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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Diplomatic status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Western_Jin_to_the_Han-Zhao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Western_Jin_to_the_Han-Zhao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fall of the Western Jin to the Han-Zhao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Western_Jin_to_the_Han-Zhao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shi_Le_and_the_Later_Zhao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shi_Le_and_the_Later_Zhao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Shi Le and the Later Zhao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shi_Le_and_the_Later_Zhao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Qin_and_the_brief_unification_of_northern_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Qin_and_the_brief_unification_of_northern_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Former Qin and the brief unification of northern China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Qin_and_the_brief_unification_of_northern_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmentation_after_the_Battle_of_Feishui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation_after_the_Battle_of_Feishui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Fragmentation after the Battle of Feishui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation_after_the_Battle_of_Feishui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_Liang_breaks_down_into_Northern,_Southern_and_Western_Liang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Liang_breaks_down_into_Northern,_Southern_and_Western_Liang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Later Liang breaks down into Northern, Southern and Western Liang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Liang_breaks_down_into_Northern,_Southern_and_Western_Liang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Yan_breaks_down_into_Northern_and_Southern_Yan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Yan_breaks_down_into_Northern_and_Southern_Yan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Later Yan breaks down into Northern and Southern Yan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Yan_breaks_down_into_Northern_and_Southern_Yan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Jin_efforts_to_retake_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Jin_efforts_to_retake_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Eastern Jin efforts to retake the North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Jin_efforts_to_retake_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Wei_and_the_reunification_of_northern_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Wei_and_the_reunification_of_northern_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Northern Wei and the reunification of northern China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Wei_and_the_reunification_of_northern_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_of_other_ethnicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_of_other_ethnicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Involvement of other ethnicities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Involvement_of_other_ethnicities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Involvement of other ethnicities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Involvement_of_other_ethnicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sixteen Kingdoms</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="الممالك الستة عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الممالك الستة عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diecis%C3%A9is_Reinos" title="Dieciséis Reinos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dieciséis Reinos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_alt%C4%B1_barbar_(%C3%A7arl%C4%B1qlar)" title="On altı barbar (çarlıqlar) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="On altı barbar (çarlıqlar)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3%CD%98-%C3%B4%CD%98_Si%CC%8Dp-lio%CC%8Dk-kok" title="Ngó͘-ô͘ Si̍p-lio̍k-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngó͘-ô͘ Si̍p-lio̍k-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шестнайсетте царства – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шестнайсетте царства" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setze_Regnes" title="Setze Regnes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setze Regnes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0estn%C3%A1ct_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF" title="Šestnáct států – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šestnáct států" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechzehn_Reiche" title="Sechzehn Reiche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sechzehn Reiche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B9_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Δεκαέξι Βασίλεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεκαέξι Βασίλεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diecis%C3%A9is_Reinos" title="Dieciséis Reinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dieciséis Reinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dek_ses_regnoj" title="Dek ses regnoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dek ses regnoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamasei_Erresumak" title="Hamasei Erresumak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hamasei Erresumak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seize_Royaumes" title="Seize Royaumes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seize Royaumes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83g-f%C3%B9_S%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dp-liuk-koet" title="Ńg-fù Sṳ̍p-liuk-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ńg-fù Sṳ̍p-liuk-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%98%B8_%EC%8B%AD%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%AD_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="오호 십육국 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오호 십육국 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0esnaest_kraljevstava" title="Šesnaest kraljevstava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šesnaest kraljevstava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Enam_Belas_Negara" title="Zaman Enam Belas Negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Enam Belas Negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedici_regni" title="Sedici regni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedici regni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Он алты варварлық мемлекет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Он алты варварлық мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanzdeh_Keyan%C3%AE" title="Şanzdeh Keyanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şanzdeh Keyanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C5%A1padsmit_karalistes" title="Sešpadsmit karalistes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sešpadsmit karalistes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enam_Belas_Kerajaan" title="Enam Belas Kerajaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enam Belas Kerajaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Арван зургаан улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арван зургаан улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_van_de_Zestien_Koninkrijken" title="Periode van de Zestien Koninkrijken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Periode van de Zestien Koninkrijken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="五胡十六国時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="五胡十六国時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekstenkongerikene" title="Sekstenkongerikene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sekstenkongerikene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setze_Reiaumes" title="Setze Reiaumes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Setze Reiaumes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سولہ مملکتاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سولہ مملکتاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99_5_%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7_16_%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9A" title="សម័យ 5 ជនជាតិ 16 នគរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម័យ 5 ជនជាតិ 16 នគរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szesna%C5%9Bcie_Kr%C3%B3lestw" title="Szesnaście Królestw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szesnaście Królestw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezasseis_Reinos" title="Dezasseis Reinos – 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Sixteen kingdoms of India, see <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period of Chinese history from 304 to 439</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Sixteen Kingdoms</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">十六國</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">十六国</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shíliù Guó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shih²-liu⁴ Kuo²</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shíh-liòu Guó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʂɻ̩̌.ljôʊ kwǒ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sap<sup>6</sup>luk<sup>6</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[sɐp̚˨ lʊk̚˨ kʷɔk̚˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BC)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BC)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BC</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BC)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BC)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BC – 220 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BC – 9 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 AD)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sixteen Kingdoms</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">十六国</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">十六國</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shíliù Guó</span></i>), less commonly the <b>Sixteen States</b>, was