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id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2688047" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2688047/Norse_skaldic_kennings">Norse skaldic kennings</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="690608" href="https://uq.academia.edu/KariSullivan">Kari Sullivan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">■ MEMBER FOR MEMBER metonymy is evident in kennings like hangaTyr 'hanged-men's Tyr', which refers to Odin by naming Tyr; and fet-Meili 'pace-Meili'referring to the speedy god Hœnir by naming the god Meili. According to Sturluson, any god's name could be applied to any other god (1976); or in other words, any member of the category GODS could refer metonymically to another member. This metonymy operates in a few other categories:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Norse skaldic kennings","attachmentId":30682355,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2688047/Norse_skaldic_kennings","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2688047/Norse_skaldic_kennings"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="36310997" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36310997/The_Wind_of_the_Giantess_Snorri_Sturluson_Rudolf_Meissner_and_the_Interpretation_of_Mythological_Kennings_along_Taxonomic_Lines">The 'Wind of the Giantess': Snorri Sturluson, Rudolf Meissner, and the Interpretation of Mythological Kennings along Taxonomic Lines</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4779663" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/JudyQuinn">Judy Quinn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 8 (2012): 207–259, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A number of kennings in the extant corpus of skaldic poetry collocate a term for wind with a term for a giantess, the resultant referent identified by Snorri Sturluson in Skáldskaparmál as hugr, though that term is itself exemplified by Snorri in three wide-ranging lists of terms denoting desire, passion, and hostility. In his taxonomy of kenning types, Rudolf Meissner gathered together ‘wind of the giantess’ kennings and identified their referent as Sinn. A number of the examples in Meissner’s list, however, are based on Finnur Jónsson’s emended texts, necessitating a close examination of the manuscript evidence in each case. The analysis presented in this article places the ‘wind of the giantess’ kennings in the context of the well-attested kenning type ‘wind of the valkyrie’ in order to explore how the collocation of affect with a supernatural female figure appears to have operated in the skaldic imagination. While some of the examples in Meissner’s group suggest the referent ‘desire’, others seem to refer instead to ‘battle spirit’ and some simply to ‘battle’. There is very little evidence to suggest that the referent can be equated with ‘thought’ in an abstract sense, an identification that has nonetheless become a commonplace in skaldic scholarship.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The 'Wind of the Giantess': Snorri Sturluson, Rudolf Meissner, and the Interpretation of Mythological Kennings along Taxonomic Lines","attachmentId":56218234,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36310997/The_Wind_of_the_Giantess_Snorri_Sturluson_Rudolf_Meissner_and_the_Interpretation_of_Mythological_Kennings_along_Taxonomic_Lines","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36310997/The_Wind_of_the_Giantess_Snorri_Sturluson_Rudolf_Meissner_and_the_Interpretation_of_Mythological_Kennings_along_Taxonomic_Lines"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="11206961" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11206961/To_Rede_and_to_Rown_Expressions_of_Early_Scandinavian_Kingship_in_Written_Sources">To Rede and to Rown. Expressions of Early Scandinavian Kingship in Written Sources</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27078467" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/SvanteNorr">Svante Norr</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">[Norr, S., 1998. To Rede and to Rown. Expressions of Early Scandinavian Kingship in Written Sources. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 17. Uppsala, 253 pp., 4 plates. Monograph, ISSN 1100-6358, ISBN 91-506-1277-8.] The subject of this thesis is early Scandinavian kingship, and the analysis is based on a number of written sources and runic inscriptions. A study of early Germanic kingship focuses primarily on the development of Gothic kingship from the fourth to the sixth century. The royal attributes expressed in kennings and heiti in Ynglingatal are analysed, showing that the poem presents the development of kingship as a process in four stages. The dating of this work and its style of composition is also discussed. A study of the chapters in Ynglinga saga which deal with King Ingiald illráði examines the role of counsel, the political structure of the Svear and high kingship as a structural problem. Vita Anskarii is analysed with particular emphasis on the interaction between kings, noblemen and the ‘people’ in political decision-making. Finally, the associations between kings and runes are discussed, and the inscription of the Sparlösa stone is reinterpreted as a monument over a royal succession.