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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Common law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Civil law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bijuridical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bijuridical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Bijuridical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bijuridical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_titles_and_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_titles_and_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative titles and formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_titles_and_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative titles and formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_titles_and_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irish_BCL_and_LLB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_BCL_and_LLB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Irish BCL and LLB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_BCL_and_LLB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe_B.L._and_LLB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe_B.L._and_LLB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Zimbabwe B.L. and LLB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe_B.L._and_LLB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_on_the_LLB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_on_the_LLB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Variations on the LLB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_on_the_LLB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eligibility_of_foreign_graduates_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility_of_foreign_graduates_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Eligibility of foreign graduates in the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility_of_foreign_graduates_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_LLB_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_LLB_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>European LLB programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_LLB_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bachelor of Laws</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95" title="আইনবিদ্যায় স্নাতক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইনবিদ্যায় স্নাতক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bachelor of Laws" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="کارشناسی حقوق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارشناسی حقوق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bachelor of Laws" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%ED%95%99%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC" title="법학학사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법학학사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="विधि स्नातक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विधि स्नातक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjana_Hukum" title="Sarjana Hukum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sarjana Hukum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bachelor of Laws" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97s_bakalauras" title="Teisės bakalauras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisės bakalauras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjana_Muda_Undang-undang" title="Sarjana Muda Undang-undang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sarjana Muda Undang-undang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bachelor of Laws" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89" title="学士（法学） – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="学士（法学）" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacharel_em_Direito" title="Bacharel em Direito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bacharel em Direito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бакалавр права – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бакалавр права" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bachelor of Laws" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இளங்கலைச் சட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இளங்கலைச் சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="นิติศาสตรบัณฑิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิติศาสตรบัณฑิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бакалавр права – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бакалавр права" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="فاضل القانون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فاضل القانون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" title="法学学士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法学学士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q798137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bachelor_of_Laws" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of undergraduate qualification</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LLB" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/LLB_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="LLB (disambiguation)">LLB (disambiguation)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Special:EditPage/Bachelor of Laws">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bachelor+of+Laws%22">"Bachelor of Laws"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bachelor+of+Laws%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bachelor+of+Laws%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bachelor+of+Laws%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bachelor+of+Laws%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bachelor+of+Laws%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Bachelor of Laws</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Legum Baccalaureus</i>; <b>LL.B.</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_degree" title="Law degree">law degree</a> offered in most <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries as the primary law degree and serves as the first professional qualification for legal practitioners. This degree requires the study of core legal subjects and <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal system and its function. The LLB curriculum is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of legal principles, legal research skills, and a sound understanding of the roles and responsibilities of lawyers within society. This degree is often a prerequisite for taking <a href="/wiki/Bar_exams" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar exams">bar exams</a> or qualifying as a practising <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>, depending on the jurisdiction. Additionally, the LLB program also serves as a foundation for further legal education, such as a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> (LLM) or other postgraduate studies in law. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Region_awarded">Region awarded</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Region awarded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bachelor of Laws degrees are awarded by universities in regions including <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the Bachelor of Laws was the primary law degree until the 1960s, when it was phased out in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>; Canada followed suit in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations of <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities" title="List of medieval universities">the first universities</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Glossators" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossators">glossators</a> of the 11th century, which were also schools of law.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first university, that <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">of Bologna</a>, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the <a href="/wiki/Glossator" title="Glossator">glossator</a> school in that city. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> served as the model for other law schools of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> age.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it was common for students of law to visit and study at schools in other countries, such was not the case with England because of the English rejection of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> (except for certain jurisdictions such as the Admiralty Court). Although the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> did teach <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> until the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, its importance was always superior to <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> in those institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"LLB" stands for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Legum Baccalaureus</i></span> in Latin. The "LL." of the abbreviation for the degree is from the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive plural">genitive plural</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">legum</i></span> ("of laws"). Creating an <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation#Plural_forms" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter (e.g., "pp." for "pages"). </p><p>The bachelor's degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented with the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree at Oxford and Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReed1921160_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed1921160-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "arts" designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReed1921161_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed1921161-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In continental Europe, the bachelor's degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford and Cambridge. </p><p>The teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_435_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_435-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional training for practising common law in England was undertaken at the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>, but over time the training functions of the Inns lessened considerably and apprenticeships with individual practitioners arose as the prominent medium of preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_436_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_436-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of the lack of standardisation of study and of objective standards for appraisal of these apprenticeships, the role of universities became subsequently of importance for the education of lawyers in the English speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981436_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981436-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England in 1292, when <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> requested that lawyers be trained, students merely sat in the courts and observed, but over time the students would hire professionals to lecture them in their residences, which led to the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981430_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981430-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of <a href="/wiki/Moot_court" title="Moot court">moot court</a>-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981431_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981431-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, though very specialised in purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981432_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981432-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981433_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981433-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally Oxford and Cambridge did not see common law as worthy of study, and included coursework in law only in the context of canon and civil law and for the purpose of the study of philosophy or history only. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the same rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981434_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981434-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729. <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a> became the first lecturer in English common law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1753, but the university did not establish the programme for the purpose of professional study, and the lectures were philosophical and theoretical in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981435_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981435-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackstone insisted that the study of law should be university based, where concentration on foundational principles can be had, instead of concentration on detail and procedure had through apprenticeship and the Inns of Court.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inns of Court continued but became less effective, and admission to the bar still did not require any significant educational activity or examination. Therefore, in 1846, Parliament examined the education and training of prospective <a href="/wiki/Barristers" class="mw-redirect" title="Barristers">barristers</a> and found the system to be inferior to the legal education provided in the United States. Therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981436_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981436-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, the LLB became the uniform degree for lawyers in common law countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_law_programs">Common law programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Common law programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most common law countries (with the exceptions of all Canadian provinces except Quebec, and the United States), the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LLB is an undergraduate course. In England and Wales it is also possible to study a programme for conversion called the Graduate Diploma in Law which allows entry to the legal profession following completion of a previous undergraduate degree unrelated to law, which entitles graduates to take the vocational courses for entry into the legal profession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Scotland has a mixed legal system, with both civil and common law influences, the undergraduate LLB is the primary route into the legal profession. The <a href="/wiki/Scots_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Law">Scots Law</a> LLB is generally taken as a four-year honours course, similar to other university degrees in Scotland. Students wishing to satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_Scotland" title="Law Society of Scotland">Law Society of Scotland</a> requirements to become a solicitor must also complete the postgraduate <a href="/wiki/Diploma_in_Professional_Legal_Practice" title="Diploma in Professional Legal Practice">Diploma in Professional Legal Practice</a> at an approved university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A qualifying law degree for the purposes of admission as a lawyer in Australia is either the undergraduate LLB program at accredited universities, or the graduate JD (Juris Doctor). Every recognised qualification of each state admission board is reciprocally recognised by all other states. However, prior to degrees, there existed an alternative to a degree to become a lawyer in Australia, which was either the Barrister's Admission Board, or the Solicitor's Admission Board, whose examinations rendered one eligible to be admitted respectively. The successor of these boards that still operates the alternative is the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Profession_Admission_Board" title="Legal Profession Admission Board">Legal Profession Admission Board</a>, which issues the distinct Diploma in Law, equivalent to either an LLB or a JD Law degrees typically last 4 years for undergraduate admission or 3 years for university graduates. </p><p>Of the thirty-eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Australia" title="List of law schools in Australia">law schools</a>, thirteen of those universities have also started offering the <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> as a graduate-entry degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bangladesh, obtaining an LLB degree is a prerequisite for practising as an advocate in a court of law. Both LLB and LLB (Hons.) degrees are offered at public and private universities. Only seven public universities offer LLB (Hons.) degree. Some private universities also offer four-year LLB (Hons.) degrees and one-year LLM courses. The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Bangladesh">National University of Bangladesh</a> also offers a two-year LLB degree to graduates of subjects other than law. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rajshahi" title="University of Rajshahi">University of Rajshahi</a> is the first institute in South Asia to offer a bachelor's degree in law, originally offering the B. Jur. (Bachelor of Jurisprudence) beginning in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, the program was replaced with an LL. B (Hons.) program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor#Canada" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor § Canada</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has two legal systems. The Province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> uses a civil law system. At the federal level, as well as in every province or territory except Quebec, a system of common law is used. Because of this, there are two types of Canadian law degrees generally in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_law">Common law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The programme of study for common law has traditionally been an undergraduate LLB degree, which has now been re-designated as a JD at nearly all Canadian common law schools. Entrants to the JD programme generally hold an undergraduate degree before registration in the law programme and a significant number hold a graduate-level degree as well. However, admission may be granted to applicants with two years of undergraduate studies towards a degree. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the JD is considered a bachelor's degree-level qualification, albeit a "second-entry" one. The common law programme is three years in length. Upon graduation, one holds a Bachelor of Laws or Juris Doctor degree. To practise law, the graduate must obtain a licence from the Law Society of the province where they wish to practise law, which requires a year of <a href="/wiki/Articling" class="mw-redirect" title="Articling">articling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_law">Civil law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The civil law programme in Canada is three years in length. The programme of study for the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">first degree in Quebec civil law</a> (called LLB, BCL, or LLL) is a first-entry degree programme. Like other first-entry university programmes in Quebec, it requires a <a href="/wiki/College_education_in_Quebec" title="College education in Quebec">college</a> diploma for entry. Law schools that offer civil law BCL, LLB, or LLL degrees include <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université du Québec à Montréal">Université du Québec à Montréal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Université de Sherbrooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bijuridical">Bijuridical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bijuridical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of Canada's dual system of laws, some law schools offer joint or dual degrees in common law and civil law: McGill University, Université de Montréal, Université de Sherbrooke and the University of Ottawa. The law degree offered by McGill University is a mandatory joint common law LLB and Quebec civil law BCL degree. The programme is four years in length. Admission to that programme is a first-entry programme in the case of Quebec students while it is a second-entry programme in the case of students from other provinces (since two years of university studies is required). The University of Ottawa offers a civil law degree (LLL) on its own. </p><p>A number of Canadian law schools allow holders of baccalaureate degrees in Quebec civil law to earn the LLB in common law in two or three semesters. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> offers a one-year LLL programme in Quebec civil law for holders of an LLB or JD degree in common law from a Canadian law school. </p><p>Additionally, some Canadian universities with <i>common law</i> law schools have an arrangement with a Canadian university with a <i>Quebec civil law</i> law school enabling students to obtain the home school's law degree in three years and the exchange school's law degree in the fourth year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, three universities, including <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Hong Kong">The University of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a>, provide legal studies with both LLB degree or JD degree. The LLB is 4 years in length, while JD is 2 years. Students who have an LLB or JD degree, whether conferred by local universities or the accredited universities overseas, are eligible to apply for admission to <a href="/wiki/PCLL" class="mw-redirect" title="PCLL">PCLL</a>, the legal qualification programme in Hong Kong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_India" title="Legal education in India">Legal Education in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_law_schools_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous law schools in India">Autonomous law schools in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Law_Admission_Test" title="Common Law Admission Test">Common Law Admission Test</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, legal education is traditionally offered as a three-year graduate degree conferring the title of Bachelor of Laws, requiring prospective students to have a bachelor's degree in any subject from a recognised institution. </p><p>However, specialised universities of law known as <a href="/wiki/National_Law_Universities" title="National Law Universities">National Law Universities</a> solely devoted to legal education offer an undergraduate five-year law course for students that have completed Class XII from a recognised board of education in India. The five-year law course leads to an integrated honours degree combining the LLB degree with another bachelor's degree, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce" title="Bachelor of Commerce">Bachelor of Commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Social_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Social Work">Bachelor of Social Work</a>. In these programs, students are taught subjects associated with the additional non-law bachelor's degree during the first two years, in addition to standard legal subjects such as torts, contracts and constitutional law, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> for the Bachelor of Arts and a combination of physical, life and applied sciences for the Bachelor of Science. In the latter three years of all these programmes, legal subjects dominate the curriculum. </p><p>The first national law school was the <a href="/wiki/National_Law_School_of_India_University" title="National Law School of India University">National Law School of India University</a>. This was followed by others, including the <a href="/wiki/Nalsar_University_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalsar University of Law">Nalsar University of Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences" title="West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</a>. Today, many Indian universities offer five-year integrated BA LLB programmes similar to that of the national law schools of India, while others continue to offer a traditional three-year programme. Both