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href="#Early_history_and_the_Beothuks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early history and the Beothuks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_and_the_Beothuks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dorset_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dorset_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Dorset culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dorset_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beothuk_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beothuk_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Beothuk settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beothuk_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 European contact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_settlement_and_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_settlement_and_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 European settlement and conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_settlement_and_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Triangular_Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triangular_Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Triangular Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triangular_Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 British colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_United_Irish_Conspiracy_and_Catholic_Emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_United_Irish_Conspiracy_and_Catholic_Emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 The United Irish Conspiracy and Catholic Emancipation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_United_Irish_Conspiracy_and_Catholic_Emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achievement_of_home_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achievement_of_home_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Achievement of home rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achievement_of_home_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_of_responsible_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_of_responsible_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Era of responsible government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_of_responsible_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Dominion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Dominion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 British Dominion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Dominion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_and_the_Fisherman's_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_and_the_Fisherman's_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Reform and the Fisherman's Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_and_the_Fisherman's_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_and_its_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_and_its_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 First World War and its aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_and_its_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commission_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commission_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Commission government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commission_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Great_Depression_and_the_return_of_colonial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Depression_and_the_return_of_colonial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 The Great Depression and the return of colonial rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Depression_and_the_return_of_colonial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_National_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_National_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 The National Convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_National_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Canadian province </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_referendums_on_confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_referendums_on_confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 The referendums on confederation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_referendums_on_confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959_Woodworkers'_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959_Woodworkers'_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 1959 Woodworkers' strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959_Woodworkers'_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resettlement_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Resettlement programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 The COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Primary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Secondary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tertiary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Government and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ferries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ferries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Newfoundland and Labrador</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_en_Labrador" title="Newfoundland en Labrador – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Newfoundland en Labrador" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%91%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%8B%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%AD" title="ኑፈንላንድና ላብረዶር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኑፈንላንድና ላብረዶር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwgefundenland_and_Labrador" title="Niwgefundenland and Labrador – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niwgefundenland and Labrador" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيوفندلاند ولابرادور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيوفندلاند ولابرادور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95_%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%95%DC%98%DC%AA" title="ܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranova_y_Labrador" title="Terranova y Labrador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Terranova y Labrador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%94_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="न्यूफ़ाउण्डलैण्ड औ लैब्राडोर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="न्यूफ़ाउण्डलैण्ड औ लैब्राडोर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyufaundlend_v%C9%99_Labrador" title="Nyufaundlend və Labrador – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nyufaundlend və Labrador" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیوفاندلند و لابرادور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیوفاندلند و لابرادور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_miwah_Labrador" title="Newfoundland miwah Labrador – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Newfoundland miwah Labrador" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0" title="নিউফাউন্ডল্যান্ড ও লাব্রাডর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউফাউন্ডল্যান্ড ও লাব্রাডর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_kap_Labrador" title="Newfoundland kap Labrador – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Newfoundland kap Labrador" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаўндленд і Лабрадор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ньюфаўндленд і Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаўндлэнд і Лябрадор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ньюфаўндлэнд і Лябрадор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нюфаундленд и Лабрадор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нюфаундленд и Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_i_Labrador" title="Newfoundland i Labrador – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Newfoundland i Labrador" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar-Nevez_ha_Labrador" title="Douar-Nevez ha Labrador – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar-Nevez ha Labrador" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд ба Лабрадор – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ньюфаундленд ба Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranova_i_Labrador" title="Terranova i Labrador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terranova i Labrador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Newfoundland and Labrador" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_a_Labrador" title="Newfoundland a Labrador – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Newfoundland a Labrador" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_a_Labrador" title="Newfoundland a Labrador – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Newfoundland a Labrador" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_og_Labrador" title="Newfoundland og Labrador – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Newfoundland og Labrador" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neufundland_und_Labrador" title="Neufundland und Labrador – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neufundland und Labrador" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_ja_Labrador" title="Newfoundland ja Labrador – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Newfoundland ja Labrador" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81" title="Νέα Γη και Λαμπραντόρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέα Γη και Λαμπραντόρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranova_y_Labrador" title="Terranova y Labrador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terranova y Labrador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novlando_kaj_Labradoro" title="Novlando kaj Labradoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novlando kaj Labradoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternua_eta_Labrador" title="Ternua eta Labrador – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ternua eta Labrador" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیوفاندلند و لابرادور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوفاندلند و لابرادور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDfundland_og_Labrador" title="Nýfundland og Labrador – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nýfundland og Labrador" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador" title="Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijf%C3%BBnl%C3%A2n_en_Labrador" title="Nijfûnlân en Labrador – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nijfûnlân en Labrador" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talamh_an_%C3%89isc_agus_Labradar" title="Talamh an Éisc agus Labradar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Talamh an Éisc agus Labradar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalloo_yn_Eeast_as_Labrador" title="Thalloo yn Eeast as Labrador – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thalloo yn Eeast as Labrador" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Talamh_%C3%99r_is_Labrador" title="An Talamh Ùr is Labrador – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Talamh Ùr is Labrador" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador" title="Terra Nova e Labrador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra Nova e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_l%C3%A2u_Labrador-s%C3%A9n" title="Newfoundland lâu Labrador-sén – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Newfoundland lâu Labrador-sén" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%ED%8E%80%EB%93%A4%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EB%9E%98%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="뉴펀들랜드 래브라도주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴펀들랜드 래브라도주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D6%87_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Նյուֆաունդլենդ և Լաբրադոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյուֆաունդլենդ և Լաբրադոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="न्यूफ़नलैण्ड और लैब्राडोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूफ़नलैण्ड और लैब्राडोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_i_Labrador" title="Newfoundland i Labrador – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Newfoundland i Labrador" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_e_Labrador" title="Newfoundland e Labrador – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Newfoundland e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_dan_Labrador" title="Newfoundland dan Labrador – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Newfoundland dan Labrador" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Fundland_e_Labrador" title="Nov-Fundland e Labrador – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nov-Fundland e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд æмæ Лабрадор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ньюфаундленд æмæ Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDfundnaland_og_Labrador" title="Nýfundnaland og Labrador – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýfundnaland og Labrador" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranova_e_Labrador" title="Terranova e Labrador – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terranova e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ניופאונדלנד ולברדור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניופאונדלנד ולברדור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranova_at_Labrador" title="Terranova at Labrador – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Terranova at Labrador" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიუფაუნდლენდი და ლაბრადორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუფაუნდლენდი და ლაბრადორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд және Лабрадор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ньюфаундленд және Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_Nowydh_ha_Labrador" title="Tir Nowydh ha Labrador – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tir Nowydh ha Labrador" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Newfoundland and Labrador" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_%C3%BB_Labrador" title="Newfoundland û Labrador – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Newfoundland û Labrador" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_i_Labrador" title="Newfoundland i Labrador – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Newfoundland i Labrador" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Nova_et_Terra_Laboratoria" title="Terra Nova et Terra Laboratoria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra Nova et Terra Laboratoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85%C5%ABfaundlenda_un_Labradora" title="Ņūfaundlenda un Labradora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņūfaundlenda un Labradora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neifundland_a_Labrador" title="Neifundland a Labrador – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Neifundland a Labrador" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niufaundlandas_ir_Labradoras" title="Niufaundlandas ir Labradoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niufaundlandas ir Labradoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6raneuva_e_Labrador" title="Tæraneuva e Labrador – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tæraneuva e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_en_Labrador" title="Newfoundland en Labrador – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Newfoundland en Labrador" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj-Fundland_%C3%A9s_Labrador" title="Új-Fundland és Labrador – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Új-Fundland és Labrador" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Њуфаундленд и Лабрадор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Њуфаундленд и Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC" title="ന്യൂഫൗണ്ടൻലാൻഡ് ആന്റ് ലാബ്രഡോർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂഫൗണ്ടൻലാൻഡ് ആന്റ് ലാബ്രഡോർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_u_Labrador" title="Newfoundland u Labrador – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Newfoundland u Labrador" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="न्यूफाउंडलंड आणि लाब्राडोर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यूफाउंडलंड आणि लाब्राडोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიუფაუნდლენდი დო ლაბრადორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიუფაუნდლენდი დო ლაბრადორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيوفاوندلاند و لابرادور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيوفاوندلاند و لابرادور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیوفاندلند و لابرادور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیوفاندلند و لابرادور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_dan_Labrador" title="Newfoundland dan Labrador – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Newfoundland dan Labrador" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_g%C3%A2e%CC%A4ng_Labrador" title="Newfoundland gâe̤ng Labrador – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Newfoundland gâe̤ng Labrador" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд ба Лабрадор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ньюфаундленд ба Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="နယူးဖောင်လန် နှင့် လာဘရာဒေါ ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယူးဖောင်လန် နှင့် လာဘရာဒေါ ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_en_Labrador" title="Newfoundland en Labrador – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Newfoundland en Labrador" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9E" title="ニューファンドランド・ラブラドール州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューファンドランド・ラブラドール州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neufundland_an_Labrador" title="Neufundland an Labrador – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neufundland an Labrador" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_og_Labrador" title="Newfoundland og Labrador – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Newfoundland og Labrador" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_og_Labrador" title="Newfoundland og Labrador – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Newfoundland og Labrador" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rran%C3%B2va_e_Labrador" title="Tèrranòva e Labrador – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrranòva e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyufaundlend_va_Labrador" title="Nyufaundlend va Labrador – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nyufaundlend va Labrador" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨਿਊਫ਼ਿਨਲੈਂਡ ਅਤੇ ਲਾਬਰਾਡੋਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਊਫ਼ਿਨਲੈਂਡ ਅਤੇ ਲਾਬਰਾਡੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیو فاؤنڈ لینڈ تے لیبراڈور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیو فاؤنڈ لینڈ تے لیبراڈور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraneuva_e_Labrador" title="Teraneuva e Labrador – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Teraneuva e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Fundlandia_i_Labrador" title="Nowa Fundlandia i Labrador – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowa Fundlandia i Labrador" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador" title="Terra Nova e Labrador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra Nova e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_%C8%99i_Labrador" title="Newfoundland și Labrador – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Newfoundland și Labrador" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_wan_Labrador_pruwinsya" title="Newfoundland wan Labrador pruwinsya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Newfoundland wan Labrador pruwinsya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нюфаундленд и Лабрадор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нюфаундленд и Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд и Лабрадор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньюфаундленд и Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд уонна Лабрадор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньюфаундленд уонна Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranoa_e_Labrador" title="Terranoa e Labrador – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Terranoa e Labrador" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_an_Labrador" title="Newfoundland an Labrador – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Newfoundland an Labrador" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toka_e_Re_dhe_Labradori" title="Toka e Re dhe Labradori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toka e Re dhe Labradori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D,_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="නිව්ෆවුන්ඩ්ලන්ඩ් සහ ලැබ්‍රඩෝ, කැනඩාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිව්ෆවුන්ඩ්ලන්ඩ් සහ ලැබ්‍රඩෝ, කැනඩාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Newfoundland and Labrador" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A_%DB%BD_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%8A%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_a_Labrador" title="Newfoundland a Labrador – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Newfoundland a Labrador" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Fundlandija_in_Labrador" title="Nova Fundlandija in Labrador – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nova Fundlandija in Labrador" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B1" title="نیوفاندلەند و لابرادۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیوفاندلەند و لابرادۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Њуфаундленд и Лабрадор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њуфаундленд и Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_i_Labrador" title="Newfoundland i Labrador – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Newfoundland i Labrador" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_ja_Labrador" title="Newfoundland ja Labrador – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Newfoundland ja Labrador" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_och_Labrador" title="Newfoundland och Labrador – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Newfoundland och Labrador" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_at_Labrador" title="Newfoundland at Labrador – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Newfoundland at Labrador" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நியூஃபவுன்லாந்து மற்றும் லாப்ரடோர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூஃபவுன்லாந்து மற்றும் லாப்ரடோர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд һәм Лабрадор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ньюфаундленд һәм Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐนิวฟันด์แลนด์และแลบราดอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐนิวฟันด์แลนด์และแลบราดอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_ve_Labrador" title="Newfoundland ve Labrador – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Newfoundland ve Labrador" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ньюфаундленд і Лабрадор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ньюфаундленд і Лабрадор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیو فاؤنڈ لینڈ اور لیبراڈور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیو فاؤنڈ لینڈ اور لیبراڈور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9wfundland_%C3%96lkisi" title="Néwfundland Ölkisi – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Néwfundland Ölkisi" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teran%C3%B3va_e_%C5%81abrador" title="Teranóva e Łabrador – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Teranóva e Łabrador" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_v%C3%A0_Labrador" title="Newfoundland và Labrador – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Newfoundland và Labrador" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nula-Faunl%C3%A4n_%C3%A4_Labrador%C3%A4n" title="Nula-Faunlän ä Labradorän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nula-Faunlän ä Labradorän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_ja_Labrador" title="Newfoundland ja Labrador – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Newfoundland ja Labrador" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%88%87%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E7%9C%81" title="紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_ngan_Labrador" title="Newfoundland ngan Labrador – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Newfoundland ngan Labrador" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E6%90%AD%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E7%9C%81" title="纽芬兰搭拉布拉多省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纽芬兰搭拉布拉多省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8" title="נייפונדלאנד און לאבראדאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נייפונדלאנד און לאבראדאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_%C3%A0ti_Labrador" title="Newfoundland àti Labrador – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Newfoundland àti Labrador" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%88%87%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A" title="紐芬蘭與拉布拉多 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紐芬蘭與拉布拉多" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_%C3%BB_Labrador" title="Newfoundland û Labrador – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Newfoundland û Labrador" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niufaundlands_%C4%97_Labraduors" title="Niufaundlands ė 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&params=53_13_48_N_59_59_57_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-NL">53°13′48″N 59°59′57″W / 53.23000°N 59.99917°W / 53.23000; -59.99917</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Newfoundland" redirects here. For the island, see <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland (island)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Newfoundland (disambiguation)">Newfoundland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Newfoundland and Labrador</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">French</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador"><img alt="Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/125px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/188px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/250px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador"><img alt="Coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/77px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/116px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/154px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="526" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Quaerite prime regnum Dei (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) "Seek ye first the kingdom of God" (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 6:33)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <div class="" style="width:300px"><div style="position: relative; width:300px;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 7.9%; top: 59.4%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 18.4%; top: 62.2%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 27.8%; top: 67%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 37.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 50%; top: 71.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 68.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 79.6%; top: 76%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 83.9%; top: 70.8%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 86.8%; top: 77%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 90.4%; top: 62.7%; padding: 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 8%; top: 32.5%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 21.4%; top: 40.2%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 39.3%; top: 42.