a chaotic period in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> from AD 304 to 439 when northern China fragmented into a series of short-lived <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynastic states</a>. The majority of these states were founded by the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a>", non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples who had settled in northern and western China during the preceding centuries, and had launched a <a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_rebellion_of_the_Five_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion and rebellion of the Five Barbarians">series of rebellions</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty</a> in the early 4th century. However, several of the states were founded by the Han people, and all of the states—whether ruled by <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>, Han, or others—took on Han-style dynastic names. The states frequently fought against both one another and the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin dynasty</a>, which succeeded the Western Jin in 317 and ruled southern China. The period ended with the unification of northern China in 439 by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>, a dynasty established by the Xianbei <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> clan. This occurred 19 years after the Eastern Jin collapsed in 420, and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a>. Following the unification of the north by Northern Wei, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> era of Chinese history began. </p><p>The term "Sixteen Kingdoms" was first used by the 6th-century historian Cui Hong in the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></i> and refers to the five Liangs (<a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western</a>), four Yans (<a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern</a>), three Qins (<a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western</a>), two Zhaos (<a href="/wiki/Former_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Zhao">Han/Former</a> and <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng Han">Cheng-Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia</a>. Cui Hong did not count several other kingdoms that appeared at the time including the <a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Duan Qi">Duan Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Shu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a>. Nor did he include the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> and its predecessor <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a>, because the Northern Wei is considered to be the first of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern Dynasties</a> in the period that followed the Sixteen Kingdoms. </p><p>Classical Chinese historians called the period the "<b>Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">五胡十六国</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">五胡十六國</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wǔhú Shíliù Guó</span></i>) because of the active roles played by non-Han ethnicities during this period. Even among the states founded by ethnic Han (<a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a>), several founders had close relations with ethnic minorities. For example, the father of <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a>, who founded Ran Wei, was adopted by the ethnically Jie Later Zhao ruling family, though Ran Min ordered a genocidal massacre of Jie people after he seized power. <a href="/wiki/Feng_Ba" title="Feng Ba">Feng Ba</a>, who is considered by some historians to be the founder of the Northern Yan, was an ethnic Han who had prominent Xianbei friends, as well as a Xianbei nickname. <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Gao Yun</a>, considered by other historians to be the Northern Yan founder, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Go_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Go dynasty">Goguryeo royal family</a> who had been adopted by Xianbei nobility. </p><p>Due to fierce competition among the states and internal political instability, the kingdoms of this era were mostly short-lived. For seven years from 376 to 383, the <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> briefly unified northern China, but this ended when the Eastern Jin inflicted a crippling defeat on it at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">the Battle of Fei River</a>, after which the Former Qin splintered and northern China experienced even greater political fragmentation. The fall of the Western Jin dynasty amidst the rise of non-Han regimes in northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period resembles the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> amidst invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> in Europe, which also occurred in the 4th to 5th centuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_the_Five_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of the Five Barbarians">Uprising of the Five Barbarians</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:421px;max-width:421px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_seal_of_a_Xiongnu_chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_seal_of_a_Xiongnu_chief.jpg/158px-Bronze_seal_of_a_Xiongnu_chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_seal_of_a_Xiongnu_chief.jpg/237px-Bronze_seal_of_a_Xiongnu_chief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_seal_of_a_Xiongnu_chief.jpg/316px-Bronze_seal_of_a_Xiongnu_chief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Jin_Iron_Sword.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Western_Jin_Iron_Sword.jpg/255px-Western_Jin_Iron_Sword.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Western_Jin_Iron_Sword.jpg/383px-Western_Jin_Iron_Sword.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Western_Jin_Iron_Sword.jpg/510px-Western_Jin_Iron_Sword.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><i><b>Left</b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Bronze seal</a> conferred by the Han government upon a <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> chieftain who had submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty (25–220)</a>. The seal was unearthed in Shangsunjiazhai, <a href="/wiki/Datong_Hui_and_Tu_Autonomous_County" title="Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County">Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai province">Qinghai province</a> in 1979. The Xiongnu that settled in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> and eastern Qinghai during the Eastern Han dynasty intermixed with the local <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> and other tribes in the region and became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Lushuihu" title="Lushuihu">Lushuihu</a>". <a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mengxun" title="Juqu Mengxun">Juqu Mengxun</a>, who seized control of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang kingdom</a> in 401 was a Lushuihu chieftain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><b>Right</b></i>: An iron <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Hilt" title="Hilt">ring-shaped pommel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty (266–316)</a> unearthed in Meiligaitu Village, <a href="/wiki/Zhuozi_County" title="Zhuozi County">Zhuozi County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. During the Western Jin, the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba Xianbei clan</a> settled in modern-day central Inner Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>From the late <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> to the early <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty</a>, large numbers of non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> were farmers and herders from the mountains of western <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">southwest China</a>. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Han and were <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinified</a> to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. They also faced discrimination and retained clan and tribal affiliations. </p><p>The Han dynasty's defeat of the Xiongnu confederation in the <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a> by Han General <a href="/wiki/Dou_Xian" title="Dou Xian">Dou Xian</a> led to the Han dynasty deporting the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xiongnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Xiongnu">Southern Xiongnu</a> along with their <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a> into northern China. In 167 AD, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duan_Jiong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duan Jiong (page does not exist)">Duan Jiong</a> conducted an anti-Qiang campaign and massacred Qiang populations as well as settled them outside the frontier in northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> had a policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture, but they retained their distinct identity and resented the discrimination they received.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes (291–306)</a> during the reign of the second Jin ruler <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin" title="Emperor Hui of Jin">Emperor Hui</a> severely divided and weakened imperial authority. Hundreds of thousands were killed and millions were uprooted by the internecine fighting. Popular rebellions against heavy taxation and repression erupted throughout the country. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been heavily drafted into the military then exploited the chaos to seize power.