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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrinal_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinal_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Doctrinal position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrinal_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-One_or_two_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_or_two_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>One or two events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_or_two_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Destination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_eschatological_timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_eschatological_timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Views of eschatological timing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_of_eschatological_timing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views of eschatological timing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views_of_eschatological_timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premillennialist_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premillennialist_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Premillennialist views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premillennialist_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-tribulational_premillennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-tribulational_premillennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Pre-tribulational premillennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-tribulational_premillennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-tribulational_premillennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-tribulational_premillennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Mid-tribulational premillennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-tribulational_premillennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prewrath_premillennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prewrath_premillennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Prewrath premillennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prewrath_premillennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_pre-tribulation_premillennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_pre-tribulation_premillennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Partial pre-tribulation premillennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_pre-tribulation_premillennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-tribulational_premillennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-tribulational_premillennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Post-tribulational premillennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-tribulational_premillennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmillennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmillennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Postmillennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmillennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amillennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amillennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Amillennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amillennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Date</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Date-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Date subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Failed_predictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_predictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Failed predictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_predictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegraping" title="Wegraping – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wegraping" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="نشوة الطرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نشوة الطرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagtiripon_kan_mga_Gadan_asin_Buhay" title="Pagtiripon kan mga Gadan asin Buhay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagtiripon kan mga Gadan asin Buhay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Грабването – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грабването" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapte" title="Rapte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rapte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytr%C5%BEen%C3%AD" title="Vytržení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vytržení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortrykkelsen" title="Bortrykkelsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bortrykkelsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entr%C3%BCckung" title="Entrückung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entrückung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrebatamiento" title="Arrebatamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arrebatamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oramendu" title="Oramendu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oramendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enl%C3%A8vement_de_l%27%C3%89glise" title="Enlèvement de l'Église – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enlèvement de l'Église" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opname_fan_de_gemeente" title="Opname fan de gemeente – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Opname fan de gemeente" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%B4%EA%B1%B0" title="휴거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휴거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengangkatan" title="Pengangkatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengangkatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapto" title="Rapto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rapto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapimento_della_Chiesa" title="Rapimento della Chiesa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rapimento della Chiesa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyakuo" title="Unyakuo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unyakuo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opname_van_de_gemeente" title="Opname van de gemeente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opname van de gemeente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%BA%E6%8C%99" title="携挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="携挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortrykkelsen" title="Bortrykkelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bortrykkelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porwanie_Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a" title="Porwanie Kościoła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Porwanie Kościoła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrebatamento_crist%C3%A3o" title="Arrebatamento cristão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arrebatamento cristão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83pirea_(cre%C8%99tinism)" title="Răpirea (creștinism) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Răpirea (creștinism)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Восхищение Церкви – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восхищение Церкви" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rapture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yl%C3%B6stempaus" title="Ylöstempaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ylöstempaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppryckandet" title="Uppryckandet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uppryckandet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eschatological concept of certain Christians</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rapture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rapture (disambiguation)">Rapture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:271px;max-width:271px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teachings_of_Jesus_40_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_bed._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teachings_of_Jesus_40_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_bed._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/267px-Teachings_of_Jesus_40_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_bed._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif" decoding="async" width="267" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teachings_of_Jesus_40_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_bed._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/401px-Teachings_of_Jesus_40_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_bed._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teachings_of_Jesus_40_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_bed._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/534px-Teachings_of_Jesus_40_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_bed._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>One in the bed</i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teachings_of_Jesus_39_of_40._the_rapture._one_at_the_mill._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teachings_of_Jesus_39_of_40._the_rapture._one_at_the_mill._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/267px-Teachings_of_Jesus_39_of_40._the_rapture._one_at_the_mill._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teachings_of_Jesus_39_of_40._the_rapture._one_at_the_mill._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/401px-Teachings_of_Jesus_39_of_40._the_rapture._one_at_the_mill._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teachings_of_Jesus_39_of_40._the_rapture._one_at_the_mill._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/534px-Teachings_of_Jesus_39_of_40._the_rapture._one_at_the_mill._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i> One at the mill</i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teachings_of_Jesus_38_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_field._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Teachings_of_Jesus_38_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_field._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/267px-Teachings_of_Jesus_38_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_field._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif" decoding="async" width="267" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Teachings_of_Jesus_38_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_field._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/401px-Teachings_of_Jesus_38_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_field._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Teachings_of_Jesus_38_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_field._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif/534px-Teachings_of_Jesus_38_of_40._the_rapture._one_in_the_field._Jan_Luyken_etching._Bowyer_Bible.gif 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>One in the field</i></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a>'s illustration of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a> verse 40, from the 1795 <a href="/wiki/Bowyer_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowyer Bible">Bowyer Bible</a>, which proponents take as a reference to the rapture</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contrasting beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of <i>Revelation</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">The Millennium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a> <ul><li>Prewrath rapture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biblical texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">(Events)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pseudepigrapha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_eschatology" title="Template talk:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Rapture</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">eschatological</a> position held by some <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/American_evangelicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American evangelicalism">American evangelicalism</a>, consisting of an <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end-time</a> event when all dead Christian believers will be resurrected and, joined with Christians who are still alive, together will rise "in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the term extends from the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, which uses the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">harpazo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἁρπάζω</span>), meaning "to snatch away" or "to seize". This view of eschatology is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dispensational_premillennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensational premillennialism">dispensational premillennialism</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">futurism</a> that considers various prophecies in the Bible as remaining unfulfilled and occurring in the future. </p><p>The idea of a rapture as it is currently defined is not found in historic Christianity, and is a relatively recent doctrine originating from the 1830s. The term is used frequently among fundamentalist theologians in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rapture</i> has also been used for a mystical union with God or for eternal life in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differing viewpoints exist about the exact time of the rapture and whether Christ's return would occur in one event or two. <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation#Events" title="Great Tribulation">Pretribulationism</a> distinguishes the rapture from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">second coming</a> of Jesus Christ mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>. This view holds that the rapture would precede the seven-year <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a>, which would culminate in Christ's second coming and be followed by a thousand-year <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Messianic Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaysDuvall2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaysDuvall2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MillsBullard1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillsBullard1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory grew out of the translations of the Bible that <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a> analyzed in 1833. Pretribulationism is the most widely held view among Christians believing in the rapture today, although this view is disputed within evangelicalism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some assert a post-tribulational rapture. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> do not subscribe to rapture theology and have a different interpretation of the aerial gathering described in <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians_4" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians 4">1 Thessalonians 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-most_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-most-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not use <i>rapture</i> as a specific theological term, nor do they generally subscribe to the premillennial dispensational views associated with its use.<sup id="cite_ref-SFMC2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFMC2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead they typically interpret <i>rapture</i> in the sense of the elect gathering with Christ in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> right after his second coming and reject the idea that a large segment of humanity will be left behind on earth for an extended tribulation period after the events of 1 Thessalonians 4:17.<sup id="cite_ref-most_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-most-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rapture</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">rapture</i></span>, via the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">raptura</i></span> ("seizure, kidnapping"), which derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">raptus</i></span> ("a carrying off").