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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Canadian judiciary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canadian_judiciary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canadian judiciary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canadian_judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appellate_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appellate_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Appellate process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appellate_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Constitutional interpretation</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Length_of_tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length_of_tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Length of tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length_of_tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_of_the_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_the_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rules of the court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_the_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_clerks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_clerks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Law clerks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_clerks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المحكمة العليا الكندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحكمة العليا الكندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberster_Gerichtshof_von_Kanada" title="Oberster Gerichtshof von Kanada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberster Gerichtshof von Kanada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_Suprema_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Corte Suprema de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corte Suprema de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supera_Kortumo_de_Kanado" title="Supera Kortumo de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supera Kortumo de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="دیوان عالی کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوان عالی کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_supr%C3%AAme_du_Canada" title="Cour suprême du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour suprême du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Kanada" title="Mahkamah Agung Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkamah Agung Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_suprema_del_Canada" title="Corte suprema del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corte suprema del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="בית המשפט העליון של קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית המשפט העליון של קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Kanada" title="Mahkamah Agung Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahkamah Agung Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooggerechtshof_van_Canada" title="Hooggerechtshof van Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hooggerechtshof van Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="カナダ最高裁判所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ最高裁判所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprema_Corte_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Suprema Corte do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suprema Corte do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Верховный суд Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верховный суд Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supreme Court of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Врховни суд Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Врховни суд Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_korkein_oikeus" title="Kanadan korkein oikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan korkein oikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadas_h%C3%B6gsta_domstol" title="Kanadas högsta domstol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadas högsta domstol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கனடாவின் உச்ச நீதிமன்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனடாவின் உச்ச நீதிமன்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Верховний суд Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верховний суд Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_suprema_del_C%C3%A0nada" title="Corte suprema del Cànada – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Corte suprema del Cànada" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="加拿大最高法院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拿大最高法院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="加拿大最高法院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大最高法院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q196615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Supreme+Court+of+Canada%22">"Supreme Court of Canada"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Supreme+Court+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Supreme+Court+of+Canada%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Supreme+Court+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Supreme+Court+of+Canada%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Supreme+Court+of+Canada%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Supreme Court of Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cour suprême du Canada</i></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Canada_Coat_of_Arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Supreme_Court_of_Canada_Coat_of_Arms.png/180px-Supreme_Court_of_Canada_Coat_of_Arms.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Supreme_Court_of_Canada_Coat_of_Arms.png 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="371" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">badge</a> of the Supreme Court<sup id="cite_ref-Heraldic_Emblems_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heraldic_Emblems-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div style="background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:30px 0 0 30px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 30px 30px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.svg/85px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.svg/128px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 30px 30px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Canada_historic_badge_(Cormier_Emblem).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Supreme_Court_of_Canada_historic_badge_%28Cormier_Emblem%29.png/85px-Supreme_Court_of_Canada_historic_badge_%28Cormier_Emblem%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Supreme_Court_of_Canada_historic_badge_%28Cormier_Emblem%29.png/128px-Supreme_Court_of_Canada_historic_badge_%28Cormier_Emblem%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Supreme_Court_of_Canada_historic_badge_%28Cormier_Emblem%29.png/170px-Supreme_Court_of_Canada_historic_badge_%28Cormier_Emblem%29.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">The flag of the Supreme Court (left)<br />and the Cormier Emblem (right)<sup id="cite_ref-Heraldic_Emblems_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heraldic_Emblems-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="45.421944444444" data-lon="-75.705555555556" data-overlays="["_7c33556f47fa5654159f7973e0684ba29826e815"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/45.421944444444/-75.705555555556/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,45.421944444444,-75.705555555556,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&revid=1275167382&groups=_7c33556f47fa5654159f7973e0684ba29826e815" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,45.421944444444,-75.705555555556,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&revid=1275167382&groups=_7c33556f47fa5654159f7973e0684ba29826e815 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&params=45_25_19_N_75_42_20_W_region:CA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°25′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°42′20″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.42194°N 75.70556°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.42194; -75.70556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">8 April 1875<span class="noprint">; 149 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">8 April 1875</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&params=45_25_19_N_75_42_20_W_region:CA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°25′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°42′20″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.42194°N 75.70556°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.42194; -75.70556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_appointments_in_Canada" title="Judicial appointments in Canada">Judicial appointments in Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorized by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act" title="Supreme Court Act">Supreme Court Act</a>, 1875</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge term length</th><td class="infobox-data">Mandatory retirement at age 75</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data">9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/">www<wbr />.scc-csc<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">18 December 2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lead position ends</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 2032</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Canada" title="Category:Law of Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Canadian law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Transparentlawcanada.png/130px-Transparentlawcanada.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Transparentlawcanada.png/195px-Transparentlawcanada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Transparentlawcanada.png/260px-Transparentlawcanada.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Sources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acts of Parliament of Canada">Federal statutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian provincial Acts">Provincial statutes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Core areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_administrative_law" title="Canadian administrative law">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_Canada" title="Criminal law of Canada">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_tort_law" title="Canadian tort law">Tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_law" title="Canadian property law">Property</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Civil and human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_family_law" title="Canadian family law">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_immigration_and_refugee_law" title="Canadian immigration and refugee law">Immigration and refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_intellectual_property_law" title="Canadian intellectual property law">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_patent_law" title="Canadian patent law">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_trademark_law" title="Canadian trademark law">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secrets_in_Canada" title="Trade secrets in Canada">Trade secrets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_labour_law" title="Canadian labour law">Labour and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_maritime_law" title="Canadian maritime law">Maritime</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)" title="Federal Court (Canada)">Federal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Appeal" title="Federal Court of Appeal">Appeal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Court_of_Canada" title="Tax Court of Canada">Tax Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_courts_of_appeal" title="List of Canadian courts of appeal">Courts of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Superior_courts" title="Court system of Canada">Superior Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_courts_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial and territorial courts in Canada">Provincial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Canada" title="List of law schools in Canada">Law schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test" title="Law School Admission Test">Law School Admission Test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">Call to the bar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_law_sidebar" title="Template:Canadian law sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_law_sidebar" title="Template talk:Canadian law sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_law_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian law sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Supreme Court of Canada</b> (<b>SCC</b>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Cour suprême du Canada</i>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">CSC</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">highest court</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">judicial system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">nine justices</a>, whose decisions are the ultimate application of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian law">Canadian law</a>, and grants permission to between 40 and 75 <a href="/wiki/Litigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigant">litigants</a> each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appellate courts</a>. The Supreme Court is bijural, hearing cases from two major legal traditions (<a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>) and bilingual, hearing cases in both <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">official languages of Canada</a> (English and French).