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiong" title="Li Xiong">Li Xiong</a>, a Di chieftain, led a successful rebellion and founded <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng Han">Cheng-Han</a> kingdom in 304. Thus began the creation of independent kingdoms in China as Jin authority crumbled. Most of these kingdoms were founded by non-Chinese tribal leaders who took on Chinese reign names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_status">Diplomatic status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diplomatic status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Eastern Jin dynasty to the south continued to insist on its status as supreme overlord and refused to treat any of the kingdoms as equals. For instance, when the Later Zhao sent a diplomatic mission to the south to establish equal relations, the Eastern Jin burnt the embassy's gifts and expelled the envoy. Some of the Sixteen Kingdoms such as Former Yan and Former Liang also agreed to nominally recognise the Eastern Jin as their suzerain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Western_Jin_to_the_Han-Zhao">Fall of the Western Jin to the Han-Zhao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fall of the Western Jin to the Han-Zhao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Jin_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Western_Jin_soldier.jpg/120px-Western_Jin_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Western_Jin_soldier.jpg/180px-Western_Jin_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Western_Jin_soldier.jpg/240px-Western_Jin_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Infantryman</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Jin_cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Western_Jin_cavalry.jpg/120px-Western_Jin_cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Western_Jin_cavalry.jpg/180px-Western_Jin_cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Western_Jin_cavalry.jpg/240px-Western_Jin_cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cavalry</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> warriors of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty (266–316)</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Jin princes and military governors often recruited non-Chinese tribes into their armies in their suppression of rebellions and wars with each other. Also in 304, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> chieftain, who had been fighting in the Jin civil war on the side of Prince <a href="/wiki/Sima_Ying" title="Sima Ying">Sima Ying</a>, returned home to Shanxi where he reorganized the five tribes of the Xiongnu and declared independence as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. His regime, later renamed Zhao, is designated by historians as the <a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Liu Yuan died in 310, his son <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a> killed older brother Liu He and claimed the throne. Liu Cong <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">captured</a> the Jin capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and Emperor Huai in 311. In 316, Liu Cong's cousin <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Min_of_Jin" title="Emperor Min of Jin">Emperor Min</a>, ending the Western Jin dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Rui" class="mw-redirect" title="Sima Rui">Sima Rui</a>, a Jin prince who had moved to the South, continued the dynasty as the Eastern Jin from <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>). The collapse of Jin authority in the North led other leaders to declare independence. In 315, <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu" title="Tuoba Yilu">Tuoba Yilu</a>, a Xianbei chieftain, founded the <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. In 318, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shi_(Former_Liang)" title="Zhang Shi (Former Liang)">Zhang Shi</a>, the ethnic Chinese governor of Liangzhou founded the <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shi_Le_and_the_Later_Zhao">Shi Le and the Later Zhao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shi Le and the Later Zhao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Liu Cong's death, the kingdom was split between <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a> was an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a> who had worked as an indentured farm laborer before joining <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a>'s rebellion and becoming a powerful general in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>. In 319, he founded a rival Zhao Kingdom, known as the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> and in 328 conquered Liu Yao's Han-Zhao. Shi Le instituted a dual-system of government that imposed separate rules for Chinese and non-Chinese, and managed to control much of northern China. After his death, his sons were locked in a fratricidal succession struggle and the kingdom was ended in 350 by General <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a>, an ethnic Chinese who seized the throne and founded the <a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a>. Ran Min favored Han Chinese and massacred thousands of Jie. He was <a href="/wiki/Wei-Xianbei_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei-Xianbei war">defeated and killed in 352</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong Xianbei</a> from <a href="/wiki/Liaodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaodong">Liaodong</a>. </p><p>In 337, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> in Liaodong, which by 356 had expanded into much of <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. For a time, the Former Yan vied for supremacy in northern China with the <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Qin_and_the_brief_unification_of_northern_China">Former Qin and the brief unification of northern China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Former Qin and the brief unification of northern China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Jin_Dynasty_376_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eastern_Jin_Dynasty_376_CE.png/300px-Eastern_Jin_Dynasty_376_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eastern_Jin_Dynasty_376_CE.png/450px-Eastern_Jin_Dynasty_376_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Eastern_Jin_Dynasty_376_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Territory of the Former Qin kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasty</a> in 376.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Former Qin was founded in 351 by <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(317%E2%80%93355)" title="Fu Jian (317–355)">Fu Jian (317–355)</a>, a Di general, who had served under the Later Zhao and surrendered to the Jin before declaring independence in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. After his death in 355, the kingdom was briefly handed to his son <a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a>, before his nephew <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian (337–385)</a> took control of the leadership. Under the younger Fu Jian, who was guided by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a>, an ethnic Chinese advisor, the Former Qin strengthened rapidly. From 370 to 76, the Former Qin extinguished the Former Yan, Dai and Former Liang to unite all of northern China. Fu Jian also captured <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> from the Eastern Jin and wanted to conquer the rest of southern China. Wang Meng opposed this move, citing the need for the Former Qin to consolidate control over various ethnicities in northern China, while <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a> and Xianbei general <a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a> both supported the idea. In 383, after Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian launched a massive invasion of southern China, but was he was routed in a devastating defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Feishui" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Feishui">Battle of Feishui</a>, in which Eastern Jin troops vanquished a much larger Former Qin force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragmentation_after_the_Battle_of_Feishui">Fragmentation after the Battle of Feishui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fragmentation after the Battle of Feishui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongwancheng_%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E_(4626589532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tongwancheng_%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E_%284626589532%29.jpg/250px-Tongwancheng_%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E_%284626589532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tongwancheng_%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E_%284626589532%29.jpg/375px-Tongwancheng_%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E_%284626589532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tongwancheng_%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E_%284626589532%29.jpg/500px-Tongwancheng_%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E_%284626589532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Tongwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongwan">Tongwancheng</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia kingdom</a> built in the early 5th century by <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Helian Bobo</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jingbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingbian">Jingbian</a>, in northern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaanxi province">Shaanxi province</a>, near the border with <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. Tongwancheng was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> in 427.