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> of 1 Thessalonians 4:17 uses the verb form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁρπαγησόμεθα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">harpagēsometha</i></span>), which means "we shall be caught up" or "we shall be taken away". The dictionary form of this Greek verb is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">harpazō</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%81%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B6%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἁρπάζω">ἁρπάζω</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use is also seen in such texts as Acts 8:39,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 Corinthians 12:2–4,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Revelation 12:5.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist, Dr. Douglas Hamp, notes that Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Spiros_Zodhiates" title="Spiros Zodhiates">Spiros Zodhiates</a> lists <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">harpagēsometha</i></span> as the first-person plural future passive indicative of the Greek stem, <i>harpagē</i> (har-pag-ay),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “the act of plundering, plunder, spoil.” The future passive indicative of <i>harpázō</i> (although not used by Paul in 1 Thess. 4:17) can be viewed at verbix.com: αρπασθησόμεθα (<i>harpasthesometha</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GS724 <i>harpagē</i> means<i>:</i> 1. the act of plundering, robbery; 2. plunder, spoil.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the rapture and the "restoration of all things" (Acts 3:20-21<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are viewed as simultaneous events (according to Romans 8:19-21<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) then it makes sense why Paul would use "shall be plundered" to match the verbiage of the distortion of the Earth described in Isaiah 24:3,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The land shall be entirely emptied and utterly plundered...".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a> translates the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁρπαγησόμεθα</span></span> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapiemur" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapiemur">rapiemur</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "we will be caught up" or "we will be taken away" from the Latin verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rapio</i></span> meaning "to catch up" or "take away".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English translations of the Bible have translated 1 Thessalonians 4:17 in various ways: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible">Wycliffe Bible</a> (1395), translated from the Latin Vulgate, uses "rushed".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndale New Testament">Tyndale New Testament</a> (1525), the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop's Bible">Bishop's Bible</a> (1568), the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a> (1587) and the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (1611) use "caught up".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is carried over to the <a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">American Standard Version</a> (1901) and the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> (1946, 1952).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrinal_position">Doctrinal position</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Doctrinal position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pretribulational rapture view is most commonly found among American <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalist Baptists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible churches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brethren_Church" title="Brethren Church">Brethren churches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> certain <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> denominations,<sup id="cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmanuel2002-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational evangelicals</a>, and various other evangelical groups.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material highlighted using this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (January 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-r-synaxis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-synaxis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> denominations have no tradition of a preliminary return of Christ. The Eastern Orthodox Church, for example, favors the <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">amillennial</a> interpretation of prophetic Scriptures and thus rejects a preliminary, premillennial return.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Methodists do not adhere to the dispensationalist view of the rapture.<sup id="cite_ref-SFMC2022_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFMC2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_or_two_events">One or two events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: One or two events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most premillennialists distinguish the Rapture and the Second Coming as separate events. Some <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism#Dispensational_school" title="Premillennialism">dispensational premillennialists</a> (including many <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a>) hold the return of Christ to be two distinct events (i.e., Christ's second coming in two stages). According to this view, 1 Thessalonians 4:15–17<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a description of a preliminary event to the return described in Matthew 24:29–31.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both describe a coming of Jesus, these are seen to be different events. The first event is a coming where the saved are to be 'caught up,' whence the term "rapture" is taken. The second event is described as the second coming. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalists</a> hold that the first event precedes the period of <a href="/wiki/Tribulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribulation">tribulation</a>, even if not immediately (see chart for additional dispensationalist timing views).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dispensationalists distinguish these events as a result of their own literal<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> understanding of Paul's words.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amillennialists deny the interpretation of a literal thousand-year earthly rule of Christ. There is considerable overlap in the beliefs of amillennialists (including most Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Lutherans), postmillennialists (including <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Historic_premillennialism" title="Historic premillennialism">historic premillennialists</a> (including some <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a>) with those who hold that the return of Christ will be a single, public event. </p><p>Some proponents believe the doctrine of amillennialism originated with <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a><sup id="cite_ref-r-Lindsey-1989_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Lindsey-1989-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later became Catholic dogma through <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r-Keeley-1982_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Keeley-1982-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destination">Destination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Destination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dispensationalists see the immediate destination of the raptured Christians as being <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">Heaven</a>. Catholic commentators, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikisophia.org/index.php?title=Author:Walter_Drum">Walter Drum</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (1912), identify the destination of the 1 Thessalonians 4:17 gathering as Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Anglicans have many views, some Anglican commentators, such as <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a>, identify the destination as a specific place on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation may sometimes be connected to <a href="/wiki/Christian_environmentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian environmentalist">Christian environmentalist</a> concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_eschatological_timing">Views of eschatological timing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views of eschatological timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous views regarding the timing of the Rapture. Some maintain that Matthew 24:37–40<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the Rapture, pointing out similarities between the two texts, indicating that the Rapture would occur at the <i>parousia</i> of the Lord. Others point out that neither <i>church</i> nor <i>rapture</i> occur in Matthew 24 and there are significant differences between Matthew 24:37–40 and 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, these two texts receive the overwhelming focus within discussions about the Rapture's timing. The two texts are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>1 Thessalonians 4:15–17 ASV </th> <th>Matthew 24:37–40 ASV </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>15</sup>According to the Lord's word, we tell you that we who are still alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παρουσίαν</span></span>, <i>parousia</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will certainly not precede those who have fallen asleep. <sup>16</sup>For the Lord himself will come down from heaven, with a loud command, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet call of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. <sup>17</sup>After that, we who are still alive and are left will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will be with the Lord forever. </td> <td><sup>37</sup>And as were the days of Noah, so shall be the coming (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παρουσία</span></span>, <i>parousia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Son of man. <sup>38</sup>For as in those days which were before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered into the ark, <sup>39</sup>and they knew not until the flood came, and took them all away; so shall be the coming (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παρουσία</span></span> <i>parousia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Son of man. <sup>40</sup>Then shall two men be in the field; one is taken, and one is left. </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millennial_views.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Millennial_views.svg/220px-Millennial_views.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Millennial_views.svg/330px-Millennial_views.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Millennial_views.svg/440px-Millennial_views.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Christian millennial interpretations, including premillennialist, postmillennialist, and amillennialist viewpoints</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribulation_views.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tribulation_views.svg/220px-Tribulation_views.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tribulation_views.svg/330px-Tribulation_views.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tribulation_views.svg/440px-Tribulation_views.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of differing viewpoints amongst premillennialists about timing of tribulation.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the amillennial and postmillennial views there are no distinctions in the timing of the Rapture. These views regard that the Rapture, as it is described in 1 Thessalonians 4:15–17,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would be identical to the Second Coming of Jesus as described in Matthew 24:29–31<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the spiritual/symbolic millennium. </p><p>In the premillennial view, the Rapture would be before a literal, earthly millennium. Within premillennialism, the pretribulation position distinguishes between the Rapture and the Second Coming as two different events. There are also other positions within premillennialism that differ with regard to the timing of the Rapture.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premillennialist_views">Premillennialist views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Premillennialist views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the earliest days of the church, <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">chiliastic</a> teaching (i.e., early premillennialism) was the dominant view.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius wrote, "To these [written accounts] belong his [<a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>] statement that there will be a period of some thousand years after the resurrection of the dead, and that the kingdom of Christ will be set up in the material form on this very earth. [...] But it was due to him that so many of the Church Fathers after him adopted a like opinion, urging in their own support the antiquity of the man; as for instance <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and anyone else that may have proclaimed similar views."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th-century scholar Schaff notes that, "The most striking point in the eschatology of the ante-Nicene age is the prominent chiliasm, or millennarianism, that is the belief of a visible reign of Christ in glory on earth with the risen saints for a thousand years, before the general resurrection and judgment."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, however, a clash surfaced between two schools of interpretation, the Antiochene and Alexandrian schools.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alexandrian school's roots can be traced back to the influence of Philo, a Hellenized Jew who sought to reconcile God's veracity with what he thought were errors in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandrian theologians viewed the Millennium as a symbolic reign of Christ from Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the influence of Origen and Augustine—students of the Alexandrian school—allegorical interpretation rose to prominence, and its eschatology became the majority view for more than a thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reaction to the rise of allegorical interpretation the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">Antiochene school</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> insisted on a <a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">literal hermeneutic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did little to counter the Alexandrian's symbolic Millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twelfth century futurism became prominent again when <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a> (1130–1202) wrote a commentary on Revelation and insisted that the end was near and taught that God would restore the earth, the Jews would be converted, and the Millennium would take place on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His teaching influenced much of Europe. </p><p>Though the Catholic Church does not generally regard Biblical prophecy in texts such as Daniel and Revelation as strictly future-based (when viewed from the standpoint of our present time), in 1590 <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ribera" title="Francisco Ribera">Francisco Ribera</a>, a Catholic Jesuit, taught <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">futurism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also taught that a gathering-of-the-elect event (similar to what is now called the rapture) would happen 45 days before the end of a 3.5-year tribulation. </p><p>The concept of the rapture, in connection with <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialism</a>, was expressed by the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/American_Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Puritanism">American Puritans</a> <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>. They held to the idea that believers would be caught up in the air, followed by judgments on earth, and then the <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r-Kyle-1998_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Kyle-1998-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r-Boyer-1992_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Boyer-1992-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other 17th-century expressions of the rapture are found in the works of Robert Maton, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Holmes_(theologian)" title="Nathaniel Holmes (theologian)">Nathaniel Holmes</a>, John Browne, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vincent_(minister)" title="Thomas Vincent (minister)">Thomas Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Danvers_(Baptist)" title="Henry Danvers (Baptist)">Henry Danvers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Sherwin_(minister)" title="William Sherwin (minister)">William Sherwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>rapture</i> was used by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Doddridge" title="Philip Doddridge">Philip Doddridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in their <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> commentaries, with the idea that believers would be caught up prior to judgment on earth and Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a>. </p><p>An 1828 edition of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Matthew Henry</a>'s <i>An Exposition of the Old and New Testament</i> uses the word "rapture" in explicating 1 Thessalonians 4:17.