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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4_%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C_%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98_%EB%B0%9D%ED%9E%88%EA%B8%B0/%EC%A0%84%EC%B2%B4" title="도움말:위키 문법으로 출처 밝히기/전체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도움말:위키 문법으로 출처 밝히기/전체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನ/ಆರಂಭಿಕರಿಗಾಗಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನ/ಆರಂಭಿಕರಿಗಾಗಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AEkar%C3%AE:%C3%87avkan%C3%AE" title="Alîkarî:Çavkanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alîkarî:Çavkanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan_perujukan_dengan_teks_wiki/Semua" title="Bantuan:Pengenalan perujukan dengan teks wiki/Semua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantuan:Pengenalan perujukan dengan teks wiki/Semua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အကူအညီ:လူသစ်များအတွက် ကိုးကားခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အကူအညီ:လူသစ်များအတွက် ကိုးကားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਦਦ:ਹਵਾਲੇ ਜੋੜਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦਦ:ਹਵਾਲੇ ਜੋੜਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Referimi" title="Ndihmë:Referimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndihmë:Referimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="උදවු:මූලාශ්‍ර එක්කිරීම පිළිබඳ නවකයින් සඳහා වන උපදෙස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උදවු:මූලාශ්‍ර එක්කිරීම පිළිබඳ නවකයින් සඳහා වන උපදෙස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A9%DA%99%D8%A7%D9%BD%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%90_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%DA%AA%D8%B1%DA%BB_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مدد:سيکڙاٽن لاءِ حوالا داخل ڪرڻ سکيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مدد:سيکڙاٽن لاءِ حوالا داخل ڪرڻ سکيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Sklicevanje_za_za%C4%8Detnike" title="Pomoč:Sklicevanje za začetnike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomoč:Sklicevanje za začetnike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Referenciranje_za_po%C4%8Detnike" title="Pomoć:Referenciranje za početnike – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pomoć:Referenciranje za početnike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%82%86%E1%82%88%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87_%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%82%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="လွင်ႈၸွႆႈထႅမ်:လွင်ႈဢၢင်ႈဢိင် တႃႇ ၵူၼ်းမႃးမႂ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွင်ႈၸွႆႈထႅမ်:လွင်ႈဢၢင်ႈဢိင် တႃႇ ၵူၼ်းမႃးမႂ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="วิธีใช้:การอ้างอิงสำหรับผู้เริ่มต้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิธีใช้:การอ้างอิงสำหรับผู้เริ่มต้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" 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#9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REFB"></span><span id="WP:REFBEGIN"></span><span id="WP:REFSTART"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFB&redirect=no">WP:REFB</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFBEGIN&redirect=no">WP:REFBEGIN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFSTART&redirect=no">WP:REFSTART</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation" style="background:#dbedc4;border:4px solid #2ba9e0;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-size:1.25em">This page assumes you are using the source editor. Alternatively, learn <b><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/2" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with VisualEditor/2">referencing in VisualEditor</a></b>.<br/><span style="font-size:66%;">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Source_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Source editor">source editor</a> shows underlying wiki markup like <code>[[Earth]]</code>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> works like a word processor.</span></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VisualEditor-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/75px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/113px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/150px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="225"/></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon of a political rally, with someone in the crowd holding up a banner reading "[Citation needed]"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg/260px-Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg/390px-Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg/520px-Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="269"/></a><figcaption>"Wikipedian protester" by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Munroe" title="Randall Munroe">Randall Munroe</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xkcd" title="Xkcd">xkcd</a></i>. Wikipedians famously demand <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citations for claims</a>!</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the key policies of Wikipedia is that all article content has to be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiable" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Verifiable">verifiable</a></b>. This means that <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a></b> must be able to support the material. All quotations, any material whose verifiability has been challenged or is likely to be challenged, and contentious material (whether negative, positive, or neutral) about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">living persons</a> must include an <i>inline citation</i> to a source that directly supports the material. This also means that Wikipedia is not the place for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">original work</a>, archival findings that have not been published, or evidence from any source that has not been published. </p><p>If you are adding new content, it is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BURDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BURDEN">your responsibility</a> to add sourcing information along with it. Material provided without a source is significantly more likely to be removed from an article. Sometimes it will be tagged first with a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">"citation needed"</a> template to give editors a chance to find and add sources, but some editors will simply remove it because they question its veracity. </p><p>This tutorial will show you how to add inline citations to articles, and also briefly explain what Wikipedia considers to be a reliable source. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Inline_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Inline_citations"></span>Inline citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Inline_citations"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INTREF2"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTREF2&redirect=no">WP:INTREF2</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Inline citations are usually small, numbered footnotes like this.