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<li id="toc-Five_Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Five Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_(304–319)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_(304–319)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Han (304–319)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_(304–319)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Zhao_(319–329)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Zhao_(319–329)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Former Zhao (319–329)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Zhao_(319–329)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_Han_and_Zhao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_Han_and_Zhao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rulers of Han and Zhao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_Han_and_Zhao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers'_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers'_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rulers' family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers'_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A2n_Ti%C5%8D" title="Chiân Tiō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiân Tiō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Хан Джао – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хан Джао" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_anteriors" title="Zhao anteriors – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zhao anteriors" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Han-Zhao" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_ant%C3%A9rieur" title="Zhao antérieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zhao antérieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%A8n-Chh%C3%A0u" title="Chhièn-Chhàu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhièn-Chhàu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%A1%B0_(%EC%98%A4%ED%98%B8_%EC%8B%AD%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%AD)" title="전조 (오호 십육국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전조 (오호 십육국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zhao" title="Han Zhao – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Han Zhao" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Awal" title="Zhao Awal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zhao Awal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_D%C5%BEao" title="Han Džao – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Han Džao" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Хань Жао – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хань Жао" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroegere_Zhao" title="Vroegere Zhao – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vroegere Zhao" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%B6%99" title="前趙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前趙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Han-Zhao" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zhao" title="Han Zhao – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Han Zhao" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Северная Хань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Хань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Хотугу Хань – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хотугу Хань" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%86" title="ھان ژاوۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھان ژاوۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zhao" title="Han Zhao – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Han Zhao" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidigare_Zhao" title="Tidigare Zhao – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidigare Zhao" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nceki_Chao_(16_Krall%C4%B1k)" title="Önceki Chao (16 Krallık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Önceki Chao (16 Krallık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Династія Рання Чжао – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Рання Чжао" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1n_Tri%E1%BB%87u" title="Hán Triệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hán Triệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Xiongnu-led dynastic state of China (304–329)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Han-Zhao<br />Former Zhao</div><div class="ib-country-names">漢 (304–319)<br />趙 (319–329)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">304–329</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Han-Zhao before split, c. 317, northern China"><img alt="Han-Zhao before split, c. 317, northern China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg/250px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg/375px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg/500px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_317_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="774" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Han-Zhao before split, <i>c.</i> 317, northern China</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Han-Zhao (Former Zhao) after split, c. 326"><img alt="Han-Zhao (Former Zhao) after split, c. 326" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg/250px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg/375px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg/500px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_326_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="774" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Han-Zhao (Former Zhao) after split, <i>c.