integrated and traditional types of three-year law degrees are recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council of India</a> for to qualify for enrolment to the Bar. One needs to have a full-time law degree to practice as a lawyer in India. Distance or online education options are not available to become a practising lawyer in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_Malaysia" title="Legal education in Malaysia">Legal education in Malaysia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> inherited a common law system from the British colonial period. However, unlike the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and some other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, Malaysia adopted the fused legal profession with legal practitioners acting both as <a href="/wiki/Solicitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitors">solicitors</a> and in a way <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">"barristers"</a>. Hence all are lawyers eligible and can be admitted to the High Court as a legal professional is entitled to be bestowed with the title "Advocate & Solicitor". This applies to both lawyers practising in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> (Malaya) and the States of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. </p><p>Under the Legal Profession Act 1976, a person is deemed to be a qualified person to be admitted as an Advocate & Solicitor if they completed and passed the course of Bar Vocational Course in UK & Wales from any Inns of Court, passed the Certificate in Legal Practice or completed a 4-year LLB (Honours) course from an accredited Malaysian university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An LLB is required to practise law in New Zealand. An LLB typically takes four years to complete, although it is often completed concurrently with another degree, such as a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) or Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), with the combined completion time usually being five years. Most New Zealand universities allow graduates of other degrees to complete an LLB in three years. Six New Zealand universities offer the LLB degree.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is a common law country and to become a lawyer in Pakistan, one needs an LLB from a Pakistani or a foreign university from common law country recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bar_Council" title="Pakistan Bar Council">Pakistan Bar Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawyers in Pakistan are called <i>advocates</i>. An advocate has to be member of one of the provincial Bar Councils, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Bar_Council" title="Punjab Bar Council">Punjab Bar Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Bar_Council" title="Sindh Bar Council">Sindh Bar Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Bar_Council" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bar Council">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bar Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Bar_Council" title="Balochistan Bar Council">Balochistan Bar Council</a> or the Islamabad Bar Council. </p><p>The Bachelor of Laws obtained from <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="List of universities in Pakistan">universities in Pakistan</a> consists of a 5-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>-LLB qualification. This rule was laid down by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bar_Council" title="Pakistan Bar Council">Pakistan Bar Council</a> in 2016 requiring 5 years of education to obtain a Bachelor of Laws qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change in the legal education rules led to the abolishing of 3 year LLB programs being offered by universities in Pakistan. This rule however does not affect the recognition of LLB degrees of less than 5 years obtained from foreign universities recognised by the Pakistan Bar Council for the purposes of enrolling as an advocate in Pakistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Singapore, the LLB is an undergraduate degree conferred by three universities: the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> (NUS), the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a> (SMU), and the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_University_of_Social_Sciences" title="Singapore University of Social Sciences">Singapore University of Social Sciences</a> (SUSS). Graduate JD courses are also available at all three law schools.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be called to the Singapore Bar, graduates are minimally required to possess an LLB or JD from a recognised university.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal education in South Africa">Legal education in South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_South_Africa" title="List of law schools in South Africa">List of law schools in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg/220px-University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg/330px-University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg/440px-University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Pretoria Faculty of Law">University of Pretoria Faculty of Law</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> the LLB is offered both at the <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1996 it is the universal and only legal qualification for legal practice, superseding the existing B.Juris. and B.Proc. degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-unisa.ac.za_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unisa.ac.za-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undergraduate programme, offered since 1998, requires four years of study. At the postgraduate level, the programme generally requires three years. Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="List of universities in South Africa">South African universities</a> offer <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce" title="Bachelor of Commerce">Bachelor of Commerce</a> degrees with a <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">major</a> in "Law"; graduates may then undertake a two-year postgraduate-programme. Some universities also offer a one-year programme for holders of the B.Proc. degree.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> is typically structured around preliminary, core and advanced courses,<sup id="cite_ref-law.uct.ac.za_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.uct.ac.za-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most universities also offer elective coursework. The preliminary courses acquaint the students with both the background and the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">South African legal system</a>, and with legal thinking and analysis in general. The core subjects are those regularly required for legal practice.<sup id="cite_ref-unisa.ac.za_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unisa.ac.za-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advanced courses (usually) comprise further study in these core subjects,<sup id="cite_ref-SA_electives_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_electives-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deepening and / or broadening the student's knowledge as appropriate. The electives – often comprising these advanced courses, amongst others – allow students to specialise in a particular area of law, to an extent, by choosing from a range of optional courses. Some universities also require that students complete an experience based course ("Practical Legal Studies" / "<a href="/wiki/Law_clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law clinic">Law clinic</a>"); a credit comprising independent research exclusively is often offered as an elective, and at some universities is a degree requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_electives_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_electives-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on university, the curriculum will comprise legal subjects exclusively,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may include <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> subjects so as to prepare graduates with a "broad-based" legal education.