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effects of any judicial decision on the common law, on the interpretation of statutes, or on any other application of law, can, in effect, be nullified by legislation, unless the particular decision of the court in question involves application of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canadian Constitution</a>, in which case, the decision (in most cases) is completely binding on the legislative branch.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially true of decisions which touch upon the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i>, which cannot be altered by the legislative branch unless the decision is overridden pursuant to section 33 (the "<a href="/wiki/Notwithstanding_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Notwithstanding clause">notwithstanding clause</a>"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="History of the Supreme Court of Canada">History of the Supreme Court of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_old_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Interior_of_the_old_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Interior_of_the_old_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Interior_of_the_old_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg/330px-Interior_of_the_old_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Interior_of_the_old_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg/440px-Interior_of_the_old_Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Courtroom inside the <a href="/wiki/Second_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_building" title="Second Supreme Court of Canada building">Second Supreme Court of Canada building</a> in April 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of the Supreme Court of Canada was provided for by the <i><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a></i>, renamed in 1982 the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>. The first bills for the creation of a federal supreme court, introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> in 1869 and in 1870, were withdrawn. It was not until 8 April 1875 that a bill was finally passed providing for the creation of a Supreme Court of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, prior to 1949, the Supreme Court did not constitute the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_last_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of last resort">court of last resort</a>: litigants could appeal SCC decisions to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> in London. Some cases could bypass the Supreme Court and go directly to the Judicial Committee from the provincial courts of appeal. The Supreme Court formally became the court of last resort for criminal appeals in 1933 and for all other appeals in 1949. Cases that were begun prior to those dates remained appealable to the Judicial Committee, and the last case on appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada was not decided until 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increase in the importance of the Supreme Court was mirrored by the numbers of its members; it was established first with six judges, and these were augmented by an additional member in 1927. In 1949, the bench reached its current composition of nine justices.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1949, most of the appointees to the court owed their position to political <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>. Each judge had strong ties to the party in power at the time of their appointment. In 1973, the appointment of a constitutional law professor <a href="/wiki/Bora_Laskin" title="Bora Laskin">Bora Laskin</a> as chief justice represented a major turning point for the court. Laskin's <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalism in Canada">federalist</a> and liberal views were shared by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, who recommended Laskin's appointment to the court, but from that appointment onward appointees increasingly either came from academic backgrounds or were well-respected practitioners with several years' experience in appellate courts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>, greatly expanded the role of the court in Canadian society by the addition of the <i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i>, which greatly broadened the scope of judicial review. The evolution from the court under Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dickson" title="Brian Dickson">Brian Dickson</a> (1984–1990) through to that of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lamer" title="Antonio Lamer">Antonio Lamer</a> (1990–2000) witnessed a continuing vigour in the protection of civil liberties. Lamer's criminal law background proved an influence on the number of criminal cases heard by the Court during his time as chief justice. Nonetheless, the Lamer court was more conservative with <i>Charter</i> rights, with only about a 1% success rate for <i>Charter</i> claimants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lamer was succeeded as the chief justice by <a href="/wiki/Beverley_McLachlin" title="Beverley McLachlin">Beverley McLachlin</a> in January 2000. She was the first woman to hold that position.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McLachlin's appointment resulted in a more centrist and unified court. Dissenting and concurring opinions were fewer than during the Dickson and Lamer courts. With the 2005 appointments of puisne justices <a href="/wiki/Louise_Charron" title="Louise Charron">Louise Charron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Abella" title="Rosalie Abella">Rosalie Abella</a>, the court became the world's most gender-balanced national high court with four of its nine members being female.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice <a href="/wiki/Marie_Deschamps" title="Marie Deschamps">Marie Deschamps</a>' retirement on 7 August 2012 caused the number to fall to three;<sup id="cite_ref-deschamps_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deschamps-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Suzanne Côté">Suzanne Côté</a> on 1 December 2014 restored the number to four. After serving on the court for <span data-sort-value="7004104860000000000♠"></span>28 years, 259 days (<span data-sort-value="7003655100000000000♠"></span>17 years, 341 days as chief justice), McLachlin retired in December 2017. Her successor as the chief justice is <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a>. </p><p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">German Federal Constitutional Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, the Supreme Court of Canada is among the most frequently cited courts in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirschl1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschl1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 21, 27–28">: 21, 27–28 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_judiciary">Canadian judiciary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canadian judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Supreme Court of Canada">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The structure of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_court_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian court system">Canadian court system</a> is pyramidal, a broad base being formed by the various provincial and territorial courts whose judges are appointed by the provincial or territorial governments. At the next level are the provincial and territorial superior trial courts, where judges are appointed by the federal government. Judgments from the superior courts may be appealed to a still higher level, the provincial or territorial superior courts of appeal. </p><p>Several federal courts also exist: the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Court_of_Canada" title="Tax Court of Canada">Tax Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)" title="Federal Court (Canada)">Federal Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Appeal_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court of Appeal (Canada)">Federal Court of Appeal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Court_Martial_Appeal_Court_of_Canada" title="Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada">Court Martial Appeal Court</a>. Unlike the provincial superior courts, which exercise inherent or general <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>, the jurisdiction of federal courts and provincially appointed provincial courts are limited by statute. In all, there are over 1,000 federally appointed judges at various levels across Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appellate_process">Appellate process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appellate process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court rests at the apex of the judicial pyramid. This institution hears appeals from the provincial courts of last resort, usually the provincial or territorial courts of appeal, and the Federal Court of Appeal, although in some matters appeals come straight from the trial courts, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Publication_ban" title="Publication ban">publication bans</a> and other orders that are otherwise not appealable. </p><p>In most cases, permission to appeal must first be obtained from the court. Motions for <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_review" title="Discretionary review">leave to appeal</a> to the court are generally heard by a panel of three of its judges and a simple majority is determinative. By convention, this panel never explains why it grants or refuses leave in any particular case, but the court typically hears cases of national importance or where the case allows it to settle an important issue of law. Leave is rarely granted, meaning that for most litigants, provincial courts of appeal are courts of last resort. But leave to appeal is not required for some cases, primarily indictable criminal cases in which at least one appellate judge (on the relevant provincial court of appeal) dissented on a point of law, and appeals from provincial <a href="/wiki/Reference_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference case">reference cases</a>. </p><p>A final source of cases is the power of the federal government to submit reference cases. In such cases, the Supreme Court is required to give an opinion on questions referred to it by the Governor in Council (the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a>). However, in many cases, including the most recent <a href="/wiki/Re_Same-Sex_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Same-Sex Marriage">same-sex marriage reference</a>, the Supreme Court has declined to answer a question from the Cabinet. In that case, the court said it would not decide if <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> were required by the <i>Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i>, because the government had announced it would change the law regardless of its opinion, and subsequently did. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_interpretation">Constitutional interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitutional interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_Judges._Ottawa,_Ontario_-_LAC_4301941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Supreme_Court_Judges._Ottawa%2C_Ontario_-_LAC_4301941.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_Judges._Ottawa%2C_Ontario_-_LAC_4301941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Supreme_Court_Judges._Ottawa%2C_Ontario_-_LAC_4301941.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_Judges._Ottawa%2C_Ontario_-_LAC_4301941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Supreme_Court_Judges._Ottawa%2C_Ontario_-_LAC_4301941.