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"To Rede and to Rown. Expressions of Early Scandinavian Kingship in Written Sources","attachmentId":36829966,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11206961/To_Rede_and_to_Rown_Expressions_of_Early_Scandinavian_Kingship_in_Written_Sources","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11206961/To_Rede_and_to_Rown_Expressions_of_Early_Scandinavian_Kingship_in_Written_Sources"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5037436" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5037436/War_words_and_battle_spears_The_kesja_and_kesjulag_in_Old_Norse_literature">War-words and battle spears: The kesja and kesjulag in Old Norse literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1525522" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesMcMullen">K. James McMullen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The spear – or one of it's derived forms – has been, until very recently, the primary armament of warriors in human history, and it should be no surprise that specialized terminology has developed to describe not only components of the weapon, but also of the differing types of spear themselves. In Old Norse, one of the more popular terms to describe a type of spear used in military engagements - as distinct from personal duelling or revenge actions - is kesja. The term itself is of uncertain derivation and meaning, but it is certain that it refers to a spear of some kind, and one which was exceedingly popular during the viking age. There is some difficulty, however, when attempting to identify kesjur among the spear-heads found in areas of Scandinavian activity, which stems from the fact that the current status of classification for spear-heads in Scandinavia is based almost entirely upon the Petersen typology. Petersen, while thorough from a purely physical point of view, does not provide any link with the textual examples to identify his weapons within the context of the sags. Falk, in his Altnordische Waffenkunde, provides several plausible exemplars of what may have been kesjur, although Petersen ignored his attempt at lending literary names to artefacts. Despite that, Falk's analysis – while flawed in several cases – does lend an important element to the discussion on the weapons of early medieval Scandinavia. Following in Falk's footsteps, this paper intends to provide an identification of kesjur in the archaeological record via comparisons of blade sizes and geometries with the descriptions of their use in Old Norse literature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"War-words and battle spears: The kesja and kesjulag in Old Norse literature","attachmentId":32266899,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5037436/War_words_and_battle_spears_The_kesja_and_kesjulag_in_Old_Norse_literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5037436/War_words_and_battle_spears_The_kesja_and_kesjulag_in_Old_Norse_literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="40524392" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40524392/The_Power_of_One_An_ideologeme_in_early_Irish_and_Norse_tradition">The Power of One: An ideologeme in early Irish and Norse tradition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="129491164" href="https://westernu.academia.edu/RPoole">Russell Poole</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Power of One: An ideologeme in early Irish and Norse tradition","attachmentId":60798721,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40524392/The_Power_of_One_An_ideologeme_in_early_Irish_and_Norse_tradition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40524392/The_Power_of_One_An_ideologeme_in_early_Irish_and_Norse_tradition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="107294171" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107294171/The_13TH_Bergen_International_Postgraduate_Symposium_in_Old_Norse_Studies">The 13TH Bergen International Postgraduate Symposium in Old Norse Studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="115863793" href="https://uib.academia.edu/JuleTie">Juliane Tiemann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The 13TH Bergen International Postgraduate Symposium in Old Norse Studies","attachmentId":106001504,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107294171/The_13TH_Bergen_International_Postgraduate_Symposium_in_Old_Norse_Studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107294171/The_13TH_Bergen_International_Postgraduate_Symposium_in_Old_Norse_Studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="40413584" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40413584/VALF%C7%AA%C3%90R_V%C7%AALUR_AND_VALKYRJUR_%C3%93%C3%90INN_AS_A_QUEER_DEITY_MEDIATING_THE_WARRIOR_HALLS_OF_VIKING_AGE_SCANDINAVIA">VALFǪÐR, VǪLUR, AND VALKYRJUR: ÓÐINN AS A QUEER DEITY MEDIATING THE WARRIOR HALLS OF VIKING AGE SCANDINAVIA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45557698" href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/AmyJeffordFranks">Eirnin Jefford Franks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scandia: Journal of Medieval Studies, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Óðinn has long been a highly-debated figure with regard to his gender and sexuality. While some have interpreted him as a strictly masculine being, others have argued him to be queer, with caveats surrounding how this affected his role as a deity. I use a queer theoretical framework to firstly streamline my interpretation of Óðinn's gender, and set this within both a cultural context and a queer context. I then turn my attention to the context of the warrior hall. I demonstrate that the interpretation that this was a strictly masculine space is based in scholarly bias, primarily argued by Otto Höfler as part of his work for the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party), and has not since been sufficiently critically challenged. After reassessing the primary material to demonstrate the gender dynamics of the warrior hall, I then demonstrate that, by blurring boundaries