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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyu_Yuan" title="Lyu Yuan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lyu Yuan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2u_Ian" title="Lâu Ian – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâu Ian" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%AE%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лю Юен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лю Юен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Xiongnu)" title="Liu Yuan (Xiongnu) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liu Yuan (Xiongnu)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%B0_(%EC%A0%84%EC%A1%B0)" title="유연 (전조) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유연 (전조)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5" title="劉淵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="劉淵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лю Юань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лю Юань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%86)" title="لیو یوان (ھان ژاوۆ) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیو یوان (ھان ژاوۆ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yuan" title="Liu Yuan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liu Yuan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лю Юань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лю Юань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_Uy%C3%AAn" title="Lưu Uyên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưu Uyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%89%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="漢光文帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢光文帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%B8%8A" title="刘渊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="刘渊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5" title="劉淵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="劉淵" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of Han-Zhao dynasty from 304 to 310</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Guangwen of Han<br />漢光文帝</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_(%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5%29.jpg/220px-Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5%29.jpg/330px-Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5%29.jpg/440px-Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E5%8A%89%E6%B7%B5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="4842" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">304 – 29 August 310</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu He (Han-Zhao)">Liu He</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 310</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Yongguang Mausoleum (永光陵)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Huyan_(Liu_Yuan%27s_wife)" title="Empress Huyan (Liu Yuan's wife)">Empress Huyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Dan">Empress Dan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Zhang_(Former_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Dowager Zhang (Former Zhao)">Consort Zhang</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>see <a href="#Personal_information">#Personal information</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><b>Family name</b>: Liu (劉)<br /><b>Given name</b>: Yuan (淵)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></b>: Yuanhai (元海)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"> <ul><li>Yuánxī (元熙): 304–308</li> <li>Yǒngfèng (永鳳): 308–309</li> <li>Héruì (河瑞): 309–310</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Grand Chanyu</a> (大單于, 304)<br />King of Han (漢王, 304–308)<br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> (since 308)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Guangwen (光文皇帝)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Gaozu (高祖)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luandi_(Clan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luandi (Clan) (page does not exist)">Liu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bao" title="Liu Bao">Liu Bao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Huyan</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Liu Yuan</b> (劉淵) (died 29 August 310<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Yuanhai</b> (元海), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> as the <b>Emperor Guangwen of Han (Zhao)</b> (漢(趙)光文帝) was the founding <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a> dynasty of China during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboo</a>, he is referred to by his courtesy name as <b>Liu Yuanhai</b> (劉元海) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the dissolution of the Southern Xiongnu in 216, the last vestiges of their power were divided into Five Divisions in <a href="/wiki/Bing_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing province">Bing province</a> around modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>. Liu Yuan was born into the aristocracy of the Five Divisions and was sent to the Chinese capital, <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> as a hostage during his youth, where he became highly <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicized</a> and later held several government offices under the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes</a> weakened Jin authority in northern China, Liu Yuan was called upon by the Five Divisions to lead their rebellion, and in 304, he declared independence from the Jin and founded the <a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao dynasty</a>, one of the first of the Sixteen Kingdoms. His declaration, along with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> that same year, marked the formal end of the Western Jin's brief unification of China following the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period. </p><p>Liu Yuan proclaimed himself a direct descendant of the Southern Xiongnu <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyus</a> and, by extension, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, since his ancestors had married Han princesses through the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">heqin</a></i>. His state of Han (renamed Zhao in 319) was initially depicted as a restoration of the Han dynasty, and as anti-Jin sentiment continued to grow, Liu Yuan soon found himself leading a coalition of Han Chinese and tribal rebels in northern China. Though he would not live long to see it, his family and generals would eventually drive the Jin dynasty out of the north. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to official history, Liu Yuan was a member of <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> nobility, as a descendant of the first great chanyu in Xiongnu history, <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>, who, along with their people, had long been loyal vassals to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and to its successor states <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265-420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265-420)">Jin</a>. In late Wei or early Jin times, the Xiongnu nobles claimed that they descended from the Han dynasty's ruling Liu clan also — through a princess who had married Modu Chanyu – and therefore changed their family name to Liu. Liu Yuan's father, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bao" title="Liu Bao">Liu Bao</a>, was a son of one of the last Southern Xiongnu chanyus, <a href="/wiki/Yufuluo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yufuluo">Yufuluo</a>, and the nephew of the very last Southern Xiongnu chanyu <a href="/wiki/Luanti_Huchuquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luanti Huchuquan">Huchuquan</a> (before <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> abolished the office in 216 and divided the Xiongnu into Five Divisions (<i>bu</i>, 部)); Liu Bao had the command of the Left Tribe (左部). Liu Yuan's mother Lady Huyan (呼延) appeared to be from a noble family, and was in probability Liu Bao's wife, not concubine. As all Five Divisions settled down in <a href="/wiki/Bingzhou" title="Bingzhou">Bingzhou</a> (modern southern <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), that was likely where Liu Yuan was born and raised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_Jin_subject">As Jin subject</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As Jin subject"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As powerful nobles from the Five Divisions were usually encouraged or pressured by Cao Wei and Jin authorities to send their sons to the capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> (both to encourage them to further <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> and as collateral for their loyalty), Liu Yuan was sent to Luoyang to reside and to study traditional Chinese literature. He became well known for his studies, particularly of the Zou version of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i> and of the military strategies of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a>. The key Jin official <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hun_(general)" title="Wang Hun (general)">Wang Hun</a> (one of the lead generals who later participated in conquering <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a>) became impressed with him, and Wang Hun's son Wang Ji (王濟) became a close friend of Liu Yuan's. Wang Hun believed Liu to be general material and repeatedly recommended Liu Yuan to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Wu of Jin">Emperor Wu</a>, but Kong Xun (孔恂) and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Yang_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Yang Zhi">Empress Yang Zhi</a>'s uncle Yang Ji (楊濟) suspected Liu for his Xiongnu ancestry and persuaded Emperor Wu against giving Liu military commands during campaigns against Eastern Wu and the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> rebel <a href="/wiki/Tufa_Shujineng" title="Tufa Shujineng">Tufa Shujineng</a>. Eventually, even Emperor Wu's brother <a href="/wiki/Sima_You" title="Sima You">Sima You</a> the Prince of Qi, impressed and fearful of Liu's abilities, encouraged Emperor Wu to have Liu executed, but Wang Hun persuaded Emperor Wu that it would be wrong. When Liu Bao died in 279, Emperor Wu permitted Liu Yuan to take over command of the Left Tribe. In 289, he was transferred to Commander of the North Tribe. </p><p>As the commander of the tribes, Liu became known for his fair administration of laws and willingness to listen to ideas, and also for his willingness to spread his wealth. Therefore, the ambitious people in his region, not only of the Five Divisions but of many <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> clans, flocked to him. After Emperor Wu's death and succession by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin" title="Emperor Hui of Jin">Emperor Hui</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jun_(minister)" title="Yang Jun (minister)">Yang Jun</a> made Liu the commander of all Five Divisions, but toward the end of the subsequent regency of Emperor Hui's wife Empress <a href="/wiki/Jia_Nanfeng" title="Jia Nanfeng">Jia Nanfeng</a>, Liu was removed from that position due to his inability to stop one of his countrymen's rebellions. Later, when <a href="/wiki/Sima_Ying" title="Sima Ying">Sima Ying</a> the Prince of Chengdu became the military commander at <a href="/wiki/Ye,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye, China">Yecheng</a>, he invited Liu to be one of his subordinate military commanders, and Liu accepted the invitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_from_Jin">Independence from Jin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence from Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the midst of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes</a>, in 304, the Five Divisions nobles, led by the commander of the North Tribe, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Xuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Xuan</a>, tired of the Jin misrule and secretly plotted reindependence from Jin. They sent a messenger to secretly offer Liu Yuan the title of Grand Chanyu. Liu Yuan then told Sima Ying, who was then concerned about an attack from <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jun_(Pengzu)" title="Wang Jun (Pengzu)">Wang Jun</a>, whose troops were reinforced with <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> soldiers, that he would be willing to mobilize the soldiers of the Five Divisions to support Sima Ying's cause. Sima Ying agreed and allowed Liu Yuan to return to the Five Divisions. </p><p>Once Liu Yuan returned to his people, he gathered 50,000 men quickly and was readying himself to rush to Sima Ying's aid, but he also publicly accepted the title of Grand Chanyu. (Previously, Sima Ying had bestowed the title of North Chanyu on him.) However, he then heard that Sima Ying's forces had collapsed in fear of Wang's troops and