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_Judges._Ottawa%2C_Ontario_-_LAC_4301941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>The justices of the Supreme Court of Canada in 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>The Supreme Court thus performs a unique function. It can be asked by the Governor-in-Council to hear references considering important questions of law. Such referrals may concern the constitutionality or interpretation of federal or provincial legislation, or the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">division of powers</a> between federal and provincial spheres of government. Any point of law may be referred in this manner. However, the Court is not often called upon to hear references. References have been used to re-examine criminal convictions that have concerned the country as in the cases of <a href="/wiki/David_Milgaard" title="David Milgaard">David Milgaard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Truscott" title="Steven Truscott">Steven Truscott</a>. </p><p>The Supreme Court has the ultimate power of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> over Canadian federal and provincial laws' constitutional validity. If a federal or provincial law has been held contrary to the division of power provisions of one of the various constitution acts, the legislature or parliament must either live with the result, amend the law so that it complies, or obtain an amendment to the constitution. If a law is declared contrary to certain sections of the <i>Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i>, Parliament or the provincial legislatures may make that particular law temporarily valid again against by using the "override power" of the <a href="/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">notwithstanding clause</a>. In one case, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec National Assembly">Quebec National Assembly</a> invoked this power to override a Supreme Court decision (<i><a href="/wiki/Ford_v_Quebec_(AG)" title="Ford v Quebec (AG)">Ford v Quebec (AG)</a></i>) that held that one of Quebec's language laws banning the display of English commercial signs was inconsistent with the <i>Charter</i>. Saskatchewan has also used it to uphold its labour laws. This override power can be exercised for five years, after which time the override must be renewed or the decision comes into force. </p><p>In some cases, the court may stay the effect of its judgments so that unconstitutional laws continue in force for a period of time. Usually, this is done to give Parliament or a legislature sufficient time to enact a new replacement scheme of legislation. For example, in <i><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Manitoba_Language_Rights" title="Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights">Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights</a></i>, the court struck down Manitoba's laws because they were not enacted in the French language, as required by the Constitution. However, the Court stayed its judgment for five years to give Manitoba time to re-enact all its legislation in French. It turned out five years was insufficient so the court was asked, and agreed, to give more time. </p><p>Constitutional questions may, of course, also be raised in the normal case of appeals involving individual litigants, governments, government agencies or <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporation" title="Crown corporation">Crown corporations</a>. In such cases the federal and provincial governments must be notified of any constitutional questions and may <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(law)" title="Intervention (law)">intervene</a> to submit a <a href="/wiki/Brief_(law)" title="Brief (law)">brief</a> and attend <a href="/wiki/Oral_argument" title="Oral argument">oral argument</a> at the court. Usually the other governments are given the right to argue their case in the court, although on rare occasions this has been curtailed and prevented by order of one of the court's judges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sessions">Sessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of Canada">Procedures of the Supreme Court of Canada</a></div> <p>The Supreme Court sits in three sessions in each calendar year. The first session begins on the fourth Tuesday in January, the second session on the fourth Tuesday in April, and the third session on the first Tuesday in October. The Court determines how long each session will be. Hearings only take place in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, although litigants can present oral arguments from remote locations by means of a video-conference system. Hearings are open to the public. Most hearings are taped for delayed telecast in both of Canada's official languages. When in session, the court sits Monday to Friday, hearing two appeals a day. A quorum consists of five members for appeals, but a panel of nine justices hears most cases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Nine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Nine.jpg/220px-The_Nine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Nine.jpg/330px-The_Nine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Nine.jpg/440px-The_Nine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5502" data-file-height="3521" /></a><figcaption>Courtroom seats used by the justices of the Supreme Court of Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>On the bench, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice of Canada">chief justice of Canada</a> or, in his or her absence, the senior <a href="/wiki/Puisne" title="Puisne">puisne</a> justice, presides from the centre chair with the other justices seated to his or her right and left by order of seniority of appointment. At sittings, the justices usually appear in black silk robes but they wear their ceremonial robes of bright scarlet trimmed with Canadian white mink in court on special occasions and in the Senate at the opening of each new session of Parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Counsel appearing before the court may use either English or French. The judges can also use either English or French. There is simultaneous translation available to the judges, counsel and to members of the public who are in the audience, or watching by livestream. </p><p>The decision of the court is sometimes rendered orally at the conclusion of the hearing. In these cases, the court may simply refer to the decision of the court below to explain its own reasons. In other cases, the court may announce its decision at the conclusion of the hearing, with reasons to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, in some cases, the court may not call on counsel for the respondent, if it has not been convinced by the arguments of counsel for the appellant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In very rare cases, the court may not call on counsel for the appellant and instead calls directly on counsel for the respondent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in most cases, the court hears from all counsel and then reserves judgment to enable the justices to write considered reasons. Decisions of the court need not be unanimous – a majority may decide, with dissenting reasons given by the minority. Justices may write separate or joint opinions for any case. </p><p>A puisne justice of the Supreme Court is <a href="/wiki/Judge#Canada" title="Judge">referred to</a> as <i>The <a href="/wiki/Honourable" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable">Honourable</a> Mr/Madam Justice</i> and the chief justice as <i><a href="/wiki/Right_Honourable" class="mw-redirect" title="Right Honourable">Right Honourable</a></i>. At one time, judges were addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" during sessions of the court, but it has since discouraged this style of address and has directed lawyers to use the simpler "Justice", "Mr Justice" or "Madam Justice".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designation "My Lord/My Lady" continues in many provincial superior courts and in the Federal Court of Canada and Federal Court of Appeal, where it is optional. </p><p>Every four years, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Compensation_and_Benefits_Commission" title="Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission">Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission</a> makes recommendations to the federal government about the salaries for federally appointed judges, including the judges of the Supreme Court. That recommendation is not legally binding on the federal government, but the federal government is generally required to comply with the recommendation unless there is a very good reason to not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief justice receives $370,300 while the puisne justices receive $342,800 annually.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appointment_of_justices">Appointment of justices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appointment of justices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_appointments_in_Canada" title="Judicial appointments in Canada">Judicial appointments in Canada</a></div> <p>Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada are appointed on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act" title="Supreme Court Act">Supreme Court Act</a></i> limits eligibility for appointment to persons who have been judges of a superior court or members of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar</a> for ten or more years. Members of the bar or superior judiciary of Quebec, by law, must hold three of the nine positions on the Supreme Court of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is justified on the basis that Quebec uses <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, as in the rest of the country. As explained in the reasons in <i><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Supreme_Court_Act,_ss_5_and_6" title="Reference Re Supreme Court Act, ss 5 and 6">Reference Re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6</a></i>, sitting judges of the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal cannot be appointed to any of Quebec's three seats. By convention, the remaining six positions are divided in the following manner: three from Ontario; two from the western provinces, typically one from British Columbia and one from the prairie provinces, which rotate among themselves (although Alberta is known to cause skips in the rotation); and one from the Atlantic provinces, almost always<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament and the provincial governments have no constitutional role in such appointments, sometimes a point of contention.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, an interview phase by an <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ad hoc</i></span> committee of members of Parliament was added. Justice <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rothstein" title="Marshall Rothstein">Marshall Rothstein</a> became the first justice to undergo the new process. The prime minister still has the final say on who becomes the candidate that is recommended to the governor general for appointment to the court. The government proposed an interview phase again in 2008, but a general election and minority parliament intervened with delays such that the Prime Minister recommended <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell_(Canadian_jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cromwell (Canadian jurist)">Justice Cromwell</a> after consulting the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 2016, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> opened the process of application to change from the above-noted appointment process. Under the revised process, "[any] Canadian lawyer or judge who fits specified criteria can apply for a seat on the Supreme Court, through the Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Functional <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">bilingualism</a> is now a requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justices were originally allowed to remain on the bench for <a href="/wiki/Life_tenure" title="Life tenure">life</a>, but in 1927 a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">mandatory retirement</a> age of 75 was instituted. They may choose to retire earlier, but can only be removed involuntarily before that age by a vote of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_members">Current members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Honourable_Richard_Wagner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Honourable_Richard_Wagner.jpg/175px-The_Honourable_Richard_Wagner.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Honourable_Richard_Wagner.jpg/263px-The_Honourable_Richard_Wagner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Honourable_Richard_Wagner.jpg/350px-The_Honourable_Richard_Wagner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a>, the current chief justice (since 2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>The current chief justice of Canada is Richard Wagner. He was appointed to the court as a puisne judge on 5 October 2012 and appointed chief justice, 18 December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-RWSCC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWSCC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine justices of the Wagner Court are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Justice </th> <th rowspan="2">Nominated by </th> <th rowspan="2">Date appointed </th> <th rowspan="2">Retirement date </th> <th rowspan="2">Law school </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Prior judicial office </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="Position in the Court's order of precedence">OP</abbr> </th> <th>Name<br />(Province) </th> <th>Birthdate </th> <th>Birthplace </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td>1st </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Wagner, Richard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-RWSCC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWSCC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19570402 !">2 April 1957</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>67) </td> <td>Canada (Quebec) </td> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a><sup id="cite_ref-CJ_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJ-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-10-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 October 2012</span><br /><span data-sort-value="000000002017-12-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 December 2017</span><sup id="cite_ref-CJ_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJ-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002032-04-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 April 2032</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Ottawa Faculty of Law">Faculté de droit, Université d'Ottawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law#Canada_(BCL_/_LLB_/_LLL)" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">LLL</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal" title="Quebec Court of Appeal">Quebec Court of Appeal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Quebec" title="Superior Court of Quebec">Superior Court of Quebec</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Karakatsanis, Andromache"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Andromache_Karakatsanis" title="Andromache Karakatsanis">Andromache Karakatsanis</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19551003 !">3 October 1955</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>69) </td> <td>Canada (Ontario) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-10-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 