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Newfoundland_and_Labrador_in_Canada_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian Provinces and Territories"><img alt="Canadian Provinces and Territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_in_Canada_2.svg/300px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador_in_Canada_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_in_Canada_2.svg/450px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador_in_Canada_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_in_Canada_2.svg/600px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador_in_Canada_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&params=53_13_48_N_59_59_57_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-NL">53°13′48″N 59°59′57″W / 53.23000°N 59.99917°W / 53.23000; -59.99917</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before confederation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">March 31, 1949 (12th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(and largest city)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_metropolitan_area" title="St. John's metropolitan area">Greater St. John's</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Lieutenant governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Marie_Aylward" title="Joan Marie Aylward">Joan Marie Aylward</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Furey" title="Andrew Furey">Andrew Furey</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federal representation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 of 338 (2.1%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_senators" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador senators">6 of 105</a> (5.7%)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">405,212 km2 (156,453 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">373,872 km2 (144,353 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">31,340 km2 (12,100 sq mi)  7.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">10th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">4.1% of Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">510,550<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2021-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(Q4 2024)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">545,880<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">9th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1.37/km2 (3.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland (Island)">Newfoundlander</a> <a href="/wiki/Labradorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Labradorian">Labradorian</a> (see notes)<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>)<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">8th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total (2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">CA$33.624 billion<a href="#cite_note-GDP2011-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CA$65,556 (5th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • HDI (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.900<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a>—Very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index">13th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Canada" title="Time in Canada">Time zones</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Newfoundland</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-03:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-03:30">UTC-03:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Time_Zone" title="Newfoundland Time Zone">Newfoundland Time Zone</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labrador (<a href="/wiki/Black_Tickle" title="Black Tickle">Black Tickle</a> and North)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-04:00">UTC-04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic Time Zone</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_abbreviations_for_provinces_and_territories" title="Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories">Canadian postal abbr.</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">NL (formerly NF)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code prefix</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_A_Postal_Codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of A Postal Codes of Canada">A</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CA" title="ISO 3166-2:CA">CA-NL</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea" title="Sarracenia purpurea">Pitcher plant</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Black spruce">Black spruce</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Rankings include all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Newfoundland and Labrador<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> is the easternmost <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province of Canada</a>, in the country's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic region</a>. The province comprises the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> and the continental region of <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, having a total size of 405,212 km2 (156,453 sq mi). As of 2024 the population of Newfoundland and Labrador was estimated to be 545,247.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> The island of Newfoundland (and its smaller neighbouring islands) is home to around 94 per cent of the province's population, with more than half residing in the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula" title="Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</a>. Labrador has a land border with both the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, as well as a short border with the territory of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> on <a href="/wiki/Killiniq_Island" title="Killiniq Island">Killiniq Island</a>. The French <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> lies about 20 km (12 mi) west of the <a href="/wiki/Burin_Peninsula" title="Burin Peninsula">Burin Peninsula</a>. According to the 2016 census, 97.0% of residents reported English as their native language, making Newfoundland and Labrador Canada's most linguistically homogeneous province. Much of the population is descended from English and Irish settlers, with the majority immigrating from the early 17th century to the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, the capital and largest city of Newfoundland and Labrador, is Canada's 22nd-largest <a href="/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada" title="Census geographic units of Canada">census metropolitan area</a> and home to about 40% of the province's population. St. John's is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador">House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador</a> as well as the province's highest court, the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal">Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal</a>. Until 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> was a separate <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> in the British Empire. In 1933, the House of Assembly of the self-governing dominion voted to dissolve itself and to hand over administration of Newfoundland and Labrador to the British-appointed <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Commission_of_Government" title="Newfoundland Commission of Government">Commission of Government</a>. This followed the suffering caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and Newfoundland's participation in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. On March 31, 1949, it became the 10th and most recent province to join the Canadian Confederation as "Newfoundland". On December 6, 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> was amended to <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">change the province's name</a> from "Newfoundland" to "Newfoundland and Labrador". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> The name "New founde lande" was uttered by <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VII">King Henry VII</a> about the land explored by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, it is Terra Nova (while the province's full name is Terra Nova e Labrador), which literally means "new land" and is also the French name for the province's island region (Terre-Neuve). The name "Terra Nova" is in wide use on the island (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_National_Park" title="Terra Nova National Park">Terra Nova National Park</a>). The influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)#Chronology_of_the_Portuguese_discoveries" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese navigator</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Labrador's name in the <a href="/wiki/Inuttitut" title="Inuttitut">Inuttitut</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> language (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a>) is Nunatsuak (ᓄᓇᑦᓱᐊᒃ), meaning "the big land" (a common English nickname for Labrador<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a>). Newfoundland's Inuttitut/Inuktitut name is Ikkarumikluak (ᐃᒃᑲᕈᒥᒃᓗᐊᒃ), meaning "place of many shoals". Newfoundland and Labrador's Inuttitut / Inuktitut name is Ikkarumikluak aamma Nunatsuak. Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is the French name used in the Constitution of Canada. However, <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a> is not widely spoken in Newfoundland and Labrador and is not an official language at the provincial level. On April 29, 1999, the government of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Tobin" title="Brian Tobin">Brian Tobin</a> passed a motion in the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_House_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland House of Assembly">Newfoundland House of Assembly</a> requesting the federal government amend the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act</a> to change the province's name to "Newfoundland and Labrador". A resolution approving the name change was put forward in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in October 2001, introduced by Tobin who had moved to federal politics. Premier <a href="/wiki/Roger_Grimes" title="Roger Grimes">Roger Grimes</a> stated: "The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador is firmly committed to ensuring official recognition of Labrador as an equal partner in this province, and a constitutional name change of our province will reiterate that commitment".<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Following approval by the House of Commons and the Senate, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> officially proclaimed the name change on December 6, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador">Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, situated in the northeastern region of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-18">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Belle_Isle" title="Strait of Belle Isle">Strait of Belle Isle</a> separates the province into two geographical parts: Labrador, connected to mainland Canada, and Newfoundland, an island in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sve-19">[17]</a> The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands.<a href="#cite_note-atlas-20">[18]</a> The highest point of the province is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Caubvick" title="Mount Caubvick">Mount Caubvick</a> with the highest point on Newfoundland being <a href="/wiki/Cabox" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabox">Cabox</a>. Newfoundland has a roughly triangular shape. Each side is about 400 km (250 mi) long, and its area is 108,860 km2 (42,030 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-atlas-20">[18]</a> Newfoundland and its neighbouring small islands (excluding French possessions) have an area of 111,390 km2 (43,010 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-NF_gov-21">[19]</a> Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N.<a href="#cite_note-abc-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-cde-23">[21]</a> Labrador is also roughly triangular in shape: the western part of its border with <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a>. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, and the rest belongs to Quebec. Most of Labrador's southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labrador's extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a short border with <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> on <a href="/wiki/Killiniq_Island" title="Killiniq Island">Killiniq Island</a>. Labrador also has a maritime border with <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Labrador's land area (including associated small islands) is 294,330 km2 (113,640 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-NF_gov-21">[19]</a> Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4.06 per cent of Canada's area,<a href="#cite_note-atlas_area-24">[22]</a> with a total area of 405,720 km2 (156,650 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador">Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NLW_Table2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/NLW_Table2_tango7174.jpg/220px-NLW_Table2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/NLW_Table2_tango7174.jpg/330px-NLW_Table2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/NLW_Table2_tango7174.jpg/440px-NLW_Table2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Mountains" title="Long Range Mountains">Long Range Mountains</a> on Newfoundland's west coast are the northernmost extension of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> Labrador is the easternmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>, a vast area of ancient <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> making up much of northeastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Colliding <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">tectonic</a> plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland. <a href="/wiki/Gros_Morne_National_Park" title="Gros Morne National Park">Gros Morne National Park</a> has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work,<a href="#cite_note-just-26">[24]</a> and as such has been designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Mountains" title="Long Range Mountains">Long Range Mountains</a> on Newfoundland's west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sve-19">[17]</a> The north-south extent of the province (46°36′N to 60°22′N), prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province.