and queering his gender, Óðinn acts in a way that mediates between the roles of men and women within the culture of the hall. Riassunto: Tradizionalmente Odino rappresenta una figura problematica e ampiamente dibattuta, soprattutto quando si considera la sua identità di genere o la sua sessualità. Sebbene molti abbiano letto l'identità di Odino in termini strettamente mascolini, altri hanno proposto un'interpretazione queer, sottolineando come questo aspetto possa aver avuto una grande influenza sul suo ruolo di divinità. In questo articolo la figura di Odino verrà inquadrata nel contesto teorico della Queer Theory, per delineare una prima interpretazione dell'identità di genere della divinità, situandola all'interno del corrispettivo contesto culturale e del contesto queer. L'articolo si concentra successivamente sulla dimensione spaziale della sala dei guerrieri, il Valhalla. Si dimostrerà che l'interpretazione di questo spazio sociale come prevalentemente maschile e mascolinizzante, a lungo tempo prevalente nella critica, è dovuta a un vizio interpretativo che risale a Otto Höfler, che si occupò del tema come parte del suo lavoro per il Partito Nazista, e che da allora non è stato esaminato criticamente a sufficienza. Dopo un'approfondita rilettura delle fonti primarie, riconsiderando le dinamiche di genere in 1 MA in Viking and Medieval Norse Studies from the University of Iceland (2018). Independent scholar.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"VALFǪÐR, VǪLUR, AND VALKYRJUR: ÓÐINN AS A QUEER DEITY MEDIATING THE WARRIOR HALLS OF VIKING AGE SCANDINAVIA","attachmentId":60668389,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40413584/VALF%C7%AA%C3%90R_V%C7%AALUR_AND_VALKYRJUR_%C3%93%C3%90INN_AS_A_QUEER_DEITY_MEDIATING_THE_WARRIOR_HALLS_OF_VIKING_AGE_SCANDINAVIA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40413584/VALF%C7%AA%C3%90R_V%C7%AALUR_AND_VALKYRJUR_%C3%93%C3%90INN_AS_A_QUEER_DEITY_MEDIATING_THE_WARRIOR_HALLS_OF_VIKING_AGE_SCANDINAVIA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="6889148" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6889148/Mythological_Names_and_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Formulae_I_When_is_a_Valkyrie_Like_a_Spear">Mythological Names and dróttkvætt Formulae I: When is a Valkyrie Like a Spear?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Metrica et Poetica 1/1 (2014): 100-139, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article explores patterns of language use in oral poetry within a variety of semantic formula. Such a formula may vary its surface texture in relation to phonic demands of the metrical environment in which it is realized. Metrically entangled kennings in Old Norse dróttkvætt poetry provide material for a series of case studies focusing on variation in realizing formulae of this type. Old Norse kennings present a semantic formula of a particular type which is valuable as an example owing to the extremes of textural variation that it enables. Focus will be on variation between two broad semantic categories in expressing the formula’s consistent unit of meaning that are otherwise unambiguously distinct: proper names for mythological beings and poetic terms for weapons and armour. This article introduces an approach to kennings as semantic formulae and includes an illustrative case study on kennings meaning ‘battle’ in the last three metrical positions of a dróttkvætt line. The case study is simultaneously used to demonstrate the degree of integration of mythological proper names in the poetic register. This article contains only the first case study of a series. It provides foundations for examining variation in the associative links exhibited by names of mythic beings as a category according to the metrical positions in which a battle-kenning is realized, as will be discussed further later in this series. In additions to insights into how language was used in the practice of this tradition, this study highlights that mythological names could be used in the poetry for purely metrical reasons without linking to the name's mythological significance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mythological Names and dróttkvætt Formulae I: When is a Valkyrie Like a Spear?","attachmentId":33688697,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6889148/Mythological_Names_and_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Formulae_I_When_is_a_Valkyrie_Like_a_Spear","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6889148/Mythological_Names_and_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Formulae_I_When_is_a_Valkyrie_Like_a_Spear"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="31322626" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31322626/Gu%C3%B0laugr_edition_of_poetry_from_Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages_3_">Guðlaugr (edition of poetry from Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1616707" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/TarrinWills">Tarrin Wills</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="4661868" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4661868/The_Poets_Vision_An_Overview_of_the_Kenning_in_Anglo_Saxon_and_Old_Norse_Icelandic_Poetry">The Poet's Vision: An Overview of the Kenning in Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse-Icelandic Poetry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="299088" href="https://hi.academia.edu/ThomasIrelandDelfs">Thomas Ireland-Delfs</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Poet's Vision: An Overview of the Kenning in Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse-Icelandic 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