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Battle of Feishui, the power of the Former Qin quickly unraveled as various regimes in the North broke loose. In 384, Murong Chui founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> in Hebei. Other <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> royals founded the <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> in Shanxi. Yao Chang founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. Fu Jian was killed by Yao Chang, but the Former Qin survived by relocating from Shaanxi to Gansu and then <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>. In 385, <a href="/wiki/Qifu_Guoren" title="Qifu Guoren">Qifu Guoren</a>, a Xianbei former vassal under Fu Jian, founded the <a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a>. In 386, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a>, a Di general of the Former Qin, founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a> in western Gansu while <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Gui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Gui">Tuoba Gui</a> revived the Dai as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>. In 388, <a href="/wiki/Zhai_Liao" title="Zhai Liao">Zhai Liao</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> leader in Henan founded the <a href="/wiki/Wei_(Dingling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei (Dingling)">Zhai Wei</a>, which was wedged between the Later Yan, Western Yan and Eastern Jin. As many as seven kingdoms coexisted for nine years. </p><p>The Later Qin, which ended the Former Qin in 394, the Western Qin in 400, and Later Liang in 403, extended its control over much of Shaanxi, Gansu, and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>. But in 407, <a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Helian Bobo</a>, a Xiongnu chieftain, rebelled and founded the <a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia</a> in northern Shaanxi, and the Western Qin was revived in the southern Shaanxi. In 416, the Eastern Jin under General <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">Liu Yu</a> launched a northern expedition that captured <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and extinguished the Later Qin. The Eastern Jin could not hold these cities as Liu Yu returned south to <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">seize the Jin throne</a>. The Xia kingdom quickly seized Chang'an. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Liang_breaks_down_into_Northern,_Southern_and_Western_Liang"><span id="Later_Liang_breaks_down_into_Northern.2C_Southern_and_Western_Liang"></span>Later Liang breaks down into Northern, Southern and Western Liang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later Liang breaks down into Northern, Southern and Western Liang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> of western Gansu, the Later Liang splintered into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a> in 397. The Southern Liang was founded by <a href="/wiki/Tufa_Wugu" title="Tufa Wugu">Tufa Wugu</a>, a Xianbei, in <a href="/wiki/Ledu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledu District">Ledu</a>, Qinghai. The Northern Liang was founded by an ethnic Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Duan_Ye" title="Duan Ye">Duan Ye</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a>, Gansu with the support of <a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mengxun" title="Juqu Mengxun">Juqu Mengxun</a>, a Xiongnu, who then seized control of the kingdom in 401. In 400, <a href="/wiki/Li_Gao" title="Li Gao">Li Gao</a>, the Chinese commander at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> and founded the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a>. The Western Liang was reabsorbed by the Northern Liang in 421. Li Gao's descendants would go on to found the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in the 7th century. The Southern Liang was conquered by the Western Qin in 414, and the Northern Liang lasted until 439, when it surrendered to the Northern Wei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Yan_breaks_down_into_Northern_and_Southern_Yan">Later Yan breaks down into Northern and Southern Yan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later Yan breaks down into Northern and Southern Yan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Later Yan conquered the Zhai Wei in 392 and the Western Yan in 394, but lost a series of engagements to the Northern Wei. In 397, the Northern Wei captured Hebei and splitting the Later Yan into two. <a href="/wiki/Murong_Bao" title="Murong Bao">Murong Bao</a> moved the Later Yan capital north to <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> but <a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a> refused to move north and founded the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> in Henan and Shandong. The Southern Yan was extinguished by the Eastern Jin in 410. The Later Yan lasted until 407 when General <a href="/wiki/Feng_Ba" title="Feng Ba">Feng Ba</a>, killed <a href="/wiki/Murong_Xi" title="Murong Xi">Emperor Murong Xi</a> and installed <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Gao Yun</a>. Gao Yun, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> royalty who was adopted into the Murong court, is considered either the last emperor of the Later Yan or the founding emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a>. In 409, he was killed by Feng Ba, a Han Chinese assimilated to Xianbei culture, who took control of the Northern Yan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Jin_efforts_to_retake_the_North">Eastern Jin efforts to retake the North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern Jin efforts to retake the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen%27s_expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Huan Wen's expeditions">Huan Wen's expeditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yu%27s_expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yu's expeditions">Liu Yu's expeditions</a></div> <p>During its century-long rule of southern China, the Eastern Jin dynasty, though beset by local rebellions and insurrections, made several attempts to recapture the North, and managed to make some inroads, but were ultimately unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 313, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Jin" title="Emperor Yuan of Jin">Sima Rui, the Yuan Emperor</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Zu_Ti" title="Zu Ti">Zu Ti</a> 1,000 men and 3,000 bolts of cloth for a northern expedition. Despite meager resources, Zu Ti managed to recapture a large swath of Henan south of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> and repeatedly defeated Shi Le's Later Zhao forces. Eastern Jin Emperors were wary of generals acquiring power and prestige from successful northern expeditions and threatening the throne. The Yuan Emperor did not entrust Zu Ti with the command of much larger expeditionary force in 321. A disappointed Zu Ti died of illness. The expeditionary force was called back to Jiankang to quell an insurrection, and Shi Le retook Henan. </p><p>In 347, Jin general <a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a> invaded Sichuan and ended the Cheng-Han kingdom. He then launched successive expeditions against northern kingdoms, briefly retaking Chang'an from the Former Qin in 354 and Luoyang from <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Yao_Xiang" title="Yao Xiang">Yao Xiang</a> in 356. In 369, he led a large force across the Yellow River into Hebei but was defeated by the Former Yan. In 383, the Eastern Jin reclaimed Henan south of the Yellow River after turning back the Former Qin in the Battle of Feishui in 383, but lost that territory once the northern kingdoms strengthened. </p><p>Huan Wen had pretensions to seize power and deposed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Jin" title="Emperor Fei of Jin">Emperor Fei</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jianwen_of_Jin" title="Emperor Jianwen of Jin">Emperor Jianwen</a> in 371. His son <a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Xuan</a> briefly took the throne from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Jin" title="Emperor An of Jin">Emperor An</a> in a palace coup in 403, but was defeated by general <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">Liu Yu</a>. </p><p>Liu Yu also used northern expeditions to build up his power. In 409–10, he led Jin forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Linqu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Linqu">Battle of Linqu</a>, defeating and destroying the Southern Yan in Shandong. In 416, he took advantage of the death of the Later Qin ruler, invaded Henan and captured Luoyang, and then turned toward Shaanxi and seized Chang'an. The last Later Qin ruler Yao Hong surrendered and was sent to Jiankang and executed. With the Later Qin destroyed, several smaller states in the northwest, Western Qin, Northern Liang and Western Liang, nominally submitted to Eastern Jin authority. But Liu Yu retreated back to Jiankang to plan his takeover of the Jin throne, and Chang'an was taken by the Xia forces. In 420, Liu Yu forced the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Gong of Jin">Emperor Gong</a> to abdicate and declared himself emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a>. In 423, he planned to launch an expedition against the Northern Wei, but died of illness. The Liu Song dynasty ruled southern China until 479. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Wei_and_the_reunification_of_northern_China">Northern Wei and the reunification of northern China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Northern Wei and the reunification of northern China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancestral home of the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> Xianbei was the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a> range of Inner Mongolia. In 258, the clan migrated south to the <a href="/wiki/Yin_Mountains" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a> and spread into the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos Loop</a> region. In 315, chief Tuoba Yilu was recognized as the Prince of Dai by the Jin Emperor. In 338, <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Shiyijian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Shiyijian">Tuoba Shiyiqian</a> formally declared Dai's independence and built the capital at Shengle (modern day <a href="/wiki/Horinger_County" title="Horinger County">Horinger County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a>). In 376, the Former Qin attacked Shengle and drove the Tuoba into the northern steppes; Tuoba Shiyiqian was killed by his son. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:946px;max-width:946px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_01.jpg/270px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_01.jpg/405px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_01.jpg/540px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Procession</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_06.jpg/270px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_06.jpg/405px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_06.jpg/540px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mounted warrior</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Wei_Painted_Pottery_Warrior_with_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Northern_Wei_Painted_Pottery_Warrior_with_Shield.jpg/120px-Northern_Wei_Painted_Pottery_Warrior_with_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Northern_Wei_Painted_Pottery_Warrior_with_Shield.jpg/180px-Northern_Wei_Painted_Pottery_Warrior_with_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Northern_Wei_Painted_Pottery_Warrior_with_Shield.jpg/240px-Northern_Wei_Painted_Pottery_Warrior_with_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Warrior with shield</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_02.jpg/270px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_02.jpg/405px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_02.jpg/540px-Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Horse</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Terracotta warriors of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei dynasty">Northern Wei dynasty</a></div></div></div></div> <p>In 386, Tuoba Shiyiqian's grandson <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Gui</a> revived the kingdom, which he renamed Wei; it is known to historians as the Northern Wei. From near Hohhot, Tuoba Gui expanded southward, capturing <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and Hebei from the Former Yan and Henan from the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a>. In 398, he moved the capital to Pingcheng (modern day <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a>) and declared himself the Emperor Daowu. In 423, Tuoba Gui's grandson <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Tao">Tuoba Tao</a> took the throne as Emperor Taiwu and began the quest to unify the North. Under his leadership, the Northern Wei subdued the <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a> nomads to the north and began the conquest of Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu. In 427, he captured the Xia capital, <a href="/wiki/Tongwancheng" title="Tongwancheng">Tongwancheng</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jingbian_County" title="Jingbian County">Jingbian County</a>, Shaanxi. </p><p>The Xia under <a href="/wiki/Helian_Ding" title="Helian Ding">Helian Ding</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a>, Gansu and conquered the Western Qin at Jincheng (modern day <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>) in 431. Helian Ding sought an alliance with the Liu Song dynasty but was driven further west by the Northern Wei. Helian Ding wanted to invade the Northern Liang but was captured in a raid by the <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> nomads and executed by the Northern Wei. In 436, the Tuoba Tao, as Emperor Taiwu, led an expedition against the Northern Yan. Feng Hong, the younger brother of Feng Ba, fled to <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, where he was killed. The last ruler of the Northern Liang, <a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mujian" title="Juqu Mujian">Juqu Mujian</a>, surrendered in 439, completing the Northern Wei's unification of northern China and marking the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The Tuobas were eventually <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicized</a>, changing their name to Yuan, and held northern China through the 550s. </p><p>Chinese history then entered the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Dynasties">Northern and Southern Dynasties</a> period as parallel series of dynasties in the North and South co-existed until the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> united the country in 589. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_304_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="304"><img alt="304" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sixteen_Kingdoms_304_AD.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_304_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sixteen_Kingdoms_304_AD.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_304_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sixteen_Kingdoms_304_AD.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_304_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">304</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="317"><img alt="317" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">317</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="326"><img alt="326" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">326</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="338"><img alt="338" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">338</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_350_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="350"><img alt="350" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sixteen_Kingdoms_350_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_350_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sixteen_Kingdoms_350_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_350_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sixteen_Kingdoms_350_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_350_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">350</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="369"><img alt="369" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">369</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_376_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="376"><img alt="376" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sixteen_Kingdoms_376_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_376_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sixteen_Kingdoms_376_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_376_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sixteen_Kingdoms_376_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_376_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">376</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_391_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="391"><img alt="391" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sixteen_Kingdoms_391_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_391_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sixteen_Kingdoms_391_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_391_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sixteen_Kingdoms_391_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_391_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">391</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_400_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="400"><img alt="400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sixteen_Kingdoms_400_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_400_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sixteen_Kingdoms_400_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_400_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sixteen_Kingdoms_400_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_400_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">400</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="404"><img alt="404" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">404</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_410_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="410"><img alt="410" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sixteen_Kingdoms_410_AD.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_410_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sixteen_Kingdoms_410_AD.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_410_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sixteen_Kingdoms_410_AD.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_410_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">410</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_416_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="416"><img alt="416" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sixteen_Kingdoms_416_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_416_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sixteen_Kingdoms_416_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_416_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sixteen_Kingdoms_416_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_416_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">416</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_423_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="423"><img alt="423" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sixteen_Kingdoms_423_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_423_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sixteen_Kingdoms_423_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_423_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sixteen_Kingdoms_423_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_423_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">423</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_436_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="436"><img alt="436" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sixteen_Kingdoms_436_AD_%282%29.jpg/120px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_436_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sixteen_Kingdoms_436_AD_%282%29.jpg/180px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_436_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sixteen_Kingdoms_436_AD_%282%29.jpg/240px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_436_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">436</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="12" align="center"><b>Chronology of the Sixteen Kingdoms with Ethnicity of Founders</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="12" align="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD8FF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCCCFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCFFCC; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCCCC; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFBF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>303</td> <td