of the woman and child symbolizes both Mary and the Church, that the New Jerusalem symbolizes the Church in its glory on <a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment Day">Judgment Day</a>, and that the prayers in Revelation reflect 1st century Jewish-Christian liturgy and Jewish-Christian understanding of the heavenly liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a>, the author of Revelation identifies the beast as the Roman Empire, the dragon as Satan, and Babylon as Rome. The meaning is that Rome "cannot win. It will be completely overthrown, and the Church is sure to triumph. This prophecy is as it were the hub of the Apocalypse. Around it John gradually unfolds the plan God has for the future of his Church."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apokalipsis_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Apokalipsis_XVI.jpg/220px-Apokalipsis_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Apokalipsis_XVI.jpg/330px-Apokalipsis_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Apokalipsis_XVI.jpg/440px-Apokalipsis_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>An Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the Apocalypse of St. John, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Eastern Orthodoxy treats the text as simultaneously describing contemporaneous events (events occurring at the same time) and as prophecy of events to come, for which the contemporaneous events were a form of foreshadowing. It rejects attempts to determine, before the fact, if the events of Revelation are occurring by mapping them onto present-day events, taking to heart the Scriptural warning against those who proclaim "He is here!" prematurely. Instead, the book is seen as a warning to be spiritually and morally ready for the end times, whenever they may come ("as a thief in the night"), but they will come at the time of God's choosing, not something that can be precipitated nor trivially deduced by mortals.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book of Revelation is the only book of the New Testament that is not read during services by the Byzantine Rite Churches, although it is read in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodox Parishes</a>, which are under the same bishops as the Byzantine Rite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant">Protestant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Protestant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh-day_Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)#Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism (Christianity) § Seventh-day Adventists</a></div> <p>Similar to the early Protestants, Adventists maintain a historicist interpretation of the Bible's predictions of the apocalypse.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seventh-day Adventists believe the Book of Revelation is especially relevant to believers in the days preceding the second coming of Jesus Christ. "The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but in the last days, a time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Here is the patience of the saints; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As participatory agents in the work of salvation for all humankind, "This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three angels of Revelation 14 represent the people who accept the light of God's messages and go forth as his agents to sound the warning throughout the length and breadth of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahá'í_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Bahá'í Faith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bahá'í Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By reasoning analogous with <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerite</a> historicism, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>'s doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive revelation (Bahá'í)">progressive revelation</a>, a modified historicist method of interpreting prophecy, is identified in the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a>, the son and chosen successor of Bahá'u'lláh, has given some interpretations about the 11th and 12th chapters of Revelation in <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Answered_Questions" title="Some Answered Questions">Some Answered Questions</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1,260 days spoken of in the forms: one thousand two hundred and sixty days,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forty-two months,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the 1,260 years in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Calendar">Islamic Calendar</a> (AH 1260 or AD 1844). The "<a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">two witnesses</a>" spoken of are <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red Dragon spoken of in Revelation 12:3 – "And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads"<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – are interpreted as symbolic of the seven provinces dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a>: Damascus, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Africa, Andalusia, and Transoxania. The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty: Abu Sufyan, Muawiya, Yazid, Marwan, Abd al-Malik, Walid, Sulayman, Umar, Hisham, and Ibrahim. Some names were re-used, as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III and the like, which were not counted for this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> states that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> is the author of Revelation and that he was <a href="/wiki/Foreordination" title="Foreordination">foreordained</a> by God to write it.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>, section 77, postulates answers to specific questions regarding the symbolism contained in the Book of Revelation. Topics include: the sea of glass, the four beasts and their appearance, the 24 elders, the book with seven seals, certain angels, the sealing of the 144,000, the little book eaten by John, and the two witnesses in Chapter 11.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that the warning contained in Revelation 22:18–19 does not refer to the biblical canon as a whole. Rather, an open and ongoing dialogue between God and the modern-day Prophet and Apostles of the LDS faith constitute an open canon of scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Esoteric">Esoteric</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Esoteric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian Gnostics are unlikely to be attracted to the teaching of Revelation because the doctrine of salvation through the sacrificed Lamb, which is central to Revelation, is repugnant to Gnostics. Christian Gnostics "believed in the Forgiveness of Sins, but in no vicarious sacrifice for sin ... they accepted Christ in the full realisation of the word; his life, not his death, was the keynote of their doctrine and their practice."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Morgan_Pryse" title="James Morgan Pryse">James Morgan Pryse</a> was an esoteric gnostic who saw Revelation as a western version of the Hindu theory of the <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a>. He began his work, "The purpose of this book is to show that the Apocalypse is a manual of spiritual development and not, as conventionally interpreted, a cryptic history or prophecy."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such diverse theories have failed to command widespread acceptance. However, Christopher Rowland argues: "there are always going to be loose threads which refuse to be woven into the fabric as a whole. The presence of the threads which stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the neat tapestry of our world-view does not usually totally undermine that view."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radical_discipleship">Radical discipleship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Radical discipleship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The radical discipleship interpretation asserts that the Book of Revelation is best understood as a handbook for radical discipleship; i.e. how to remain faithful to the spirit and teachings of Jesus and avoid simply assimilating to surrounding society. In this interpretation the primary agenda of the book is to expose as impostors the worldly powers that seek to oppose the ways of God and God's Kingdom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The chief temptation for Christians in the 1st century, and today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (September 2024)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> is to fail to hold fast to the non-violent teachings and example of Jesus and instead be lured into unquestioning adoption and assimilation of worldly, national or cultural values – <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">civil religion</a> being the most dangerous and insidious.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This perspective (closely related to <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>) draws on the approach of Bible scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ched_Myers" title="Ched Myers">Ched Myers</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stringfellow" title="William Stringfellow">William Stringfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Horsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Horsley">Richard Horsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a>, Wes Howard-Brook,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joerg_Rieger" title="Joerg Rieger">Joerg Rieger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a>, have identified the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a> as <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beast (Bible)">the Beast</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the events described, being their doings and results, the aforementioned 'wrath'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_and_literary">Aesthetic and literary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aesthetic and literary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augsburger_Wunderzeichenbuch_%E2%80%94_Folio_185_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Augsburger_Wunderzeichenbuch_%E2%80%94_Folio_185_crop.jpg/250px-Augsburger_Wunderzeichenbuch_%E2%80%94_Folio_185_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Augsburger_Wunderzeichenbuch_%E2%80%94_Folio_185_crop.jpg/375px-Augsburger_Wunderzeichenbuch_%E2%80%94_Folio_185_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Augsburger_Wunderzeichenbuch_%E2%80%94_Folio_185_crop.jpg/500px-Augsburger_Wunderzeichenbuch_%E2%80%94_Folio_185_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>This artwork from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Book_of_Miracles" title="Augsburg Book of Miracles">Augsburger Wunderzeichenbuch</a></i></span> illustrates Revelation 11:5–8: "And if anyone would harm them, fire pours from their mouth and consumes their foes. If anyone would harm them, this is how he is doomed to be killed ... And when they have finished their testimony, the beast that rises from the bottomless pit will make war on them and conquer them and kill them, and their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city." (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Literary writers and theorists have contributed to a wide range of theories about the origins and purpose of the Book of Revelation. Some of these writers have no connection with established Christian faiths but, nevertheless, found in Revelation a source of inspiration. Revelation has been approached from Hindu philosophy and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>. Others have pointed to aspects of composition which have been ignored such as the similarities of prophetic inspiration to modern poetic inspiration, or the parallels with <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek drama</a>. In recent years, theories have arisen which concentrate upon how readers and texts interact to create meaning and which are less interested in what the original author intended.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cutler_Torrey" title="Charles Cutler Torrey">Charles Cutler Torrey</a> taught <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. His lasting contribution has been to show how prophets, such as the scribe of Revelation, are much more meaningful when treated as poets first and foremost. He thought this was a point often lost sight of because most English bibles render everything in prose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey1958[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey1958[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher R. North says of Torrey's earlier Isaiah theory, "Few scholars of any standing have accepted his theory."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the general view of Torrey's theories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Christopher North goes on to cite Torrey on 20 major occasions and many more minor ones in the course of his book. So, Torrey must have had some influence and poetry is the key.