</i> 326</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Lishi (304–305)<br />Liting (305–308)<br />Puzi (308–309)<br /><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Pingyang</a> (309–318)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (318–329)<br />Shanggui (329)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tengriism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengriism">Tengriism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 304–310 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 310 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu He (Han Zhao)">Liu He</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 310–318 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 318 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Can" title="Liu Can">Liu Can</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 318–329 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 329 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xi_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Xi (Han Zhao)">Liu Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">304</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a>'s claim of imperial title </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 308<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Name change from Han to Zhao </div></th><td class="infobox-data">319</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a>'s capture by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 329<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">329</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">316<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (770,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Han-Zhao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">汉赵</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">漢趙</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hàn Zhào</span></i>; 304–329 AD), or <b>Former Zhao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">前赵</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">前趙</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qián Zhào</span></i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynastic state of China</a> ruled by the Liu (<a href="/wiki/Luandi" title="Luandi">Luandi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chuge" title="Chuge">Chuge</a>) clan of <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> ethnicity during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period of Chinese history.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese historiography, it was given two conditional state titles, the <b>Northern Han</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">北漢</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Běi Hàn</i></span>) for the state proclaimed in 304 by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a>, and the <b>Former Zhao</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">前趙</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Qián Zhào</i></span>) for the state proclaimed in 319 by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a>. The reference to them as separate states should be considered misleading, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from “Han” to “Zhao” in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from the time that Liu Yuan founded it in 304; instead, he de-established his imperial lineage from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and claimed ancestry directly from <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>. </p><p>The reason it is also referred to as "Former Zhao" in historiography is to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">similarly-named dynasty</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a> in 319, which was also known officially as "Zhao" (labeled "Later Zhao" in Chinese historiography). Since both the Former Zhao and Northern Han were ruled by the same family, the Chinese scholars often conditionally combined them into a single Han-Zhao regime. Numerous Western texts refer to the two states separately; others referred to the Han state as the “Northern Han”, a confusing nomenclature given that the term also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a> state of the later <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. </p><p>During the Han period, the capital was frequently shifted around <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> before finally settling in <a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Pingyang</a>. The Han was a driving force during the <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a>, as they brought the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a> and demise of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty</a> by 317. At the height of its power, the Han ruled Shanxi, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, and large parts of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Jin_Zhun" title="Jin Zhun">Jin Zhun's</a> coup in 318, the empire, which renamed itself to (Former) Zhao in 319, was split into two between <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> and the warlord, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a>. Liu Yao moved the capital to the west in <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, retaining Shaanxi and eastern Gansu, while the eastern portion of the empire fell to Shi Le's <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_Divisions">Five Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Five Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the break-up of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiongnu Empire">Xiongnu Empire</a> in the 1st century, the Southern Xiongnu branch surrendered to the Han dynasty and were resettled into the northern border commanderies. Under their chanyu, the Southern Xiongnu acted as a Han vassal state, providing assistance in defending the frontiers from nomadic forces. They settled down and fully took up agriculture, but kept a few aspects of their former nomadic lifestyle such as <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">horse breeding</a>. Relations with the Han were often times unstable as poor living conditions on the borders and the Chinese court meddling in their politics led to several rebellions. In 188, just as the Han was about to fall into political turmoil, the Southern Xiongnu also collapsed after dissenters within their ranks, allied with the rebelling <a href="/wiki/Xiuchuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiuchuge">Xiuchuge</a> people, expelled their Han-backed chanyu and dissolved his government.