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not using the term "rapture", the idea was more fully developed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Irving" title="Edward Irving">Edward Irving</a> (1792–1834).<sup id="cite_ref-r-Tregelles-1864_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Tregelles-1864-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1825,<sup id="cite_ref-r-Oliphant-1862_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Oliphant-1862-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving directed his attention to the study of <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> and eventually accepted the one-man <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> idea of <a href="/wiki/James_Henthorn_Todd" title="James Henthorn Todd">James Henthorn Todd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roffey_Maitland" title="Samuel Roffey Maitland">Samuel Roffey Maitland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a>, and Francisco Ribera, yet he went a step further. Irving began to teach the idea of a two-phase return of Christ, the first phase being a secret rapture prior to the rise of the Antichrist. Edward Miller described Irving's teaching like this: "There are three gatherings: – First, of the first-fruits of the harvest, the wise virgins who follow the Lamb whithersoever He goeth; next, the abundant harvest gathered afterwards by God; and lastly, the assembling of the wicked for punishment."<sup id="cite_ref-r-Miller-1878_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Miller-1878-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-tribulational_premillennialism">Pre-tribulational premillennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-tribulational premillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pre-tribulation position advocates that the rapture will occur before the beginning of a seven-year tribulation period, while the second coming will occur at the end of it. Pre-tribulationists often describe the rapture as Jesus coming <i>for</i> the church and the second coming as Jesus coming <i>with</i> the church. Pre-tribulation educators and preachers include <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jeffress" title="Robert Jeffress">Robert Jeffress</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Dwight_Pentecost" title="J. Dwight Pentecost">J. Dwight Pentecost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Vernon_McGee" title="J. Vernon McGee">J. Vernon McGee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Stone_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry Stone (minister)">Perry Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Smith_(pastor)" title="Chuck Smith (pastor)">Chuck Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hal_Lindsey" title="Hal Lindsey">Hal Lindsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Van_Impe" title="Jack Van Impe">Jack Van Impe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skip_Heitzig" title="Skip Heitzig">Skip Heitzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Missler" title="Chuck Missler">Chuck Missler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_Jeffrey" title="Grant Jeffrey">Grant Jeffrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ice" title="Thomas Ice">Thomas Ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Jeremiah" title="David Jeremiah">David Jeremiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. MacArthur">John F. MacArthur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Darby_(evangelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Darby (evangelist)">John Nelson Darby</a> first solidified and popularized the pre-tribulation rapture in 1827. Despite vague notions of this view existing in a few <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> theologians prior to Darby, he was the first person to place it into a larger theological framework .<sup id="cite_ref-r-Bray-1982_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Bray-1982-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was accepted among many other <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> movements in England.<sup id="cite_ref-r-Blaising-Bock-1993_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Blaising-Bock-1993-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Darby and other prominent Brethren were part of the Brethren movement which impacted American Christianity, especially with movements and teachings associated with Christian eschatology and <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>, primarily through their writings. Influences included the Bible Conference Movement, starting in 1878 with the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Bible_Conference" title="Niagara Bible Conference">Niagara Bible Conference</a>. These conferences, which were initially inclusive of <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurist</a> premillennialism, led to an increasing acceptance of futurist premillennial views and the pre-tribulation rapture especially among Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregational members.<sup id="cite_ref-r-Blaising-Bock-1993_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Blaising-Bock-1993-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Popular books also contributed to acceptance of the pre-tribulation rapture, including <a href="/wiki/William_E._Blackstone" title="William E. Blackstone">William E. Blackstone</a>'s book <i>Jesus is Coming</i>, published in 1878,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which sold more than 1.3 million copies, and the <a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a>, published in 1909 and 1919 and revised in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pre-tribulation proponents, such as Grant Jeffrey, maintain that the earliest known extra-Biblical reference to the pre-tribulation rapture is from a 7th-century tract known as the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Ephraem" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem the Syrian.</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different authors have proposed several different versions of the text as authentic and there are differing opinions as to whether it supports belief in a pre-tribulation rapture.<sup id="cite_ref-r-Tim-Warner_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Tim-Warner-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r-note-pseudo-epraem_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-note-pseudo-epraem-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One version of the text reads, "For all the saints and Elect of God are gathered, prior to the tribulation that is to come, and are taken to the Lord lest they see the confusion that is to overwhelm the world because of our sins."<sup id="cite_ref-r-Missler-1995_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Missler-1995-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r-bpo-pseudo-ephraem_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-bpo-pseudo-ephraem-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Elijah" title="Apocalypse of Elijah">The Apocalypse of Elijah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fra_Dolcino" title="Fra Dolcino">The History of Brother Dolcino</a></i> both state that believers will be removed prior to the Tribulation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There exists at least one 18th-century and two 19th-century pre-tribulation references: in an essay published in 1788 in Philadelphia by the Baptist <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Edwards" title="Morgan Edwards">Morgan Edwards</a> which articulated the concept of a pre-tribulation rapture,<sup id="cite_ref-r-Marotta-1995_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Marotta-1995-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the writings of Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lacunza" title="Manuel Lacunza">Manuel Lacunza</a> in 1812,<sup id="cite_ref-r-Hommel_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-Hommel-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a> in 1827. Manuel Lacunza (1731–1801), a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest (under the pseudonym Juan Josafat Ben Ezra), wrote an apocalyptic work entitled <i>La venida del Mesías en gloria y majestad</i> (<i>The Coming of the Messiah in Glory and Majesty</i>). The book appeared first in 1811, 10 years after his death. In 1827, it was translated into English by the Scottish minister Edward Irving.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s, belief in the rapture became popular in wider circles, in part because of the books of Hal Lindsey, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Great_Planet_Earth" title="The Late Great Planet Earth">The Late Great Planet Earth</a></i>, which has reportedly sold between 15 million and 35 million copies, and the movie <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thief_in_the_Night_(film)" title="A Thief in the Night (film)">A Thief in the Night</a></i>, which based its title on the scriptural reference <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Thessalonians#5:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians 5:2</a>. Lindsey proclaimed that the rapture was imminent, based on world conditions at the time. </p><p>In 1995, the doctrine of the pre-tribulation rapture was further popularized by Tim LaHaye's <i><a href="/wiki/Left_Behind" title="Left Behind">Left Behind</a></i> series of books, which sold close to 80 million copies and was made into several movies and four real-time strategy video games.<sup id="cite_ref-booksite_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksite-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Thomas Ice a belief in the imminence of Christ's return, key to modern pretribulation theology, can be found in various Church Fathers and early Christian writings.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid-tribulational_premillennialism">Mid-tribulational premillennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mid-tribulational premillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mid-tribulation position espouses that the rapture will occur at some point in the middle of what is popularly called the tribulation period, or during Daniel's 70th Week. The tribulation is typically divided into two periods of 3.5 years each. Mid-tribulationists hold that the saints will go through the first period (Beginning of Travail), but will be raptured into Heaven before the severe outpouring of God's wrath in the second half of what is popularly called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a>. Mid-tribulationists appeal to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#7:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 7:25</a> which says the saints will be given over to tribulation for "time, times, and half a time," – interpreted to mean 3.5 years. At the halfway point of the tribulation, the Antichrist will commit the "abomination of desolation" by desecrating the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jerusalem temple</a>. Mid-tribulationist teachers include <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ockenga" title="Harold Ockenga">Harold Ockenga</a>, James O. Buswell (a reformed, Calvinistic Presbyterian), and Norman Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position is a minority view among premillennialists.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prewrath_premillennialism">Prewrath premillennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prewrath premillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prewrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Prewrath">prewrath rapture</a> view also places the rapture at some point during the tribulation period before the second coming. This view holds that the tribulation of the church begins toward the latter part of a seven-year period, being Daniel's 70th week, when the Antichrist is revealed in the temple. This latter half of a seven-year period [i.e. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years] is defined as the great tribulation, although the exact duration is not known. References from Matthew 24, Mark 13, and Luke 21 are used as evidence that this tribulation will be cut short by the coming of Christ to deliver the righteous by means of the rapture, which will occur after specific events in Revelation, in particular after the sixth seal is opened and the sun is darkened and the moon is turned to blood.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by this point many Christians will have been slaughtered as martyrs by the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>. After the rapture will come God's <a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">seventh-seal</a> wrath of trumpets and bowls (a.k.a. "the Day of the Lord"). The Day of the Lord's wrath against the ungodly will follow for the remainder of seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_pre-tribulation_premillennialism">Partial pre-tribulation premillennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Partial pre-tribulation premillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The partial, conditional or selective rapture theory holds that all obedient Christians will be raptured before the great tribulation depending on ones personal fellowship (or closeness) between she or he and God, which is not to be confused with the relationship between the same and God (which is believer, regardless of fellowship.) <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it is believed by some that the rapture of a believer is determined by the timing of his conversion before the great tribulation. Other proponents of this theory hold that only those who are faithful in their relationship with God (having true fellowship with him) will be raptured, and the rest resurrected during the great tribulation, between the 5th and 6th seals of Revelation, having lost their lives during.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still others hold the rest will either be raptured during the tribulation or at its end. As stated by Ira David (a proponent of this view): “The saints will be raptured in groups during the tribulation as they are prepared to go.”