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Poetry was also the reason John never directly quoted the older prophets. Had he done so, he would have had to use their (Hebrew) poetry whereas he wanted to write his own. Torrey insisted Revelation had originally been written in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey19587_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey19587-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Torrey, "The Fourth Gospel was brought to Ephesus by a Christian fugitive from Palestine soon after the middle of the first century. It was written in Aramaic." Later, the Ephesians claimed this fugitive had actually been the beloved disciple himself. Subsequently, this John was banished by Nero and died on Patmos after writing Revelation. Torrey argued that until AD 80, when Christians were expelled from the synagogues,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey195837_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey195837-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Christian message was always first heard in the synagogue and, for cultural reasons, the evangelist would have spoken in Aramaic, else "he would have had no hearing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey19588_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey19588-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torrey showed how the three major songs in Revelation (the new song, the song of Moses and the Lamb and the chorus at 19:6–8) each fall naturally into four regular metrical lines plus a coda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey1958137_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey1958137-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other dramatic moments in Revelation, such as 6:16 where the terrified people cry out to be hidden, behave in a similar way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey1958140_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey1958140-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving Greek translation was a literal translation that aimed to comply with the warning at Revelation 22:18 that the text must not be "corrupted" in any way. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a> was a Victorian poet who believed the sensual excitement of the natural world found its meaningful purpose in death and in God.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <i>The Face of the Deep</i> is a meditation upon the Apocalypse. In her view, what Revelation has to teach is patience.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patience is the closest to perfection the human condition allows.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her book, which is largely written in prose, frequently breaks into poetry or jubilation, much like Revelation itself. The relevance of John's visions<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belongs to Christians of all times as a continuous present meditation. Such matters are eternal and outside of normal human reckoning. "That winter which will be the death of Time has no promise of termination. Winter that returns not to spring ... – who can bear it?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892301_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892301-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She dealt deftly with the vengeful aspects of John's message. "A few are charged to do judgment; everyone without exception is charged to show mercy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892292_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892292-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her conclusion is that Christians should see John as "representative of all his brethren" so they should "hope as he hoped, love as he loved".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892495_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892495-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (September 2024)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> aesthetic and literary modes of interpretation have developed, which focus on Revelation as a work of art and imagination, viewing the imagery as symbolic depictions of timeless truths and the victory of good over evil. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sch%C3%BCssler_Fiorenza" title="Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza">Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza</a> wrote <i>Revelation: Vision of a Just World</i> from the viewpoint of rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Revelation's meaning is partially determined by the way John goes about saying things, partially by the context in which readers receive the message and partially by its appeal to something beyond logic.<sup id="cite_ref-Tina_Pippin_1993_p._105_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tina_Pippin_1993_p._105-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor Schüssler Fiorenza believes that Revelation has particular relevance today as a liberating message to disadvantaged groups. John's book is a vision of a just world, not a vengeful threat of world-destruction. Her view that Revelation's message is not gender-based has caused dissent. She says humanity is to look behind the symbols rather than make a fetish out of them. In contrast, Tina Pippin states that John writes "<a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror literature</a>" and "the <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> which underlies the narrative is extreme."<sup id="cite_ref-Tina_Pippin_1993_p._105_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tina_Pippin_1993_p._105-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> took an opposing, pessimistic view of Revelation in the final book he wrote, <i>Apocalypse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1932_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1932-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw the language which Revelation used as being bleak and destructive; a 'death-product'. Instead, he wanted to champion a public-spirited individualism (which he identified with the historical Jesus supplemented by an ill-defined cosmic consciousness) against its two natural enemies. One of these he called "the sovereignty of the intellect"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1932xxiii_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1932xxiii-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he saw in a technology-based totalitarian society. The other enemy he styled "vulgarity"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence19326_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence19326-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that was what he found in Revelation. "It is very nice if you are poor and not humble ... to bring your enemies down to utter destruction, while you yourself rise up to grandeur. And nowhere does this happen so splendiferously than in Revelation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence193211_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence193211-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence did not consider how these two types of Christianity (good and bad in his view) might be related other than as opposites. He noted the difference meant that the John who wrote a gospel could not be the same John who wrote Revelation. </p><p>His specific aesthetic objections to Revelation were that its imagery was unnatural and that phrases like "the wrath of the Lamb" were "ridiculous". He saw Revelation as comprising two discordant halves. In the first, there was a scheme of cosmic renewal in "great Chaldean sky-spaces", which he quite liked. After that, Lawrence thought, the book became preoccupied with the birth of the baby messiah and "flamboyant hate and simple lust ... for the end of the world". Lawrence coined the term "Patmossers" to describe those Christians who could only be happy in paradise if they knew their enemies were suffering in hell.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a></div> <p>Modern biblical scholarship attempts to understand Revelation in its 1st-century historical context within the genre of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach considers the text as an address to seven historical communities in Asia Minor. Under this interpretation, assertions that "the time is near" are to be taken literally by those communities. Consequently, the work is viewed as a warning not to conform to contemporary Greco-Roman society which John "unveils" as beastly, demonic, and subject to divine judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Testament narrative criticism also places Revelation in its first century historical context but approaches the book from a literary perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, narrative critics examine characters and characterization, literary devices, settings, plot, themes, point of view, implied reader, implied author, and other constitutive features of narratives in their analysis of the book. </p><p>Although the acceptance of Revelation into the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon</a> has, from the beginning, been controversial, it has been essentially similar to the career of other texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009b_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009b-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eventual exclusion of other contemporary apocalyptic literature from the canon may throw light on the unfolding historical processes of what was officially considered orthodox, what was <a href="/wiki/Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">heterodox</a>, and what was even heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009b_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009b-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpretation of meanings and imagery are anchored in what the historical author intended and what his contemporary audience inferred; a message to Christians not to assimilate into the Roman imperial culture was John's central message.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the letter (written in the apocalyptic genre) is pastoral in nature (its purpose is offering hope to the downtrodden),<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_Apoc_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_Apoc-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the symbolism of Revelation is to be understood entirely within its historical, literary, and social context.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_Apoc_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_Apoc-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics study the conventions of apocalyptic literature and events of the 1st century to make sense of what the author may have intended.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_Apoc_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_Apoc-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Whitlock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Whitlock (page does not exist)">Barbara Whitlock</a> pointed out a similarity between the consistent destruction of thirds depicted in the Book of Revelation (a third of mankind by plagues of fire, smoke, and brimstone, a third of the trees and green grass, a third of the sea creatures and a third of the ships at sea, etc.) and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Iranian mythology</a> evil character <a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a> or Dahāg, depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, the earliest religious texts of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. Dahāg is mentioned as wreaking much evil in the world until at last chained up and imprisoned on the mythical Mt. Damāvand. The Middle Persian sources prophesy that at the end of the world, Dahāg will at last burst his bonds and ravage the world, consuming one in three humans and livestock, until the ancient hero <a href="/wiki/Garshasp" title="Garshasp">Kirsāsp</a> returns to life to kill Dahāg. Whitlock wrote: "Zoroastrianism, the state religion of the Roman Empire's main rival, was part of the intellectual environment in which Christianity came into being, just as were Judaism, the Greek-Roman religion, and the worship of Isis and Mithras. A Zoroastrian influence is completely plausible".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. date, publisher, ISBN? (September 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Testament_origins">Old Testament origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Old Testament origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Revelation employs ancient sources, primarily but not exclusively from the Old Testament. For example, Howard-Brook and Gwyther<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regard the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> as an equally significant but contextually different source. "Enoch's journey has no close parallel in the Hebrew scriptures." </p><p>Academics showed little interest in this topic until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anonymous Scottish commentary of 1871<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prefaces Revelation 4 with the Little Apocalypse of Mark 13, places Malachi 4:5 ("Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord") within Revelation 11 and writes Revelation 12:7 side by side with the role of "the Satan" in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>. The message is that everything in Revelation will happen in its previously appointed time.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Moyise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Moyise (page does not exist)">Steve Moyise</a> uses the index of the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament to show that "Revelation contains more Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a> than any other New Testament book, but it does not record a single quotation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise199531_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise199531-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps significantly, Revelation chooses different sources than other New Testament books. Revelation concentrates on Isaiah, Psalms, and Ezekiel, while neglecting, comparatively speaking, the books of the Pentateuch that are the dominant sources for other New Testament writers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yet, with Revelation, the problems might be judged more fundamental. The author seems to be using his sources in a completely different way to the originals. For example, the author borrows the 'new temple' imagery of Ezekiel 40–48 but uses it to describe a New Jerusalem which, quite pointedly, no longer needs a temple because it is God's dwelling. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Boxall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Boxall (page does not exist)">Ian Boxall</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writes that Revelation "is no montage of biblical quotations (that is not John's way) but a wealth of allusions and evocations rewoven into something new and creative." In trying to identify this "something new", Boxall argues that Ezekiel provides the 'backbone' for Revelation. He sets out a comparative table listing the chapters of Revelation in sequence and linking most of them to the structurally corresponding chapter in Ezekiel. The interesting point is that the order is not the same. John, on this theory, rearranges Ezekiel to suit his own purposes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some commentators argue that it is these purposes – and not the structure – that really matter. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Beale" title="Gregory Beale">G. K. Beale</a> believes that, however much John makes use of Ezekiel, his ultimate purpose is to present Revelation as a fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a> has argued that John presents an early view of the Trinity through his descriptions of the visions and his identifying Jesus and the Holy Spirit with YHWH.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham1993_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham1993-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brandon Smith has expanded on both of their proposals while proposing a "trinitarian reading" of Revelation, arguing that John uses Old Testament language and allusions from various sources to describe a multiplicity of persons in YHWH without sacrificing monotheism, which would later be codified in the trinitarian doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olivet_discourse">Olivet discourse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Olivet discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/J._Stuart_Russell" title="J. Stuart Russell">James Stuart Russell</a>, the book is an exposition of <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">Luke 21</a>. Russell suggests there are parallels between the prophecy told by Jesus to the disciples and the prophecy recorded in the Book of Revelation, such as wars, famines, pestilence, earthquakes, false prophets, the darkening of the sun and moon, and stars falling from heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figures_in_Revelation">Figures in Revelation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Figures in Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order of appearance: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li>The author (see <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> or <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>)</li> <li>One like the Son of Man who gives the revelation</li> <li>Antipas, the faithful martyr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaitans">Nicolaitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a></li> <li>The One who sits on the throne (<a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_living_creatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Four living creatures">The four living creatures</a></li> <li>The twenty four elders</li> <li>The Lamb, with seven horns and seven eyes (<a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a>)</li> <li>Saints under the altar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li>The souls of them that were slain for the word of God</li> <li>Four angels holding the four winds of the Earth</li> <li>The seal-bearer angel (<a href="/wiki/144,000" title="144,000">144,000</a> of Israel sealed)</li> <li>A great multitude from every nation</li> <li>Seven angelic trumpeters</li> <li>The star called Wormwood</li> <li>Angel of Woe</li> <li>Scorpion-tailed Locusts</li> <li>The angel of the bottomless pit (Hebrew: <a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a>, Greek: Apollyon)</li> <li>Four angels bound to the great river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li>Two hundred million man <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a></li> <li>The mighty angel with little book open and when he cried of seven thunders uttered their voices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Two Witnesses">The Two Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">The Woman</a> and her child</li> <li>The Dragon, fiery red with seven heads and ten horns (<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael the Archangel">Michael the Archangel</a></li> <li>The Beast, with seven heads and ten horns (<a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist/Beast of the Sea</a>)</li> <li>The False Prophet (<a href="/wiki/False_prophet#The_false_prophet_of_Revelation" title="False prophet">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li>The three angels</li> <li>The angelic reapers and the grapes of wrath</li> <li>Voice from heaven</li> <li>Seven plague angels (Seven bowls of wrath)</li> <li>Angel of the waters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whore_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whore of Babylon">The Whore of Babylon</a> (Mother of harlots)</li> <li>Word of God/Rider on a white horse</li> <li>Angel binding Satan for one thousand years</li> <li>Those of the first resurrection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> (after the one thousand years)</li> <li>Those of the second resurrection</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apocalypse_(2000_film)" title="The Apocalypse (2000 film)"><i>The Apocalypse</i></a> – 2000 film</li> <li><a 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differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day-year_principle" title="Day-year principle">Day-year principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Apocalypse_manuscripts" title="English Apocalypse manuscripts">English Apocalypse manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horae_Apocalypticae" title="Horae Apocalypticae">Horae Apocalypticae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Earth">The New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament#Book_of_Revelation" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">Textual variants in the Book of Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other apocalypses popular in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> era did not achieve canonical status. <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> (also known as the Apocalypse of Ezra) is recognized as canonical in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> churches, but as part of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, among recent writers, John Behr<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that Irenaeus and the earliest traditions of the church placed the writing in the reign of Nero.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thus, for example, whereas the 1592 <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a> calls the book <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Apocalypsis Beati Joannis Apostoli</i></span> "Apocalypse of Saint John the Apostle" the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a> calls it <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Apocalypsis Joannis</i></span> "Apocalypse of John". </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossetti remarks that patience is a word which does not occur in the Bible until the New Testament, as if the usage first came from Christ's own lips.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892115_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892115-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Vision' lends the wrong emphasis as Rossetti sought to minimise the distinction between John's experience and that of others. She quoted 1 John 3:24, "He abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us" to show that when John says, "I was in the Spirit" it is not exceptional.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Moyise reports no work whatsoever done between 1912 and 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise199513_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise199513-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarson2005" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Don (2005). <i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i> (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. pp. 465ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51940-9"><bdi>978-0-310-51940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=465ff&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-310-51940-9&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2007" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Michael (2007). <i>The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations</i>. Baker Academic. p. 749ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801034688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801034688"><bdi>978-0801034688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+Greek+Texts+and+English+Translations&rft.pages=749ff&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0801034688&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauckham1993">Bauckham 1993</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031535–1536_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenbruck2003">Stuckenbruck 2003</a>, pp. 1535–1536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2019" class="citation book cs1">Behr, John (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u-MDwAAQBAJ&q=john+behr+paschal+gospel"><i>John the Theologian and his Paschal Gospel</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257444-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257444-2"><bdi>978-0-19-257444-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+the+Theologian+and+his+Paschal+Gospel&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-257444-2&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6u-MDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djohn%2Bbehr%2Bpaschal%2Bgospel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031536-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck20031536_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenbruck2003">Stuckenbruck 2003</a>, p. 1536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Biesen1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">van den Biesen, Christian (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apocalypse"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Apocalypse">"Apocalypse" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalypse&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=van+den+Biesen&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ"><i>ESV Pew Bible</i></a>. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 1028. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0"><bdi>978-1-4335-6343-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Pew+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=1028&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-6343-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiPouAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/explanation/brevelation.html">"What is the Book of Revelation?"</a>. <i>PBS Frontline</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123083119/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/explanation/brevelation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Book+of+Revelation%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fapocalypse%2Fexplanation%2Fbrevelation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbl.gcc.libguides.com/c.php?g=339715&p=2285140">Common Abbreviations for Books of the Bible -- Chicago</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">"Bible Book Abbreviations"</a>. <i>Logos Bible Software</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logos+Bible+Software&rft.atitle=Bible+Book+Abbreviations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logos.com%2Fbible-book-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2012" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Dale B. (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/books/review/revelations-by-elaine-pagels.html">"The Last Trumpet"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230217221753/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/books/review/revelations-by-elaine-pagels.html#selection-495.0-495.124">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Last+Trumpet&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F08%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Frevelations-by-elaine-pagels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932,_24–25-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham19932,_24–25_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauckham1993">Bauckham 1993</a>, p. 2, 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000">Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428–29-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428–29_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins2012">Perkins 2012</a>, p. 19ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1984100-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1984100_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKim201416-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKim201416_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKim2014">McKim 2014</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECouch200181-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouch200181_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCouch2001">Couch 2001</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFekkes1994" class="citation book cs1">Fekkes, Jan (1994). <i>Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation: Visionary Antecedents and their Development (The Library of New Testament Studies)</i>. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-456-5"><bdi>978-1-85075-456-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaiah+and+Prophetic+Traditions+in+the+Book+of+Revelation%3A+Visionary+Antecedents+and+their+Development+%28The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-456-5&rft.aulast=Fekkes&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBealeMcDonough20071081–1084-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBealeMcDonough20071081–1084_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBealeMcDonough2007">Beale & McDonough 2007</a>, pp. 1081–1084.