align="left" colspan="11" style="background:#FFFFBF"><i>Jin Dynasty's rule over northern China and Sichuan begins to break down in 304</i></td> <td align="center" rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFBF;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">WESTERN<br />JIN DYNASTY</a>*<br />266-317 </td></tr> <tr> <td>304</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="10" style="background:#CCFFCC;"><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng Han">Cheng-Han</a><br />304-47</td> <td></td> <td align="CENTER" rowspan="7" style="background:#CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Zhao">Han-Zhao</a><br />304-29</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>314</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>315</td> <td align="center" rowspan="14" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a>*<br />315-76</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>317</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>318</td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="12" style="background:#FFFFBF;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a><br />318-76</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="29" style="background:#FFFFBF;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">EASTERN<br />JIN DYNASTY</a>*<br />318-420 </td></tr> <tr> <td>319</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="7" style="background:#CCCCFF;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a><br />319-51</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>329</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>330</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>337</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="7" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a><br />337-70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>347</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>350</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a>*<br />350-52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>351</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="12" style="background:#CCFFCC;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a><br />351-94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>352</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>353</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>370</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>376</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>377</td> <td align="left" colspan="11" style="background:#CCFFCC"><i>From 376 to 383, <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> briefly unites northern China</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>384</td> <td align="CENTER" rowspan="22" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei Dynasty">NORTHERN<br />WEI DYNASTY</a>*<br />386-534</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="CENTER" rowspan="16" style="background:#FFCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a><br />384-417</td> <td rowspan="6" align="CENTER" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a>*<br />384-94</td> <td></td> <td align="CENTER" rowspan="12" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a><br />384-409 </td></tr> <tr> <td>385</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="8" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a><br />385-400</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>386</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="8" style="background:#CCFFCC;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a><br />386-403</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>388</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="background:#CCFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Wei_(Dingling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei (Dingling)">Zhai Wei</a>*<br />388-92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>392</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>394</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>397</td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="9" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a><br />397-414</td> <td align="center" rowspan="15" style="background:#CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a><br />397-439</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>398</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="6" style="background:#FFD8FF;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a><br />398-410</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>400</td> <td align="center" rowspan="10" style="background:#FFFFBF;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a><br />400-21</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>403</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>404</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>407</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="8" style="background:#CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia</a><br />407-31</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>409</td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="7" style="background:#FFD8FF;">Western Qin<br /><i>resurrected</i><br />409-31</td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="8" style="background:#FFFFBF"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a><br />409-36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>410</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>414</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>417</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>420</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" rowspan="6" style="background:#FFFFBF;"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">LIU<br />SONG DYNASTY</a>*<br />420-79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>421</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>431</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>436</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>439</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>440</td> <td align="center" colspan="10" style="background:#FFD8FF"><i>In 439, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> reunites northern China</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13" align="center"><i>asterisk (*) denotes kingdoms not counted among the sixteen in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_of_other_ethnicities">Involvement of other ethnicities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Involvement of other ethnicities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictura_CARPE_DIEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pictura_CARPE_DIEM.jpg/300px-Pictura_CARPE_DIEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pictura_CARPE_DIEM.jpg/450px-Pictura_CARPE_DIEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pictura_CARPE_DIEM.jpg/600px-Pictura_CARPE_DIEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption> A mural painting showing a leisurely life scene 384-441 A.D., from the <a href="/wiki/Dingjiazha_Tomb_No._5" title="Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5">Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiu-Ch%27%C3%BCan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiu-Ch'üan">Chiu-ch'üan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> kingdom was a powerful and influential state in northern Korea and parts of northeastern China at the beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Goguryeo was attacked by the Murong <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> numerous times, and in 342 Prince <a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> captured the Goguryeo capital <a href="/wiki/Hwando" title="Hwando">Hwando</a> (Wandu in Chinese). Under the powerful and dynamic leadership of feudal kings, Goguryeo during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto the Great</a> successfully invaded the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dongbuyeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbuyeo">Dongbuyeo</a>. Riding its success, Goguryeo campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>, obtaining the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> region. King <a href="/wiki/Murong_Xi" title="Murong Xi">Murong Xi</a> of Later Yan twice launched retaliatory attacks to reclaim the Liao River watershed territory, but was only partially successful. At Northern Yan's destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>, Yan king <a href="/wiki/Feng_Hong" title="Feng Hong">Feng Hong</a> fled to Goguryeo to seek asylum. Although granted asylum, Hong was said to have acted as if he was still king, issuing orders and demanding respect, and was executed by King <a href="/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo" title="Jangsu of Goguryeo">Jangsu of Goguryeo</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a> Xianbei group <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>, who lived north of <a href="/wiki/Youzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Youzhou">Youzhou</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> began increasing in strength. In 414, the Kumo Xi tribes sent a trade caravan to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a>, then joined with the Khitan in declaring allegiance to Northern Yan, and then to Northern Wei after its destruction of Northern Yan. Thus, the Northern Wei (essentially the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> Xianbei), held <i>de facto</i> rule over the entire <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a> and the Liao River region. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>) of the former Han Empire lay the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiuzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiuzi">Qiuzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Yutian">Yutian</a>, Dongshi, and <a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule</a>. These kingdoms were often controlled or influenced by the various Liang kingdoms that existed during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a> organized Gaochang Commandery (Chinese: <span lang="zh">高昌郡</span>) and Tiandi County (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">闐地縣</span>) in the west, both under the administration of the Gaochang Governor. Day-to-day administration was run out of several forts: Western Regions Chief Clerk, Wu and Ji Colonel, and Jade Gate Commissioner of the Army. Other Liangzhou states generally followed this administrative system. In 382, the Former Qin ruler <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BA_Ji%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fú Jiān">Fu Jian</a> sent General <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a> on a military expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> kingdom and promoted him to Protector General of the western border regions. After Qin collapsed and Lü Guang founded the Later Liang, the western border forts and the Shanshan kingdom all became parts of or vassals to the Later Liang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Horse_Temple,_Dunhuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg/220px-White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg/330px-White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg/440px-White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Pagoda,_Dunhuang" title="White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang">White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang</a>, commemorating <a href="/wiki/Kumarajiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarajiva">Kumarajiva</a>'s white horse which carried the scriptures to China, c. 384.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several rulers of the northern kingdoms patronized <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a> which spread across northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms and flourished during the subsequent Northern Dynasties. </p><p>The Former Qin ruler Fu Jian was a strong patron of Buddhist scholarship. After capturing <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a> in 379, he invited the monk <a href="/wiki/Dao_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao An">Dao An</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> to catalogue Buddhist scriptures. When the teachings of the famed <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kuchean</a> monk, <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a>, reached Chang'an, Dao An advised Fu Jian to invite the Kumārajīva. In 382, Fu Jian sent general Lü Guang to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>) and bring Kumārajīva to Chang'an. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a> captured Kucha and seized Kumārajīva, but the Former Qin kingdom collapsed after the Battle of Feishui in 383. Lü Guang founded the Later Liang and held Kumārajīva captive in western Gansu for 18 years. In 401, the Later Qin ruler, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a> conquered the Former Liang and Kumārajīva was able to settle in Chang'an and become one of the most influential translators of Buddhist sutras into Chinese. </p><p>The earliest grottoes in the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> were carved in the Former Liang. Work on the <a href="/wiki/Maijishan_Grottoes" title="Maijishan Grottoes">Maijishan Grottoes</a> began during the Later Qin. The <a href="/wiki/Bingling_Temple" title="Bingling Temple">Bingling Grottoes</a> were started during the Western Qin. Numerous other grottoes were built in the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> under the Northern Liang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups in Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(early)#Sixteen_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (early)">Family trees of the rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_rebellion_of_the_Five_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion and rebellion of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xzbu.com/7/view-4455046.htm">许红梅, "'汉匈奴归义亲汉张' 印考释" 行知部落 xzbu.com</a> Accessed 2020-06-02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cctv.com/folklore/special/C12689/20040728/102200_6.shtml">环首铁刀, CCTV.com</a> Accessed 2020-06-02]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCosmo2009" class="citation cs2">Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), <i>Military Culture in Imperial China</i>, Harvard University Press, p. 104</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Culture+in+Imperial+China&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola+di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteen+Kingdoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Graff2003" class="citation book cs1">David Graff (2003). <i>Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900</i>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134553536" title="Special:BookSources/1134553536"><bdi>1134553536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+Warfare+300%E2%80%93900&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1134553536&rft.au=David+Graff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteen+Kingdoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Gernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Gernet (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern"><i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i></a></span> (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/180">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521497817" title="Special:BookSources/0521497817"><bdi>0521497817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0521497817&rft.au=Jacques+Gernet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteen+Kingdoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuning_Liu2020" class="citation book cs1">Puning Liu (2020). <i>China's Northern Wei Dynasty, 386–535: The Struggle for Legitimacy</i>. Routledge. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000283143" title="Special:BookSources/9781000283143"><bdi>9781000283143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Northern+Wei+Dynasty%2C+386%E2%80%93535%3A+The+Struggle+for+Legitimacy&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781000283143&rft.au=Puning+Liu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteen+Kingdoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteen+Kingdoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li and Zheng, p. 391</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li>Li Bo; Zheng Yin (2001). "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's Publishing Corp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-204-04420-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-204-04420-7">7-204-04420-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a> </b><br />304–439 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties#Northern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern Dynasties</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:16_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Shi Le's conquest of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei%E2%80%93Later_Zhao_War" title="Ran Wei–Later Zhao War">Wei–Zhao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ran_Wei_by_Former_Yan" title="Conquest of Ran Wei by Former Yan">Conquest of Wei by Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions">Huan Wen's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Fu Jian's unification of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yu%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions">Liu Yu's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei's unification of North China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The 16 Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao (304–329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang (397–460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia (407–431)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han (304–347)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin (351–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang (386–403)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao (319–351)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan (337–370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan (384–409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin (385–431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang (397–414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan (398–410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin (384–417)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang (318–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang (400–421)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan (407–436)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei (350–352)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Qi (350–356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan (384–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei (388–392)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Chu (403–404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Shu (405–413)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi (296–580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (310–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei (386–535)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Liu Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of the Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Template talk:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han</a> (304–347)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Li_Te" title="Li Te">Li Te</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Li_Liu_(Cheng-Han)" title="Li Liu (Cheng-Han)">Li Liu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiong" title="Li Xiong">Li Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ban" title="Li Ban">Li Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(emperor)" title="Li Qi (emperor)">Li Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shou" title="Li Shou">Li Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shi_(emperor)" title="Li Shi (emperor)">Li Shi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Fan_Ben" title="Fan Ben">Fan Ben</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a> (304–329)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu He (Han-Zhao)">Liu He</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Can" title="Liu Can">Liu Can</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jin_Zhun" title="Jin Zhun">Jin Zhun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xi_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Xi (Han-Zhao)">Liu Xi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a> (318–376)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gui" title="Zhang Gui">Zhang Gui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shi_(Former_Liang)" title="Zhang Shi (Former Liang)">Zhang Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Mao" title="Zhang Mao">Zhang Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(prince)" title="Zhang Jun (prince)">Zhang Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chonghua" title="Zhang Chonghua">Zhang Chonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yaoling" title="Zhang Yaoling">Zhang Yaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuo" title="Zhang Zuo">Zhang Zuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuanjing" title="Zhang Xuanjing">Zhang Xuanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tianxi" title="Zhang Tianxi">Zhang Tianxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> (319–351)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hong" title="Shi Hong">Shi Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Shi_(emperor)" title="Shi Shi (emperor)">Shi Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zun" title="Shi Zun">Shi Zun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jian" title="Shi Jian">Shi Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhi" title="Shi Zhi">Shi Zhi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xian_(Later_Zhao)" title="Liu Xian (Later Zhao)">Liu Xian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> (337–370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">Murong Wei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> (351–394)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(317%E2%80%93355)" title="Fu Jian (317–355)">Fu Jiàn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jiān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Deng" title="Fu Deng">Fu Deng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Dou_Chong" title="Dou Chong">Dou Chong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Chong" title="Fu Chong">Fu Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> (384–409)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Bao" title="Murong Bao">Murong Bao</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Murong_Xiang" title="Murong Xiang">Murong Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Lin" title="Murong Lin">Murong Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Han" title="Lan Han">Lan Han</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Sheng" title="Murong Sheng">Murong Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Xi" title="Murong Xi">Murong Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Murong Yun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a> (384–417)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Hong" title="Yao Hong">Yao Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a> (385–431)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Guoren" title="Qifu Guoren">Qifu Guoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Gangui" title="Qifu Gangui">Qifu Qiangui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Chipan" title="Qifu Chipan">Qifu Chipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Mumo" title="Qifu Mumo">Qifu Mumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a> (386–403)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Shao" title="Lü Shao">Lü Shao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zuan" title="Lü Zuan">Lü Zuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Long" title="Lü Long">Lü Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a> (397–414)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Wugu" title="Tufa Wugu">Tufa Wugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Lilugu" title="Tufa Lilugu">Tufa Lilugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Rutan" title="Tufa Rutan">Tufa Rutan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> (397–460)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Ye" title="Duan Ye">Duan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mengxun" title="Juqu Mengxun">Juqu Mengxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mujian" title="Juqu Mujian">Juqu Mujian</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Juqu_Wuhui" title="Juqu Wuhui">Juqu Wuhui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Juqu_Anzhou" title="Juqu Anzhou">Juqu Anzhou</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> (398–410)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chao" title="Murong Chao">Murong Chao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a> (400–421)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gao" title="Li Gao">Li Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xin_(Western_Liang)" title="Li Xin (Western Liang)">Li Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xun_(Western_Liang)" title="Li Xun (Western Liang)">Li Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia</a> (407–431)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Helian Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Chang" title="Helian Chang">Helian Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Ding" title="Helian Ding">Helian Ding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a> (407–436)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Gao Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Ba" title="Feng Ba">Feng Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Hong" title="Feng Hong">Feng Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a> (296–443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Maosou" title="Yang Maosou">Yang Maosou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Nandi" title="Yang Nandi">Yang Nandi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Yi_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Yi (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Chu_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Chu (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Guo_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Guo (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Jun_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Jun (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Shi_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Shi (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Shi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Tong_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Tong (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Tong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Cuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Cuan (page does not exist)">Yang Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Ding_(Chouchi)" title="Yang Ding (Chouchi)">Yang Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Sheng_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Sheng (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Xuan_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Xuan (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Baozong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Baozong (page does not exist)">Yang Baozong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Nandang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Nandang (page does not exist)">Yang Nandang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Baochi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Baochi (page does not exist)">Yang Baochi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a> (310–376)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu" title="Tuoba Yilu">Tuoba Yilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Pugen" title="Tuoba Pugen">Tuoba Pugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Tuoba_Pugen" title="Son of Tuoba Pugen">Son of Tuoba Pugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yul%C3%BC" title="Tuoba Yulü">Tuoba Yulü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Heru" title="Tuoba Heru">Tuoba Heru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Hena" title="Tuoba Hena">Tuoba Hena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yihuai" title="Tuoba Yihuai">Tuoba Yihuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Hena" title="Tuoba Hena">Tuoba Hena</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yihuai" title="Tuoba Yihuai">Tuoba Yihuai</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Shiyiqian" title="Tuoba Shiyiqian">Tuoba Shiyiqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> (350–352)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ran_Zhi" title="Ran Zhi">Ran Zhi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duan Qi (350–356)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Kan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> (384–394)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Hong" title="Murong Hong">Murong Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chong" title="Murong Chong">Murong Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Sui" title="Duan Sui">Duan Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yi" title="Murong Yi">Murong Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yao" title="Murong Yao">Murong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Zhong" title="Murong Zhong">Murong Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yong" title="Murong Yong">Murong Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei</a> (388–392)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Liao" title="Zhai Liao">Zhai Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Zhao" title="Zhai Zhao">Zhai Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huan Chu (403–404)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Shu (405–413)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Zong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683551#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024049">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285642505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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