that Sima Ying had, against his prior advice, fled to Luoyang. He then declared his people independent from Jin and further declared that, as a Han descendant, he would succeed to the Han throne, and therefore claimed the title of the King of Han—deliberately choosing a title that had been previously held by the Han dynasty's founder, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a> (Emperor Gao). He reestablished the worship of eight Han emperors—Emperor Gao, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Emperor Wen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Xuan of Han">Emperor Xuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhang_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhang of Han">Emperor Zhang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bei" title="Liu Bei">Liu Bei</a> (Emperor Zhaolie). He created his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Huyan_(Liu_Yuan%27s_wife)" title="Empress Huyan (Liu Yuan's wife)">Lady Huyan</a> (likely a relative of his mother) princess. (The name of Liu's state was therefore "Han", but is often referred to as "Han-Zhao" or "Former Zhao" because his nephew <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a>, who took the throne in 318, changed the name of the state to Zhao in 319.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For those impressed with Liu's abilities previously, however, his reign was somewhat of a let down. He spent great energy on trying to restore the Han system of government, but he himself was unable to quickly expand his sphere of influence. He set his capital at Lishi (離石, in modern <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), but his control of territory became limited to that local region. His forces were often able to achieve victories over Jin forces but unable to hold cities. In 305, after a famine, he relocated to Liting (黎亭, in modern <a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a>, Shanxi). </p><p>As years went by, however, the various agrarian rebel generals who were resisting Jin rule, whether ethnically <a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Wu Hu</a> or Han, often chose to come under Liu Yuan's Han banner. Chief among these were the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mi" title="Wang Mi">Wang Mi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jie_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jie (ethnic group)">Jie</a> general <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a> (both of whom declared loyalty to Han in 307), who generally only nominally submitted to Liu's orders while maintaining separate power structures but who also did appear to genuinely respect and fear Liu. As for troops under his own control, Liu largely entrusted them to his son <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a> the Prince of Chu and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> the Prince of Shi'an. The four generals, while not being able to hold cities, were generally able to rove throughout northern and central China unimpeded by Jin forces, defeating most Jin generals who opposed them. </p><p>In 308, Wang's troops advanced on the Jin capital Luoyang, but was repelled. That year, after capturing more territory, Liu Yuan moved his capital to Puzi (蒲子, in modern <a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) and declared himself emperor, signifying an even more complete break from Jin. In 309, he moved the capital once more to Pingyang (平陽, also in modern Linfen). By this time, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a> and Wang Mi had eventually been able to control all of southern Shanxi for Han, and they again attacked Luoyang, but were again repelled. </p><p>In 310, Liu Yuan grew ill, and he created his second wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Dan">Lady Dan</a> <a href="/wiki/Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress">empress</a> and his oldest son <a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu He (Han Zhao)">Liu He</a> (by his first wife Empress <a href="/wiki/Huyan" title="Huyan">Huyan</a>—who appeared to have died by this point, although her death was not mentioned in history) <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>. When he died later that year, Liu He became emperor. However, only a week later, he was overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a>, who then became emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a>, Chinese author <a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a> notes that Liu Yuan was over six feet tall and that he had strands of red hair in his long <a href="/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">beard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skepticism_over_lineage">Skepticism over lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Skepticism over lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modern Chinese academics, such as Tang Changru (唐长孺) and Chen Yong (陈勇), cast doubt on Liu Yuan's lineage from the Southern Xiongnu chanyus, with Tang in particularly presenting three reasons. Firstly, Liu Bao's lifespan was unusually long, with the assumption that he was 20 years old when he became <a href="/wiki/Tuqi_King" title="Tuqi King">Tuqi King</a> in 195 and dying during <a href="/wiki/Tufa_Shujineng%27s_Rebellion" title="Tufa Shujineng's Rebellion">Tufa Shujineng rebellion</a> sometime around 274; he would have been in his 70s when Liu Yuan was born in the 250s. Secondly, the Leader (or Commander) of the Left Tribe in 272 was Li Ke (李恪) and not Liu Bao according to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Wu of Jin">Emperor Wu's</a> entry in the <i>Jinshu</i>, but Liu Yuan's entry states that he inherited the position from his father. Thirdly, Liu Yuan was from Xinxing Commandery (新興郡; north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), which would have placed him in the North Tribe (北部) rather than the Left Tribe. Furthermore, the <i>Jinshu</i> states that after becoming Leader of the Left Tribe, he was later transferred to become Commander of the North Tribe, and when Sima Ying permitted him to return to the Xiongnu, he was given the title of North Chanyu rather than the vacant title of South Chanyu, which was held by his supposed ancestors. </p><p>Tang hypothesized that these discrepancies were due to Liu Yuan actually being from the <a href="/wiki/Chuge" title="Chuge">Chuge</a> people (屠各; also known as Xiuchuge (休屠各)), which is supported by the fact that he and his family members are referred to as "Chuge" in several passages from