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2011143–145-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2011143–145_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens2011">Stephens 2011</a>, pp. 143–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2011152-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2011152_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens2011">Stephens 2011</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1984154-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1984154_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton2011" class="citation book cs1">Chilton, David (2011). <i>The Days of Vengeance</i>. Tyler, Texas: Dominion Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930462-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930462-09-3"><bdi>978-0-930462-09-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Days+of+Vengeance&rft.place=Tyler%2C+Texas&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Dominion+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-930462-09-3&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall2011no_page_number-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall2011no_page_number_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWall2011">Wall 2011</a>, p. no page number.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, David G. K. (11 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ">"Christian regional diversity"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Esler" title="Philip Esler">Esler, Philip F.</a> (ed.). <i>The Early Christian World</i>. Routledge Worlds. Routledge (published 2002). p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54919-1"><bdi>978-1-134-54919-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2015</span>. <q>[...] the minor Catholic epistles and Revelation continued to be omitted, and are still not included in the canon of the church of the East which was geographically (and from the late-fifth century doctrinally) isolated in the Persian empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+regional+diversity&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54919-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=David+G.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattemore20041-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattemore20041_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattemore2004">Pattemore 2004</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonehousen.d.138–142-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonehousen.d.138–142_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStonehousen.d.">Stonehouse n.d.</a>, pp. 138–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmMEhsEYHUsC&pg=PA3">Eugenia Scarvelis Constantinou (editor) <i>Commentary on the Apocalypse</i></a> by Andrew of Caesarea (CUA Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0123-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0123-8">978-0-8132-0123-8</a>), pp. 3–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1">of Caesarea, Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250107.htm"><i>Church History, Book VII Chapter 25</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History%2C+Book+VII+Chapter+25&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Caesarea&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1">of Caesarea, Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm"><i>Church History, Book III Chapter 25</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History%2C+Book+III+Chapter+25&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Caesarea&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalin1990" class="citation cs2">Kalin, ER (1990), "Re-examining New Testament Canon History: 1. The Canon of Origen", <i><a href="/wiki/Currents_in_Theology_and_Mission" title="Currents in Theology and Mission">Currents in Theology and Mission</a></i>, <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">274–</span>82</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Theology+and+Mission&rft.atitle=Re-examining+New+Testament+Canon+History%3A+1.+The+Canon+of+Origen&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kalin&rft.aufirst=ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrigen" class="citation book cs1">Origen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/101505.htm"><i>Church Fathers: Commentary on John, Book V: 3 (Origen)</i></a>. Translated by Allan Menzies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Commentary+on+John%2C+Book+V%3A+3+%28Origen%29&rft.au=Origen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F101505.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Jerusalem" class="citation book cs1">of Jerusalem, Cyril. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310104.htm"><i>Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35</i></a>. Translated by Edwin Hamilton Gifford. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechetical+Lecture+4+Chapter+35&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Jerusalem&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F310104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Alexandria" class="citation book cs1">of Alexandria, Athanasius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2806039.htm"><i>Church Fathers: Letter 39 (Athanasius)</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Letter+39+%28Athanasius%29&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Alexandria&rft.aufirst=Athanasius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2806039.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">of Hippo, Augustine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/12022.htm"><i>On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Christian+Doctrine+Book+II+Chapter+8%3A2&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Hippo&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F12022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Aquileia" class="citation book cs1">of Aquileia, Rufinus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2711.htm"><i>Commentary on the Apostles' Creed #37</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Apostles%27+Creed+%2337&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Aquileia&rft.aufirst=Rufinus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2711.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html">"Letter of Innocent I on the Canon of Scripture"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Letter+of+Innocent+I+on+the+Canon+of+Scripture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Finnocent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Damascus" class="citation book cs1">of Damascus, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/33044.htm"><i>An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, Book IV Chapter 17</i></a>. Translated by E. W. Watson; L. Pullan. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Exposition+of+the+Orthodox+Faith%2C+Book+IV+Chapter+17&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Damascus&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F33044.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Laodicea" class="citation book cs1">of Laodicea, Synod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3806.htm"><i>Synod of Laodicea Canon 60</i></a>. Translated by Percival, Henry. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synod+of+Laodicea+Canon+60&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=of+Laodicea&rft.aufirst=Synod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3806.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearse" class="citation web cs1">Pearse, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm">"Tertullian : Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)"</a>. <i>www.tertullian.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tertullian.org&rft.atitle=Tertullian+%3A+Decretum+Gelasianum+%28English+translation%29&rft.aulast=Pearse&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Fdecretum_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html">"Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)"</a>, <i>The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage</i>, Christian Classics Ethereal Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+XXIV.+%28Greek+xxvii.%29&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+the+217+Blessed+Fathers+who+assembled+at+Carthage&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM">"Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel"</a>. 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EWTN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+III+Council+of+Trent-4&rft.pub=EWTN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCOUNCILS%2FTRENT4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffWaceKnight1900" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry; Knight, Kevin, eds. (1900). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Council+of+Carthage+%28A.D.+419%29&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Second+Series&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3816.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffWaceKnight1900" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry; Knight, Kevin, eds. (1900). "The Apostolic Canons. Canon 85". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3820.htm"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series</i></a>. Vol. 14. Translated by Percival, Henry. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Apostolic+Canons.+Canon+85&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Second+Series&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1988322,_337–338-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1988322,_337–338_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLohse1988">Lohse 1988</a>, pp. 322, 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasson1965" class="citation book cs1">Glasson, T.F. (1965). "How was the Book received by the Church?". In Glasson, T.F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh07AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Revelation of John</i></a>. Cambridge Bible Commentaries on the New Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Zwingli, the Swiss Reformer, said, '[The Book of Revelation] is not a book of the Bible'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+was+the+Book+received+by+the+Church%3F&rft.btitle=The+Revelation+of+John&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Bible+Commentaries+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Glasson&rft.aufirst=T.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRh07AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekema1979297-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekema1979297_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoekema1979">Hoekema 1979</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoring1989" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDQOcCrYFuEC"><i>Revelation</i></a>. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press (published 2011). p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23628-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23628-1"><bdi>978-0-664-23628-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>To this day, Catholic and Protestant lectionaries have only minimal readings from Revelation, and the Greek Orthodox lectionary omits it altogether.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.series=Interpretation%3A+A+Bible+Commentary+for+Teaching+and+Preaching&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23628-1&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDQOcCrYFuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2008227-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2008227_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2008">Parker 2008</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoester2020344-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoester2020344_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoester2020">Koester 2020</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen202012-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen202012_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2020">Allen 2020</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2010no_page_number-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPate2010no_page_number_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPate2010">Pate 2010</a>, p. no page number.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETenney198832–41-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenney198832–41_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTenney1988">Tenney 1988</a>, pp. 32–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeniorGetty1990398–399-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeniorGetty1990398–399_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeniorGetty1990">Senior & Getty 1990</a>, pp. 398–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMounce199832-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMounce199832_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMounce1998">Mounce 1998</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarris1992" class="citation book cs1">Karris, Robert J., ed. (1992). <i>The Collegeville Bible Commentary</i>. Liturgical Press. p. 1296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collegeville+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=1296&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Ken (2000). <i>Hiding in plain sight</i>. Cedar Fort. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiding+in+plain+sight&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Cedar+Fort&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a> in his autobiography <i>Memories Dream Reflections</i> said "I will not discuss the transparent prophecies of the Book of Revelation because no one believes in them and the whole subject is felt to be an embarrassing one."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn1999" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Scott (1999). <i>The Lamb's Supper: The Mass as Heaven on Earth</i>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49659-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49659-1"><bdi>0-385-49659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lamb%27s+Supper%3A+The+Mass+as+Heaven+on+Earth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-385-49659-1&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060823.html">"John, the Seer of Patmos"</a>. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John%2C+the+Seer+of+Patmos&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Faudiences%2F2006%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20060823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThavis2006" class="citation web cs1">Thavis, John (23 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010122/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=20995">"Pope Benedict: Read Book of Revelation as Christ's victory over evil"</a>. <i>Catholic Online</i>. Catholic News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=20995">the original</a> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict%3A+Read+Book+of+Revelation+as+Christ%27s+victory+over+evil&rft.date=2006-08-23&rft.aulast=Thavis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Finternational%2Finternational_story.php%3Fid%3D20995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174734/http://suscopts.org/resources/literature/222/night-of-the-apocalypse/">"Night of the Apocalypse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Diocese_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States">Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suscopts.org/resources/literature/222/night-of-the-apocalypse/">the original</a> on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Night+of+the+Apocalypse&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+the+Southern+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuscopts.org%2Fresources%2Fliterature%2F222%2Fnight-of-the-apocalypse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanni1991" class="citation journal cs1">Vanni, Ugo (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/abs/liturgical-dialogue-as-a-literary-form-in-the-book-of-revelation/50544029342CC67BF81545C1F7CE1780">"Liturgical Dialogue as a Literary Form in the Book of Revelation"</a>. <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">348–</span>372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688500015927">10.1017/S0028688500015927</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8145">1469-8145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170638316">170638316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=Liturgical+Dialogue+as+a+Literary+Form+in+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170638316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-8145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688500015927&rft.aulast=Vanni&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fnew-testament-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fliturgical-dialogue-as-a-literary-form-in-the-book-of-revelation%2F50544029342CC67BF81545C1F7CE1780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakhary2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zakhary, Beniamin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/records/8060812">"Support For The Biblical Liturgy of Revelation in the Coptic Tradition"</a>. <i>Doxology</i>. <b>33</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.8060812">10.5281/zenodo.8060812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doxology&rft.atitle=Support+For+The+Biblical+Liturgy+of+Revelation+in+the+Coptic+Tradition&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.8060812&rft.aulast=Zakhary&rft.aufirst=Beniamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecords%2F8060812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFakhry2019" class="citation book cs1">Fakhry, Morkos (2019). <i>The Book of Revelation and the Church of Alexandria (Coptic Orthodox Church)</i>. Fairfax, Virginia: Eastern Christian Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Revelation+and+the+Church+of+Alexandria+%28Coptic+Orthodox+Church%29&rft.place=Fairfax%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Eastern+Christian+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Fakhry&rft.aufirst=Morkos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1887" class="citation book cs1">Russell, James (1887). <i>The Parousia</i>. United Kingdom: Bierton Strict and Particular Baptists. pp. <span class="nowrap">258–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-519610-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-519610-94-2"><bdi>978-1-519610-94-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parousia&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=Bierton+Strict+and+Particular+Baptists&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=978-1-519610-94-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Dennis E. (2008). "Introduction to Revelation". <i>ESV Study Bible</i>. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433502415" title="Special:BookSources/978-1433502415"><bdi>978-1433502415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Revelation&rft.btitle=ESV+Study+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1433502415&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/revelation/0">"Introduction"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry%2C+International+Journal+for+Pastors&rft.atitle=What+prophecy+means+to+this+church&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1983-07&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministrymagazine.org%2Farchive%2F1983%2F07%2Fwhat-prophecy-means-to-this-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.adventist.org/fileadmin/adventist.org/files/articles/official-statements/28Beliefs-Web.pdf">"Seventh-day Adventist 28 Fundamental Beliefs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Official Site of the Seventh-day Adventist World Church</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+77&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F77%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter" class="citation web cs1">Hunter, Howard W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1981/04/no-man-shall-add-to-or-take-away?lang=eng&query=book+of+revelation">"No Man Shall Add to or Take Away"</a>. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Man+Shall+Add+to+or+Take+Away&rft.pub=Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Howard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fgeneral-conference%2F1981%2F04%2Fno-man-shall-add-to-or-take-away%3Flang%3Deng%26query%3Dbook%2Bof%2Brevelation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwiney1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Swiney" title="Frances Swiney">Swiney, R. Frances</a> (1909). <i>The Esoteric Teaching of the Gnostics</i>. London: Yellon, Williams & Co. pp. 3, 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Esoteric+Teaching+of+the+Gnostics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3%2C+4&rft.pub=Yellon%2C+Williams+%26+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Swiney&rft.aufirst=R.+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryse1910" class="citation book cs1">Pryse, James M. (1910). <i>Apocalypse Unsealed</i>. London: Watkins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Unsealed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watkins&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Pryse&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span> The theory behind the book is given in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalon1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Woodroffe" title="John Woodroffe">Avalon, Arthur</a> (1913). <i>The Serpent Power</i>. Madras (Chennai): Ganesh & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+Power&rft.place=Madras+%28Chennai%29&rft.pub=Ganesh+%26+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Avalon&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span> One version of how these beliefs might have travelled from India to the Middle East, Greece and Rome is given in the opening chapters of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Otto, Rudolf</a> (1938). <i>The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man</i>. London: Lutterworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+God+and+the+Son+of+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lutterworth&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1993" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Christopher (1993). <i>Revelation</i>. London: Epworth. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Epworth&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward-BrookGwyther1999" class="citation book cs1">Howard-Brook, Wes; Gwyther, Anthony (1999). <i>Unveiling Empire: Reading Revelation Then and Now</i>. <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Books" title="Orbis Books">Orbis Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-287-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-287-2"><bdi>978-1-57075-287-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unveiling+Empire%3A+Reading+Revelation+Then+and+Now&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-287-2&rft.aulast=Howard-Brook&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft.au=Gwyther%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieger2007" class="citation book cs1">Rieger, Joerg (2007). <i>Christ & Empire: From Paul to Postcolonial Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2038-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-2038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+%26+Empire%3A+From+Paul+to+Postcolonial+Times&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2038-7&rft.aulast=Rieger&rft.aufirst=Joerg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Christoyannopoulos">Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre</a> (2010). <i>Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel</i>. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>126. <q>Revelation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Anarchism%3A+A+Political+Commentary+on+the+Gospel&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Christoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreu2019" class="citation book cs1">Breu, Clarissa (2019). <i>Biblical Exegesis without Authorial Intention?: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Authorship and Meaning</i>. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39581-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39581-7"><bdi>978-90-04-39581-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Exegesis+without+Authorial+Intention%3F%3A+Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+Authorship+and+Meaning&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39581-7&rft.aulast=Breu&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey1958[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey1958[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorrey1958">Torrey 1958</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1964" class="citation book cs1">North, Christopher R. (1964). <i>The Second Isaiah</i>. London: Oxford University Press. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Isaiah&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey19587-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey19587_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorrey1958">Torrey 1958</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey195837-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey195837_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorrey1958">Torrey 1958</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey19588-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey19588_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorrey1958">Torrey 1958</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey1958137-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey1958137_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorrey1958">Torrey 1958</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrey1958140-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrey1958140_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorrey1958">Torrey 1958</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Flowers preach to us if we will hear", begins her poem "Consider the lilies of the field". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Goblin Market, Prince's Progress and Other Poems</i>. London: Oxford University Press. 1913. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goblin+Market%2C+Prince%27s+Progress+and+Other+Poems&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892115-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892115_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossetti1892">Rossetti 1892</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossetti1892">Rossetti 1892</a>, p. 26: "Christians should resemble fire-flies, not glow-worms; their brightness drawing eyes upward, not downward."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892301-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892301_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossetti1892">Rossetti 1892</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892292-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892292_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossetti1892">Rossetti 1892</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossetti1892495-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossetti1892495_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossetti1892">Rossetti 1892</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchüssler_Fiorenza1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sch%C3%BCssler_Fiorenza" title="Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza">Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth</a> (1993). <i>Revelation: Vision of a Just World</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation%3A+Vision+of+a+Just+World&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCssler+Fiorenza&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span> The book seems to have started life as <i>Invitation to the Book of Revelation</i> (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tina_Pippin_1993_p._105-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tina_Pippin_1993_p._105_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tina_Pippin_1993_p._105_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPippin1993" class="citation book cs1">Pippin, Tina (1993). <i>Death & Desire: The rhetoric of gender in the Apocalypse of John</i>. Louisville: Westminster-John Knox. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+%26+Desire%3A+The+rhetoric+of+gender+in+the+Apocalypse+of+John&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Westminster-John+Knox&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Pippin&rft.aufirst=Tina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1932-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1932_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1932">Lawrence 1932</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence1932xxiii-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence1932xxiii_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1932">Lawrence 1932</a>, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence19326-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence19326_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1932">Lawrence 1932</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence193211-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence193211_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1932">Lawrence 1932</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence, D. H.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umOIicD8H9oC&pg=PA112"><i>Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018781-6"><bdi>978-0-14-018781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+and+the+Writings+on+Revelation&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-018781-6&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumOIicD8H9oC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2009-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Martin_(scholar)" title="Dale Martin (scholar)">Martin, Dale</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ9Gt_R5a-k"><i>24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation</i></a> (lecture). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=24.+Apocalyptic+and+Accommodation&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DXJ9Gt_R5a-k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmolearning.com/video-lectures/apocalyptic-and-accommodation-6817/">Lecture 24 (transcript)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906132019/http://www.cosmolearning.com/video-lectures/apocalyptic-and-accommodation-6817/">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1998" class="citation book cs1">Barr, David L. (1998). <i>Tales of the End: A Narrative Commentary on the Book of Revelation</i>. Santa Rosa: Polebridge Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+the+End%3A+A+Narrative+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.place=Santa+Rosa&rft.pub=Polebridge+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2016" class="citation book cs1">Barr, David L. (2016). "Narrative Technique in the Book of Revelation". In Fewell, Danna Nolan (ed.). <i>Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">376–</span>388.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narrative+Technique+in+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Biblical+Narrative&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2009b-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009b_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009b_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Dale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822214424/https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/from-stories-to-canon-6796/">"Lecture 2: From Stories to Canon"</a>. CosmoLearning Religious Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/from-stories-to-canon-6796/">the original</a> on 22 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+2%3A+From+Stories+to+Canon&rft.pub=CosmoLearning+Religious+Studies&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmolearning.org%2Fvideo-lectures%2Ffrom-stories-to-canon-6796%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_Apoc-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_Apoc_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_Apoc_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_Apoc_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2016" class="citation web cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (9 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/sE2oaGa2fJU">"Bart Ehrman Discusses the Apocalypticist"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sE2oaGa2fJU">the original</a> on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bart+Ehrman+Discusses+the+Apocalypticist&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsE2oaGa2fJU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock" class="citation book cs1">Whitlock, Barbara. Barnes, George D. (ed.). <i>Tracing out the convoluted sources of Christianity</i>. Collected New Essays in Comparative Religion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+out+the+convoluted+sources+of+Christianity&rft.series=Collected+New+Essays+in+Comparative+Religion&rft.aulast=Whitlock&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wes Howard-Brook & Anthony Gwyther <i>Unveiling Empire</i> New York: Orbis (1999) p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise199513-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise199513_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoyise1995">Moyise 1995</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon <i>An exposition of the Apocalypse on a new principle of literal interpretation</i> Aberdeen: Brown (1871)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1995" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Charles T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPAiFCpfNUEC&q=The+message+is+that+everything+in+Revelation+will+happen+in+its+previously+appointed+time&pg=PA12"><i>The Message of the Book of Revelation</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2111-0"><bdi>978-0-8146-2111-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Message+of+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2111-0&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPAiFCpfNUEC%26q%3DThe%2Bmessage%2Bis%2Bthat%2Beverything%2Bin%2BRevelation%2Bwill%2Bhappen%2Bin%2Bits%2Bpreviously%2Bappointed%2Btime%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise199531-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise199531_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoyise1995">Moyise 1995</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Boxall The Revelation of St John London: Continuum & Peabody MA: Hendrickson (2006) p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. K. Beale John's use of the Old Testament in Revelation Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press (1998) p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham1993-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham1993_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauckham1993">Bauckham 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon D. Smith, "The Trinity in the Book of Revelation: Seeing Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in John's Apocalypse" (IVP Academic, 2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1878" class="citation book cs1">Russell, James Stuart (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PgUAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Parousia: A Critical Inquiry Into the New Testament Doctrine of Our Lord's Second Coming</i></a>. Daldy, Isbister & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">374–</span>376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parousia%3A+A+Critical+Inquiry+Into+the+New+Testament+Doctrine+of+Our+Lord%27s+Second+Coming&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.pub=Daldy%2C+Isbister+%26+Company&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PgUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmannati2010" class="citation book cs1">Ammannati, Renato (2010). <i>Rivelazione e Storia. Ermeneutica dell'Apocalisse</i>. Transeuropa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivelazione+e+Storia.+Ermeneutica+dell%27Apocalisse&rft.pub=Transeuropa&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ammannati&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2020" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Garrick (2020). <i>Manuscripts of the book of Revelation: new philology, paratexts, reception</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191883323" title="Special:BookSources/9780191883323"><bdi>9780191883323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscripts+of+the+book+of+Revelation%3A+new+philology%2C+paratexts%2C+reception&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780191883323&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Garrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barr, David, L. (1998). <i>Tales of the End: A Narrative Commentary on the Book of Revelation.</i> Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59815-033-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59815-033-9">978-1-59815-033-9</a>.</li> <li>Bass, Ralph E. Jr. (2004). <i>Back to the Future: A Study in the Book of Revelation</i>, Greenville, South Carolina: Living Hope Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9759547-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9759547-0-9">0-9759547-0-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1993" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=So0hIAMtTs0C"><i>The Theology of the Book of Revelation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35691-6"><bdi>978-0-521-35691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35691-6&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSo0hIAMtTs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealeMcDonough2007" class="citation book cs1">Beale, G.K.; <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._McDonough" title="Sean M. McDonough">McDonough, Sean M.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e69R5GYemBgC&q=%22No+other+book+of+the+NT+is+as+permeated+by+the+OT+as+is+Revelation%22&pg=PA1081">"Revelation"</a>. In Beale, G. K.; Carson, D. A. (eds.). <i>Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament</i>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2693-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2693-5"><bdi>978-0-8010-2693-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revelation&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+New+Testament+Use+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2693-5&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=G.K.&rft.au=McDonough%2C+Sean+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De69R5GYemBgC%26q%3D%2522No%2Bother%2Bbook%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNT%2Bis%2Bas%2Bpermeated%2Bby%2Bthe%2BOT%2Bas%2Bis%2BRevelation%2522%26pg%3DPA1081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Beale" title="Gregory Beale">Beale G.K.</a> (1999). <i>The Book of Revelation</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_International_Greek_Testament_Commentary" title="New International Greek Testament Commentary">NIGTC</a>, Grand Rapids: Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2174-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2174-X">0-8028-2174-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1921" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Rev. Elwood (1921). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Apocalypse of St. John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Apocalypse_of_St._John"><i>The Apocalypse of St. John</i> </a></span>. The Catholic Church Supply House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocalypse+of+St.+John&rft.pub=The+Catholic+Church+Supply+House&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Elwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Bousset W.</a>, <i>Die Offenbarung Johannis</i>, Göttingen 1896<sup>5</sup>, 1906<sup>6</sup>.</li> <li>Boxall, Ian, (2006). <i>The Revelation of Saint John</i> (Black's New Testament Commentary) London: Continuum, and Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-7135-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-7135-8">0-8264-7135-8</a> U.S. edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-202-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-202-8">1-56563-202-8</a></li> <li>Boxall, Ian (2002). <i>Revelation: Vision and Insight – An Introduction to the Apocalypse</i>, London: SPCK <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-281-05362-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-281-05362-6">0-281-05362-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0"><i>Introduction to the New Testament</i></a></span>. Anchor Bible. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2"><bdi>978-0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Anchor+Bible&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2000" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=%22Revelation%22%22usually+classified+as+an+apocalypse%22&pg=PA502"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+Origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00720-7&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC%26q%3D%2522Revelation%2522%2522usually%2Bclassified%2Bas%2Ban%2Bapocalypse%2522%26pg%3DPA502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1984" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Adela Yarbro (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw9e2DfVxiEC"><i>Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24521-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24521-4"><bdi>978-0-664-24521-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Catharsis%3A+The+Power+of+the+Apocalypse&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24521-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Adela+Yarbro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRw9e2DfVxiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouch2001" class="citation book cs1">Couch, Mal, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg0S-XE7jzUC"><i>A Bible Handbook to Revelation</i></a>. Kregel Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9393-5"><bdi>978-0-8254-9393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bible+Handbook+to+Revelation&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-9393-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFg0S-XE7jzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001/acref-9780192802903-e-5853">"Revelation, Book of"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev. ed.)