<sup id="cite_ref-law.uct.ac.za_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.uct.ac.za-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some undergraduate programmes do not offer any optional coursework. Credits in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> are also often included.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, these were, but are no longer, "subjects compelled by statute",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were typically entrance requirements for the LLB, having been studied as undergraduate modules. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a> was previously a preliminary course, whereas, in both the post- and undergraduate degree, it is now offered as an elective. </p><p>The structure of the undergraduate programme is under review. The issues noted are: graduates of these programmes are seen to be less prepared for the profession as compared to those pursuing the graduate LLB; only 20% of entrants complete the programme within four years; only about 50% of graduates here enter the legal profession at all.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, there are those who question the academic standard of the new degree.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some universities have now discontinued the programme;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other cases undergraduate students are required to initially register as Arts, Commerce or Science students – with first year law subjects – and, in the second year of study, only those meeting specified criteria may choose to pursue the four-year LLB.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_titles_and_formats">Alternative titles and formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alternative titles and formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_BCL_and_LLB">Irish BCL and LLB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Irish BCL and LLB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four universities under the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> umbrella, award the degree of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a> (BCL). Four Irish universities and two Northern Irish universities award an LLB NUIG offer the LLB as a 1-year postgraduate course for holders of the Bachelor of Corporate Law or Bachelor of Arts in law degrees. </p><p>Some English and Welsh universities award an LLB in Irish law. </p><p>In the nineteenth century, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> conferred degrees of LLB on clerical and lay students at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College,_Carlow" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's College, Carlow">St. Patrick's College, Carlow</a> from 1840 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a> Barrister-at-Law degree B.L. is a postgraduate degree and is required to practice as a barrister in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe_B.L._and_LLB">Zimbabwe B.L. and LLB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe B.L. and LLB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University of Zimbabwe</a>, the first degree in common law was the Bachelor of Laws (BL), which was equivalent to the LLB in other common law jurisdictions. It was followed by a one-year programme at the university (analogous to post-LLB vocational programmes in other common law jurisdictions) at the end of which a second degree, the Bachelor of Laws (LLB), was awarded. The curriculum has since been changed and now only one four-year honours LLB degree is awarded.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_on_the_LLB">Variations on the LLB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Variations on the LLB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some universities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> offer variations, which generally take four years to complete and include a wider range of topics as well as some degree of specialisation or the study of multiple jurisdictions, such as the LLB Law with French Law and Language offered by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various universities in the United Kingdom and Australia will allow a degree that combines study with a non-law discipline. For example, some universities in the United Kingdom offer a combined study of law and history leading to a B.A. degree that is accepted by the Law Society and Inns of Court as equivalent to an LLB. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The University of London External Programme in Laws (LLB) has been awarding its law degree via <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> since 1858. </p><p>At the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, the principal law degree remains the Bachelor of Arts, in either Jurisprudence or Law, which is equivalent to an LLB in other universities. Traditionally, the LLB at Cambridge, as well as the Bachelor of Civil Law at Oxford, were postgraduate degrees for specialising in law. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, recently, replaced their LLB title with that of the <a href="/wiki/LL.M." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.M.">LLM</a>, which Oxford retains the BCL as a master's level course, equivalent to the LLM. </p><p>Some universities in the UK including <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_University" title="Bournemouth University">Bournemouth University</a> have a four-year LLB course, which consists of a 40-week industrial work placement.<sup id="cite_ref-bournemouthllb_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bournemouthllb-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire University">Staffordshire University</a> also offers a two-year full-time LLB course.<sup id="cite_ref-staffsllb_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staffsllb-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LLB programs in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">syaria</a> and common law have been introduced by some universities in Pakistan and Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States no longer offers the LLB, though some universities have introduced bachelor's degrees in legal studies, featuring curricula that include courses in constitutional law, tort law, and criminal law. These degrees may provide an accelerated pathway into the JD program, allowing students to complete both degrees in six instead of seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the LLB was conferred until 1971 at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, since that time, all universities in the United States have awarded the professional doctorate <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJYale_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJYale-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which then became the generally standardised degree in most states as the compulsory prerequisite to sit for the bar exam prior to practice of law.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many law schools converted their basic law degree programmes from LLB to JD in the 1960s, and permitted prior LLB graduates to retroactively receive the new doctorate degrees by returning their LLB in exchange for a JD degree.