<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable proponents of this theory are <a href="/wiki/George_H._Lang" title="George H. Lang">G. H. Lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chapman_(Plymouth_Brethren)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Chapman (Plymouth Brethren)">Robert Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._H._Pember" title="G. H. Pember">G. H. Pember</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Govett" title="Robert Govett">Robert Govett</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Morrieson_Panton" title="David Morrieson Panton">D. M. Panton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a>, Ira E. David, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Seiss" title="Joseph Seiss">J. A. Seiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a>, John Wilkinson, <a href="/wiki/G._Campbell_Morgan" title="G. Campbell Morgan">G. Campbell Morgan</a>, Otto Stockmayer and Rev. J. W. (Chip) White Jr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-tribulational_premillennialism">Post-tribulational premillennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-tribulational premillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></div> <p>In the post-tribulation premillennial position, the rapture would be identical to the second coming of Jesus or as a meeting in the air with Jesus that immediately precedes his return to the Earth before a literal millennium. The <a href="/wiki/Post_Tribulation_Rapture" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Tribulation Rapture">post-tribulation</a> position places the rapture at the end of the tribulation period. Post-tribulation writers define the tribulation period in a generic sense as the entire present age, or in a specific sense of a period of time preceding the second coming of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis in this view is that the church will undergo the tribulation.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#24:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 24:29–31</a> – "<i>Immediately after the Tribulation of those days...they shall gather together his elect...</i>" – is cited as a foundational scripture for this view. Post-tribulationists perceive the rapture as occurring simultaneously with the second coming of Christ. Upon Jesus' return, believers will meet him in the air and will then accompany him in his return to the Earth. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of Paul">Epistles of Paul</a>, most notably in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Thessalonians#4:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians 4:16–17</a> ("the dead in Christ shall rise first") and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#15:51" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 15:51–52</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">trumpet</a> is described as blowing at the end of the tribulation to herald the return of Christ; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#11:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 11:15</a> further supports this view. Moreover, after chapters 6–19, and after 20:1–3 when Satan is bound, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20:4–6</a> says, "and they lived, and reigned with Christ a thousand years. But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished. This <i>is</i> the first resurrection. Blessed and holy <i>is</i> he that hath part in the first resurrection." </p><p>Authors and teachers who support the post-tribulational view include <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter R. Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(theologian)" title="John Piper (theologian)">John Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eldon_Ladd" title="George Eldon Ladd">George E. Ladd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Gundry" title="Robert H. Gundry">Robert H. Gundry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Moo" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Moo">Douglas Moo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postmillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></div> <p>In the postmillennialist view the millennium is seen as an indefinitely long time thus precluding literal interpretation of a thousand-year period. According to <a href="/wiki/Loraine_Boettner" title="Loraine Boettner">Loraine Boettner</a> "the world will be Christianized, and the return of Christ will occur at the close of a long period of righteousness and peace, commonly called the millennium."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postmillennialists commonly view the rapture of the Church as one and the same event as the second coming of Christ. According to them the great tribulation was already fulfilled in the Jewish-Roman War of 66–73 AD that involved the destruction of Jerusalem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Authors who have expressed support for this view include the Puritan author of <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>, John Bunyan, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Finney" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Finney">Charles Finney</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Amillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></div> <p>Amillennialists view the millennial rule of Christ as the current, but indefinite period that began with the foundation of the church and that will end with the Second Coming—a period where Christ already reigns with his saints through the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and his church. They view the life of the church as Christ's kingdom already established (inaugurated on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> described in the first chapter of Acts), but not to be made complete until his second coming. This framework precludes a literal interpretation of the thousand-year period mentioned in chapter twenty of Revelation, viewing the number "thousand" as <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerologically</a> symbolic and pertaining to the current age of the church. </p><p>Amillennialists generally do not use "rapture" as a theological term, but they do view a similar event coinciding with the second coming—primarily as a mystical gathering with Christ. To amillennialists the final days already began on the day of the Pentecost, but that the great tribulation will occur during the final phase or conclusion of the millennium, with Christ then returning as the alpha and omega at the end of time. Unlike premillennialists who predict the millennium as a literal thousand-year reign by Christ after his return, amillennialists emphasize the continuity and permanency of his reign throughout all periods of the New Covenant, past, present and future. They do not regard mentions of Jerusalem in the chapter twenty-one of Revelation as pertaining to the present geographical city, but to a future <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">new Jerusalem</a> or "new heaven and new earth", for which the church through the twelve apostles (representing of the twelve tribes of Israel) currently lays the foundation in the messianic kingdom already present. Unlike certain premillennial dispensationalists, they do not view the rebuilding of the temple of Jerusalem as either necessary or legitimate, because the practice of animal sacrifices has now been fulfilled in the life of the church through Christ's ultimate sacrifice on the cross. Authors who have expressed support for the amillenialist view include St. Augustine.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amillennialist viewpoint is the position held by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican churches, as well as mainline Protestant bodies, such as <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a> congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date">Date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></div> <p>Since the origin of the concept, some believers have made predictions regarding the date of the event. All have failed in their attempt to set a date.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_predictions">Failed predictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Failed predictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some predictions of the date of the Second Coming of Jesus (which may or may not refer to the rapture) include the following: </p> <ul><li><b>1843-44</b>: <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a> predicted that Christ would return between 21 March 1843 and 21 March 1844, then revised his prediction, claiming to have miscalculated the Bible, to 22 October 1844. The realization that the predictions were incorrect resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Disappointment" title="Great Disappointment">Great Disappointment</a>. Miller's theology gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Advent movement</a>, which later on gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>. Followers of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> believe that Christ did return as Miller predicted in 1844, with the advent of <a href="/wiki/The_B%C3%A1b" class="mw-redirect" title="The Báb">the Báb</a>, and numerous Miller-like prophetic predictions from many religions are given in <a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="William Sears (Baháʼí)">William Sears</a>' book, <i>Thief in The Night</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1914</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>1918</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>1925</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various dates were predicted for the Second Coming of Jesus by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Society</a> and many of his successors heading his <a href="/wiki/International_Bible_Students_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bible Students Association">Bible Students Association</a> which was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some predictions of the date of the rapture include the following: </p> <ul><li><b>1981</b>: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Smith_(pastor)" title="Chuck Smith (pastor)">Chuck Smith</a> predicted that Jesus would probably return by 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1988</b>: <a href="/wiki/Edgar_C._Whisenant" title="Edgar C. Whisenant">Edgar C. Whisenant</a> published a book called <i>88 Reasons Why the Rapture Will Be in 1988</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1994 September 6</b>: Radio evangelist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Camping" title="Harold Camping">Harold Camping</a> predicted 6 September 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2011 May 21</b>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Camping" title="Harold Camping">Harold Camping</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">revised prediction</a> put 21 May 2011 as the date of the rapture.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this date passed without apparent incident, Camping made a radio broadcast stating that a non-visible "spiritual judgement" had indeed taken place, and that the physical rapture would occur on 21 October 2011. On that date, according to Camping, the "whole world will be destroyed."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2017 September 23</b>: Christian <a href="/wiki/Numerologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerologist">numerologist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Meade_(author)" title="David Meade (author)">David Meade</a> based this prediction on astrological theories.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theology has been criticized by child psychologists for scaring children by making them believe that the Rapture has occurred and they have been left behind when their parents have been out of sight.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Bible prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenantalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenantalism">Covenantalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses">Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikakushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamikakushi">Kamikakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Leftovers_(TV_series)" title="The Leftovers (TV series)"><i>The Leftovers</i> (TV series)</a> – American series in which a rapture-like event occurs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture_anxiety" title="Rapture anxiety">Rapture anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfulfilled_Christian_religious_predictions" title="Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions">Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Thessalonians 4:17: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"deinde nos qui vivimus qui relinquimur simul <b><em>rapiemur</em></b> cum illis in nubibus obviam Domino in aera et sic semper cum Domino erimus"</i></span> (Latin Vulgate).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Thessalonians 4:16: "Afterward we that lyuen, that ben left, schulen be <b><em>rauyschid</em></b> togidere with hem in cloudis, metinge Crist'in to the eir; and so euere more we schulen be with the Lord."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bishop's Bible 17 "Than we which lyue, which remaine, shalbe caught up together with them in the cloudes, to meete the Lorde in the ayre: And so shall we euer be with the Lorde."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenware2006" class="citation book cs1">Benware, Paul N. (2006). <i>Understanding End Times Prophecy: A Comprehensive Approach</i>. Chicago: Moody. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9079-7"><bdi>978-0-8024-9079-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+End+Times+Prophecy%3A+A+Comprehensive+Approach&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Moody&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-9079-7&rft.aulast=Benware&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404105238/http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac1005.asp">"Raptured or Not? A Catholic Understanding - Catholic Update October 2005"</a>. 2014-04-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac1005.asp">the original</a> on 2014-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raptured+or+Not%3F+A+Catholic+Understanding+-+Catholic+Update+October+2005&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancatholic.org%2FNewsletters%2FCU%2Fac1005.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaysDuvall2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaysDuvall2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaysDuvallPate2009" class="citation book cs1">Hays, J. Daniel; Duvall, J. Scott; Pate, C. Marvin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvFZDcJSgdMC&pg=PT692"><i>Dictionary of Biblical Prophecy and End Times</i></a>. Zondervan. pp. 692–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310571049" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310571049"><bdi>978-0310571049</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Prophecy+and+End+Times&rft.pages=692-&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0310571049&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=J.+Daniel&rft.au=Duvall%2C+J.+Scott&rft.au=Pate%2C+C.+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvFZDcJSgdMC%26pg%3DPT692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillsBullard1990-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MillsBullard1990_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsBullard1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA736"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. pp. 736–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865543737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865543737"><bdi>978-0865543737</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=736-&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0865543737&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft.au=Bullard%2C+Roger+Aubrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26pg%3DPA736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIce" class="citation news cs1">Ice, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pre-trib.org/articles/dr-thomas-ice/message/myths-of-the-origin-of-pretribulationism-part-1/read">"Myths of the Origin of Pretribulationism (Part 1)"</a>. <i>Pre-Trib Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pre-Trib+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Myths+of+the+Origin+of+Pretribulationism+%28Part+1%29&rft.aulast=Ice&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pre-trib.org%2Farticles%2Fdr-thomas-ice%2Fmessage%2Fmyths-of-the-origin-of-pretribulationism-part-1%2Fread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-most-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-most_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-most_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuinan2014" class="citation web cs1">Guinan, Michael D. (2014-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404105238/http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac1005.asp">"Raptured or Not? A Catholic Understanding - Catholic Update October©2005"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c2a7.htm">the original</a> on 2014-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Raptured+or+Not%3F+A+Catholic+Understanding+-+Catholic+Update+October%C2%A92005&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.aulast=Guinan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp1s2c2a7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConiaris" class="citation web cs1">Coniaris, Anthony M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109035607/http://www.light-n-life.com/newsletters/09-12-2005.htm">"The Rapture: Why the Orthodox don't Preach it"</a>. <i>light-n-life.