relevant records. The Chuge are theorized to be the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Xiutu" title="Xiutu">King Xiutu's</a> tribe, who surrendered to the Han dynasty much earlier than the Southern Xiongnu in 121 BC. From the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a>, the Chuge spread out throughout northern China and became the most powerful and prestigious tribe among the Xiongnu within China. In 188 AD, they killed the Southern Xiongnu chanyu, <a href="/wiki/Qiangqu" title="Qiangqu">Qiangqu</a> and exiled his son <a href="/wiki/Yufuluo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yufuluo">Yufuluo</a>. After the Five Divisions were established in <a href="/wiki/Bingzhou" title="Bingzhou">Bingzhou</a>, they were all annexed by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bao" title="Liu Bao">Liu Bao</a> of the Chuge in the 250s. It is possible that Liu Yuan and Han-Zhao historians fabricated his ties to the Luandi clan for more legitimacy by presenting his rule as both a continuation of the Southern Xiongnu chanyus and a restoration of the Han dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, another modern scholar, Zhou Weizhou (周伟洲), challenged Tang's hypothesis, asserting that the three discrepancies he pointed out could easily be explained and that the records clearly states that Liu Yuan was a descendant of the Southern Xiongnu Chanyu. Firstly, it is not beyond the realm of possibility that Liu Bao was a child when he was appointed Tuqi King and had Liu Yuan when he was in his 50s. Li Ke was also described as a "general of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Meng_(Xiongnu)" title="Liu Meng (Xiongnu)">Liu Meng</a> (Leader of the Central Tribe)" in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Fen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Fen (page does not exist)">Hu Fen's</a> biography in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i>, so there is no consensus on whether he was the Leader (or Commander) of the Left Tribe or merely a general. For his last point, Zhou explains that the offices of the Southern Xiongnu, including that of the chanyu family, were mostly empty titles and that their positions can be easily changed by the Jin court as a method of divide and rule, though they may occasionally be sent back to their respective tribes to recruit and garrison soldiers. While Zhou agrees on the origins of the Chuge, he also believes that the reason for their prevalence was because there were no longer any "pureblooded Xiongnu" at the time, and that Chuge had become a blanket term particularly for the sinicized Xiongnu.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consort and their respective issue(s): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Huyan_(Liu_Yuan%27s_wife)" title="Empress Huyan (Liu Yuan's wife)">Empress Huyan</a>, of the Huyan clan (呼延皇后), daughter of Huyan Yi (呼延翼) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu He (Han Zhao)">Liu He</a>, Prince of Liang (劉和梁王, d. 310), first son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Shan" title="Empress Shan">Empress Shan</a>, of the Dan clan (單皇后), daughter of Dan Zheng (單徵) <ul><li>Liu Ai Prince of Beihai (劉乂北海王, d. 317), seventh son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Zhang_(Former_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Dowager Zhang (Former Zhao)">Furen</a>, of the Zhang clan (张夫人) <ul><li>Liu Cong (劉恭, d. 310), second son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a>, the Prince of Chu (劉聰楚王, d. 31 August 318), fourth son</li></ul></li> <li>Unknown <ul><li>Third son</li> <li>Liu Yu, the Prince of Qi (劉裕齐王, d. 310), fifth son</li> <li>Liu Long, the Prince of Lu (劉隆鲁王, d. 310), sixth son</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>jimao</i> day of the 7th month of the 4th year of the <i>Yong'jia</i> era, per vol.87 of <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Yuan+%28Han-Zhao%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu Yuan (劉淵) shares the same given name as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu of Tang</a>, whose real name is Li Yuan (李淵).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973" class="citation book cs1">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC/page/n399/mode/2up"><i>The World of the Huns: Studies of Their History and Culture</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520015967" title="Special:BookSources/0520015967"><bdi>0520015967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Huns%3A+Studies+of+Their+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0520015967&rft.aulast=Maenchen-Helfen&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC%2Fpage%2Fn399%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Yuan+%28Han-Zhao%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tang, Changru (December 2010). "〈魏晋杂胡考一屠各〉". <i>《魏晋南北朝史论丛》</i> (in Chinese). Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Press" title="Commercial Press">Commercial Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787100074513" title="Special:BookSources/9787100074513">9787100074513</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen2007" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Yong (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenxue100.com/BaoKan/79570.thtml">"去卑监国的败局与屠各刘豹的崛起"</a>. <i>Wenxue100</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wenxue100&rft.atitle=%E5%8E%BB%E5%8D%91%E7%9B%91%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A5%E5%B1%80%E4%B8%8E%E5%B1%A0%E5%90%84%E5%88%98%E8%B1%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wenxue100.com%2FBaoKan%2F79570.thtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Yuan+%28Han-Zhao%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhou2006" class="citation book cs1">Zhou, Weizhou (2006). <i>Han Zhao guo shi</i>. Zhongguo gu dai bei fang min zu shi cong shu (Di 1 ban ed.). Guilin: Guangxi shi fan da xue chu ban she. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5633-5994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5633-5994-3"><bdi>978-7-5633-5994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Han+Zhao+guo+shi&rft.place=Guilin&rft.series=Zhongguo+gu+dai+bei+fang+min+zu+shi+cong+shu&rft.edition=Di+1+ban&rft.pub=Guangxi+shi+fan+da+xue+chu+ban+she&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-7-5633-5994-3&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Weizhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Yuan+%28Han-Zhao%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Guangwen of Han (Zhao)</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Han_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Zhao">House of Liu</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 310</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Recreated</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Emperor Gaozu of Han</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> King of <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Zhao">Han</a> </b><br />304–308 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Zhao">Emperor of Han-Zhao</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as King of <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Zhao">Han</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Zhao">Emperor of Han-Zhao</a> </b><br />308–310 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu He (Han Zhao)">Liu He</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin" title="Emperor Hui of Jin">Emperor Hui of Jin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Empire of China</a> </b></i><br /><span style="font-size: 90%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent claimant</a></b></span><br />304–310<br /><span style="font-size: 90%;">Reason for succession failure:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Hu_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Hu uprising">Wu Hu uprising</a></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu He (Han Zhao)">Liu He</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms1673" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Template talk:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms1673" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han</a> (304–347)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Li_Te" title="Li Te">Li Te</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Li_Liu_(Cheng-Han)" title="Li Liu (Cheng-Han)">Li Liu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiong" title="Li Xiong">Li Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ban" title="Li Ban">Li Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(emperor)" title="Li Qi (emperor)">Li Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shou" title="Li Shou">Li Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shi_(emperor)" title="Li Shi (emperor)">Li Shi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Fan_Ben" title="Fan Ben">Fan Ben</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a> (304–329)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu He (Han-Zhao)">Liu He</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Can" title="Liu Can">Liu Can</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jin_Zhun" title="Jin Zhun">Jin Zhun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xi_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Xi (Han-Zhao)">Liu Xi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a> (318–376)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gui" title="Zhang Gui">Zhang Gui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shi_(Former_Liang)" title="Zhang Shi (Former Liang)">Zhang Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Mao" title="Zhang Mao">Zhang Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(prince)" title="Zhang Jun (prince)">Zhang Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chonghua" title="Zhang Chonghua">Zhang Chonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yaoling" title="Zhang Yaoling">Zhang Yaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuo" title="Zhang Zuo">Zhang Zuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuanjing" title="Zhang Xuanjing">Zhang Xuanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tianxi" title="Zhang Tianxi">Zhang Tianxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> (319–351)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hong" title="Shi Hong">Shi Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Shi_(emperor)" title="Shi Shi (emperor)">Shi Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zun" title="Shi Zun">Shi Zun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jian" title="Shi Jian">Shi Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhi" title="Shi Zhi">Shi Zhi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xian_(Later_Zhao)" title="Liu Xian (Later Zhao)">Liu Xian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> (337–370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">Murong Wei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> (351–394)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(317%E2%80%93355)" title="Fu Jian (317–355)">Fu Jiàn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jiān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Deng" title="Fu Deng">Fu Deng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Dou_Chong" title="Dou Chong">Dou Chong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Chong" title="Fu Chong">Fu Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> (384–409)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Bao" title="Murong Bao">Murong Bao</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Murong_Xiang" title="Murong Xiang">Murong Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Lin" title="Murong Lin">Murong Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Han" title="Lan Han">Lan Han</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Sheng" title="Murong Sheng">Murong Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Xi" title="Murong Xi">Murong Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Murong Yun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a> (384–417)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Hong" title="Yao Hong">Yao Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a> (385–431)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Guoren" title="Qifu Guoren">Qifu Guoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Gangui" title="Qifu Gangui">Qifu Qiangui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Chipan" title="Qifu Chipan">Qifu Chipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Mumo" title="Qifu Mumo">Qifu Mumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a> (386–403)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Shao" title="Lü Shao">Lü Shao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zuan" title="Lü Zuan">Lü Zuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Long" title="Lü Long">Lü Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a> (397–414)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Wugu" title="Tufa Wugu">Tufa Wugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Lilugu" title="Tufa