<a href="#cite_note-tre-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Newfoundland, in broad terms, has a cool summer subtype, with a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> attributable to its proximity to water — no part of the island is more than 100 km (62 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-28">[26]</a> However, Northern Labrador is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> climate, and southern Labrador has a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ses-29">[27]</a> Newfoundland and Labrador contain a range of climates and weather patterns, including frequent combinations of high winds, snow, rain, and fog, conditions that regularly made travel by road, air, or ferry challenging or impossible.<a href="#cite_note-:10-28">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newfoundland_and_Labrador_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Newfoundland and Labrador</figcaption></figure> Monthly average temperatures, rainfall levels, and snowfall levels for four locations are shown in the attached graphs. <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a> represents the east coast, <a href="/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador">Gander</a> the interior of the island, <a href="/wiki/Corner_Brook" title="Corner Brook">Corner Brook</a> the west coast of the island and <a href="/wiki/Wabush,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabush, Newfoundland and Labrador">Wabush</a> the interior of Labrador. Climate data for 56 places in the province is available from <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The data for the graphs is the average over 30 years. Error bars on the temperature graph indicate the range of daytime highs and night time lows. Snowfall is the total amount that fell during the month, not the amount accumulated on the ground. This distinction is particularly important for St. John's, where a heavy snowfall can be followed by rain, so no snow remains on the ground. Surface water temperatures on the Atlantic side reach a summer average of 12 °C (54 °F) inshore and 9 °C (48 °F) offshore to winter lows of −1 °C (30 °F) inshore and 2 °C (36 °F) offshore.<a href="#cite_note-ghi-31">[29]</a> Sea temperatures on the west coast are warmer than Atlantic side by 1–3 °C (approximately 2–5 °F). The sea keeps winter temperatures slightly higher and summer temperatures a little lower on the coast than inland.<a href="#cite_note-ghi-31">[29]</a> The maritime climate produces more variable weather, ample precipitation in a variety of forms, greater <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, lower visibility, more clouds, less sunshine, and higher winds than a continental climate.<a href="#cite_note-ghi-31">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Newfoundland and Labrador<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Climate_Normals_or_Averages_1971–2000-32">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>July (°C) </th> <th>July (°F) </th> <th>January (°C) </th> <th>January (°F) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a></td> <td>20/11</td> <td>68/52</td> <td>−1/−9</td> <td>30/16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor" title="Grand Falls-Windsor">Grand Falls-Windsor</a></td> <td>23/11</td> <td>73/52</td> <td>−2/–12</td> <td>27/9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador">Gander</a></td> <td>21/11</td> <td>71/51</td> <td>−3/−12</td> <td>26/11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corner_Brook" title="Corner Brook">Corner Brook</a></td> <td>22/13</td> <td>71/55</td> <td>−3/−10</td> <td>28/15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephenville,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador">Stephenville</a></td> <td>20/12</td> <td>68/54</td> <td>−2/−9</td> <td>27/15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fogo_Island,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Fogo Island, Newfoundland and Labrador">Fogo Island</a></td> <td>19/10</td> <td>66/50</td> <td>−3/–9</td> <td>26/16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labrador_City" title="Labrador City">Labrador City</a></td> <td>19/8</td> <td>66/47</td> <td>−16/–27</td> <td>2/–18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley-Goose_Bay" title="Happy Valley-Goose Bay">Happy Valley-Goose Bay</a></td> <td>21/10</td> <td>69/50</td> <td>−12/−22</td> <td>9/−8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nain,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador">Nain</a></td> <td>15/5</td> <td>59/41</td> <td>−14/−23</td> <td>7/−10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">History of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#History" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_and_the_Beothuks">Early history and the Beothuks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history and the Beothuks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_au_Choix_Artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Port_au_Choix_Artwork.jpg/220px-Port_au_Choix_Artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Port_au_Choix_Artwork.jpg/330px-Port_au_Choix_Artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Port_au_Choix_Artwork.jpg/440px-Port_au_Choix_Artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>An artistic depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a> culture, at the <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Choix_Archaeological_Site" title="Port au Choix Archaeological Site">Port au Choix Archaeological Site</a>. The Maritime <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Period_(Americas)" title="Archaic Period (Americas)">Archaic</a> peoples were the first to settle Newfoundland.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dorset_culture">Dorset culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dorset culture">edit</a>]</div> Human habitation in Newfoundland and Labrador can be traced back about 9,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a> peoples were <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">sea-mammal</a> hunters in the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogucki-34">[32]</a> They prospered along the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Atlantic Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> from about 7000 BC to 1500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Their settlements included <a href="/wiki/Longhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhouses">longhouses</a> and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses.<a href="#cite_note-Bogucki-34">[32]</a> They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, a rock quarried from northern Labrador to <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The southern branch of these people was established on the north peninsula of Newfoundland by 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-pastore-37">[35]</a> The Maritime Archaic period is best known from a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary">mortuary</a> site in Newfoundland at <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Choix" title="Port au Choix">Port au Choix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogucki-34">[32]</a> The Maritime Archaic peoples were gradually displaced by people of the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a> (Late <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimo</a>) who also occupied Port au Choix. The number of their sites discovered on Newfoundland indicates they may have been the most numerous Aboriginal people to live there. They thrived from about 2000 BC to 800 AD. Many of their sites were on exposed <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headlands</a> and outer islands. They were more oriented to the sea than earlier peoples, and had developed sleds and boats similar to <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaks</a>. They burned seal <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> in soapstone lamps.<a href="#cite_note-pastore-37">[35]</a> <blockquote>Many of these sites, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Choix" title="Port au Choix">Port au Choix</a>, recently excavated by Memorial archaeologist, Priscilla Renouf, are quite large and show evidence of a long-term commitment to place. Renouf has excavated huge amounts of <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a> bones at Port au Choix, indicating that this place was a prime location for the hunting of these animals.<a href="#cite_note-pastore-37">[35]</a></blockquote> The people of the Dorset culture (800 BC – 1500 AD) were highly adapted to a cold climate, and much of their food came from hunting sea mammals through holes in the ice.<a href="#cite_note-Wonders-38">[36]</a> The massive decline in sea ice during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a> would have had a devastating effect upon their way of life.<a href="#cite_note-Wonders-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beothuk_settlement">Beothuk settlement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beothuk settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labrador_Eskimoindianer,_nach_den_Berichten_eines_Herrnhuter_Missionars,_1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Labrador_Eskimoindianer%2C_nach_den_Berichten_eines_Herrnhuter_Missionars%2C_1812.jpg/170px-Labrador_Eskimoindianer%2C_nach_den_Berichten_eines_Herrnhuter_Missionars%2C_1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Labrador_Eskimoindianer%2C_nach_den_Berichten_eines_Herrnhuter_Missionars%2C_1812.jpg/255px-Labrador_Eskimoindianer%2C_nach_den_Berichten_eines_Herrnhuter_Missionars%2C_1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Labrador_Eskimoindianer%2C_nach_den_Berichten_eines_Herrnhuter_Missionars%2C_1812.jpg/340px-Labrador_Eskimoindianer%2C_nach_den_Berichten_eines_Herrnhuter_Missionars%2C_1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> of Labrador, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1812</figcaption></figure> The appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Beothuk" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> culture is believed to be the most recent cultural manifestation of peoples who first migrated from Labrador to Newfoundland around 1 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, found mostly in Labrador, are the descendants of what <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> call the <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a>, who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 AD and spread eastwards across the <a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_tundra" title="High Arctic tundra">High Arctic tundra</a> reaching Labrador around 1300–1500.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Researchers believe the Dorset culture lacked the dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit an advantage.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The inhabitants eventually organized themselves into small <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">bands</a> of a few families, grouped into larger <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chieftainship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftainship">chieftainships</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a> are the inhabitants of an area they refer to as <a href="/wiki/Nitassinan" title="Nitassinan">Nitassinan</a>, i.e. most of what is now referred to as northeastern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and Labrador. Their subsistence activities were historically centered on hunting and trapping <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and small game.<a href="#cite_note-Luebering-42">[40]</a> Coastal clans also practiced agriculture, fished and managed <a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">maple sugar</a> bush.<a href="#cite_note-Luebering-42">[40]</a> The Innu engaged in tribal warfare along the coast of Labrador with Inuit groups that had large populations.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq</a> of southern Newfoundland spent most of their time on the shores harvesting seafood; during the winter they would move inland to the woods to hunt.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Over time, the Miꞌkmaq and Innu divided their lands into traditional "districts". Each district was independently governed and had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders and other worthy community leaders.<a href="#cite_note-William-45">[43]</a> In addition to the district councils, the Miꞌkmaq tribes also developed a Grand Council or Santé Mawiómi, which according to oral tradition was formed before 1600.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_contact">European contact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European contact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beothuk_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Beothuk_camp.jpg/220px-Beothuk_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Beothuk_camp.jpg/330px-Beothuk_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Beothuk_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Beothuk" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> encampment in Newfoundland, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18th century</figcaption></figure> By the time European contact with Newfoundland began in the early 16th century, the Beothuk were the only indigenous group living permanently on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-39">[37]</a> Unlike other groups in the Northeastern area of the Americas, the <a href="/wiki/Beothuk" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> never established sustained trading relations with European settlers. Their interactions were sporadic, and they largely attempted to avoid contact.