</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revelation%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church+%283+rev.+ed.%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001%2Facref-9780192802903-e-5853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrutchfield2001" class="citation book cs1">Crutchfield, Larry V. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg0S-XE7jzUC">"Revelation in the New Testament Canon"</a>. In Couch, Mal (ed.). <i>A Bible Handbook to Revelation</i>. Kregel Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9393-5"><bdi>978-0-8254-9393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revelation+in+the+New+Testament+Canon&rft.btitle=A+Bible+Handbook+to+Revelation&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-9393-5&rft.aulast=Crutchfield&rft.aufirst=Larry+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFg0S-XE7jzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2004). <i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515462-7"><bdi>978-0-19-515462-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52430805">52430805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52430805&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515462-7&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2023). <i>Armageddon: What the Bible Really Says About the End</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982147990" title="Special:BookSources/9781982147990"><bdi>9781982147990</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330896041">1330896041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon%3A+What+the+Bible+Really+Says+About+the+End&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330896041&rft.isbn=9781982147990&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ford, J. Massyngberde (1975). <i>Revelation</i>, The <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible">Anchor Bible</a>, New York: Doubleday <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00895-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00895-3">0-385-00895-3</a>.</li> <li>Gentry, Kenneth L. Jr. (1998). <i>Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation</i>, Powder Springs, GA: American Vision, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915815-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-915815-43-5">0-915815-43-5</a>.</li> <li>Gentry, Kenneth L. Jr. (2002). <i>The Beast of Revelation</i>, Powder Springs, GA: American Vision, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915815-41-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-915815-41-9">0-915815-41-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn, Scott</a> (1999). <i>The Lamb's Supper: Mass as Heaven on Earth</i>, Darton, Longman, Todd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5818-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5818-0">0-8146-5818-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1993" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Wilfrid J. (1993). Daniel J. Harrington (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xjFmjobW5iwC"><i>Revelation</i></a>. Sacra Pagina Series Volume 16. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press (A Michael Glazier Book). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5818-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-5818-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27812649">27812649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minn.&rft.series=Sacra+Pagina+Series+Volume+16&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press+%28A+Michael+Glazier+Book%29&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27812649&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5818-5&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxjFmjobW5iwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hernández, Juan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1YlHaGpooC&pg=PA1"><i>Scribal habits and theological influences in the Apocalypse</i></a>, Tübingen</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoekema1979" class="citation book cs1">Hoekema, Anthony A. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2yT_7xw35sC&q=calvin+%22book+of+revelation%22&pg=PA297"><i>The Bible and the future</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3516-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3516-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3516-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+future&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3516-1&rft.aulast=Hoekema&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2yT_7xw35sC%26q%3Dcalvin%2B%2522book%2Bof%2Brevelation%2522%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hudson, Gary W. (2006). <i>Revelation: Awakening The Christ Within</i>, Vesica Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9778517-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9778517-2-9">0-9778517-2-9</a></li> <li>Jennings, Charles A. (2001). <i>The Book of Revelation From An Israelite and Historicist Interpretation</i>, Truth in History Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9792565-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9792565-8-5">978-0-9792565-8-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2012" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joseph F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=923-w0Knq-AC"><i>History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814659991" title="Special:BookSources/9780814659991"><bdi>9780814659991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Heresy%3A+How+Historical+Forces+Can+Create+Doctrinal+Conflicts&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780814659991&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D923-w0Knq-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kiddle M. (1941). <i>The Revelation of St. John</i> (The Moffat New Testament Commentary), New York – London</li> <li>Kirsch, Thomas (2006). <i>A History of the End of the World: How the Most Controversial Book in the Bible Changed the Course of Western Civilization</i>. New York: HarperOne</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoester2015" class="citation book cs1">Koester, Craig R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ctvBAAAQBAJ"><i>Revelation: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries</a>. Vol. 38A. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300216912" title="Special:BookSources/9780300216912"><bdi>9780300216912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.series=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Commentaries&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780300216912&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ctvBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoester2020" class="citation book cs1">Koester, Craig R. (2020). <i>The Oxford handbook of the Book of Revelation</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190655433" title="Special:BookSources/9780190655433"><bdi>9780190655433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780190655433&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence, D. H.</a> (1932). <i>Apocalypse</i>. London: Martin Secker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Martin+Secker&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span> The book was published posthumously with an introduction (pp. v–xli) by Richard Aldington which is an integral part of the text.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLietaert_Peerbolte2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X211025496">"The Book of Revelation: Plagues as Part of the Eschatological Human Condition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the New Testament">Journal for the Study of the New Testament</a></i>. <b>44</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X211025496">10.1177/0142064X211025496</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5294">1745-5294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237332665">237332665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Revelation%3A+Plagues+as+Part+of+the+Eschatological+Human+Condition&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237332665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1745-5294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X211025496&rft.aulast=Lietaert+Peerbolte&rft.aufirst=Bert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0142064X211025496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000" class="citation book cs1">Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC"><i>The Johannine Literature</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4"><bdi>978-1-84127-081-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Literature&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-081-4&rft.aulast=Lindars&rft.aufirst=Barnabas&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Court%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVOD0PhayhsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lohmeyer" title="Ernst Lohmeyer">Lohmeyer, Ernst</a> (1953). <i>Die Offenbarung des Johannes</i>, Tübingen</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohse1988" class="citation journal cs1">Lohse, D. E. (1988). "Wie christlich ist die Offenbarung des Johannes?". <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688500020130">10.1017/S0028688500020130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170246924">170246924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=Wie+christlich+ist+die+Offenbarung+des+Johannes%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688500020130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170246924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lohse&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodowicke_Muggleton" title="Lodowicke Muggleton">Muggleton, Lodowicke</a> (2010). <i>Works on the Book of Revelation</i> London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907466-04-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907466-04-5">978-1-907466-04-5</a></li> <li>Müller, U.B. (1995). <i>Die Offenbarung des Johannes</i>, Güttersloh</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James A. (2002). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rft.au=Sanders%2C+James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim2014" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BUaTAwAAQBAJ&q=%22apocalypse%22%22the+final+revealing+of+divine+mysteries%22&pg=PA16"><i>The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, Second Edition</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23835-3"><bdi>978-0-664-23835-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Theological+Terms%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23835-3&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBUaTAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522apocalypse%2522%2522the%2Bfinal%2Brevealing%2Bof%2Bdivine%2Bmysteries%2522%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounce1998" class="citation book cs1">Mounce, Robert H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06VR1JzzLNsC&q=%22lack+of+consensus+about+the+structure+of+Revelation%22&pg=PA32"><i>The Book of Revelation</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2537-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2537-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2537-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2537-7&rft.aulast=Mounce&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06VR1JzzLNsC%26q%3D%2522lack%2Bof%2Bconsensus%2Babout%2Bthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2BRevelation%2522%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyise1995" class="citation book cs1">Moyise, Steve (1995). <i>The Old Testament in the Book of Revelation</i>. Sheffield: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+in+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Moyise&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPate2010" class="citation book cs1">Pate, C. Marvin (2010). <i>Four Views on the Book of Revelation</i>. Zondervan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Views+on+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Pate&rft.aufirst=C.+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine</a> (2012). <i>Revelations: Visions, Prophecy, and Politics in the Book of Revelation</i>, Viking Adult, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-02334-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-02334-5">0-670-02334-5</a></li> <li>Prigent P., <i>L'Apocalypse</i>, Paris 1981.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeor2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samael_Aun_Weor" title="Samael Aun Weor">Weor, Samael Aun</a> (2004) [1960]. <i>The Aquarian Message: Gnostic Kabbalah and Tarot in the Apocalypse of St. John</i>. Thelema Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9745916-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9745916-5-0"><bdi>978-0-9745916-5-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aquarian+Message%3A+Gnostic+Kabbalah+and+Tarot+in+the+Apocalypse+of+St.