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are generally added either directly following the fact that they support, or at the end of the sentence that they support, following any punctuation. When clicked, they take the reader to a citation in a reference section near the bottom of the article. </p><p>While editing a page that uses the most common footnote style, you will see inline citations displayed between <code><ref>...</ref></code> tags. </p><p>If you are creating a new page, or adding references to a page that didn't previously have any, remember to add a References section like the one below <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Order_of_article_elements" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">near the end</a> of the article: </p> <pre>==References== {{reflist}} </pre> <p><i>Note: This is by far the most popular system for inline citations, but sometimes you will find <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Inline citations">other styles</a> being used in an article. This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">is acceptable</a>, and you shouldn't change it or mix styles. To add a new reference, just copy and modify an existing one.</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWales2024" class="citation book cs1">Wales, Jimmy (2024). <i>What is an inline citation?</i>. Wikipublisher. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+an+inline+citation%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wikipublisher&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AReferencing+for+beginners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <hr/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="RefToolbar" data-mw-thread-id="h-RefToolbar"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-RefToolbar"></span>RefToolbar<span data-mw-comment-end="h-RefToolbar"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INTREF3"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTREF3&redirect=no">WP:INTREF3</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/WikiEditor-reference_toolbar_menu-en.png" decoding="async" width="642" height="74" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="74"/></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/260px--RefTools_rework.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="145" data-durationhint="304" data-mwtitle="RefTools_rework.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:RefTools_rework.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="476"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="714"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1072"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1072"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="358"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="358"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARefTools_rework.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARefTools_rework.ogv&lang=is&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="is" label="íslenska ‪(is)‬" data-dir="ltr"/></video></span><figcaption>This screencast walks through how to use RefTools</figcaption></figure> <p>Manually adding references can be a slow and tricky process. Fortunately, there is a tool called "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar">RefToolbar</a>" built into the Wikipedia edit window, which makes it much easier. </p><p>To use it, click on <span style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-base, #fff); padding: 4px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: center; color: inherit;"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="This is not a clickable menu icon; it illustrates the menu icon one should find."><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.svg/16px-MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.svg/24px-MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.svg/32px-MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"/></span></span> Cite</span></span></span> at the top of the edit window, having already positioned your cursor after the sentence or fact you wish to reference. Then select one of the 'Templates' from the dropdown menu that best suits the type of source. These are: </p> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code> for references to general websites</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code> for newspapers and news websites</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code> for references to books</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code> for magazines, academic journals, and papers</li></ul> <p>A template window then pops up, where you fill in as much information as possible about the source, and give a unique name for it in the "Ref name" field. Click the "Insert" button, which will add the required wikitext in the edit window. If you wish, you can also "Preview" how your reference will look first. </p><p>Some fields (such as a web address, also known as a URL) will have a <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/20px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/30px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/40px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></span></span> icon next to them. After filling in this field, you can click it to handily autofill the remaining fields. It doesn't always work properly, though, so be sure to double check it. </p><p>Often, you will want to use the same source more than once in an article to support multiple facts. In this case, you can click <span style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-base, #fff); padding: 4px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: center; color: inherit;"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="This is not a clickable menu icon; it illustrates the menu icon one should find.">Named references<span class="nowrap"> </span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/20px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/30px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/40px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></span></span></span></span></span> in the toolbar, and select a previously added source to re-use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Using_the_2017_wikitext_editor" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_the_2017_wikitext_editor"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_the_2017_wikitext_editor"></span>Using the 2017 wikitext editor<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_the_2017_wikitext_editor"></span></h2></div> <p>As an alternative to the RefToolbar, it is possible to insert citations in the source editor using a similar automated tool as the one <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFVISUAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFVISUAL">used in the visual editor</a>. For this, you need to enable the <a class="external text" href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/2017_wikitext_editor">2017 wikitext editor</a> in your preferences. You will then be able to edit the source of pages while inserting citations using the automated tool of the visual editor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Reliable_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reliable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reliable_sources"></span>Reliable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reliable_sources"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INTREF4"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTREF4&redirect=no">WP:INTREF4</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/150px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/200px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Wikipedia articles require <b>reliable, published sources</b> that directly support the information presented in the article. Now you know <i>how</i> to add sources to an article, but <i>which</i> sources should you use? </p><p>The word "source" in Wikipedia has three meanings: the work itself (for example, a document, article, paper, or book), the creator of the work (for example, the writer), and the publisher of the work (for example, Cambridge University Press). All three can affect reliability. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VisualEditor_tool_reference-ltr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abstract graphic depicting referencing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/VisualEditor_tool_reference-ltr.png/290px-VisualEditor_tool_reference-ltr.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/VisualEditor_tool_reference-ltr.png/435px-VisualEditor_tool_reference-ltr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/VisualEditor_tool_reference-ltr.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Reliable sources are those with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. They tend to have an editorial process with multiple people scrutinizing work before it is published. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SCHOLARSHIP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SCHOLARSHIP">Academic and peer-reviewed publications</a> are usually the most reliable sources. Other reliable sources include university textbooks, books published by respected publishing houses, magazines, journals, and news coverage (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Statements_of_opinion" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">not opinions</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NEWSORG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NEWSORG">mainstream newspapers</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Self-published_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Self-published sources">Self-published media</a></b>, where the author and publisher are the same, are usually <i>not</i> acceptable as sources. These can include newsletters, personal websites, press releases, patents, open wikis, personal or group blogs, and tweets. However, if an author is an established expert with a previous record of third-party publications on a topic, their self-published work <i>may</i> be considered reliable for that particular topic. </p><p>Whether a source is usable also depends on context. Sources that are reliable for some material are not reliable for other material. For instance, otherwise unreliable self-published sources <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">are usually acceptable</a> to support uncontroversial information about the source's author. You should always try to use the best possible source, particularly when writing about <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">living people</a></b>. </p><p>These are general guidelines, but the topic of reliable sources is a complicated one, and is impossible to fully cover here. You can find more information at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources</a>. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">list of commonly used sources</a> with information on their reliability. </p><p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/reliable_sources_quiz" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/reliable sources quiz"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Try it! Take a quiz on reliable sources</span></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clipboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/120px-Clipboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/180px-Clipboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/240px-Clipboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide#Adding_a_new_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide § Adding a new reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide#Editing_references" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide § Editing references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Help:Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Wikipedia:Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nick_Moyes/Easier_Referencing_for_Beginners" title="User:Nick Moyes/Easier Referencing for Beginners">User:Nick Moyes/Easier Referencing for Beginners</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br/>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citation_Style_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Template talk:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citation_Style_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br/>templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>books</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>conference papers</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_document" title="Template:Cite document">Cite document</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>short, stand-alone, offline documents</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>edited collections</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>interviews</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>academic journals</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>magazines</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>public mailing lists</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>maps</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>news articles</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>online newsgroups</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>press releases</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>unpublished reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>signs, plaques</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>speeches</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">Cite tech report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>technical reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>theses</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>web sources</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preprint templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">Cite bioRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX" title="Template:Cite CiteSeerX">Cite CiteSeerX</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv" title="Template:Cite medRxiv">Cite medRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN" title="Template:Cite SSRN">Cite SSRN</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audiovisual-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 templates">Citation Style 1 templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates">Citation Style 1 specific-source templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1 noticeboard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Introduction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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