<a href="#cite_note-Beothuk_Eve_of_Extinction-47">[45]</a> The establishment of English fishing operations on the outer coastline of the island, and their later expansion into bays and inlets, cut off access for the Beothuk to their traditional sources of food.<a href="#cite_note-Timothy_Severin_1977_p._768-97-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tim_Severin_1978-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-voices.nationalgeographic.com-50">[48]</a> In the 18th century, as the Beothuk were driven further inland by these encroachments, violence between Beothuk and settlers escalated, with each retaliating against the other in their competition for resources. By the early 19th century, violence, starvation, and exposure to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> had decimated the Beothuk population, and they were extinct by 1829.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-39">[37]</a> The oldest confirmed accounts of European contact date from a thousand years ago as described in the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> (Norse) <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Sagas">Icelandic Sagas</a>. Around the year 1001, the sagas refer to <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a> landing in three places to the west,<a href="#cite_note-Pálsson_1965_28-51">[49]</a> the first two being <a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>).<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vikings:_The_North_Atlantic_Saga-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Leif's third landing was at a place he called <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> (possibly Newfoundland).<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Archaeological evidence of a Norse settlement was found in <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, which was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> There are several other unconfirmed accounts of European discovery and exploration, one tale of men from the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> being blown off course in the late 15th century into a strange land full of fish,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> and another from Portuguese maps that depict the <a href="/wiki/Terra_do_Bacalhau" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra do Bacalhau">Terra do Bacalhau</a>, or land of <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">codfish</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>. The earliest, though, is the <a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Voyage of Saint Brendan</a>, the fantastical account of an Irish monk who made a sea voyage in the early 6th century. While the story became a part of myth and legend, some historians believe it is based on fact.<a href="#cite_note-Timothy_Severin_1977_p._768-97-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tim_Severin_1978-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-voices.nationalgeographic.com-50">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg/220px-Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg/330px-Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg/440px-Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bonavista" title="Cape Bonavista">Cape Bonavista</a>. The cape is officially cited as the area where Cabot landed in 1497, by the governments of Canada, and the United Kingdom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> In 1496, <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> obtained a charter from English <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VII">King Henry VII</a> to "sail to all parts, countries and seas of the East, the West and of the North, under our banner and ensign and to set up our banner on any new-found-land" and on June 24, 1497, landed in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bonavista" title="Cape Bonavista">Cape Bonavista</a>. Historians disagree on whether Cabot landed in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> in 1497 or in Newfoundland, or possibly Maine, if he landed at all, but the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom recognise Bonavista as being Cabot's "official" landing place. In 1499 and 1500, Portuguese mariners <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pero_de_Barcelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero de Barcelos">Pero de Barcelos</a> explored and mapped the coast, the former's name appearing as "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Based on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese Crown</a> claimed it had territorial rights in the area <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> visited in 1497 and 1498.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502, the <a href="/wiki/Corte-Real_family" title="Corte-Real family">Corte-Real brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar</a>, explored Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming them as part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-joao-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-62">[60]</a> In 1506, king <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pero_de_Barcelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero de Barcelos">Pero de Barcelos</a> established seasonal fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521, and older Portuguese settlements may have existed.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a>, provided with <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> from <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, landed in St. John's in August 1583, and formally took possession of the island.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_settlement_and_conflict">European settlement and conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European settlement and conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland Colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve (New France)</a></div> Sometime before 1563, <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> fishermen, who had been fishing <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> shoals off Newfoundland's coasts since the beginning of the sixteenth century, founded Plaisance (today <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Placentia</a>), a seasonal haven which French fishermen later used. In the Newfoundland <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> of the Basque seaman Domingo de Luca, dated 1563 and now in an archive in Spain, he asks "that my body be buried in this port of Plazençia in the place where those who die here are usually buried". This will is the oldest-known civil document written in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gilbert_plaque.jpg/170px-Gilbert_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gilbert_plaque.jpg/255px-Gilbert_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gilbert_plaque.jpg/340px-Gilbert_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's, Newfoundland">St. John's</a> commemorating the English claim over Newfoundland, and the beginning of the British overseas empire</figcaption></figure> Twenty years later, in 1583, Newfoundland became England's first possession in North America and one of the earliest permanent English colonies in the New World<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> when Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a> claimed it for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. European fishing boats had visited Newfoundland continuously since Cabot's second voyage in 1498 and seasonal fishing camps had existed for a century prior. Fishing boats originated from Basque country, England, France, and Portugal. In 1585, during the initial stages of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Drake" title="Bernard Drake">Bernard Drake</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)" title="Newfoundland expedition (1585)">devastating raid</a> on the Spanish and Portuguese fisheries. This provided an opportunity to secure the island and led to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary Governor">Proprietary Governors</a> to establish colonial settlements on the island from 1610 to 1728. <a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(colonial_administrator)" title="John Guy (colonial administrator)">John Guy</a> became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_lieutenant-governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador lieutenant-governors">governor</a> of the first settlement at <a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador">Cuper's Cove</a>. Other settlements included <a href="/wiki/Bristol%27s_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol's Hope">Bristol's Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renews" class="mw-redirect" title="Renews">Renews</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Cambriol" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cambriol">New Cambriol</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Falkland" title="South Falkland">South Falkland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avalon" title="Province of Avalon">Avalon</a> (which became a province in 1623). The first governor given jurisdiction over all of Newfoundland was Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Kirke" title="David Kirke">David Kirke</a> in 1638. Explorers quickly realized the waters around Newfoundland had the best fishing in the North Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] By 1620, 300 fishing boats worked the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a>, employing some 10,000 sailors; many continuing to come from the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, Normandy, or Brittany. They dried and salted <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> on the coast and sold it to Spain and Portugal. Heavy investment by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore" title="George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore">George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</a>, in the 1620s in wharves, warehouses, and fishing stations failed to pay off. French raids hurt the business, and the weather was terrible, so he redirected his attention to his <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">other colony in Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> After Calvert left, small-scale entrepreneurs such as Sir David Kirke made good use of the facilities.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Kirke became the first governor of Newfoundland in 1638. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triangular_Trade">Triangular Trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Triangular Trade">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a> with New England, the West Indies, and Europe gave Newfoundland an important economic role.<a href="#cite_note-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004-73">[71]</a> By the 1670s, there were 1,700 permanent residents and another 4,500 in the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> This trade relied upon the labour of enslaved people of African descent.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_Barrington_2012-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004-73">[71]</a> Salted cod from Newfoundland was used to feed the enslaved persons of African descent on <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">plantations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_Barrington_2012-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004-73">[71]</a> Products typically associated with Newfoundland such as molasses and rum (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Screech" title="Newfoundland Screech">Screech</a>), were produced by the enslaved persons of African descent on plantations in the West Indies, and shipped to Newfoundland and England on merchant ships.<a href="#cite_note-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004-73">[71]</a> Some merchants in Newfoundland enslaved persons of African descent such as St. John's merchant, Thomas Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ryan_(printer)" title="John Ryan (printer)">John Ryan</a>, merchant and publisher of the Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser, who resided in New Brunswick and Newfoundland, freed his enslaved servant Dinah, upon his death in Newfoundland in 1847, notably after the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act in 1833</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-78">[76]</a> Notably, the Kirke brothers who were merchants in the triangular trade, brought <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Le_Jeune" title="Olivier Le Jeune">Olivier Le Jeune</a> to New France, where he was sold in 1629.<a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-78">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Anglais_attaqu%C3%A9s_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Terre-Neuve_en_1696.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Les_Anglais_attaqu%C3%A9s_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Terre-Neuve_en_1696.jpg/170px-Les_Anglais_attaqu%C3%A9s_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Terre-Neuve_en_1696.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Les_Anglais_attaqu%C3%A9s_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Terre-Neuve_en_1696.jpg/255px-Les_Anglais_attaqu%C3%A9s_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Terre-Neuve_en_1696.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Les_Anglais_attaqu%C3%A9s_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Terre-Neuve_en_1696.jpg/340px-Les_Anglais_attaqu%C3%A9s_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Terre-Neuve_en_1696.