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yale graduates who received LLB degrees prior to 1971 were similarly permitted to change their degree to a JD, though many did not take the option, choosing to retain their LLB degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJYale_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJYale-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the degree was phased out, notable recipients of the LLB include former United States presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>; former United States <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court Justice">Supreme Court Justices</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>; former FBI director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>; American <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_Posner" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Allen Posner">Richard Allen Posner</a>; as well as the first female commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frieda_B._Hennock" title="Frieda B. Hennock">Frieda B. Hennock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility_of_foreign_graduates_in_the_US">Eligibility of foreign graduates in the US</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eligibility of foreign graduates in the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the most part, foreign law graduates seeking <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admission to the bar in the United States</a> will find their law degree does not itself fulfill the core admission requirements of most states, thereby not allowing them to take the bar exam. The major exception to this is <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, where those foreign graduates who have fulfilled the educational requirements to practice law in another common law country through study at an approved educational institution, similar in both duration and content to the equivalent teaching at an approved United States law school, are permitted to sit for the bar exam.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, both New York and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> permit Canadian LLB holders to take the bar exam.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirements of each of the states vary, and in some states sufficient years of practice in one's home country may allow for those otherwise excluded to sit for the bar exam. </p><p>Most states require completion of a law degree from a law school accredited by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>. As a result, some American law schools offer one-year <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a> programmes for foreign attorneys, which qualify foreign lawyers for admission to some state bars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_LLB_programs">European LLB programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: European LLB programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a> permits <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> citizens with LLB degrees from one EU member state, who practise law and have been qualified lawyers in their jurisdiction for three or more years, to practise also in every other member state. The actual procedure to receive the respective national <a href="/wiki/Licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence">licence</a> is regulated by the member state and therefore differs from country to country, and temporary restrictions may in certain cases exist, but every EU member has to apply the relevant EU Directives to its own national law. </p><p>As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>, recently many <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">universities of applied sciences</a> and a few traditional <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> have introduced LLB programmes, replacing the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Diplom-Wirtschaftsjurist</i></span> degree. The LLB is a three or four-year full-time law degree. As opposed to courses of study leading to the <a href="/wiki/Staatsexamen" title="Staatsexamen">State Examination</a>—the master's-level professional law degree in Germany—most LLB degree programmes concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> and may feature a component of education in <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>. Graduates of LLB courses can continue LLM studies and in some cases sit for the first <a href="/wiki/Staatsexamen" title="Staatsexamen">State Examination</a> after one or more years of additional law studies in order to qualify for practising law in Germany. </p><p>In Malta, the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree, offered by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malta" title="University of Malta">University of Malta</a>, is an undergraduate degree that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. Likewise, in Italy a five-year course in law (<i>Laurea magistrale in giurisprudenza a ciclo unico</i>) is offered by law schools<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Bring evidence of the claim. Law studies in Italy are generic and do not grant access to legal professions, France's and Germany's being the opposite. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The Italian Diploma in Law, equivalent to the LLB, does not directly qualify one for a career in any legal profession, as graduates are required to undergo a traineeship for 18 months before taking a government exam to sit for the Italian bar or take the exam as public notary. Alternatively, this requirement can be met by undertaking two further year of studies (<i>Diploma di specializzazione per le professioni legali</i> – equivalent of a 2-year Master of Arts).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, there is no comparable degree to the LLB Law studies in Spain last for four years in total, culminating in the "Grado en Derecho". Prior to that, the sole degree of "Licenciatura en Derecho" allowed graduates of law direct access to the legal profession without further training and masters. Currently, holders of a Spanish law degree must attend a specific LLM in Legal practice course (similar to the former British LPC) to gain admission to the Spanish bar. </p><p>In Denmark, universities now offer three-year LLB programmes, although this is not sufficient to practice law. Students wishing to practice law should continue with a Masters in Law programme, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Candidate_(degree)" title="Candidate (degree)">cand.jur.</a> degree. Alternatively, students may choose to use the LLB as a basis for other courses within the social sciences or humanities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Admission to the bar">Admission to the bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">Admission to the bar in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">Call to the bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Juridical_Science" title="Doctor of Juridical Science">Doctor of Juridical Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">Doctor of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_law_schools" title="Lists of law schools">Lists of law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReed1921" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Alfred Zantzinger (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924069476095"><i>Training for the public profession of the law: Historical development and principal contemporary problems of legal education in the United States, with some account of conditions in England and Canada</i></a>. New York: Carnegie Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60738310">60738310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Training+for+the+public+profession+of+the+law%3A+Historical+development+and+principal+contemporary+problems+of+legal+education+in+the+United+States%2C+with+some+account+of+conditions+in+England+and+Canada&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carnegie+Foundation&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60738310&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Zantzinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924069476095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1981" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Ralph Michael (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/228/">"The Path of Legal Education from Edward I to Langdell: A History of Insular Reaction"</a>. <i>Chicago-Kent Law Review</i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>454. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8092906761">8092906761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Path+of+Legal+Education+from+Edward+I+to+Langdell%3A+A+History+of+Insular+Reaction&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8092906761&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.pace.edu%2Flawfaculty%2F228%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, Bachelor of Laws was the name of the first degree in common law, but is also the name of the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">first degree in Quebec civil law</a> awarded by a number of Quebec universities. Canadian common-law LL.B. programmes were, in practice, <a href="/wiki/Second_entry_degree" title="Second entry degree">second-entry professional degrees</a>, meaning that the vast majority of those admitted to an LL.B. programme were already holders of one or more degrees, or, at a minimum (with very few exceptions), have completed two years of study in a first-entry, undergraduate degree in another discipline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation book cs1">Verger, J. (1999). "Licentia". <a href="/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters" title="Lexikon des Mittelalters"><i>Lexikon des Mittelalters</i></a>. Vol. 5. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. 1957–1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Licentia&rft.btitle=Lexikon+des+Mittelalters&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=1957-1958&rft.pub=J.B.+Metzler&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation book cs1">Verger, J. (1999). "Doctor, doctoratus". <a href="/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters" title="Lexikon des Mittelalters"><i>Lexikon des Mittelalters</i></a>. Vol. 3. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. 1155–1156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doctor%2C+doctoratus&rft.btitle=Lexikon+des+Mittelalters&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=1155-1156&rft.pub=J.B.+Metzler&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_University_in_Europe" title="A History of the University in Europe">A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbermann, et al. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05072b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Encyclopedia Press. Accessed 26 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García y García, A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&dq=bologna+doctor+title&pg=PP1">"The Faculties of Law," A History of the University in Europe</a>, London: Cambridge University Press. Accessed 26 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García y García (1992), 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed1921160-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReed1921160_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed1921">Reed (1921)</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed1921161-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReed1921161_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed1921">Reed (1921)</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_435-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_435_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 434, 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_436-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981434,_436_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 434, 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981436-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981436_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981436_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981430-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981430_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981431-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981431_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981432-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981432_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981433-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981433_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981434-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981434_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1981435-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1981435_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1981">Stein (1981)</a>, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moline, Brian J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washburnlaw.edu/wlj/42-4/articles/moline-brian.pdf">Early American Legal Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509032640/http://www.washburnlaw.edu/wlj/42-4/articles/moline-brian.pdf">Archived</a> 9 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 42 Washburn Law Journal 775, 793 (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/index.php?topic=26376.0">"Rajshahi University Law Department: Pioneer of legal studies in Bangladesh"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pakistanbarcouncil.org&rft.atitle=List+of+Recognized+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakistanbarcouncil.org%2Frecognized-universities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1033561/llb-degree-to-require-five-years-of-education-lahore-city/">"LLB degree to require five years of education"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=LLB+degree+to+require+five+years+of+education&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1033561%2Fllb-degree-to-require-five-years-of-education-lahore-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nus.edu.sg/nus-law-launches-juris-doctor-programme/">"NUS Law launches Juris Doctor programme"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NUS+Law+launches+Juris+Doctor+programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nus.edu.sg%2Fnus-law-launches-juris-doctor-programme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115092850/http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/practising-as-a-lawyer/admission/req/qp/nus.html">"I graduated from the National University of Singapore (NUS) or one of its predecessors – Ministry of Law"</a>. <i>mlaw.gov.sg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/practising-as-a-lawyer/admission/req/qp/nus.html">the original</a> on 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlaw.gov.sg&rft.atitle=I+graduated+from+the+National+University+of+Singapore+%28NUS%29+or+one+of+its+predecessors+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlaw.gov.sg%2Fpractising-as-a-lawyer%2Fadmission%2Freq%2Fqp%2Fnus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726092702/http://web.wits.ac.za/Academic/CLM/Law/DegreesAndCourses/LLB.htm">"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, LLB"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.wits.ac.za/Academic/CLM/Law/DegreesAndCourses/LLB.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+the+Witwatersrand%2C+Johannesburg%2C+LLB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.wits.ac.za%2FAcademic%2FCLM%2FLaw%2FDegreesAndCourses%2FLLB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309083338/http://brochure.unisa.ac.za/brochure/showprev.aspx?d=l_1_3&f=p_03492">"Unisa Cart – Info"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brochure.unisa.ac.za/brochure/showprev.aspx?d=l_1_3&f=p_03492">the original</a> on 9 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unisa+Cart+%E2%80%93+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrochure.unisa.ac.za%2Fbrochure%2Fshowprev.aspx%3Fd%3Dl_1_3%26f%3Dp_03492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.law.uct.ac.za/generic.php?m=/general/practice.php">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424052842/http://www.law.uct.ac.za/generic.php?m=%2Fgeneral%2Fpractice.php">Archived</a> 24 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unisa.ac.za-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unisa.ac.za_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unisa.ac.za_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7007">"This website was recently revamped"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+website+was+recently+revamped&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unisa.ac.za%2FDefault.asp%3FCmd%3DViewContent%26ContentID%3D7007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127143640/http://law.ufh.ac.za/pages/pospective.html">"The Tudors"</a>. <i>ufh.ac.za</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.ufh.ac.za/pages/pospective.