October 2011</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002030-10-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 October 2030</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School" title="Osgoode Hall Law School">Osgoode Hall Law School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_for_Ontario" title="Court of Appeal for Ontario">Court of Appeal for Ontario</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Superior Court">Ontario Superior Court of Justice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Côté, Suzanne"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Suzanne Côté">Suzanne Côté</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19580921 !">21 September 1958</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>66) </td> <td>Canada (Quebec) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-12-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 December 2014</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002033-09-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 September 2033</span> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Laval Faculté de droit">Université Laval</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Partner_lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Partner lawyer">Partner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Osler,_Hoskin_%26_Harcourt" title="Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt">Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Rowe, Malcolm"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rowe" title="Malcolm Rowe">Malcolm Rowe</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19530627 !">27 June 1953</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>71) </td> <td>Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-10-28-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">28 October 2016</span> </td> <td>27 June 2028 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School" title="Osgoode Hall Law School">Osgoode Hall Law School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_(Court_of_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador (Court of Appeal)">Court of Appeal of Newfoundland and Labrador</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador">Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Martin, Sheilah"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Sheilah_Martin" title="Sheilah Martin">Sheilah Martin</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19560531 !">31 May 1956</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>68) </td> <td>Canada (Quebec) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002017-12-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 December 2017</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002031-05-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 May 2031</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University_Faculty_of_Law" title="McGill University Faculty of Law">McGill University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">BCL</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Alberta Faculty of Law">University of Alberta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Toronto Law School">University of Toronto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_judicial_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of judicial science">SJD</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Alberta" title="Court of Appeal of Alberta">Court of Appeal of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_for_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of Nunavut">Nunavut</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta">Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kasirer, Nicholas"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kasirer" title="Nicholas Kasirer">Nicholas Kasirer</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19600220 !">20 February 1960</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>64) </td> <td>Canada (Quebec) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-09-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 September 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002035-02-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 February 2035</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University_Faculty_of_Law" title="McGill University Faculty of Law">McGill University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">BCL</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_1_Pantheon-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne">University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Master of Advanced Studies">DEA</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal" title="Quebec Court of Appeal">Quebec Court of Appeal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Jamal, Mahmud"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Jamal" title="Mahmud Jamal">Mahmud Jamal</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19670720 !">20 July 1967</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>57) </td> <td>Kenya (<a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002042-07-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 July 2042</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University_Faculty_of_Law" title="McGill University Faculty of Law">McGill University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">BCL</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_for_Ontario" title="Court of Appeal for Ontario">Court of Appeal for Ontario</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th </td> <td><span data-sort-value="O'Bonsawin, Michelle"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Bonsawin" title="Michelle O'Bonsawin">Michelle O'Bonsawin</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="19740502 !">2 May 1974</span><br />(age <span class="currentage"></span>50) </td> <td>Canada (Ontario) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-09-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 September 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002049-05-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 May 2049</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Ottawa Faculty of Law">University of Ottawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School" title="Osgoode Hall Law School">Osgoode Hall Law School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Superior Court">Ontario Superior Court of Justice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Moreau, Mary"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moreau" title="Mary Moreau">Mary Moreau</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>) </td> <td>1955 or 1956 (age 67–68) </td> <td>Canada (Alberta) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002023-11-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 November 2023</span> </td> <td>2030–2031 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Alberta Faculty of Law">University of Alberta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Université de Sherbrooke</a> (Civil Law certification) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_of_Alberta" title="Court of King's Bench of Alberta">Court of King's Bench of Alberta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CJ-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CJ_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CJ_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As chief justice</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length_of_tenure">Length of tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Length of tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following graphical timeline depicts the length of each current justice's tenure on the Supreme Court (not their position in the court's order of precedence) as of 19 February 2025. </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_4in9rb5hqigzocnk978dwrqczuwvydc"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mary_Moreau" coords="610,143,721,167" title="Mary Moreau" alt="Mary Moreau" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Bonsawin" coords="610,125,775,149" title="Michelle O'Bonsawin" alt="Michelle O'Bonsawin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mahmud_Jamal" coords="610,107,728,131" title="Mahmud Jamal" alt="Mahmud Jamal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kasirer" coords="610,90,755,114" title="Nicholas Kasirer" alt="Nicholas Kasirer" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sheilah_Martin" coords="610,72,741,96" title="Sheilah Martin" alt="Sheilah Martin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rowe" coords="610,54,728,78" title="Malcolm Rowe" alt="Malcolm Rowe" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Suzanne_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" coords="610,36,741,60" title="Suzanne Côté" alt="Suzanne Côté" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" coords="610,19,741,43" title="Richard Wagner (judge)" alt="Richard Wagner (judge)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Andromache_Karakatsanis" coords="610,1,801,25" title="Andromache Karakatsanis" alt="Andromache Karakatsanis" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_4in9rb5hqigzocnk978dwrqczuwvydc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/4in9rb5hqigzocnk978dwrqczuwvydc.png" /></div> <p>Andromache Karakatsanis has had the longest tenure of any of the current members of the court, having been appointed in October 2011. Richard Wagner's cumulative tenure is <span data-sort-value="7003452000000000000♠"></span>12 years, 137 days—<span data-sort-value="7003190000000000000♠"></span>5 years, 74 days as puisne justice, and <span data-sort-value="7003262000000000000♠"></span>7 years, 63 days as chief justice. Mary Moreau has the briefest tenure, having been appointed <span data-sort-value="7002471000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 105 days ago. The length of tenure for the other justices are: Suzanne Côté, <span data-sort-value="7003373300000000000♠"></span>10 years, 80 days; Malcom Rowe, <span data-sort-value="7003303600000000000♠"></span>8 years, 114 days; Sheilah Martin, <span data-sort-value="7003262000000000000♠"></span>7 years, 63 days; Nicholas Kasirer, <span data-sort-value="7003198300000000000♠"></span>5 years, 156 days; Mahmud Jamal, <span data-sort-value="7003132900000000000♠"></span>3 years, 233 days; and Michelle O'Bonsawin, <span data-sort-value="7002902000000000000♠"></span>2 years, 171 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_of_the_court">Rules of the court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rules of the court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Rules of the Supreme Court of Canada</i> are located on the laws-lois.justice.gc.ca website,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Gazette" title="Canada Gazette">Canada Gazette</a>, as SOR/2002-216 (plus amendments), made pursuant to subsection 97(1) of the <i>Supreme Court Act</i>. Fees and taxes are stipulated near the end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_clerks">Law clerks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Law clerks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1967, the court has hired <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerks</a> to assist in legal research. Between 1967 and 1982, each puisne justice was assisted by one law clerk and the chief justice had two. From 1982, the number was increased to two law clerks for each justice.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, each justice has up to three law clerks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building">Building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg/220px-Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg/330px-Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg/440px-Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of the Supreme Court of Canada building</figcaption></figure> <p>The Supreme Court of Canada Building (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">L'édifice de la Cour suprême du Canada</i>) is located just west of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, at 301 <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Wellington Street (Ottawa)">Wellington Street</a>. It is situated on a bluff high above the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">downtown Ottawa</a> and is home to the Supreme Court of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCbldg_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCbldg-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contains two courtrooms used by the Federal Court and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Appeal" title="Federal Court of Appeal">Federal Court of Appeal</a>. </p><p>The building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cormier" title="Ernest Cormier">Ernest Cormier</a> and is known for its <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—including two candelabrum-style fluted metal lamp standards that flank the entrance and the marble walls and floors of the lobby<sup id="cite_ref-post_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—contrasting with the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque" title="Châteauesque">châteauesque</a> roof. Construction began in 1939, with the cornerstone laid by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>, consort of King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and later known as the Queen Mother. In her speech, she said, "perhaps it is not inappropriate that this task should be performed by a woman; for woman's position in a civilized society has depended upon the growth of law."