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>French forces <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Avalon Peninsula campaign">sacking English settlements in Newfoundland</a> in 1696</figcaption></figure> In 1655, France appointed a governor in Plaisance (Placentia), the former Basque fishing settlement, thus starting a formal French colonization period in Newfoundland<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> as well as a period of periodic war and unrest between England and France in the region. The Miꞌkmaq, as allies of the French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst and fought alongside them against the English. English attacks on Placentia provoked retaliation by <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> who during <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> in the 1690s, destroyed nearly every English settlement on the island. The entire population of the English colony was either killed, captured for ransom, or sentenced to expulsion to England, with the exception of those who withstood the attack at <a href="/wiki/Carbonear_Island" title="Carbonear Island">Carbonear Island</a> and those in the then remote <a href="/wiki/Bonavista,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador">Bonavista</a>. After France lost political control of the area after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Siege of Port Royal in 1710</a>, the Miꞌkmaq engaged in warfare with the British throughout <a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a> (1722–1725), <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–1748), <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a> (1749–1755) and the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763). The French colonization period lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713, which ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>: France ceded to the British its claims to Newfoundland (including its claims to the shores of <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>) and to the French possessions in <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>. Afterward, under the supervision of the last French governor, the French population of Plaisance moved to Île Royale (now <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>), part of Acadia which remained then under French control. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> (1713), France had acknowledged British ownership of the island. However, in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763), control of Newfoundland once again became a major source of conflict between Britain, France and Spain, who all pressed for a share in the valuable fishery there. <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Britain's victories around the globe</a> led <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a> to insist nobody other than Britain should have access to Newfoundland. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Signal_Hill" title="Battle of Signal Hill">Battle of Signal Hill</a> was fought on September 15, 1762, and was the last battle of the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. A British force under Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Amherst_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Amherst (British Army officer)">William Amherst</a> recaptured <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> which the French had seized three months earlier in a surprise attack. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_de_la_descente_a_Terre_Neuve_par_le_chevalier_de_Ternay_en_1762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vue_de_la_descente_a_Terre_Neuve_par_le_chevalier_de_Ternay_en_1762.jpg/220px-Vue_de_la_descente_a_Terre_Neuve_par_le_chevalier_de_Ternay_en_1762.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vue_de_la_descente_a_Terre_Neuve_par_le_chevalier_de_Ternay_en_1762.jpg/330px-Vue_de_la_descente_a_Terre_Neuve_par_le_chevalier_de_Ternay_en_1762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vue_de_la_descente_a_Terre_Neuve_par_le_chevalier_de_Ternay_en_1762.jpg/440px-Vue_de_la_descente_a_Terre_Neuve_par_le_chevalier_de_Ternay_en_1762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>A French invasion of the Newfoundland was repulsed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Signal_Hill" title="Battle of Signal Hill">Battle of Signal Hill</a> in 1762.</figcaption></figure> From 1763 to 1767, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> made a detailed survey of the coasts of Newfoundland and southern Labrador while commander of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Grenville_(1754)" title="HMS Grenville (1754)">HMS Grenville</a>. (The following year, 1768, Cook began <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">his first circumnavigation of the world</a>.) In 1796, a Franco-Spanish expedition again <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">succeeded in raiding</a> the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, destroying many of the settlements. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), French fishermen gained the right to land and cure fish on the "French Shore" on the western coast. (They had a permanent base on the nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a> islands; the French gave up their French Shore rights in 1904.) In 1783, the British signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> with the United States that gave American fishermen similar rights along the coast. These rights were reaffirmed by treaties in 1818, 1854 and 1871, and confirmed by arbitration in 1910. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colony">British colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: British colony">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_United_Irish_Conspiracy_and_Catholic_Emancipation">The United Irish Conspiracy and Catholic Emancipation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The United Irish Conspiracy and Catholic Emancipation">edit</a>]</div> The founding proprietor of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avalon" title="Province of Avalon">Province of Avalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore" title="George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore">George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</a>, intended that it should serve as a refuge for his persecuted Roman Catholic co-religionists. But like his other colony in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a> on the American mainland, it soon passed out of the Calvert family's control. The majority Catholic population that developed, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Irish immigration</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula" title="Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</a>, was subjected to same disabilities that applied elsewhere under the British Crown. On visiting St. John's in 1786, Prince William Henry (the future <a href="/wiki/King_William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King William IV">King William IV</a>) noted that "there are ten Roman Catholics to one Protestant",<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> and he counselled against any measure of Catholic relief.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Following news of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">rebellion in Ireland</a>, in June 1798, Governor Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Waldegrave,_1st_Baron_Radstock" title="William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock">Waldegrave</a> cautioned London that the English constituted but a "small proportion" of the locally raised <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Regiment of Foot</a>. In an echo of an earlier Irish conspiracy during the French occupation of St. John's in 1762, in April 1800, the authorities had reports that upwards of 400 men had taken an oath as <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>, and that eighty soldiers were committed to killing their officers and seizing their <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> governors at Sunday service.<a href="#cite_note-mannion-83">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">abortive mutiny</a>, for which eight men (denounced by Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Louis_O%27Donel" title="James Louis O'Donel">James Louis O'Donel</a> as "favourers of the infidel French")<a href="#cite_note-:82-84">[82]</a> were hanged, may have been less a United Irish plot, than an act of desperation in the face of brutal living conditions and officer tyranny. Many of the Irish reserve soldiers were forced to remain on duty, unable to return to the fisheries that supported their families.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-mannion-83">[81]</a> Yet the Newfoundland Irish would have been aware of the agitation in the homeland for civil equality and political rights.<a href="#cite_note-:4-86">[84]</a> There were reports of communication with United men in Ireland from before '98 rebellion;<a href="#cite_note-:4-86">[84]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s pamphlets circulating in St. John's;<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> and, despite the war with France, of hundreds of young <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">County Waterford</a> men still making a seasonal migration to the island for the fisheries, among them defeated rebels, said to have "added fuel to the fire" of local grievance.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> When news reached Newfoundland in May 1829 that the UK Parliament had finally conceded <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>, the locals assumed that Catholics would now pass unhindered into the ranks of public office and enjoy equality with Protestants. There was a celebratory parade and mass in St. John's, and a gun salute from vessels in the harbour. But the attorney general and supreme court justices determined that as Newfoundland was a colony, and not a province of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act</a> did not apply. The discrimination was a matter of local ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> It was not until May 1832 that the British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> formally stated that a new commission would be issued to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Cochrane" title="Thomas John Cochrane">Governor Cochrane</a> to remove any and all <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic disabilities">Roman Catholic disabilities</a> in Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> By then Catholic emancipation was bound up (as in Ireland) with the call for <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Achievement_of_home_rule">Achievement of home rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Achievement of home rule">edit</a>]</div> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in 1815, France and other nations re-entered the fish trade and an abundance of cod glutted international markets. Prices dropped, competition increased, and the colony's profits evaporated. A string of harsh winters between 1815 and 1817 made living conditions even more difficult, while fires at St. John's in 1817 left thousands homeless.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> At the same time a new wave of immigration from Ireland increased the Catholic population. In these circumstances much of the English and Protestant proprietor class tended to shelter behind the appointed, and Anglican, "naval government".<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a> A broad home-rule coalition of Irish community leaders and (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>) <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> formed in 1828. Expressing, initially, the concerns of a new middle class over taxation, it was led by William Carson, a Scottish physician, and Patrick Morris, an Irish merchant. In 1825, the British government granted Newfoundland and Labrador official colonial status and appointed Sir Thomas Cochrane as its first civil governor. Partly carried by the wave of reform in Britain, a colonial legislature in St. John's, together with the promise of Catholic emancipation, followed in 1832. Carson made his goal for Newfoundland clear: "We shall rise into a national existence, having a national character, a nation's feelings, assuming that rank among our neighbours which the political situation and the extent of our island demand".<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a> Standing as <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Liberals</a>, the reformers sought to break the Anglican monopoly on government patronage and to tax the fisheries to fund the judiciary, road-building projects, and other expenses. They were opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Newfoundland">Conservatives</a> (the "Tories"), who largely represented the Anglican establishment and mercantile interests. While Tories dominated the governor's appointed Executive Council, Liberals generally held the majority of seats in the elected House of Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Economic conditions remained harsh. As in Ireland, the potato which made possible a steady growth in population failed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Phytophthora infestans</a> blight. The number of deaths from the <a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931848_Newfoundland_potato_famine" title="1846–1848 Newfoundland potato famine">1846–1848 Newfoundland potato famine</a> remains unknown, but there was pervasive hunger. Along with other half-hearted measures to relieve the distress, Governor John Gaspard Le Marchant declared a "Day of Public Fasting and Humiliation" in hopes the Almighty might pardon their sins and "withdraw his afflicting hand."