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.light-n-life.com/newsletters/09-12-2005.htm">the original</a> on 2012-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=light-n-life.com&rft.atitle=The+Rapture%3A+Why+the+Orthodox+don%27t+Preach+it&rft.aulast=Coniaris&rft.aufirst=Anthony+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.light-n-life.com%2Fnewsletters%2F09-12-2005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umc.org/en/content/ask-the-umc-where-does-the-rapture-fit-into-united-methodists-beliefs">"Where does the Rapture fit into UM beliefs?"</a>. <i>The United Methodist Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Where+does+the+Rapture+fit+into+UM+beliefs%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fask-the-umc-where-does-the-rapture-fit-into-united-methodists-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwertley2013" class="citation web cs1">Schwertley, Brian M. (2013-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130311041013/http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/rapture.htm">"Is the Pretribulation Rapture Theory Biblical?"</a>. <i>reformedonline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/rapture.htm">the original</a> on 2013-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reformedonline.com&rft.atitle=Is+the+Pretribulation+Rapture+Theory+Biblical%3F&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Schwertley&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformedonline.com%2Fview%2Freformedonline%2Frapture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFMC2022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFMC2022_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFMC2022_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewoodsfmc.com/about/fm-affiliation/">"Free Methodist, For Jesus' Sake"</a>. Stanwood Free Methodist Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>Like the early Methodists, the Free Methodist Church is non-dispensational. We reject the new theology born in the late 1800s that society can only get worse, and that Jesus must return to "rapture" His people from earth to heaven. Instead, Free Methodists pray and believe that by His Spirit, God's will shall indeed "be done on earth as it is in heaven" (Matthew 6:10 NRSV).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Methodist%2C+For+Jesus%27+Sake&rft.pub=Stanwood+Free+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewoodsfmc.com%2Fabout%2Ffm-affiliation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:17&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 4:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=rapture&allowed_in_frame=0">[1]</a> c. 1600, "act of carrying off," from M.Fr. rapture, from M.L. raptura "seizure, rape, kidnapping," from L. raptus "a carrying off" (see rapt). Originally of women and cognate with rape.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G726&t=KJV">ἁρπάζω</a> is root of strongs G726 and has the following meanings: (1) to seize, carry off by force; (2) to seize on, claim for one's self eagerly; (3) to snatch out or take away.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:39&version=nrsv">Acts 8:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2012:2–4&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 12:2–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2012:5&version=nrsv">Revelation 12:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZodhiates1992" class="citation book cs1">Zodhiates, Spiros (1992). <i>The Complete Word Study Dictionary: New Testament</i>. Chattanooga: AMG Publishers. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899576633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899576633"><bdi>978-0899576633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Word+Study+Dictionary%3A+New+Testament&rft.place=Chattanooga&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=AMG+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0899576633&rft.aulast=Zodhiates&rft.aufirst=Spiros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verbix.com/webverbix/go.php?D1=206&H1=301&T1=%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B6%CF%89">"Greek, Ancient verb 'αρπάζω' conjugated"</a>. <i>www.verbix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.verbix.com&rft.atitle=Greek%2C+Ancient+verb+%27%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B6%CF%89%27+conjugated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verbix.com%2Fwebverbix%2Fgo.php%3FD1%3D206%26H1%3D301%26T1%3D%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2580%25CE%25AC%25CE%25B6%25CF%2589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/greek/724.htm">"Strong's Greek: 724. ἁρπαγή (harpagé) -- pillage, plundering"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek%3A+724.+%E1%BC%81%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE+%28harpag%C3%A9%29+--+pillage%2C+plundering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F724.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%203%3A20-21&version=NKJV">"Bible Gateway passage: Acts 3:20-21 - New King James Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Acts+3%3A20-21+-+New+King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DActs%25203%253A20-21%26version%3DNKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%208%3A19-21&version=NKJV">"Bible Gateway passage: Romans 8:19-21 - New King James Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Romans+8%3A19-21+-+New+King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DRomans%25208%253A19-21%26version%3DNKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah%2024%3A3&version=NKJV">"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 24:3 - New King James Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Isaiah+24%3A3+-+New+King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DIsaiah%252024%253A3%26version%3DNKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamp2017" class="citation book cs1">Hamp, Douglas (2017). <i>Reclaiming the Rapture: Restoring the Doctrine of the Gathering of the Commonwealth of Israel</i>. Phoenix, USA: Memorial Crown Press. pp. 151–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0999204801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0999204801"><bdi>978-0999204801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+the+Rapture%3A+Restoring+the+Doctrine+of+the+Gathering+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Israel&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+USA&rft.pages=151-158&rft.pub=Memorial+Crown+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0999204801&rft.aulast=Hamp&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter A., ed. (2001) [1984]. <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Dictionary_of_Theology" title="Evangelical Dictionary of Theology">Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Academic</a>. p. 908. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441200303" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441200303"><bdi>978-1441200303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pages=908&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1441200303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8O4AgAAQBAJ">Book preview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmietana2016" class="citation web cs1">Smietana, Bob (26 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifewayresearch.com/2016/04/26/pastors-the-end-of-the-world-is-complicated/">"Pastors: The End of the World is Complicated"</a>. <i>LifeWay Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LifeWay+Research&rft.atitle=Pastors%3A+The+End+of+the+World+is+Complicated&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft.aulast=Smietana&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifewayresearch.com%2F2016%2F04%2F26%2Fpastors-the-end-of-the-world-is-complicated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearing2001" class="citation news cs1">Dearing, Karen Lynn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=honors_theses">"A History of the Independent Bible Church"</a>. <i>Ouachita Baptist University</i>. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ouachita+Baptist+University&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Independent+Bible+Church&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dearing&rft.aufirst=Karen+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.obu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1103%26context%3Dhonors_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charisfellowship.us/cci">"Our Identity"</a>. <i>Charis Fellowship</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charis+Fellowship&rft.atitle=Our+Identity&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharisfellowship.us%2Fcci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmanuel2002-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches</i>. <a href="/wiki/Logansport,_Indiana" title="Logansport, Indiana">Logansport</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Association">Emmanuel Association</a>. 2002. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidebook+of+the+Emmanuel+Association+of+Churches&rft.place=Logansport&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Emmanuel+Association&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ag.org/Beliefs/Position-Papers/The-Rapture-of-the-Church">"The Rapture of the Church"</a>. <i>Assemblies of God</i>. 4 August 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assemblies+of+God&rft.atitle=The+Rapture+of+the+Church&rft.date=1979-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fag.org%2FBeliefs%2FPosition-Papers%2FThe-Rapture-of-the-Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2004" class="citation book cs1">Decker, Rodney J. (2004). "Religion—Dispensationalism". In <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wishart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wishart (page does not exist)">Wishart, David J.</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i>. Lincoln, NE: Center for Great Plains Studies. p. 741. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4787-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4787-7"><bdi>0-8032-4787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion%E2%80%94Dispensationalism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Great+Plains&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pages=741&rft.pub=Center+for+Great+Plains+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8032-4787-7&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Rodney+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-synaxis-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-synaxis_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402041125/http://www.synaxis.org/catechist/rapture.html">"About the Supposed Rapture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>: Greek Orthodox Church of Greater Omaha. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synaxis.org/catechist/rapture.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Rapture is a popular term among some Protestant sects for the raising of the faithful from the dead....The belief in rapture tends to be what is called 'pre-tribulation'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Supposed+Rapture&rft.place=Omaha%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Church+of+Greater+Omaha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synaxis.org%2Fcatechist%2Frapture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCozby1998" class="citation web cs1">Cozby, Dimitri (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/cozby_rapture1.htm">"What is 'The Rapture'?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rollinsford,_New_Hampshire" title="Rollinsford, New Hampshire">Rollinsford, New Hampshire</a>: Orthodox Research Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+%27The+Rapture%27%3F&rft.place=Rollinsford%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Orthodox+Research+Institute&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Cozby&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org%2Farticles%2Fdogmatics%2Fcozby_rapture1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:15–17&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 4:15–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:29–31&version=nrsv">Matthew 24:29–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen1979" class="citation book cs1">Thiessen, Henry C. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesinsystem00thie/page/355"><i>Lectures in Systematic Theology</i></a>. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesinsystem00thie/page/355">355–356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3529-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3529-5"><bdi>0-8028-3529-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+in+Systematic+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=355-356&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8028-3529-5&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesinsystem00thie%2Fpage%2F355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAvoy1995" class="citation news cs1">McAvoy, Steven (12 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pre-trib.org/articles/dr-thomas-ice/message/some-problems-with-postribulationism/read">"Some Problems with Posttribulationism"</a>. <i>Pre-Trib Research Center</i>. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pre-Trib+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Some+Problems+with+Posttribulationism&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1995-12-12&rft.aulast=McAvoy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pre-trib.org%2Farticles%2Fdr-thomas-ice%2Fmessage%2Fsome-problems-with-postribulationism%2Fread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIce2009" class="citation news cs1">Ice, Thomas D. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58822023.pdf">"Myths of the Origin of Pretribulationism (Part 1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liberty University Article Archives</i>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty+University+Article+Archives&rft.atitle=Myths+of+the+Origin+of+Pretribulationism+%28Part+1%29&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Ice&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F58822023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenware2006" class="citation book cs1">Benware, Paul N. (2006). <i>Understanding End Times Prophecy: A Comprehensive Approach</i>. Chicago: Moody. pp. 215, 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9079-7"><bdi>978-0-8024-9079-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+End+Times+Prophecy%3A+A+Comprehensive+Approach&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=215%2C+224&rft.pub=Moody&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-9079-7&rft.aulast=Benware&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Lindsey-1989-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Lindsey-1989_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Lindsey" title="Hal Lindsey">Lindsey, Hal</a> (1 June 1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtoholocaust00hall"><i>The Road to Holocaust</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtoholocaust00hall/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-05724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-05724-9"><bdi>978-0-553-05724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Holocaust&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1989-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-553-05724-9&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtoholocaust00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Keeley-1982-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Keeley-1982_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeley1982" class="citation book cs1">Keeley, Robin, ed. (1982). <i>Eerdmans' Handbook to Christian Belief</i>. Grand Rapids: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans</a>. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3577-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3577-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3577-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans%27+Handbook+to+Christian+Belief&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3577-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrum1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drum, Walter (1 July 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14629d.htm">"Epistles to the Thessalonians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 14. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epistles+to+the+Thessalonians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912-07-01&rft.aulast=Drum&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14629d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N. T.</a> (2008). <i>Surprised by Hope: Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, and the Mission of the Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperOne</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061551826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061551826"><bdi>978-0061551826</bdi></a>. <q>When Paul speaks of 'meeting' the Lord 'in the air,' the point is precisely not—as in the popular rapture theology—that the saved believers would then stay up in the air somewhere, The point is that, having gone out to meet their returning Lord, they will escort him royally into his domain, that is, back to the place they have come from. Even when we realize that this is highly charged metaphor, not literal description, the meaning is the same as in the parallel in Philippians 3:20. Being citizens of heaven, as the Philippians would know, doesn't mean that one is expecting go back to the mother city but rather means that one is expecting the emperor to come from the mother city to give the colony its full dignity, to rescue it if need he, to subdue local enemies and put everything to rights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surprised+by+Hope%3A+Rethinking+Heaven%2C+the+Resurrection%2C+and+the+Mission+of+the+Church&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061551826&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolding2010" class="citation book cs1">Holding, James Patrick, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYYS7Bv_HJoC"><i>Defending the Resurrection</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Xulon_Press" title="Xulon Press">Xulon Press</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1609576547" title="Special:BookSources/978-1609576547"><bdi>978-1609576547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+the+Resurrection&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1609576547&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYYS7Bv_HJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span> Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouma-Prediger2010" class="citation book cs1">Bouma-Prediger, Steven (2010) [2001]. <i>For the Beauty of the Earth: A Christian Vision for Creation Care</i>. Engaging Culture (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801036958" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801036958"><bdi>978-0801036958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Beauty+of+the+Earth%3A+A+Christian+Vision+for+Creation+Care&rft.series=Engaging+Culture&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0801036958&rft.aulast=Bouma-Prediger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:37–40&version=nrsv">Matthew 24:37–40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:13–18&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 4:13–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/1_thessalonians/4-15.htm">"1 Thessalonians 4:15 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=1+Thessalonians+4%3A15+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2F1_thessalonians%2F4-15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/matthew/24-37.htm">"Matthew 24:37 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Matthew+24%3A37+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fmatthew%2F24-37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/matthew/24-39.htm">"Matthew 24:39 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Matthew+24%3A39+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fmatthew%2F24-39.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:15–17&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 4:15–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:29–31&version=nrsv">Matthew 24:29–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter A., ed. (1 May 2001) [1984]. <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Dictionary_of_Theology" title="Evangelical Dictionary of Theology">Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Academic</a>. p. 910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441200303" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441200303"><bdi>978-1441200303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pages=910&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1441200303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8O4AgAAQBAJ">Book preview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schaff, Philip (1976). <i>History of the Christian Churches</i>. Vol. 2: Ante-Nicene Christianity. Grand Rapids: WM. B. Eerdmans. p. 614. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7"><bdi>0-8028-8048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Churches&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=614&rft.pub=WM.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8028-8048-7&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Caesarea313" class="citation book cs1">of Caesarea, Eusebius (313). <i>The History of the Church</i>. pp. Book 3:39:11–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church&rft.pages=Book+3%3A39%3A11-13&rft.date=313&rft.aulast=of+Caesarea&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schaff, Philip (1976). <i>History of the Christian Churches</i>. Vol. 2: Ante-Nicene Christianity. Grand Rapids: WM. B. Eerdmans. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7"><bdi>0-8028-8048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Churches&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=WM.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8028-8048-7&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadmacher" class="citation news cs1">Radmacher, Earl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pre-trib.org/articles/dr-thomas-ice/message/the-nature-and-result-of-literal-interpretation/read">"The Nature and Result of Literal Interpretation"</a>. <i>Pre-Trib Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pre-Trib+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+Nature+and+Result+of+Literal+Interpretation&rft.aulast=Radmacher&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pre-trib.org%2Farticles%2Fdr-thomas-ice%2Fmessage%2Fthe-nature-and-result-of-literal-interpretation%2Fread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouch2000" class="citation book cs1">Couch, Mal (2000). <i>An Introduction to Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics: A Guide to the History and Practice of Biblical Interpretation</i>. Grand Rapids: Kregel. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2367-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2367-3"><bdi>978-0-8254-2367-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Evangelical+Hermeneutics%3A+A+Guide+to+the+History+and+Practice+of+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Kregel&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-2367-3&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.aufirst=Mal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouch2000" class="citation book cs1">Couch, Mal (2000). <i>An Introduction to Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics: A Guide to the History and Practice of Biblical Interpretation</i>. Grand Rapids: Kregel. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2367-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2367-3"><bdi>978-0-8254-2367-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Evangelical+Hermeneutics%3A+A+Guide+to+the+History+and+Practice+of+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Kregel&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-2367-3&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.aufirst=Mal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1976" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1976). <i>History of the Christian Church</i>. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 618–620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7"><bdi>0-8028-8048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=618-620&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8028-8048-7&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuck1991" class="citation book cs1">Zuck, Roy B. (1991). <i>Basic Bible Interpretation: A Practical Guide to Discovering Bible Truth</i>. Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7814-3877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7814-3877-3"><bdi>978-0-7814-3877-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Bible+Interpretation%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Discovering+Bible+Truth&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+CO&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=David+C.+Cook&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7814-3877-3&rft.aulast=Zuck&rft.aufirst=Roy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schaff, Philip (1976). <i>History of the Christian Church</i>. Vol. 2: Ante-Nicene Christianity. Grand Rapids: WM. B. Eerdmans. p. 815. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-8048-7"><bdi>0-8028-8048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=815&rft.pub=WM.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8028-8048-7&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouch1996" class="citation book cs1">Couch, Mal (1996). <i>Dictionary of Premillennial Theology</i>. Grand Rapids: Kregel. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2410-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2410-0"><bdi>0-8254-2410-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Premillennial+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Kregel&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8254-2410-0&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.aufirst=Mal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen" class="citation news cs1">Larsen, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pre-trib.org/pretribfiles/pdfs/Larsen-SomeKeyIssuesInTheHistoryOfPremillennialism.pdf">"Some Key Issues in the History of Premillennialism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pre-Trib Research Center</i>. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pre-Trib+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Some+Key+Issues+in+the+History+of+Premillennialism&rft.pages=5&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pre-trib.org%2Fpretribfiles%2Fpdfs%2FLarsen-SomeKeyIssuesInTheHistoryOfPremillennialism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegru2018" class="citation book cs1">Negru, Catalin (2018). <i>A History of the Apocalypse</i>. Raleigh, NC: Catalin Negru. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-387-91116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-387-91116-5"><bdi>978-1-387-91116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Apocalypse&rft.place=Raleigh%2C+NC&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Catalin+Negru&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-387-91116-5&rft.aulast=Negru&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Kyle-1998-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Kyle-1998_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Kyle" title="Richard G. Kyle">Kyle, Richard G.</a> (1998). <i>The Last Days Are Here Again: A History of the End Times</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Books</a>. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5809-7"><bdi>978-0-8010-5809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+Are+Here+Again%3A+A+History+of+the+End+Times&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-5809-7&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Boyer-1992-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Boyer-1992_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boyer_(historian)" title="Paul Boyer (historian)">Boyer, Paul</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentimeshallben0000boye"><i>When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentimeshallben0000boye/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95128-0"><bdi>978-0-674-95128-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Time+Shall+Be+No+More%3A+Prophecy+Belief+in+Modern+American+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-95128-0&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhentimeshallben0000boye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Watson (April 2015). <i>Dispensationalism Before Darby: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century English Apocalypticism</i> (Lampion Press, 2015), ch.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoddridge1738" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Doddridge" title="Philip Doddridge">Doddridge, Philip</a> (9 March 1738). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wMDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA329"><i>Practical Reflections on the Character and Translation of Enoch</i></a> (sermon). Northampton : Printed by W. Dicey and sold by ...R. Hett ... London, J. Smith in Daventry, Caleb Ratten in Harborough, J. Ratten in Coventry, J. Cook in Uppingham, Tho. Warren in Birmingham, and Matt. Dagnall in Aylesbury. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30557054">30557054</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Reflections+on+the+Character+and+Translation+of+Enoch&rft.pub=Northampton+%3A+Printed+by+W.+Dicey+and+sold+by+...R.+Hett+...+London%2C+J.+Smith+in+Daventry%2C+Caleb+Ratten+in+Harborough%2C+J.+Ratten+in+Coventry%2C+J.+Cook+in+Uppingham%2C+Tho.+Warren+in+Birmingham%2C+and+Matt.+Dagnall+in+Aylesbury&rft.date=1738-03-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30557054&rft.aulast=Doddridge&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wMDAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1748" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">Gill, John</a> (1748). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QbcHAAACAAJ"><i>An Exposition of the Revelation of St. John the Divine</i></a>. London: Printed for <a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(academic)" title="John Ward (academic)">John Ward</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49243272">49243272</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Exposition+of+the+Revelation+of+St.+John+the+Divine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+John+Ward&rft.date=1748&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49243272&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QbcHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1828" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Henry, Matthew</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositionofoldn06henr"><i>An Exposition of the Old and New Testament</i></a>. Vol. 6. Philadelphia: Edward Barrington & George D. Haswell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositionofoldn06henr/page/617">617</a>. <q>At, or immediately before, this rapture into the clouds, those who are alive will undergo a mighty change, that will be equivalent to dying.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Exposition+of+the+Old+and+New+Testament&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Edward+Barrington+%26+George+D.+Haswell&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpositionofoldn06henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Tregelles-1864-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Tregelles-1864_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregelles1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prideaux_Tregelles" title="Samuel Prideaux Tregelles">Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fj5VAAAAcAAJ"><i>The Hope of Christ's Second Coming: How is it Taught in Scripture? and Why?</i></a>. London: Houlston and Wright.