Lilugu">Tufa Lilugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Rutan" title="Tufa Rutan">Tufa Rutan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> (397–460)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Ye" title="Duan Ye">Duan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mengxun" title="Juqu Mengxun">Juqu Mengxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mujian" title="Juqu Mujian">Juqu Mujian</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Juqu_Wuhui" title="Juqu Wuhui">Juqu Wuhui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Juqu_Anzhou" title="Juqu Anzhou">Juqu Anzhou</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> (398–410)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chao" title="Murong Chao">Murong Chao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a> (400–421)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gao" title="Li Gao">Li Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xin_(Western_Liang)" title="Li Xin (Western Liang)">Li Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xun_(Western_Liang)" title="Li Xun (Western Liang)">Li Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia</a> (407–431)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Helian Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Chang" title="Helian Chang">Helian Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Ding" title="Helian Ding">Helian Ding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a> (407–436)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Gao Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Ba" title="Feng Ba">Feng Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Hong" title="Feng Hong">Feng Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a> (296–443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Maosou" title="Yang Maosou">Yang Maosou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Nandi" title="Yang Nandi">Yang Nandi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Yi_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Yi (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Chu_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Chu (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Guo_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Guo (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Jun_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Jun (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Shi_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Shi (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Shi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Tong_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Tong (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Tong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Cuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Cuan (page does not exist)">Yang Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Ding_(Chouchi)" title="Yang Ding (Chouchi)">Yang Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Sheng_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Sheng (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Xuan_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Xuan (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Baozong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Baozong (page does not exist)">Yang Baozong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Nandang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Nandang (page does not exist)">Yang Nandang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Baochi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Baochi (page does not exist)">Yang Baochi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a> (310–376)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu" title="Tuoba Yilu">Tuoba Yilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Pugen" title="Tuoba Pugen">Tuoba Pugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Tuoba_Pugen" title="Son of Tuoba Pugen">Son of Tuoba Pugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yul%C3%BC" title="Tuoba Yulü">Tuoba Yulü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Heru" title="Tuoba Heru">Tuoba Heru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Hena" title="Tuoba Hena">Tuoba Hena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yihuai" title="Tuoba Yihuai">Tuoba Yihuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Hena" title="Tuoba Hena">Tuoba Hena</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yihuai" title="Tuoba Yihuai">Tuoba Yihuai</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Shiyiqian" title="Tuoba Shiyiqian">Tuoba Shiyiqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> (350–352)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ran_Zhi" title="Ran Zhi">Ran Zhi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duan Qi (350–356)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Kan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> (384–394)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Hong" title="Murong Hong">Murong Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chong" title="Murong Chong">Murong Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Sui" title="Duan Sui">Duan Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yi" title="Murong Yi">Murong Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yao" title="Murong Yao">Murong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Zhong" title="Murong Zhong">Murong Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yong" title="Murong Yong">Murong Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei</a> (388–392)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Liao" title="Zhai Liao">Zhai Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Zhao" title="Zhai Zhao">Zhai Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huan Chu (403–404)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Shu (405–413)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Zong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata760" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata760" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714159#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000064114796">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24458132">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1831127/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmy6kbYxCvQm6d3QRtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91034360">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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