<sup id="cite_ref-Taskin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taskin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> </p><p>In 216, after the warlord, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> unified northern China, he had the exiled chanyu, <a href="/wiki/Huchuquan" title="Huchuquan">Huchuquan</a> detained as an honoured prisoner at <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)" title="Ye (Hebei)">Ye</a>. He then reorganized what remained of the Southern Xiongnu into the Five Divisions (五部) around <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Commandery" title="Taiyuan Commandery">Taiyuan Commandery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bingzhou" title="Bingzhou">Bing province</a>. Each division was led by a commander, who were nobles from the tribes and were in turn supervised by a Chinese marshal. Huchuquan's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Qubei" title="Qubei">Qubei</a> was also sent to oversee the Five Divisions, but after his death, his position was left vacant. No new chanyu was proclaimed after Huchuquan died, and the Five Divisions remained subservient to the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei dynasty</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Fang" title="Cao Fang">Jiaping era</a> (249–254), the Five Divisions became a concern for the Chinese court as the Commander of the Left Division, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bao" title="Liu Bao">Liu Bao</a> unified them and was mobilizing a great army. The Wei and later the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a> intervened, gradually forcing them back into five. Five Divisions nobility had to send their children as hostages to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, including Liu Bao's son, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> was evident among the elites; Liu Yuan became proficient in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Confucianist classics</a> and befriended members of the Chinese aristocracy such as the <a href="/wiki/Wang_clan_of_Taiyuan" title="Wang clan of Taiyuan">Wang clan of Taiyuan</a>. He was even considered for the post of the Jin forces commander for the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wu_by_Jin" title="Conquest of Wu by Jin">conquest of Eastern Wu</a> but was later dismissed because of his ethnicity. </p><p> Nonetheless, among the Five Divisions, a sense of separate identity from the Chinese was retained. Discontent towards Jin rule and of their subordinate position prompted them to seek an independent or self-governing entity. As one of the elites, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Xuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Xuan</a>, adequately puts it:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“In the past, our ancestors and those of the Han acted like brothers through joy and sorrow. However, since the fall of Han and the rise of Wei and Jin, our titles of chanyus hold no value, and we have not gained a foot of land since. Although we have been bestowed with many noble ranks, our <a href="/wiki/Hukou" title="Hukou">households</a> are all equally low."</p></blockquote><p>After Liu Bao's death, Liu Yuan returned to the Five Divisions and inherited his position. Liu Yuan's lineage is debated by scholars. The traditional view states that he was the grandson of the penultimate chanyu, <a href="/wiki/Chizhi_Shizhu_Hou" title="Chizhi Shizhu Hou">Yufuluo</a>, and thus a direct descendant of the imperial <a href="/wiki/Luandi" title="Luandi">Luandi</a> clan. However, some modern historians have challenged this claim, pointing out discrepancies within the records. In fact, Liu Yuan and his family were referred to in several passages as <a href="/wiki/Chuge" title="Chuge">Chuge</a>, also known as the Xiuchuge people that overthrew the Southern Xiongnu chanyu in 188. These historians speculate that Liu Yuan had fabricated his lineage to the chanyu for legitimacy when he rebelled.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_(304–319)"><span id="Han_.28304.E2.80.93319.29"></span>Han (304–319)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Han (304–319)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Five Divisions and other non-affiliated <i><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">hu</a></i> tribes in Bing began staging revolts against Jin. Their close proximity to the Chinese heartland worried a few ministers within the court, who unsuccessfully pushed for their resettlement outside the frontiers. Developments in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes</a> finally favored the Five Divisions, as infighting between the Jin princes over control of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin" title="Emperor Hui of Jin">Emperor Hui</a> led to civil wars and widespread famines in northern China. In 304, the Five Divisions elites contacted Liu Yuan, who was serving as a general under the Prince of Chengdu, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Ying" title="Sima Ying">Sima Ying</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)" title="Ye (Hebei)">Ye</a>, and offered him to become their rebellion's leader. Liu Yuan agreed and took advantage of a commission from the desperate Sima Ying who was just being driven out of his base to gather 50,000 warriors. At <a href="/wiki/Lishi_District" title="Lishi District">Lishi</a>, Liu Yuan declared himself the Grand Chanyu. </p><p>Later that year, Liu Yuan proclaimed himself the "King of Han," the same first title used by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Emperor Gaozu of Han</a>. As a descendant of the chanyu, Liu Yuan also claimed descent from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, as the chanyus used to marry Han princesses through marriage alliances or heqin. By portraying his state as a restoration of the Han, Liu Yuan was able to establish his legitimacy and potentially win over support from the Han Chinese. Liu Yuan honored the emperors of Western, Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a>, and in 308, he elevated himself to Emperor of Han. </p><p>Anti-Jin sentiment grew as the civil wars continued, leading to more rebellions on the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>. To bolster their numbers, Liu Yuan welcomed these rebels to join his ranks regardless of their ethnicity, such as the Chinese bandit, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mi" title="Wang Mi">Wang Mi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a> former slave, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a>. To ensure their loyalty, they were given high ranks and full command over their armies, but this practice also meant that they were also essentially warlords as the Han court had no actual means to restrain them. In 308, the Han conquered Pingyang Commandery, where they shifted their capital to Puzi (蒲子, in modern <a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) and then to Pingyang city (平陽, also in modern Linfen), pressuring the Jin as they brought themselves closer to Luoyang. </p><p>Liu Yuan died in 310 and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu He (Han-Zhao)">Liu He</a>. A week into his reign, He attempted to purge all his brothers before one of them, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a> retaliated and killed him. After his offer to his half-brother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ai (page does not exist)">Liu Ai</a> was rejected, Liu Cong took the throne for himself