<sup id="cite_ref-CHP_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHP-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court began hearing cases in the new building by January 1946. </p><p>In 2000, the edifice was named by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Architectural_Institute_of_Canada" title="Royal Architectural Institute of Canada">Royal Architectural Institute of Canada</a> as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-cook_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> issued a commemorative stamp on 9 June 2011, as part of the Architecture Art Déco series.<sup id="cite_ref-post_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justicia_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Justicia_Ottawa.jpg/122px-Justicia_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Justicia_Ottawa.jpg/183px-Justicia_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Justicia_Ottawa.jpg/244px-Justicia_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Justitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Justitia">Justitia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veritas_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Veritas_Ottawa.jpg/122px-Veritas_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Veritas_Ottawa.jpg/183px-Veritas_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Veritas_Ottawa.jpg/244px-Veritas_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two statues sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Allward</a> are located on the grounds of the Supreme Court building.</div></div></div></div> <p>Two flagstaffs have been erected in front of the building. A flag on one is flown daily, while the other is hoisted only on those days when the court is in session. Also located on the grounds are several statues, including one of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Elek_Imredy" title="Elek Imredy">Elek Imredy</a> in 1976, and two—<a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a> (Truth) and <a href="/wiki/Justitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Justitia">Justitia</a> (Justice)—by Canadian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter S. Allward</a>. Inside there are busts of several chief justices: <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Cartwright" title="John Robert Cartwright">John Robert Cartwright</a> (1967–1970), Bora Laskin (1973–1983), Brian Dickson (1984–1990), and Antonio Lamer (1990–2000), all sculpted by Kenneth Phillips Jarvis, a retired Under Treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_Ontario" title="Law Society of Ontario">Law Society of Upper Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court was previously housed in the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block#Railway_Committee_Room_and_Reading_Room" title="Centre Block">Railway Committee Room</a> and a number of other committee rooms in the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> on Parliament Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court then sat in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Supreme Court (Canada)">Old Supreme Court</a> building on Bank Street, between 1889 and 1945. That structure was demolished in 1955 and the site used as parking for Parliament Hill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="cite_note-Heraldic_Emblems-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heraldic_Emblems_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heraldic_Emblems_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/court-cour/he-eh/description-eng.aspx">"Description of Heraldic Emblems"</a>. <i>Supreme Court of Canada</i>. 15 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190738/https://www.scc-csc.ca/court-cour/he-eh/description-eng.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Description+of+Heraldic+Emblems&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.ca%2Fcourt-cour%2Fhe-eh%2Fdescription-eng.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/role-eng.aspx">"Role of the Court"</a>. Supreme Court of Canada. 23 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805140429/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/role-eng.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Role+of+the+Court&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.gc.ca%2Fcourt-cour%2Frole-eng.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2008" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Department of Justice (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/harmonization/hfl-hlf/b1-f1/bf1g.html">"Harmonization of Federal Legislation with the Civil Law of the Province of Quebec - Booklet 1"</a>. <i>www.justice.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+loses+third+veteran+judge+in+a+year+with+Justice+Marie+Deschamps%27+departure&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2012%2F05%2F18%2Fsupreme_court_loses_third_veteran_judge_in_a_year_with_justice_marie_deschamps_departure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirschl1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirschl1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschl2014" class="citation cs2">Hirschl, Ran (August 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/8033/chapter-abstract/153409435">"The View from the Bench: Where the Comparative Judicial Imagination Travels"</a>, <i>Comparative Matters: The Renaissance of Comparative Constitutional Law</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>76, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198714514.003.0002">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714514.003.0002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871451-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871451-4"><bdi>978-0-19-871451-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>, <q>Accordingly, the Supreme Court of Canada, the German Federal Constitutional Court, and the European Court of Human Rights have emerged as three of the most frequently cited courts in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+View+from+the+Bench%3A+Where+the+Comparative+Judicial+Imagination+Travels&rft.btitle=Comparative+Matters%3A+The+Renaissance+of+Comparative+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198714514.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871451-4&rft.aulast=Hirschl&rft.aufirst=Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F8033%2Fchapter-abstract%2F153409435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scc.lexum.org/en/1988/1988scr2-387/1988scr2-387.html">R. v. Beare; R. v. Higgins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118172738/http://scc.lexum.org/en/1988/1988scr2-387/1988scr2-387.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 387, para. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scc.lexum.org/en/1998/1998scr3-3/1998scr3-3.html">Consortium Developments (Clearwater) Ltd. v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Nicholas+Kasirer&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.ca%2Fjudges-juges%2Fbio-eng.aspx%3Fid%3Dnicholas-kasirer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=mahmud-jamal">"The Honourable Mahmud Jamal"</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: Supreme Court of Canada. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Mahmud+Jamal&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscc-csc.ca%2Fjudges-juges%2Fbio-eng.aspx%3Fid%3Dmahmud-jamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=michelle-obonsawin">"The Honourable Michelle O'Bonsawin"</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: Supreme Court of Canada. January 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901191525/https://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=michelle-obonsawin">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Michelle+O%27Bonsawin&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscc-csc.ca%2Fjudges-juges%2Fbio-eng.aspx%3Fid%3Dmichelle-obonsawin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/news/en/item/7807/index.do">"The Honourable Mary T. Moreau"</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: Supreme Court of Canada. 6 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Mary+T.+Moreau&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscc-csc.lexum.com%2Fscc-csc%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7807%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2002-156/FullText.html">laws-lois.justice.gc.ca</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Supreme Court of Canada / La Cour Suprême du Canada</i>. Ottawa: Supreme Court of Canada. 2005. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+of+Canada+%2F+La+Cour+Supr%C3%AAme+du+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/empl/lc-aj-eng.aspx">"Law Clerk Program"</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: Supreme Court of Canada. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Clerk+Program&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.ca%2Fempl%2Flc-aj-eng.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCCbldg-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCCbldg_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/court-cour/buil-edi-eng.aspx">"SCC Building"</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: Supreme Court of Canada. January 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603161227/https://scc-csc.ca/court-cour/buil-edi-eng.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCC+Building&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.ca%2Fcourt-cour%2Fbuil-edi-eng.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiseek.com/2009/1940-supreme-court-of-canada-ottawa-ontario/">"1940 – Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario"</a>. archiseek.com. 10 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729140048/http://archiseek.com/2009/1940-supreme-court-of-canada-ottawa-ontario/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1940+%E2%80%93+Supreme+Court+of+Canada%2C+Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=archiseek.com&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiseek.com%2F2009%2F1940-supreme-court-of-canada-ottawa-ontario%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-post-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-post_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-post_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=(architect.A790,C790.)+Or+(null.B742.)&l=50&d=STMP&p=1&u=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/02011702_e.html&r=29&f=G&Sect1=STMP">"Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a>. 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+of+Canada%2C+Ottawa&rft.pub=Canada+Post&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata4.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-brs%3Fs1%3D%28architect.A790%2CC790.%29%2BOr%2B%28null.B742.%29%26l%3D50%26d%3DSTMP%26p%3D1%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Farchivianet%2F02011702_e.html%26r%3D29%26f%3DG%26Sect1%3DSTMP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHP-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHP_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/pages/28_royalty_royaute.aspx"><i>"At Home in Canada": Royalty at Canada's Historic Places</i></a>, Canad's Historic Places<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22At+Home+in+Canada%22%3A+Royalty+at+Canada%27s+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Canad%27s+Historic+Places&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicplaces.ca%2Fen%2Fpages%2F28_royalty_royaute.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cook_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2000" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Marcia (11 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530090211/http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm">"Cultural consequence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. Canwest. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Cultural+consequence&rft.date=2000-05-11&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ty-a.ca%2FCitizen%2Ftop500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320173854/http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/mundell_medal/kenneth_jarvis_memoriam.pdf">"In Memoriam: Kenneth Jarvis 1927–2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/mundell_medal/kenneth_jarvis_memoriam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Kenneth+Jarvis+1927%E2%80%932007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca%2Fenglish%2Fmundell_medal%2Fkenneth_jarvis_memoriam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_Blaze_Carlson2011" class="citation web cs1">Kathryn Blaze Carlson (11 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/05/11/liberals-take-their-leave-of-the-railway-room/">"Liberals take their leave of the Railway Room"</a>. <i>National Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Liberals+take+their+leave+of+the+Railway+Room&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.au=Kathryn+Blaze+Carlson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2011%2F05%2F11%2Fliberals-take-their-leave-of-the-railway-room%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2000" class="citation cs2">McCormick, Peter (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ohg2iK7Q90C&q=Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>Supreme at last: the evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada</i></a>, J. Lorimer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55028-693-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55028-693-5"><bdi>1-55028-693-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815183616/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ohg2iK7Q90C&q=Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1">archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+at+last%3A+the+evolution+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.pub=J.