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hope+of+Christ%27s+Second+Coming%3A+How+is+it+Taught+in+Scripture%3F+and+Why%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Houlston+and+Wright&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Tregelles&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Prideaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfj5VAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregelles2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prideaux_Tregelles" title="Samuel Prideaux Tregelles">Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux</a> (2006). <i>The Hope of Christ's Second Coming</i>. Milesburg, PA: Strong Tower Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9772883-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9772883-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9772883-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hope+of+Christ%27s+Second+Coming&rft.place=Milesburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Strong+Tower+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9772883-0-4&rft.aulast=Tregelles&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Prideaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Oliphant-1862-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Oliphant-1862_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Oliphant" title="Margaret Oliphant">Oliphant, Margaret</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofirving01olipuoft"><i>The life of Edward Irving, minister of the National Scotch Church, London</i></a>. Vol. First volume. London: <a href="/wiki/Hurst_and_Blackett" title="Hurst and Blackett">Hurst and Blackett</a>. pp. 220–223<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Edward+Irving%2C+minister+of+the+National+Scotch+Church%2C+London&rft.place=London&rft.pages=220-223&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofirving01olipuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Miller-1878-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Miller-1878_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1878" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Edward (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyanddoctri02milluoft"><i>The history and doctrines of Irvingism</i></a>. Vol. II. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">C. Kegan Paul & Co.</a> p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+and+doctrines+of+Irvingism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=C.+Kegan+Paul+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryanddoctri02milluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Lindsey" title="Hal Lindsey">Lindsey, Hal</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapturetruthorco00lind/page/25"><i>The Rapture: Truth or Consequences</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapturetruthorco00lind/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553014112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553014112"><bdi>978-0553014112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rapture%3A+Truth+or+Consequences&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0553014112&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frapturetruthorco00lind%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Bray-1982-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Bray-1982_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray1982" class="citation book cs1">Bray, John L (1982). <i>The origin of the pre-tribulation rapture teaching</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida" title="Lakeland, Florida">Lakeland, Florida</a>: John L. Bray Ministry. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+the+pre-tribulation+rapture+teaching&rft.place=Lakeland%2C+Florida&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=John+L.+Bray+Ministry&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=John+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Ian S. Markham, "John Darby", The Student's Companion to the Theologians, pp. 263–264 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) ("[Darby] simultaneously created a theology that holds the popular imagination and was popularized very effectively in the margins of the Scofield Bible."), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6SHSAjeCrYC">https://books.google.com/books?id=h6SHSAjeCrYC</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl E. Olson, "Five Myths About the Rapture," Crisis pp. 28–33 (Morley Publishing Group, 2003) ("LaHaye declares, in Rapture Under Attack, that “virtually all Christians who take the Bible literally expect to be raptured before the Lord comes in power to this earth.” This would have been news to Christians — both Catholic and Protestant — living prior to the 18th century, since the concept of a pre-tribulation rapture was unheard of prior to that time. Vague notions had been considered by the Puritan preachers Increase (1639–1723) and Cotton Mather (1663–1728), and the late 18th-century Baptist minister Morgan Edwards, but it was John Nelson Darby who solidified the belief in the 1830s and placed it into a larger theological framework."). Reprinted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=5788">http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=5788</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2015" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mryrQEACAAJ"><i>Dispensationalism Before Darby: Seventeenth-century and Eighteenth-century English Apocalypticism</i></a>. Lampion Press, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-942614-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-942614-03-6"><bdi>978-1-942614-03-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispensationalism+Before+Darby%3A+Seventeenth-century+and+Eighteenth-century+English+Apocalypticism&rft.pub=Lampion+Press%2C+LLC&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-942614-03-6&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mryrQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Blaising-Bock-1993-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r-Blaising-Bock-1993_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r-Blaising-Bock-1993_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaisingBock1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Blaising" title="Craig A. Blaising">Blaising, Craig A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrell Bock">Bock, Darrell L.</a> (November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsumJRsOWVMC"><i>Progressive Dispensationalism</i></a>. Wheaton, IL: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Bridgepoint Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56476-138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56476-138-5"><bdi>978-1-56476-138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+Dispensationalism&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pub=Bridgepoint+Books&rft.date=1993-11&rft.isbn=978-1-56476-138-5&rft.aulast=Blaising&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft.au=Bock%2C+Darrell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsumJRsOWVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Blackstone" title="William E. Blackstone">Blackstone, William E.</a> (1908) [1878]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=encXAAAAYAAJ&q=Jesus+is+Coming"><i>Jesus is coming</i></a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Fleming H. Revell Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825496165" title="Special:BookSources/9780825496165"><bdi>9780825496165</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951778">951778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+is+coming&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Fleming+H.+Revell+Company&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951778&rft.isbn=9780825496165&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DencXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DJesus%2Bis%2BComing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScofield1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">Scofield, C. I.</a>, ed. (1967) [1909]. <i><a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-527802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-527802-6"><bdi>978-0-19-527802-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scofield+Reference+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-19-527802-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Scofield Bible: Its History and Impact on the Evangelical Church</i>, Magnum & Sweetnam. pp. 188–195, 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraem the Syrian, JoshuaNet, 27 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://joshuanet.org/articles/ephraem1.htm">http://joshuanet.org/articles/ephraem1.htm</a> & © 1995 Grant R. Jeffrey, Final Warning, published by Frontier Research Publications, Inc., Box 120, Station "U", Toronto, Ontario M8Z 5M4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Tim-Warner-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Tim-Warner_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2001" class="citation web cs1">Warner, Tim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050218123936/http://www.geocities.com/lasttrumpet_2000/timeline/ephraem.html">"Pseudo-Pseudo-Ephraem"</a>. <i>The Last Trumpet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>: Post-Trib Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/lasttrumpet_2000/timeline/ephraem.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Last+Trumpet&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Pseudo-Ephraem&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Flasttrumpet_2000%2Ftimeline%2Fephraem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-note-pseudo-epraem-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-note-pseudo-epraem_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Ephraem" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem</a> for a detailed explanation of the text and the controversy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Missler-1995-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Missler-1995_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMissler1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Missler" title="Chuck Missler">Missler, Chuck</a> (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429185009/http://khouse.org/articles/1995/39/">"Byzantine Text Discovery: Ephraem the Syrian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene, Idaho</a>: Koinonia House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khouse.org/articles/1995/39/">the original</a> on 29 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>For all the saints and Elect of God are gathered, prior to the tribulation that is to come, and are taken to the Lord lest they see the confusion that is to overwhelm the world because of our sins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Text+Discovery%3A+Ephraem+the+Syrian&rft.place=Coeur+d%27Alene%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Koinonia+House&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Missler&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khouse.org%2Farticles%2F1995%2F39%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-bpo-pseudo-ephraem-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-bpo-pseudo-ephraem_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHommel" class="citation web cs1">Hommel, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleprophesy.org/ancient.htm">"A Sermon by Pseudo-Ephraem"</a>. <i>Jason Hommel's Bible Prophecy Study on the Pre Tribulation Rapture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California" title="Grass Valley, California">Grass Valley, California</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>For all the saints and elect of God are gathered, prior to the tribulation that is to come, and are taken to the Lord lest they see the confusion that is to overwhelm the world because of our sins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jason+Hommel%27s+Bible+Prophecy+Study+on+the+Pre+Tribulation+Rapture&rft.atitle=A+Sermon+by+Pseudo-Ephraem&rft.aulast=Hommel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleprophesy.org%2Fancient.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Marotta-1995-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Marotta-1995_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarotta1995" class="citation book cs1">Marotta, Frank (1995). <i>Morgan Edwards: An Eighteenth Century Pretribulationist</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Jackson Township, New Jersey">Jackson Township, New Jersey</a>: Present Truth Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9640037-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9640037-8-1"><bdi>978-0-9640037-8-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36897344">36897344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morgan+Edwards%3A+An+Eighteenth+Century+Pretribulationist&rft.place=Jackson+Township%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Present+Truth+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36897344&rft.isbn=978-0-9640037-8-1&rft.aulast=Marotta&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-Hommel-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r-Hommel_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHommel" class="citation web cs1">Hommel, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209094535/http://bibleprophesy.org/jesuitrapture.htm">"The Jesuits and the Rapture: Francisco Ribera & Emmanuel Lacunza"</a>. <i>Jason Hommel's Bible Prophecy Study on the Pre Tribulation Rapture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California" title="Grass Valley, California">Grass Valley, California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibleprophesy.org/jesuitrapture.htm">the original</a> on 9 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jason+Hommel%27s+Bible+Prophecy+Study+on+the+Pre+Tribulation+Rapture&rft.atitle=The+Jesuits+and+the+Rapture%3A+Francisco+Ribera+%26+Emmanuel+Lacunza&rft.aulast=Hommel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibleprophesy.org%2Fjesuitrapture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZNPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Catalogue of the Theological Library in the University of Edinburgh</i></a>. Edinburgh: A. Balfour & Co. 1829. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Theological+Library+in+the+University+of+Edinburgh&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=A.+Balfour+%26+Co&rft.date=1829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZNPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-booksite-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-booksite_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/25/487382209/tim-lahaye-evangelical-legend-behind-left-behind-series-dies-at-90">"Tim LaHaye, Evangelical Legend Behind 'Left Behind' Series, Dies At 90"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. July 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tim+LaHaye%2C+Evangelical+Legend+Behind+%27Left+Behind%27+Series%2C+Dies+At+90&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F07%2F25%2F487382209%2Ftim-lahaye-evangelical-legend-behind-left-behind-series-dies-at-90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIce2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ice, Thomas (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1113&context=pretrib_arch">"Myths of the Origin of Pretribulationism (Part 1)"</a>. <i>Liberty University Article Archives</i>. <b>114</b>: 1–2 – via Liberty.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty+University+Article+Archives&rft.atitle=Myths+of+the+Origin+of+Pretribulationism+%28Part+1%29&rft.volume=114&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Ice&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1113%26context%3Dpretrib_arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1977" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryopti0000eric/page/164"><i>Contemporary Options in Eschatology: A Study of the Millennium</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Book House</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryopti0000eric/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-3262-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-3262-8"><bdi>0-8010-3262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Options+in+Eschatology%3A+A+Study+of+the+Millennium&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8010-3262-8&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryopti0000eric%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoekema1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hoekema" title="Anthony A. Hoekema">Hoekema, Anthony A.