<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The wave of post-famine emigration from Ireland notably passed over Newfoundland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Era_of_responsible_government">Era of responsible government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Era of responsible government">edit</a>]</div> Fisheries revived, and the devolution of responsibilities from London continued. In 1854, the British government established Newfoundland's first <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> an executive accountable to the colonial legislature. In 1855, with an Assembly majority, the Liberals under <a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Little" title="Philip Francis Little">Philip Francis Little</a> (the first Roman Catholic to practise law in St. John's) formed Newfoundland's first parliamentary government (1855–1858). Newfoundland rejected <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">confederation with Canada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election" title="1869 Newfoundland general election">1869 general election</a>. The Islanders were preoccupied with land issues—the Escheat movement with its call to suppress absentee landlordism in favour of the tenant farmer. Canada offered little in the way of solutions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[94]</a> From the 1880s, as cod fishery fell into severe decline, there was large-scale emigration. While some people, working abroad, left their homes on a seasonal or temporary basis more began to leave permanently. Most emigrants (largely Catholic and of Irish descent) moved to Canada, many to find work in the steel plants and coal mines of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. There was also a considerable outflow to the United States and, in particular, to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In 1892, St. John's burned. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1892" title="Great Fire of 1892">Great Fire</a> left 12,000 homeless. In 1894, the two commercial banks in Newfoundland collapsed. These bankruptcies left a vacuum that was subsequently filled by Canadian chartered banks, a change that subordinated Newfoundland to Canadian monetary policies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[94]</a> Newfoundland lay outside the direct route of world traffic. St. John's, 3,200 km (2,000 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and about 1,000 miles from the east-coast American cities, was not a port of call for Atlantic liners. But with the co-ordination and extension of the railway system, new prospects for development opened in the interior. Paper and pulp mills were established by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Co. at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Falls, Newfoundland">Grand Falls</a> for the supply of the publishing empires in the UK of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Lord Northcliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Rothermere" title="Viscount Rothermere">Lord Rothermere</a>. Iron ore mines were established at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Island_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Bell Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Bell Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Dominion">British Dominion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: British Dominion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_and_Harbour_of_St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_(1911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Town_and_Harbour_of_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_%281911%29.jpg/660px-Town_and_Harbour_of_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_%281911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Town_and_Harbour_of_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_%281911%29.jpg/990px-Town_and_Harbour_of_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_%281911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Town_and_Harbour_of_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_%281911%29.jpg/1320px-Town_and_Harbour_of_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_%281911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Town and Harbour of St. John's, 1911 by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Hayward" title="John William Hayward">John William Hayward</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_and_the_Fisherman's_Union">Reform and the Fisherman's Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reform and the Fisherman's Union">edit</a>]</div> In 1907, Newfoundland acquired <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status, or self-government, within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mapleweb-99">[97]</a> Government of Newfoundland was conducted mostly by a cabinet accountable solely to the legislature in St. John's, subject only to occasional policy changes from the British government, for example vetoing a trade agreement Newfoundland had negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mapleweb-99">[97]</a> A new reform-minded government was formed under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Morris,_1st_Baron_Morris" title="Edward Morris, 1st Baron Morris">Edward Morris</a>, a senior Catholic politician who had split from the Liberals to form the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_People%27s_Party" title="Newfoundland People's Party">People's Party</a>. It extended education provision, introduced old-age pensions, initiated agriculture and trade schemes and, with a trade union act, provided a legal framework for collective bargaining.<a href="#cite_note-:6-98">[96]</a> There had been unions seeking to negotiate wage rates in the shipbuilding trades since the 1850s. Those working the fishing boats were not wage earners but commodity producers, like farmers, reliant on merchant credit. Working in small, competitive, often family, units, scattered in isolated communities, they also had little occasion to gather in large numbers to discuss common concerns.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> These obstacles to organization were overcome from 1908 by a new co-operative movement, the <a href="/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Protective_Union" title="Fishermen's Protective Union">Fishermen's Protective Union</a> (FPU). Mobilizing more than 21,000 members in 206 councils across the island; more than half of Newfoundland's fishermen,<a href="#cite_note-fpu-101">[99]</a> the FPU challenged the economic control of the island's merchantocracy.<a href="#cite_note-:8-102">[100]</a> Despite opposition from the Catholic Church which objected to the FPU's oath taking and alleged <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fpu-101">[99]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/William_Coaker" title="William Coaker">William Coaker</a> the candidates for the FPU won 8 of 36 seats in the House of Assembly in the 1913 general election.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> At the beginning of 1914, economic conditions seemed favourable to reform. In a little over a decade, exports, imports and state revenue had more than doubled. Schemes were afoot for the exploitation of coal and mineral resources, and for the utilisation of peat beds for fuel. Benefiting from the settlement of disputes over fishing rights with France in 1904, and with the New England states in 1910, the fishing industry was looking to develop new markets.<a href="#cite_note-:7-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_World_War_and_its_aftermath">First World War and its aftermath</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First World War and its aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somme_1July16_Newfoundlandstjohnsroadtrench_watermarked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Somme_1July16_Newfoundlandstjohnsroadtrench_watermarked.jpg/220px-Somme_1July16_Newfoundlandstjohnsroadtrench_watermarked.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Somme_1July16_Newfoundlandstjohnsroadtrench_watermarked.jpg/330px-Somme_1July16_Newfoundlandstjohnsroadtrench_watermarked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Somme_1July16_Newfoundlandstjohnsroadtrench_watermarked.jpg/440px-Somme_1July16_Newfoundlandstjohnsroadtrench_watermarked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Colourized photo of soldiers in St. John's Road, a support trench, 200 metres behind the British forward line at Beaumont Hamel, 1916</figcaption></figure> In August 1914, Britain <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1914)">declared war on Germany.</a> Out of a total population of about 250,000, Newfoundland offered up some 12,000 men for Imperial service (including 3,000 who joined the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:7-104">[102]</a> About a third of these were to serve in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">1st Newfoundland Regiment</a>, which after service in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>, was nearly wiped out at <a href="/wiki/Beaumont-Hamel_Newfoundland_Memorial" title="Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial">Beaumont-Hamel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day on the Somme</a>, July 1, 1916.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The regiment, which the Dominion government had chosen to raise, equip, and train at its own expense, was resupplied and went on to serve with distinction in several subsequent battles, earning the prefix "Royal". The overall fatality and casualty rate for the regiment was high: 1,281 dead, 2,284 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-:7-104">[102]</a> The FPU members joined <a href="/wiki/Edward_Patrick_Morris" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Patrick Morris">Edward Patrick Morris</a>' <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">wartime</a> <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National Government</a> of 1917, but their reputation suffered when they failed to abide by their promise not to support military conscription without a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-fpu2-106">[104]</a> In 1919, the FPU joined with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_in_Newfoundland_(pre-Confederation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal parties in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation)">Liberals</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland">Liberal Reform Party</a> whose success in the <a href="/wiki/1919_Newfoundland_general_election" title="1919 Newfoundland general election">1919 general election</a> allowed Coaker to continue as Fisheries Minister. But there was little he could do to sustain the credibility of the FPU in the face of the post-war slump in fish prices, and the subsequent high unemployment and emigration.<a href="#cite_note-fpu3-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-ce-108">[106]</a> At the same time the Dominion's war debt due to the regiment and the cost of the trans-island railway, limited the government's ability to provide relief.<a href="#cite_note-:3-109">[107]</a> In the spring of 1918, in midst of disquiet over wartime inflation and profiteering, there had been protest. The Newfoundland Industrial Workers' Association (NIWA) struck both the rail and steamship operations of the <a href="/wiki/Reid_Newfoundland_Company" title="Reid Newfoundland Company">Reid Newfoundland Company</a>, effectively isolating the capital and threatening the annual seal hunt. Central to the eventual settlement were not only wage increases, but "the great principle that employees are entitled to be heard in all matters connected with their welfare".<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> When in January 1919, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_question" title="Irish question">Irish question</a> and local sectarian tensions resurfaced in Newfoundland. In the course of 1920 many Catholics of Irish descent in St. John's joined the local branch of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Self-Determination_League" title="Irish Self-Determination League">Self-Determination for Ireland League (SDIL)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mannion2-111">[109]</a> Although tempered by expressions of loyalty to the Empire, the League's vocal support for Irish self-government was opposed by the local <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order</a>. Claiming to represent 20,000 "loyal citizens", the Order was composed almost exclusively of Anglicans or Methodists of English descent.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Tensions ran sufficiently high that Catholic Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Edward_Patrick_Roche" title="Edward Patrick Roche">Edward Roche</a> felt constrained to caution League organisers against the hazards of "a sectarian war."<a href="#cite_note-Mannion2-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-113">[111]</a> Since the early 1800s, Newfoundland and Quebec (or Lower Canada) had been in a <a href="/wiki/Labrador_boundary_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Labrador boundary dispute">border dispute</a> over the Labrador region. In 1927, the British <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> ruled that the area known as modern-day Labrador was to be considered part of the Dominion of Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-mapleweb-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commission_government">Commission government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commission government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Great_Depression_and_the_return_of_colonial_rule">The Great Depression and the return of colonial rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Great Depression and the return of colonial rule">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_riot_500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Colonial_riot_500.jpg/220px-Colonial_riot_500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Colonial_riot_500.jpg/330px-Colonial_riot_500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Colonial_riot_500.jpg/440px-Colonial_riot_500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>People in front of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Building" title="Colonial Building">Colonial Building</a> protesting against economic conditions, 1932. In the next year, the government of Newfoundland collapsed, and the British government resumed direct control over Newfoundland.