+Lorimer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55028-693-5&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Ohg2iK7Q90C%26q%3DSupreme%2520Court%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstberg2007" class="citation cs2">Ostberg, Cynthia L (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9ZgBjhdHQcC&q=Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>Attitudinal decision making in the Supreme Court of Canada</i></a>, UBC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1312-9"><bdi>978-0-7748-1312-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816035921/https://books.google.com/books?id=n9ZgBjhdHQcC&q=Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1">archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attitudinal+decision+making+in+the+Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1312-9&rft.aulast=Ostberg&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9ZgBjhdHQcC%26q%3DSupreme%2520Court%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonger2008" class="citation cs2">Songer, Donald R (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVnYUqP7KRoC&q=Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>The transformation of the Supreme Court of Canada: an empirical examination</i></a>, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9689-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-9689-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814064455/https://books.google.com/books?id=AVnYUqP7KRoC&q=Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1">archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transformation+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+Canada%3A+an+empirical+examination&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9689-0&rft.aulast=Songer&rft.aufirst=Donald+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVnYUqP7KRoC%26q%3DSupreme%2520Court%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/">Supreme Court of Canada website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195125/http://216.226.59.131/">Supreme Court of Canada Library Catalogue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/">Opinions of the Supreme Court of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlii.org">searchable database of SCC decisions</a> (to 1948, with select older cases) via <a href="/wiki/CanLII" title="CanLII">CanLII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305143415/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/federal/scc.htm">Supreme Court of Canada from www.marianopolis.edu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charterofrights.ca/en/27_00_01">Explore the Virtual Charter</a>—Charter of Rights website with video, audio and the Charter in more than twenty languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/judical/supreme-court/appointment/reforming.html">The appointment process and reform</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427070143/http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/judical/supreme-court/appointment/reforming.html">Archived</a> 27 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311153254/http://scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/buil-edi/index-eng.asp">SCC building from official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331111619/http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/CA/ON/OttawaSupCo.html">SCC Building</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Court of Appeal of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Yukon" title="Court of Appeal of Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_for_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Court_of_Appeal" title="Nunavut Court of Appeal">Nunavut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial/Territorial superior trial courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_of_Alberta" title="Court of King's Bench of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_for_Saskatchewan" title="Court of King's Bench for Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_of_Manitoba" title="Court of King's Bench of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court_of_Justice" title="Ontario Superior Court of Justice">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Superior Court">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Supreme_Court" title="Nova Scotia Supreme Court">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Yukon" title="Supreme Court of Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Court_of_Justice" title="Nunavut Court of Justice">Nunavut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_courts_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial and territorial courts in Canada">Provincial/Territorial trial courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Provincial Court of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Court_of_Justice" title="Alberta Court of Justice">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Saskatchewan" title="Provincial Court of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Manitoba" title="Provincial Court of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Court_of_Justice" title="Ontario Court of Justice">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Quebec" title="Court of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Provincial Court of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick" title="Provincial Court of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Provincial Court of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Court_of_Yukon" title="Territorial Court of Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Court_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Territorial Court of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Court_of_Justice" title="Nunavut Court of Justice">Nunavut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Provinces</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Territories</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Topics</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Canada" title="Disability in Canada">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Lists</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_in_Ottawa753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottawa_landmarks" title="Template:Ottawa landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottawa_landmarks" title="Template talk:Ottawa landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottawa_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottawa landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_in_Ottawa753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">Landmarks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottawa" title="History of Ottawa">historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" title="Château Laurier">Château Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Square" title="Confederation Square">Confederation Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">National War Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFS_Carp" class="mw-redirect" title="CFS Carp">Diefenbunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurier_House" title="Laurier House">Laurier House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Block" title="East Block">East Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West Block</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building" title="Senate of Canada Building">Senate of Canada Building</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_in_Ottawa" title="Category:Monuments and memorials in Ottawa">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ottawa" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_heritage_properties_in_Ottawa" title="List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa">Designated heritage properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Ottawa" title="List of museums in Ottawa">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada_Museum" title="Bank of Canada Museum">Bank of Canada Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billings_Estate_Museum" title="Billings Estate Museum">Billings Estate Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytown_Museum" title="Bytown Museum">Bytown Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_and_Food_Museum" title="Canada Agriculture and Food Museum">Canada Agriculture and Food Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Aviation_and_Space_Museum" title="Canada Aviation and Space Museum">Canada Aviation and Space Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Canada Science and Technology Museum">Canada Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Nature" title="Canadian Museum of Nature">Canadian Museum of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horaceville,_Ottawa" title="Horaceville, Ottawa">Pinhey's Point Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurier_House" title="Laurier House">Laurier House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepean_Museum" title="Nepean Museum">Nepean Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Gallery_of_Canada" title="Portrait Gallery of Canada">Portrait Gallery of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Ottawa" title="List of festivals in Ottawa">festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrymore%27s" title="Barrymore's">Barrymore's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronson_Centre" title="Bronson Centre">Bronson Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ByTowne_Cinema" title="ByTowne Cinema">ByTowne Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tulip_Festival" title="Canadian Tulip Festival">Canadian Tulip Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrepointe_Theatre" title="Centrepointe Theatre">Centrepointe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityFolk_Festival" title="CityFolk Festival">CityFolk Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone_Theatre" title="Gladstone Theatre">Gladstone Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_Theatre_Company" title="Great Canadian Theatre Company">Great Canadian Theatre Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Targ" title="House of Targ">House of Targ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanata_Theatre" title="Kanata Theatre">Kanata Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre" title="National Arts Centre">National Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Bluesfest" title="Ottawa Bluesfest">Ottawa Bluesfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Jazz_Festival" title="Ottawa Jazz Festival">Ottawa Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Centre_Ottawa" title="Rogers Centre Ottawa">Rogers Centre Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterlude" title="Winterlude">Winterlude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ottawa" title="Sport in Ottawa">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Yacht_Club" title="Britannia Yacht Club">Britannia Yacht Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tire_Centre" title="Canadian Tire Centre">Canadian Tire Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepean_Sailing_Club" title="Nepean Sailing Club">Nepean Sailing Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chabot_Grant_Thornton_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park">Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Place_Arena" title="TD Place Arena">TD Place Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Place_Stadium" title="TD Place Stadium">TD Place Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox_Stadium" title="Terry Fox Stadium">Terry Fox Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clover_Parks" title="Wesley Clover Parks">Wesley Clover Parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottawa_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottawa parks">Parks</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ottawa" title="Geography of Ottawa">natural landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Experimental_Farm" title="Central Experimental Farm">Central Experimental Farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Arboretum" title="Dominion Arboretum">Dominion Arboretum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls" title="Chaudière Falls">Chaudière Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Park" title="Confederation Park">Confederation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Rideau_River)" title="Green Island (Rideau River)">Green Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_(Ottawa)" title="Greenbelt (Ottawa)">Greenbelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Bleue_Bog" title="Mer Bleue Bog">Mer Bleue Bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hog%27s_Back_Falls" title="Hog's Back Falls">Hog's Back Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%ACwek%C3%AC_Point" title="Kìwekì Point">Kìwekì Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Park" title="Lansdowne Park">Lansdowne Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major%27s_Hill_Park" title="Major's Hill Park">Major's Hill Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_Island" title="Petrie Island">Petrie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Falls" title="Rideau Falls">Rideau Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_River" title="Rideau River">Rideau River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Ottawa_River)" title="Victoria Island (Ottawa River)">Victoria Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayshore_Shopping_Centre" title="Bayshore Shopping Centre">Bayshore Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ByWard_Market" title="ByWard Market">Byward Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Centre" title="Rideau Centre">Rideau Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Place d'Orléans">Place d'Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Laurent_Centre" title="St. Laurent Centre">St. Laurent Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ottawa" title="Architecture of Ottawa">Architecture</a><br /> and infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Ottawa" title="List