</a> (1994) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblefuture0000hoek/page/164"><i>The Bible and the Future</i></a> (revised ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblefuture0000hoek/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85364-624-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85364-624-4"><bdi>0-85364-624-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Future&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85364-624-4&rft.aulast=Hoekema&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblefuture0000hoek%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041020000043/http://bibliology.org/PW/">"Welcome to the Pre-Wrath Consortium"</a>. <i>Pre-Wrath Consortium</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliology.org/PW">the original</a> on 20 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pre-Wrath+Consortium&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Pre-Wrath+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliology.org%2FPW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1990" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Marvin J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prewrathraptureo00rose"><i>The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)" title="Thomas Nelson (publisher)">Thomas Nelson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0840731609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0840731609"><bdi>978-0840731609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Wrath+Rapture+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0840731609&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Marvin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprewrathraptureo00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin Rosenthal, author of <i>The Prewrath Rapture of the Church</i>, is a proponent for the prewrath rapture view. His belief is founded on the work of Robert D. Van Kampen (1938–1999); his books <i>The Sign</i>, <i>The Rapture Question Answered</i> and <i>The Fourth Reich</i> detail his pre-wrath rapture doctrine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaHayeIce2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ice" title="Thomas Ice">Ice, Thomas</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESz8LZW5d-gC"><i>Charting the End Times: A Visual Guide to Understanding Bible Prophecy</i></a>. Tim LaHaye Prophecy Library. <a href="/wiki/Harvest_House" title="Harvest House">Harvest House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0736901383" title="Special:BookSources/978-0736901383"><bdi>978-0736901383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charting+the+End+Times%3A+A+Visual+Guide+to+Understanding+Bible+Prophecy&rft.series=Tim+LaHaye+Prophecy+Library&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0736901383&rft.aulast=LaHaye&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Ice%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESz8LZW5d-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020090829/http://www.valleybible.net/AdultEducation/ClassNotes/TheologySurvey/Eschatology/PartialRapture.pdf">"Overview of the Partial Rapture Theory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Valley Bible Church Theology Studies. <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster, California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valleybible.net/AdultEducation/ClassNotes/TheologySurvey/Eschatology/PartialRapture.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+the+Partial+Rapture+Theory&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+California&rft.series=Valley+Bible+Church+Theology+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valleybible.net%2FAdultEducation%2FClassNotes%2FTheologySurvey%2FEschatology%2FPartialRapture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2008" class="citation book cs1">White, J. W. Jr. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N38FXiKInzoC"><i>The Partial Rapture "Theory" Explained: Escaping The Coming Storm</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Xulon_Press" title="Xulon Press">Xulon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604776843" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604776843"><bdi>978-1604776843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partial+Rapture+%22Theory%22+Explained%3A+Escaping+The+Coming+Storm&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1604776843&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=J.+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN38FXiKInzoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1935" class="citation journal cs1">David, Ira E. (15 November 1935). "Translation: When Does It Occur?". <i>The Dawn</i>: 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dawn&rft.atitle=Translation%3A+When+Does+It+Occur%3F&rft.pages=358&rft.date=1935-11-15&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Ira+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalvoord1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Walvoord" title="John Walvoord">Walvoord, John F.</a> (1979) [1957]. <i>The Rapture Question</i> (Revised and enlarged ed.). <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34151-2"><bdi>978-0-310-34151-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rapture+Question&rft.pages=128&rft.edition=Revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-310-34151-2&rft.aulast=Walvoord&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1998" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (1998) [1977]. <i>A Basic Guide to Eschatology: Making Sense of the Millennium</i> (revised ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Book House</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-5836-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-5836-8"><bdi>0-8010-5836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Basic+Guide+to+Eschatology%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Millennium&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=152&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8010-5836-8&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in 1977 under the title <i>Contemporary Options in Eschatology: A Study of the Millennium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadd1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Eldon_Ladd" title="George Eldon Ladd">Ladd, George Eldon</a> (1990) [1956]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blessedhopebibli00ladd"><i>The Blessed Hope: A Biblical Study of the Second Advent and the Rapture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802811110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802811110"><bdi>978-0802811110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blessed+Hope%3A+A+Biblical+Study+of+the+Second+Advent+and+the+Rapture&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0802811110&rft.aulast=Ladd&rft.aufirst=George+Eldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblessedhopebibli00ladd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundry1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Gundry" title="Robert H. Gundry">Gundry, Robert H.</a> (1999) [1973]. <i>The Church and the Tribulation: A Biblical Examination of Posttribulationism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310254010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310254010"><bdi>978-0310254010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+and+the+Tribulation%3A+A+Biblical+Examination+of+Posttribulationism&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0310254010&rft.aulast=Gundry&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoettner1984" class="citation book cs1">Boettner, Loraine (1984). <i>The millennium</i> ([Rev. ed]. ed.). [Phillipsburg, N.J.]: Presbyterian and Reformed Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875521138" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875521138"><bdi>978-0875521138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+millennium&rft.place=%5BPhillipsburg%2C+N.J.%5D&rft.edition=%5BRev.+ed%5D.&rft.pub=Presbyterian+and+Reformed+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0875521138&rft.aulast=Boettner&rft.aufirst=Loraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-rapture">"The Rapture"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rapture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftract%2Fthe-rapture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2014" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, J. Christopher (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0FxAwAAQBAJ&q=amillennialism+catholic+orthodox+anglican&pg=PA264"><i>The Judaism of Jesus: The Messiah's Redemption of the Jews</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: WestBowPress. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4908-2974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4908-2974-6"><bdi>978-1-4908-2974-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judaism+of+Jesus%3A+The+Messiah%27s+Redemption+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=WestBowPress&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4908-2974-6&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=J.+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0FxAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Damillennialism%2Bcatholic%2Borthodox%2Banglican%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2011" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Chris (18 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abhota.info/end1.htm">"A Brief History of the Apocalypse"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Apocalypse&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abhota.info%2Fend1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="William Sears (Baháʼí)">Sears, William</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thiefinnightor00sear"><i>Thief in the Night: Or, The Strange Case of the Missing Millennium</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Welwyn" title="Welwyn">Welwyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: George Ronald Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853980087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853980087"><bdi>978-0853980087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thief+in+the+Night%3A+Or%2C+The+Strange+Case+of+the+Missing+Millennium&rft.place=Welwyn%2C+England&rft.pub=George+Ronald+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0853980087&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthiefinnightor00sear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbour1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">Barbour, Nelson H.</a> (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320020952/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/3worlds.pdf"><i>Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">Nelson H. Barbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41016956">41016956</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/3worlds.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Worlds%2C+and+the+Harvest+of+This+World&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nelson+H.+Barbour+and+Charles+Taze+Russell&rft.date=1877&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41016956&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Nelson+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldmag.org%2Folb%2Fcontents%2Fhistory%2F3worlds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span> (See also: Wikipedia's article on <a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_(book)" title="Three Worlds (book)">Three Worlds (book)</a> )<br />as cited by:<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenton1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Penton" title="James Penton">Penton, M. James</a> (9 August 1997) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC"><i>Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802079732" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802079732"><bdi>978-0802079732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Delayed%3A+The+Story+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=21-22&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997-08-09&rft.isbn=978-0802079732&rft.aulast=Penton&rft.aufirst=M.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38SYXalMLeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Finished Mystery</i>, 1917, pp. 258, 485, as cited by Raymond Franz, <i>Crisis of Conscience</i>, pp. 206–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Way to Paradise</i> booklet, Watch Tower Society, 1924, as cited by Raymond Franz, <i>Crisis of Conscience</i>, pp. 230–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Smith_(pastor)" title="Chuck Smith (pastor)">Smith, Chuck</a> (1978). <i>End Times: A Report on Future Survival</i>. <a href="/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California" title="Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa, California</a>: Maranatha House Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0893370114" title="Special:BookSources/978-0893370114"><bdi>978-0893370114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+Times%3A+A+Report+on+Future+Survival&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Maranatha+House+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0893370114&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ReasonsWhyTheRaptureWillBeIn1988PDF">"88 Reasons Why The Rapture Will Be In 1988 and On Borrowed Time"</a>. June 15, 1988 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=88+Reasons+Why+The+Rapture+Will+Be+In+1988+and+On+Borrowed+Time&rft.date=1988-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FReasonsWhyTheRaptureWillBeIn1988PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_Chris2002" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Chris (18 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abhota.info/end3.htm">"A Brief History of the Apocalypse; 1971–1997: Millennial Madness"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Apocalypse%3B+1971%E2%80%931997%3A+Millennial+Madness&rft.date=2002-06-18&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abhota.info%2Fend3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612151708/http://www.familyradio.com/graphical/literature/waat/contents.html">"We are Almost There"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familyradio.com/graphical/literature/waat/contents.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+are+Almost+There&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familyradio.com%2Fgraphical%2Fliterature%2Fwaat%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitz,_Jessica2011" class="citation web cs1">Ravitz, Jessica (6 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/LIVING/03/06/judgment.day.caravan/index.html">"Road trip to the end of the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+trip+to+the+end+of+the+world&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft.au=Ravitz%2C+Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FLIVING%2F03%2F06%2Fjudgment.day.caravan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laist.com/2011/05/24/apocalypse_not_quite_now_camping_pi.php">LAist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022803/http://laist.com/2011/05/24/apocalypse_not_quite_now_camping_pi.php">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 24 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettley2017" class="citation news cs1">Kettley, Sebastian (23 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/856661/End-of-the-world-2017-september-23-bible-christians-prophecy-planet-x-nibiru">"End of the world 2017: Why American Christians are getting VERY worried about September 23"</a>. <i>Express.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express.co.uk&rft.atitle=End+of+the+world+2017%3A+Why+American+Christians+are+getting+VERY+worried+about+September+23&rft.date=2017-09-23&rft.aulast=Kettley&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fweird%2F856661%2FEnd-of-the-world-2017-september-23-bible-christians-prophecy-planet-x-nibiru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlene_Winell2015" class="citation web cs1">Marlene Winell (7 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journeyfree.org/rts/understandingrts/">"Part 2: Understanding RTS: Trauma from Religion"</a>. Journey Free<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+2%3A+Understanding+RTS%3A+Trauma+from+Religion&rft.pub=Journey+Free&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft.au=Marlene+Winell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjourneyfree.org%2Frts%2Funderstandingrts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prophecy_of_the_Rapture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prophecy of the Rapture">Prophecy of the Rapture</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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<li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prewrath_premillennialism">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span 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