while still appointing Ai as his Crown Prince. He then intensified his attack on Luoyang, which had been left exposed by the departure of the Jin imperial army and a deadly famine. In 311, Shi Le annihilated the Jin imperial army at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ningping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ningping (page does not exist)">Battle of Ningping</a>, depriving Jin of its main force in the north. Han forces led by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mi" title="Wang Mi">Wang Mi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huyan_Yan" title="Huyan Yan">Huyan Yan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> then descended upon Luoyang, capturing the defenseless city and Emperor Huai in an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a>. </p><p>Despite the symbolic victory, Jin forces continued to resist in northern China, with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Min_of_Jin" title="Emperor Min of Jin">Emperor Min</a> being installed at <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> in 312. More concerning was Shi Le gaining control of a significant part of the eastern empire after assassinating his fellow warlord, Wang Mi and absorbing his army. Liu Cong, fearing that Shi Le may outright rebel, did not punish him, while Wang Mi's subordinate, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Ni" title="Cao Ni">Cao Ni</a> continued to hold on to the <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> region. In the west, Liu Cong heavily entrusted his cousin, Liu Yao, to lead the war against Emperor Min. After several years of campaigning, Liu Yao captured Chang'an in 316, ending the Western Jin dynasty. Both Emperor Huai and Min suffered similar fates; they were forced to serve as cupbearers for Liu Cong before they were executed out of fear they would rebel. After Emperor Min's capture, the imperial Sima family reestablished itself as the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin dynasty</a> in 318 at <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze river</a>. </p><p>Within the Han court, Liu Cong also faced strong dissidence from his own ministers. Records depict him as a hedonistic ruler with a violent temperament, but restrained himself under pressure from his officials during his early reign. In his later reign, he had the unusual practice of having <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong%27s_later_empresses" title="Liu Cong's later empresses">three empresses</a> at a time, and he entrusted political affairs to his <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">eunuchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consort_kin" title="Consort kin">consort kins</a>, which severely divided the court. He also began empowering his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Can" title="Liu Can">Liu Can</a>, threatening Liu Ai's position as Crown Prince. This power struggle culminated in a brutal purge in 317 orchestrated by Liu Can and Liu Cong's consort kins which saw Liu Ai and several prominent ministers executed. </p><p>After Liu Cong's death in 318, his successor, Liu Can and the rest of the imperial family in Pingyang were massacred in a coup by a powerful consort kin, <a href="/wiki/Jin_Zhun" title="Jin Zhun">Jin Zhun</a>. Jin Zhun declared himself <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_King" title="Heavenly King">Heavenly King</a> of Han and invited the Eastern Jin court to assist him, but was ignored. Meanwhile, both Liu Yao and Shi Le combined their forces to oppose Jin Zhun. During the campaign, Liu Yao was acclaimed the new emperor by surviving Han officials fleeing from Pingyang. The rebellion was quickly defeated by the alliance, and Jin Zhun and his family were all killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Zhao_(319–329)"><span id="Former_Zhao_.28319.E2.80.93329.29"></span>Former Zhao (319–329)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Former Zhao (319–329)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the rebellion crushed, tension arose between Liu Yao and Shi Le. As Shi Le had cultivated a powerful base on the North China Plain, Liu Yao was convinced that he would take advantage of Han's vulnerability to launch a surprise rebellion. When Shi Le sent his envoy to congratulate him, Liu Yao had the envoy executed, which prompted Shi Le to declare independence. The empire was thus divided into two, with Liu Yao controlling the west and Shi Le controlling the east. As Pingyang had been devastated by the rebellion, Liu Yao shifted the capital to his base in Chang'an. </p><p>Unlike his predecessors, Liu Yao distanced the state away from the framing of Han restoration and appealed more to his Xiongnu ancestry. He renamed the state to Zhao (since one of Liu Yao's previous title was Prince of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhongshan Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Zhongshan</a>, and Zhongshan was in the ancient state of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a>), and honoured his ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>, but still saw his state as a continuation of Liu Yuan's Han. Soon after, Shi Le also named his state Zhao, leading to historiographers to distinguish the two states as Former Zhao and Later Zhao. </p><p>In his early reign, Liu Yao expanded westwards while Shi Le dealt with his own matters in the east. In <a href="/wiki/Longxi_Commandery" title="Longxi Commandery">Longxi</a>, he defeated the forces of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Bao" title="Sima Bao">Sima Bao</a>, the last claimant to the Jin throne in the north, and later survived a major tribal rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>, leading to the relocation of nearly 200,000 of their people to Chang'an. Liu Yao then defeated <a href="/wiki/Chen_An" title="Chen An">Chen An</a>, a warlord in Longxi who nominally submitted to Former Zhao, before going on to force the <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a> into submission and invading <a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a> by 323. At its prime, the Former Zhao's army reportedly numbered at around 285,000 strong. Despite the state's new positioning, Liu Yao maintained interest in integrating with Chinese culture, as evident by his opening of an <a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Imperial University</a> in Chang'an taught by <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> scholars. </p><p>War between the two Zhaos eventually broke out in 324, and in 328, Liu Yao led his forces to secure