+John&rft.pub=Thelema+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9745916-5-0&rft.aulast=Weor&rft.aufirst=Samael+Aun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattemore2004" class="citation book cs1">Pattemore, Stephen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDmP0I52XHYC&q=%22used+the+book%27s+imperial+imagery+for+self-promotion%22&pg=PT35"><i>The People of God in the Apocalypse</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3655-5"><bdi>978-1-4412-3655-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+of+God+in+the+Apocalypse&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3655-5&rft.aulast=Pattemore&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDmP0I52XHYC%26q%3D%2522used%2Bthe%2Bbook%2527s%2Bimperial%2Bimagery%2Bfor%2Bself-promotion%2522%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Pheme (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=It58APyHyPsC&q=%22This+gospel+makes+use+of+Mark%22&pg=PA19"><i>Reading the New Testament: An Introduction</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4786-1"><bdi>978-0-8091-4786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4786-1&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIt58APyHyPsC%26q%3D%2522This%2Bgospel%2Bmakes%2Buse%2Bof%2BMark%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2008" class="citation book cs1">Parker, D. C. (2008). <i>An introduction to the New Testament manuscripts and their texts</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511414190" title="Special:BookSources/9780511414190"><bdi>9780511414190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+manuscripts+and+their+texts&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780511414190&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roloff J. (1987). <i>Die Offenbarung des Johannes</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossetti1892" class="citation book cs1">Rossetti, Christina (1892). <i>The Face of the Deep</i>. London: SPCK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+the+Deep&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Rossetti&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeniorGetty1990" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Donald; Getty, Mary Ann (1990). <i>The Catholic Study Bible</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Study+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Getty%2C+Mary+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massey_H._Shepherd" title="Massey H. Shepherd">Shepherd, Massey H.</a> (2004). <i>The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse</i>, James Clarke, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-17005-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-17005-9">0-227-17005-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnelle2007" class="citation book cs1">Schnelle, Udo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KvMrnO6Q9O0C"><i>Theology of the New Testament [tr.2009]</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3604-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3604-0"><bdi>978-0-8010-3604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+New+Testament+%5Btr.2009%5D&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3604-0&rft.aulast=Schnelle&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKvMrnO6Q9O0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonehousen.d." class="citation book cs1">Stonehouse, Ned B. (n.d.) [c. 1929]. <i>The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church. A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon</i>. Goes: Oosterbaan & Le Cointre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocalypse+in+the+Ancient+Church.+A+Study+in+the+History+of+the+New+Testament+Canon&rft.place=Goes&rft.pub=Oosterbaan+%26+Le+Cointre&rft.aulast=Stonehouse&rft.aufirst=Ned+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span> [Major discussion of the controversy surrounding the acceptance/rejection of Revelation into the New Testament canon.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckenbruck2003" class="citation book cs1">Stuckenbruck, Loren T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1535">"Revelation"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. p. 1535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revelation&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=1535&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Stuckenbruck&rft.aufirst=Loren+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA1535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2011" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Mark B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VZLDaO4aHYC&q=%22traditional+portrait+of+social+setting+became+the+subject+of+sustained+criticism+and+revision%22&pg=PA144"><i>Annihilation or Renewal?: The Meaning and Function of New Creation in the Book of Revelation</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150838-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150838-7"><bdi>978-3-16-150838-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annihilation+or+Renewal%3F%3A+The+Meaning+and+Function+of+New+Creation+in+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150838-7&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VZLDaO4aHYC%26q%3D%2522traditional%2Bportrait%2Bof%2Bsocial%2Bsetting%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2Bsubject%2Bof%2Bsustained%2Bcriticism%2Band%2Brevision%2522%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet1990" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, J. P. M. (1990) [1979]. <i>Revelation</i>. London: SCM Press, and Philadelphia: Trinity Press International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02311-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02311-4"><bdi>0-334-02311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.pub=London%3A+SCM+Press%2C+and+Philadelphia%3A+Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-334-02311-4&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=J.+P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenney1988" class="citation book cs1">Tenney, Merrill C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAfI_-YTLE8C&q=%22The+book+of+revelation+contains+a+large+number+of+repeated+phrases%22&pg=PA32"><i>Interpreting Revelation</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0421-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0421-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-0421-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Revelation&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0421-1&rft.aulast=Tenney&rft.aufirst=Merrill+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAfI_-YTLE8C%26q%3D%2522The%2Bbook%2Bof%2Brevelation%2Bcontains%2Ba%2Blarge%2Bnumber%2Bof%2Brepeated%2Bphrases%2522%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrey1958" class="citation book cs1">Torrey, Charles C. (1958). <i>The Apocalypse of John</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocalypse+of+John&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Torrey&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitali2008" class="citation book cs1">Vitali, Francesco (2008). <i>Piccolo Dizionario dell'Apocalisse</i>. Todi: TAU Editrice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piccolo+Dizionario+dell%27Apocalisse&rft.place=Todi&rft.pub=TAU+Editrice&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Vitali&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2011" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Robert W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDmP0I52XHYC&q=%22used+the+book%27s+imperial+imagery+for+self-promotion%22&pg=PT35"><i>Revelation</i></a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3655-5"><bdi>978-1-4412-3655-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3655-5&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDmP0I52XHYC%26q%3D%2522used%2Bthe%2Bbook%2527s%2Bimperial%2Bimagery%2Bfor%2Bself-promotion%2522%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wikenhauser, A. <i>Offenbarung des Johannes</i>, Regensburg 1947, 1959.</li> <li>Witherington, Ben III (2003). <i>Revelation</i>, The New Cambridge Bible Commentary, New York: Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00068-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00068-0">978-0-521-00068-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Zahn" title="Theodor Zahn">Zahn, Theodor</a>, <i>Die Offenbarung des Johannes</i>, t. 1–2, Leipzig 1924–1926.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Michael White from PBS <i>Frontline</i> program "Apocalypse!"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4086"><i>The Marvelous Address: The Revelation of the Beloved (Disciple)</i></a> is an 18th-century manuscript about the book of Revelation written in <a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a> (Arabic written in Syriac script).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=248&letter=R"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=NT+27:+Revelation&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Bible: Revelation</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiesen1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Biesen, C. van den (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Apocalypse" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalypse&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Biesen&rft.aufirst=C.+van+den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchem1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Schem" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Schem">Schem, A. J.</a> (1879). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Apocalypse" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalypse&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Schem&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Revelation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0054914">The Apocalypse</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Martin Palmer, Marina Benjamin & Justin Champion (<i>In Our Time</i>, 17 July 2003)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Book of Revelation </div><div><b>Apocalyptic Epistle</b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><small><a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Epistle</a><br />of</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <small><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>End </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Revelation251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template talk:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Revelation251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Revelation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_1" title="Revelation 1">Revelation 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_2" title="Revelation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_3" title="Revelation 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_4" title="Revelation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_5" title="Revelation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_6" title="Revelation 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_7" title="Revelation 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_8" title="Revelation 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_9" title="Revelation 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_10" title="Revelation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_11" title="Revelation 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_14" title="Revelation 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_15" title="Revelation 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_16" title="Revelation 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_17" title="Revelation 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_18" title="Revelation 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_19" title="Revelation 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_20" title="Revelation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_21" title="Revelation 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_22" title="Revelation 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (biblical person)">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben (biblical person)">Reuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon (Hebrew Bible)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>/<br />Terms/ Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon/Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Life" title="Book of Life">Book of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Four Living Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_trumpets" title="Seven trumpets">Seven trumpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">Son of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(Bible)" title="Wormwood (Bible)">Wormwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Historicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe%27s_apocalyptic_thought" title="John Foxe's apocalyptic thought">by John Foxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Textual variants in the Book of Revelation">Textual variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_24" title="Papyrus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_43" title="Papyrus 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_47" title="Papyrus 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_85" title="Papyrus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_98" title="Papyrus 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_115" title="Papyrus 115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Aramaic_New_Testament_manuscript" title="Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript">Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Αποκάλυψις Ιωάννου">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Apocalips" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Apocalips">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Revelation">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks750" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks750" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Rogue star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posttribulation_rapture" title="Posttribulation rapture">Posttribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-5jc9f","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.885","walltime":"2.242","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18307,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":439518,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28304,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":580220,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1854.231 1 -total"," 26.82% 497.235 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.34% 432.699 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