of bridges in Ottawa">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ottawa" title="List of buildings in Ottawa">Buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ottawa-Gatineau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in Ottawa-Gatineau">Tallest buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Pathway" title="Capital Pathway">Capital Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallowfield_station_(Ontario)" title="Fallowfield station (Ontario)">Fallowfield Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_station" title="Ottawa station">Ottawa Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Ottawa" title="List of roads in Ottawa">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitway_(Ottawa)" title="Transitway (Ottawa)">Transitway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkley_Yard" title="Walkley Yard">Walkley Yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Ottawa" title="List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa">Neighbourhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Vista,_Ottawa" title="Alta Vista, Ottawa">Alta Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrhaven" title="Barrhaven">Barrhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Ottawa" title="Beacon Hill, Ottawa"> Beacon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_Corners" title="Bells Corners">Bells Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Hamlet" title="Blackburn Hamlet">Blackburn Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blossom_Park" title="Blossom Park">Blossom Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia,_Ottawa" title="Britannia, Ottawa">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ByWard_Market" title="ByWard Market">ByWard Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlington" title="Carlington">Carlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp,_Ontario" title="Carp, Ontario">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centretown" title="Centretown">Centretown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Ottawa" title="Chinatown, Ottawa">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Bay" title="Constance Bay">Constance Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Beach,_Ottawa" title="Crystal Beach, Ottawa">Crystal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Ottawa" title="Cumberland, Ottawa">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunrobin,_Ontario" title="Dunrobin, Ontario">Dunrobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findlay_Creek" title="Findlay Creek">Findlay Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glebe" title="The Glebe">The Glebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Ontario" title="Gloucester, Ontario">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greely,_Ontario" title="Greely, Ontario">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Gate" title="Heron Gate">Heron Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hintonburg" title="Hintonburg">Hintonburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Club" title="Hunt Club">Hunt Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanata,_Ontario" title="Kanata, Ontario">Kanata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeBreton_Flats" title="LeBreton Flats">LeBreton Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Ottawa" title="Little Italy, Ottawa">Little Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Town" title="Lower Town">Lowertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manotick" title="Manotick">Manotick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalfe,_Ontario" title="Metcalfe, Ontario"> Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navan,_Ontario" title="Navan, Ontario">Navan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepean,_Ontario" title="Nepean, Ontario">Nepean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Edinburgh" title="New Edinburgh">New Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gower" title="North Gower">North Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Ottawa_East" title="Old Ottawa East">Old Ottawa East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Ottawa_South" title="Old Ottawa South">Old Ottawa South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans,_Ontario" title="Orleans, Ontario">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgoode,_Ontario" title="Osgoode, Ontario">Osgoode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Ontario" title="Richmond, Ontario">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_South,_Ottawa" title="Riverside South, Ottawa">Riverside South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview,_Ottawa" title="Riverview, Ottawa">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockcliffe_Park,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockcliffe Park, Ontario">Rockcliffe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hill,_Ottawa" title="Sandy Hill, Ottawa">Sandy Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stittsville" title="Stittsville">Stittsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanier,_Ontario" title="Vanier, Ontario">Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vars,_Ontario" title="Vars, Ontario">Vars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro,_Ottawa" title="Westboro, Ottawa">Westboro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ottawa" title="Category:Ottawa">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ottawa" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ottawa">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_Canadian_federal_judges188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FederalCourtsOfCanada" title="Template:FederalCourtsOfCanada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FederalCourtsOfCanada" title="Template talk:FederalCourtsOfCanada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FederalCourtsOfCanada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FederalCourtsOfCanada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_Canadian_federal_judges188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current Canadian federal judges</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache_Karakatsanis" title="Andromache Karakatsanis">Andromache Karakatsanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Suzanne Côté">Suzanne Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rowe" title="Malcolm Rowe">Malcolm Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheilah_Martin" title="Sheilah Martin">Sheilah Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kasirer" title="Nicholas Kasirer">Nicholas Kasirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Jamal" title="Mahmud Jamal">Mahmud Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Bonsawin" title="Michelle O'Bonsawin">Michelle O'Bonsawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moreau" title="Mary Moreau">Mary Moreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Appeal" title="Federal Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yves_de_Montigny" title="Yves de Montigny">Yves de Montigny</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nadon" title="Marc Nadon">Marc Nadon</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Denis_Pelletier" title="J. D. Denis Pelletier">J. D. Denis Pelletier</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanne_Gauthier" title="Johanne Gauthier">Johanne Gauthier</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stratas" title="David Stratas">David Stratas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyman_W._Webb" title="Wyman W. Webb">Wyman Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_G._Near" title="David G. Near">David G. Near</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boivin" title="Richard Boivin">Richard Boivin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Rennie" title="Donald J. Rennie">Donald J. Rennie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_J._L._Gleason" title="Mary J. L. Gleason">Mary J. L. Gleason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Woods" title="Judith Woods">Judith Woods</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Laskin" title="John B. Laskin">John B. Laskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Rivoalen" title="Marianne Rivoalen">Marianne Rivoalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Locke" title="George R. Locke">George R. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Mactavish" title="Anne Mactavish">Anne Mactavish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leblanc" title="René Leblanc">René Leblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_F._J._Scott" title="André F. J. Scott">André F. J. Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)" title="Federal Court (Canada)">Federal Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_S._Crampton" title="Paul S. Crampton">Paul S. Crampton</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_J._Simpson" title="Sandra J. Simpson">Sandra J. Simpson</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R._Campbell" title="Douglas R. Campbell">Douglas R. Campbell</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Heneghan" title="Elizabeth Heneghan">Elizabeth Heneghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Martineau" title="Luc Martineau">Luc Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_No%C3%ABl" title="Simon Noël">Simon Noël</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_(Canadian_judge)" title="James Russell (Canadian judge)">James Russell</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Reilly_(judge)" title="James O'Reilly (judge)">James O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_J._Harrington" title="Sean J. Harrington">Sean J. Harrington</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mosley" title="Richard Mosley">Richard Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_M._J._Shore" title="Michel M. J. Shore">Michel M. J. Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_L._Phelan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael L. Phelan (page does not exist)">Michael L. Phelan</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Mactavish" title="Anne Mactavish">Anne L. Mactavish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Barnes" title="Robert L. Barnes">Robert L. Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_S._Mandamin" title="Leonard S. Mandamin">Leonard S. Mandamin</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russel_W._Zinn" title="Russel W. Zinn">Russel W. Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9e_B%C3%A9dard" title="Marie-Josée Bédard">Marie-Josée Bédard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_J._L._Gleason" title="Mary J. L. Gleason">Mary J. L. Gleason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyne_Gagn%C3%A9" title="Jocelyne Gagné">Jocelyne Gagné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Kane" title="Catherine Kane">Catherine Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manson_(judge)" title="Michael Manson (judge)">Michael D. Manson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Roy_(justice)" title="Yvan Roy (justice)">Yvan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Strickland" title="Cecily Strickland">Cecily Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Annis" title="Peter Annis">Peter Annis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glennys_L._McVeigh" title="Glennys L. McVeigh">Glennys L. McVeigh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martine_St-Louis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martine St-Louis (page does not exist)">Martine St-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_S._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry S. Brown (page does not exist)">Henry S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Diner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Diner (page does not exist)">Alan Diner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_M._Boswell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith M. Boswell (page does not exist)">Keith M. Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Fothergill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Fothergill (page does not exist)">Simon Fothergill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B._Richard_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. Richard Bell (page does not exist)">B. Richard Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Gascon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Gascon (page does not exist)">Denis Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_F._Southcott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard F. Southcott (page does not exist)">Richard F. Southcott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_K._Gleeson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick K. Gleeson (page does not exist)">Patrick K. Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Elliott_(judge)" title="Susan Elliott (judge)">Susan Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvie_E._Roussel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvie E. Roussel (page does not exist)">Sylvie E. Roussel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Marie_McDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Marie McDonald (page does not exist)">Anne Marie McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Lafreniere_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Lafreniere (judge) (page does not exist)">Roger Lafreniere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Pentney" title="William F. Pentney">William F. Pentney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirzad_S._Ahmed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirzad S. Ahmed (page does not exist)">Shirzad S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9bastien_Grammond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sébastien Grammond (page does not exist)">Sébastien Grammond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Favel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Favel (page does not exist)">Paul Favel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekaterina_Tsimberis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekaterina Tsimberis (page does not exist)">Ekaterina Tsimberis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tax_Court_of_Canada" title="Tax Court of Canada">Tax Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rossiter" title="Eugene Rossiter">Eugene Rossiter</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anick_Pelletier" title="Anick Pelletier">Anick Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Archambault" title="Pierre Archambault">Pierre Archambault</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Tardif" title="Alain Tardif">Alain Tardif</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Campbell" title="Diane Campbell">Diane Campbell</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_J._Miller" title="Campbell J. Miller">Campbell J. Miller</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Paris" title="Brent Paris">Brent Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Favreau" title="Réal Favreau">Réal Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Jorr%C3%A9" title="Gaston Jorré">Gaston Jorré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Boyle" title="Patrick J. Boyle">Patrick J. Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Miller" title="Valerie Miller">Valerie Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hogan_(judge)" title="Robert Hogan (judge)">Robert Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_K._D%27Arcy" title="Steven K. D'Arcy">Steven K. D'Arcy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Pizzitelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank J. Pizzitelli (page does not exist)">Frank J. Pizzitelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johanne_D%27Auray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johanne D'Auray (page does not exist)">Johanne D'Auray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randall_S._Bocock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randall S. Bocock (page does not exist)">Randall S. Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Graham_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Graham (judge) (page does not exist)">David Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_T._Lyons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen T. Lyons (page does not exist)">Kathleen T. Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Owen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Owen (page does not exist)">John R. Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Lafleur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Lafleur (page does not exist)">Dominique Lafleur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvain_Ouimet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvain Ouimet (page does not exist)">Sylvain Ouimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_R._Sommerfeldt" title="Don R. Sommerfeldt">Don R. Sommerfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Visser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry A. Visser (page does not exist)">Henry A. Visser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_R._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy R. Smith (page does not exist)">Guy R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Russell_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Russell (judge) (page does not exist)">Bruce Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cases_and_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Template:Supreme Court of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Supreme Court of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supreme Court of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cases_and_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases">Cases and reasons </a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable cases by era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases_(Richards_Court_through_Fauteux_Court)" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Richards Court through Fauteux Court)">Richards through Fauteux Court (1875–1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases_(Laskin_Court)" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Laskin Court)">Laskin Court (1973–1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases_(Dickson_Court)" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court)">Dickson Court (1984–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases_(Lamer_Court)" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court)">Lamer Court (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases_(McLachlin_Court)" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)">McLachlin Court (2000 to 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases_(Wagner_Court)" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Wagner Court)">Wagner Court (2017 to date)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reasons by year<br />(1982 to date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1982 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1983 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1984 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1985 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1986 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1987 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1988 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1989 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1990 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1991 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1992 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1993 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1994 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1995 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1996 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1997 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1998 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="1999 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2000 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2001 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2002 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2003 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2004 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2005 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2006 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2007 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2008 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2009 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2010 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2011 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2012 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2013 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2014 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2015 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2016 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2017 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2018 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2019 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2020 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2021 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2022 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2023 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="2024 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_cases_(by_author)" title="List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (by author)">Reasons by<br />justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Chief_Justice_Wagner" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Chief Justice Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Karakatsanis" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Karakatsanis">Karakatsanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Côté">Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Rowe" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Martin" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Kasirer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Kasirer (page does not exist)">Kasirer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Jamal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Jamal (page does not exist)">Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_O%27Bonsawin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice O'Bonsawin (page does not exist)">O'Bonsawin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Moreau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Moreau (page does not exist)">Moreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Chief_Justice_Lamer" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Chief Justice Lamer">Lamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Chief_Justice_McLachlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Chief Justice McLachlin">McLachlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Wilson" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_L%27Heureux-Dub%C3%A9" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice L'Heureux-Dubé">L'Heureux-Dubé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Sopinka" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Sopinka">Sopinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Gonthier" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Gonthier">Gonthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Cory" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Cory">Cory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Iacobucci" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Iacobucci">Iacobucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Major" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Bastarache" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Bastarache">Bastarache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Binnie" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Binnie">Binnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Arbour" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Arbour">Arbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_LeBel" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice LeBel">LeBel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Deschamps" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Deschamps">Deschamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Fish" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Abella" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Abella">Abella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Charron" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Charron">Charron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Rothstein" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Cromwell" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Moldaver" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Moldaver">Moldaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Gascon" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Gascon">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Brown" title="Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Anonymous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Court_decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="By the Court decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada">"By the Court" reasons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases and reasons<br />by type of judgment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada">Oral reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Court_decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="By the Court decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada">"By the Court" reasons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_Courts_of_the_Americas318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_Courts_of_the_Americas318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Supreme Courts of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Bahamas" title="Supreme Court of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belize" title="Supreme Court of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Chile" title="Supreme Court of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti" title="Supreme Court of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Honduras" title="Supreme Court of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Peru" title="Supreme Court of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Uruguay" title="Supreme Court of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1684" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1684" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196615#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156484224">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/14216-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50046440">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12023108m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12023108m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35025458">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/96007309">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000137694&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812198967705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/14501">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259304305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08448803?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027667952">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&oldid=1275167382">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Canada&oldid=1275167382</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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