the <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> region from Later Zhao. Liu Yao and Shi Le's forces came head to head at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Luoyang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Luoyang (page does not exist)">Battle of Luoyang</a>, and during the battle, Liu Yao, supposedly drunk, fell off his horse during a retreat and was captured by Later Zhao soldiers. He was then executed as his Crown Prince, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xi_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Xi (Han-Zhao)">Liu Xi</a>, hastily succeeded him in Chang'an. In 329, Liu Xi was driven out of his capital and finally killed at <a href="/wiki/Shanggui" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanggui">Shanggui</a> by Later Zhao forces. The Han-Zhao dynasty was at its end, and the Later Zhao would rule most of northern China for the next 20 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Liu Yuan established the Han, he retained most of the imperial Chinese government offices such as Grand Marshal, Minister of Works and Minister Over the Masses while introducing a few Xiongnu-influenced offices, most notably the Grand Chanyu. The Grand Chanyu was second to the emperor, tasked with managing the non-Chinese tribes and was usually deferred to the heir apparent. </p><p>In 314, while reorganizing the government, Liu Cong introduced a dual administrative system between the Han Chinese and non-Chinese people that would later be adopted by some of the Sixteen Kingdoms. He created the offices of the Left and Right Director of Retainers to manage the 200,000 Chinese households along with the Left and Right Assistant Chanyu to govern the 100,000 tribes, who were collectively known as the "Six <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Yi</a>" or "Six Barbarians" (六夷). Modern scholars have noted that the Xiongnu, specifically from the Five Divisions and Chuge branches, were not included in the "Six Yi", and were instead administrated as part of the Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers_of_Han_and_Zhao">Rulers of Han and Zhao</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rulers of Han and Zhao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a> </th> <th>Personal Name </th> <th>Duration of reign </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">Era names</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center"><b>Han 304–319</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaozu </td> <td>Guangwen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a> </td> <td>304–310 </td> <td> <p>Yuanxi (元熙) 304–308<br /> Yongfeng (永鳳) 308–309<br /> Herui (河瑞) 309–310 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu He (Han Zhao)">Liu He</a> </td> <td>7 days in 310 </td> <td>None<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liezong </td> <td>Zhaowu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a> </td> <td>310–318 </td> <td> <p>Guangxing (光興) 310–311<br /> Jiaping (嘉平) 311–315<br /> Jianyuan (建元) 315–316<br /> Linjia (麟嘉) 316–318<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>Yin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Can" title="Liu Can">Liu Can</a> </td> <td>a month and days in 318 </td> <td>Hanchang (漢昌) 318 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center"><b>Former Zhao 319–329</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> </td> <td>318–329 </td> <td>Guangchu (光初) 318–329<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xi_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Xi (emperor)">Liu Xi</a> </td> <td>329 </td> <td>None </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: Liu Xi was Liu Yao's <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> who was thrust into the leadership role when Liu Yao was captured by <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a>'s emperor <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a>, but he never took the imperial title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers'_family_tree"><span id="Rulers.27_family_tree"></span>Rulers' family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rulers' family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:85%; width:85%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:85%">Han-Zhao emperors family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:112%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><i>Han</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><i>(Former) Zhao</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bao" title="Liu Bao">Liu Bao</a> 劉豹</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Lu 劉綠</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Yannian<br /> 刘延年</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"><small>Liu Yuan 劉淵 (d. 310)</small></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Guangwen</a><br /> 光文</b> <small>(r. 304–310)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Xiong <br />刘雄</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> 劉曜</b> <br /><small>(d. 329; r. 318–329)</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu He (Han Zhao)">Liu He</a> <br />劉和</b> <small><br />(d./r. 310)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Gong 刘恭 <br /><small>d. 310</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"><small>Liu Cong 劉聰 (d. 318)</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Zhāowǔdi</a><br /> 昭武皇帝</b> <small>(r. 310–318)</small> </span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Yu 劉裕 <br /><small>(d. 310)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Long 刘隆 <br /><small>(d. 310)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Yi 刘乂 <br /><small>(d. 317)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yin_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yin (Han Zhao)">Liu Yin</a> 劉胤</b><br /> <small>(d./r. 329)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xi_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Xi (Han Zhao)">Liu Xi</a> 劉熙</b> <br /><small>(d./r. 329)</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><small>Liu Can 劉粲 (d. 318)</small><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Can" title="Liu Can">Yin</a> <br />隱帝</b> <small>(r. 318)</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Yuangong<br />劉元公 <small>(d. 