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ufh.ac.za&rft.atitle=The+Tudors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.ufh.ac.za%2Fpages%2Fpospective.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law.uct.ac.za-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law.uct.ac.za_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law.uct.ac.za_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121085754/http://www.law.uct.ac.za/prospectivestud/progs/basic_legal/">"Faculty of Law / Prospective students / Programmes offered"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uct.ac.za/prospectivestud/progs/basic_legal/">the original</a> on 21 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+of+Law+%2F+Prospective+students+%2F+Programmes+offered&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.uct.ac.za%2Fprospectivestud%2Fprogs%2Fbasic_legal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA_electives-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SA_electives_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SA_electives_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example these degree outlines: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.uct.ac.za/courses/law-courses">UCT</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Register-to-study-through-Unisa/Undergraduate-&-honours-qualifications/Find-your-qualification-&-choose-your-modules/All-qualifications/Bachelor-of-Laws-(98680-%E2%80%93-NEW)">UNISA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wits.ac.za/course-finder/undergraduate/clm/llb-law/">Wits</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisa.ac.za/qualifications/index.asp?link=http://www.unisa.ac.za/qualifications/Navigation/l_CLAW_99.html">"Undergraduate and honours qualifications"</a>. <i>unisa.ac.za</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unisa.ac.za&rft.atitle=Undergraduate+and+honours+qualifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unisa.ac.za%2Fqualifications%2Findex.asp%3Flink%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.unisa.ac.za%2Fqualifications%2FNavigation%2Fl_CLAW_99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728233206/http://www.labour.gov.za/downloads/documents/research-documents/Law_DoL_Report.pdf">"Microsoft Word – Law_DoL_Report.doc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Labour.gov.za</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labour.gov.za/downloads/documents/research-documents/Law_DoL_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Labour.gov.za&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Word+%E2%80%93+Law_DoL_Report.doc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour.gov.za%2Fdownloads%2Fdocuments%2Fresearch-documents%2FLaw_DoL_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finweek.com/2012/10/15/the-declining-south-african-llb/"><i>The declining South African LLB</i></a>, finweek.com; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130613155812925">Low-skilled lawyers prompt calls for law degree reform</a>, University World News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Scrap-4-year-LLB-degree-Ngoepe-20140419"><i>Scrap 4 year LLB degree – Ngoepe</i></a>, news24.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wits.ac.za/newsroom/newsitems/201404/23367/news_item_23367.html"><i>Changes to undergraduate LLB</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218193448/http://www.wits.ac.za/newsroom/newsitems/201404/23367/news_item_23367.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, wits.ac.za</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.ac.za/orientationgateway/departmentsandfaculties/courseandcurriculum/law/">Law Degree Structure: BACHELOR OF LAWS (LLB)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029163204/http://www.ru.ac.za/orientationgateway/departmentsandfaculties/courseandcurriculum/law/">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ru.ac.za.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2uksAAAAYAAJ&q=%22University+of+London%22+Carlow"><i>Minutes of the Senate ...: With Indexes. 1837–1850 – University of London</i></a>. 16 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+the+Senate+...%3A+With+Indexes.+1837%E2%80%931850+%E2%80%93+University+of+London&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2uksAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522University%2Bof%2BLondon%2522%2BCarlow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424055127/http://www.uz.ac.zw/law/history.htm">"facultyoflaw: Brief History"</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uz.ac.zw/law/history.htm">the original</a> on 24 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=facultyoflaw%3A+Brief+History&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uz.ac.zw%2Flaw%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/course/undergraduate/llb-law">"Undergraduate LLB Law Course"</a>. <i>University of East Anglia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+East+Anglia&rft.atitle=Undergraduate+LLB+Law+Course&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uea.ac.uk%2Fcourse%2Fundergraduate%2Fllb-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bournemouthllb-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bournemouthllb_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823180247/http://onlineservices.bournemouth.ac.uk/courses/Course.aspx?course=73&name=Law">"Law LLB(Hons)"</a>. Bournemouth University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlineservices.bournemouth.ac.uk/courses/Course.aspx?course=73&name=Law">the original</a> on 23 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+LLB%28Hons%29&rft.pub=Bournemouth+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlineservices.bournemouth.ac.uk%2Fcourses%2FCourse.aspx%3Fcourse%3D73%26name%3DLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-staffsllb-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-staffsllb_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115145450/http://www.staffs.ac.uk/courses_and_study/courses/law-twoyear-degree-tcm4213478.jsp">"Law (Two-year degree)"</a>. Staffordshire University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staffs.ac.uk/courses_and_study/courses/law-twoyear-degree-tcm4213478.jsp">the original</a> on 15 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+%28Two-year+degree%29&rft.pub=Staffordshire+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staffs.ac.uk%2Fcourses_and_study%2Fcourses%2Flaw-twoyear-degree-tcm4213478.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iium.edu.my/aikol/programmes-courses/undergraduate-programmes/bachelor-law-shariah-llbs">"International Islamic University Malaysia"</a>. <i>iium.edu.my</i>. 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iium.edu.my&rft.atitle=International+Islamic+University+Malaysia&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iium.edu.my%2Faikol%2Fprogrammes-courses%2Fundergraduate-programmes%2Fbachelor-law-shariah-llbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usim.edu.my/usimweb/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88&Itemid=148">"En. Muhammad Haizuan Rozali, Pendaftar Usim"</a>. <i>Usim.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php">University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081148/http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php">Archived</a> 26 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 28 May 2008. 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(the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJYale-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJYale_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJYale_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattman2007" class="citation web cs1">Lattman, Peter (28 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/09/28/why-did-law-schools-switch-from-llbs-to-jds/">"Why Did Law Schools Switch from LLBs to JDs?"</a>. Wall Street Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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