318)</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han-Zhao&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%A6%E8%AE%CA&king=%C3h%AB%D2&reign=%A5%C3%B9%C5&yy=2&ycanzi=&mm=10&dd=&dcanzi=%A5%D2%A6%A6">"中央研究院網站"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinica.edu.tw%2Fftms-bin%2Fkiwi1%2Fluso.sh%3Flstype%3D2%26dyna%3D%25A6%25E8%25AE%25CA%26king%3D%25C3h%25AB%25D2%26reign%3D%25A5%25C3%25B9%25C5%26yy%3D2%26ycanzi%3D%26mm%3D10%26dd%3D%26dcanzi%3D%25A5%25D2%25A6%25A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan-Zhao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7086" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷086">vol. 86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AAF%AE%CA&king=%A6%A8%AB%D2&reign=%ABw%A9M&yy=3&ycanzi=&mm=12&dd=&dcanzi=%A4v%A5f">"中央研究院網站"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinica.edu.tw%2Fftms-bin%2Fkiwi1%2Fluso.sh%3Flstype%3D2%26dyna%3D%25AAF%25AE%25CA%26king%3D%25A6%25A8%25AB%25D2%26reign%3D%25ABw%25A9M%26yy%3D3%26ycanzi%3D%26mm%3D12%26dd%3D%26dcanzi%3D%25A4v%25A5f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan-Zhao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7094" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷094">vol. 94</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115–138 (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56">56–57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan-Zhao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taskin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taskin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taskin V.S. <i>"Materials on the history of nomadic peoples in China. 3rd – 5th cc. AD. Issue 2. Jie"</i>, Moscow, Oriental Literature, 1990, pp. 14–15, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-016543-3" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-016543-3">5-02-016543-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tang, Changru (December 2010). "〈魏晋杂胡考一屠各〉". <i>《魏晋南北朝史论丛》</i> (in Chinese). Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Press" title="Commercial Press">Commercial Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787100074513" title="Special:BookSources/9787100074513">9787100074513</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2007" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Yong (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenxue100.com/BaoKan/79570.thtml">"去卑监国的败局与屠各刘豹的崛起"</a>. <i>Wenxue100</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wenxue100&rft.atitle=%E5%8E%BB%E5%8D%91%E7%9B%91%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A5%E5%B1%80%E4%B8%8E%E5%B1%A0%E5%90%84%E5%88%98%E8%B1%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wenxue100.com%2FBaoKan%2F79570.thtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan-Zhao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huang, Lie (July 1987). <i>《中国古代民族史研究》</i> (in Chinese). Beijing: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Press_(Beijing)" title="People's Press (Beijing)">People's Press)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=People%27s+Press%29&rft.date=1987-07&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan-Zhao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gao, Min (May 1998). <i>《魏晋南北朝兵制研究》</i> (in Chinese). Zhengzhou: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elephant_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elephant Press (page does not exist)">Elephant Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787534721113" title="Special:BookSources/9787534721113"><bdi>9787534721113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Zhengzhou&rft.pub=Elephant+Press&rft.date=1998-05&rft.isbn=9787534721113&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan-Zhao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2012" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Sanping (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC"><i>Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812206289" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812206289"><bdi>978-0812206289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+China+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0812206289&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Sanping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugbWH-5OjegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan-Zhao" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:16_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sixteen_Kingdoms99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Shi Le's conquest of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei%E2%80%93Later_Zhao_War" title="Ran Wei–Later Zhao War">Wei–Zhao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ran_Wei_by_Former_Yan" title="Conquest of Ran Wei by Former Yan">Conquest of Wei by Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions">Huan Wen's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Fu Jian's unification of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yu%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions">Liu Yu's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei's unification of North China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The 16 Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Han-Zhao (304–329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang (397–460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia (407–431)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han (304–347)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin (351–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang (386–403)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao (319–351)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan (337–370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan (384–409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin (385–431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang (397–414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan (398–410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin (384–417)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang (318–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang (400–421)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan (407–436)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei (350–352)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Qi (350–356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan (384–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei (388–392)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Chu (403–404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Shu (405–413)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi (296–580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (310–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei (386–535)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> 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