</figcaption></figure> Following the stock market crash in 1929, the international market for much of Newfoundland and Labrador's goods—saltfish, pulp paper and minerals—decreased dramatically. In 1930, the country earned $40 million from its exports; that number dropped to $23.3 million in 1933. The fishery suffered particularly heavy losses as <a href="/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">salted cod</a> that sold for $8.90 a <a href="/wiki/Quintal" title="Quintal">quintal</a> in 1929 fetched only half that amount by 1932.<a href="#cite_note-:3-109">[107]</a> With this precipitous loss of export income, the level of debt Newfoundland carried from the Great War and from construction of the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway" title="Newfoundland Railway">Newfoundland Railway</a> proved unsustainable. In 1931, the Dominion defaulted.<a href="#cite_note-:3-109">[107]</a> Newfoundland survived with assistance from the United Kingdom and Canada but, in the summer of 1933, faced with unprecedented economic problems at home, Canada decided against any further support. Following retrenchment in all the Dominion's major industries, the government laid off close to one third of its civil servants and cut the wages of those it retained. For the first time since the 1880s, malnutrition was facilitating the spread of <a href="/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency" title="Thiamine deficiency">beriberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and other diseases.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The British had a stark choice: accept financial collapse in Newfoundland or pay the full cost of keeping the country solvent. The solution, accepted by the legislature in 1933, was to accept a de facto return to direct colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-collapse-115">[113]</a> In exchange for loan guarantees by the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">Crown</a> and a promise that self-government would in time be re-established, the legislature in St. John's voted itself out of existence.<a href="#cite_note-Malone-116">[114]</a>: 8–10 <a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> On February 16, 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Government">Commission of Government</a> was sworn in, ending 79 years of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collapse-115">[113]</a> The Commission consisted of seven persons appointed by the British government. For 15 years, no elections took place, and no legislature was convened.<a href="#cite_note-commission-118">[116]</a> Between 1934 and 1939, the Commission of Government managed the situation but the underlying problem, world-wide depression, resisted solution. The dispirited state of the country is said to have been evident in "'the lack of cheering and of visible enthusiasm' in the crowds that came out to see King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and Queen Elizabeth during their brief visit in June 1939."<a href="#cite_note-:9-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> The situation changed dramatically, after Newfoundland and Labrador, with no responsible government of its own, was automatically committed to war as a result of Britain's ultimatum to Germany in September 1939. Unlike in 1914–1918, when the Dominion government volunteered and financed a full expeditionary regiment, there would be no separate presence overseas and, by implication, no compulsory enlistment. Volunteers filled the ranks of Newfoundland units in both the Royal Artillery and the Royal Air Force, and of the largest single contingent of Newfoundlanders to go overseas, the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Overseas_Forestry_Unit" title="Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit">Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit</a>. As a result, and taking into account service in the Newfoundland Militia, and in the merchant marine, as in the First World War<a href="#cite_note-:7-104">[102]</a> about 12,000 Newfoundlanders were at one time or another directly or indirectly involved in the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-:9-119">[117]</a> In June 1940, following the defeat of France and the German occupation of most of Western Europe, the Commission of Government, with British approval, authorized Canadian forces to help defend Newfoundland's air bases for the duration of the war. Canada's military commitment greatly increased in 1941 when German submarines began to attack the large numbers of merchant ships in the north-west Atlantic. In addition to reinforcing the bomber squadron at <a href="/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador">Gander</a>, the Royal Canadian Air Force provided a further squadron of bombers that flew from a new airport Canada built at Torbay (the present St. John's airport). From November 1940, a new airbase at <a href="/wiki/Gander_International_Airport" title="Gander International Airport">Gander</a> became one of the so called "sally-ports of freedom" with U.S. manufactured aircraft flying in swarms to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-:9-119">[117]</a> Already, in March 1941, United Kingdom conceded the United States, then still officially neutral, what were effectively U.S. sovereign base rights. The Americans chose properties at St. John's, where they established an army base (<a href="/wiki/Pepperrell_Air_Force_Base" title="Pepperrell Air Force Base">Fort Pepperrell</a>) and a dock facility; at <a href="/wiki/Argentia" title="Argentia">Argentia/Marquise</a>, where they built a naval air base and an army base (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Argentia" title="Naval Station Argentia">Fort McAndrew</a>); and at <a href="/wiki/Stephenville,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador">Stephenville</a>, where they built a large airfield (Ernest Harmon Airbase). As allies after December 1941, the Americans were also accommodated at <a href="/wiki/Torbay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Torbay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose_Bay_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Goose Bay (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Goose Bay</a> and Gander.<a href="#cite_note-:9-119">[117]</a> This garrisoning of Newfoundland had profound economic, political and social consequences. Enlistment for service abroad and the base building boom at home eliminated the chronic unemployment of the previous decades. By 1942, the country not only enjoyed full employment and could spend more on health, education and housing, it was making interest-free loans of Canadian dollars to the by-then hard-pressed British. At the same time, the presence of so many Canadians and Americans, complete with entertainment and consumer goods, promoted a taste for the more affluent consumerism that had been developing throughout North America.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_National_Convention">The National Convention</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The National Convention">edit</a>]</div> When prosperity returned with the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, agitation began to end the Commission and reinstate responsible government.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Instead, the British government created the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_National_Convention" title="Newfoundland National Convention">National Convention</a> in 1946. Chaired by Judge <a href="/wiki/Cyril_J._Fox" title="Cyril J. Fox">Cyril J. Fox</a>, the Convention consisted of 45 elected members from across the dominion and was formally tasked with advising on the future of Newfoundland. Several motions were made by <a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joey Smallwood</a> (a convention member who later served as the first provincial <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">premier of Newfoundland</a><a href="#cite_note-newtois-122">[120]</a>) to examine joining Canada by sending a delegation to Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-newtois-122">[120]</a> The first motion was defeated, although the Convention later decided to send delegations to both London and Ottawa to explore alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In January 1948, the National Convention voted against adding the issue of Confederation to the referendum 29 to 16, but the British, who controlled the National Convention and the subsequent referendum, overruled this move.<a href="#cite_note-Malone-116">[114]</a> Those who supported Confederation were extremely disappointed with the recommendations of the National Convention and organized a petition, signed by more than 50,000 Newfoundlanders, demanding that Confederation with Canada be placed before the people in the upcoming referendum. As most historians agree, the British government keenly wanted Confederation on the ballot and ensured its inclusion.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_province">Canadian province</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Canadian province">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_referendums_on_confederation">The referendums on confederation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The referendums on confederation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_Newfoundland_referendums" title="1948 Newfoundland referendums">1948 Newfoundland referendums</a></div> Three main factions actively campaigned during the lead-up to the referendums on confederation with Canada: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Association" title="Confederate Association">Confederate Association</a> (CA), led by Smallwood, advocated entry into the Canadian Confederation. They campaigned through a newspaper known as The Confederate.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Responsible_Government_League" title="Responsible Government League">Responsible Government League</a> (RGL), led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cashin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Cashin">Peter Cashin</a>, advocated an independent Newfoundland with a return to <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>. Their newspaper was The Independent.</li> <li>The smaller <a href="/wiki/Economic_Union_Party" title="Economic Union Party">Economic Union Party</a> (EUP), led by <a href="/wiki/Chesley_Crosbie" title="Chesley Crosbie">Chesley Crosbie</a>, advocated closer economic ties with the United States. A 1947 Gallup poll found 80% of Newfoundland residents wanting to become Americans,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> but the United States had no interest in the proposal, and preferred Newfoundland join Canada.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The EUP failed to gain much support and after the first referendum merged with the RGL.<a href="#cite_note-factions-128">[126]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smallwood_signing_Newfoundland_into_Confederation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Joseph_Smallwood_signing_Newfoundland_into_Confederation.jpg/220px-Joseph_Smallwood_signing_Newfoundland_into_Confederation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Joseph_Smallwood_signing_Newfoundland_into_Confederation.jpg/330px-Joseph_Smallwood_signing_Newfoundland_into_Confederation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Joseph_Smallwood_signing_Newfoundland_into_Confederation.jpg/440px-Joseph_Smallwood_signing_Newfoundland_into_Confederation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joey Smallwood</a> signing a document bringing Newfoundland into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, 1948</figcaption></figure> The first referendum took place on June 3, 1948; 44.6 per cent of people voted for <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, 41.1 per cent voted for confederation with Canada, while 14.3 per cent voted for the Commission of Government. Since none of the choices had gained more than 50%, a second referendum with only the two more popular choices was held on July 22, 1948. The official outcome of that referendum was 52.3 per cent for confederation with Canada and 47.7 per cent for responsible (independent) government.<a href="#cite_note-historyquatre-129">[127]</a> After the referendum, the British governor named a seven-man delegation to negotiate Canada's offer on behalf of Newfoundland. After six of the delegation signed, the British government passed the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">British North America Act, 1949</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. Newfoundland officially joined Canada at midnight on March 31, 1949.<a href="#cite_note-historyquatre-129">[127]</a> As documents in British and Canadian archives became available in the 1980s, it became evident that both Canada and the United Kingdom had wanted Newfoundland to join Canada. Some have charged it was a conspiracy to manoeuvre Newfoundland into Confederation in exchange for forgiveness of Britain's war debt and for other considerations.<a href="#cite_note-Malone-116">[114]</a>: 68  Yet, most historians who have examined the relevant documents have concluded that, while Britain engineered the inclusion of a Confederation option in the referendum, Newfoundlanders made the final decision themselves, if by a narrow margin.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Following the referendum, there was a rumour that the referendum had been narrowly won by the "responsible government" side, but that the result had been fixed by the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Macdonald,_1st_Baron_Macdonald_of_Gwaenysgor" title="Gordon Macdonald, 1st Baron Macdonald of Gwaenysgor">British governor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malone-116">[114]</a>: 225–26  Shortly after the referendum, several boxes of ballots from St. John's were burned by order of <a href="/wiki/Herman_William_Quinton" title="Herman William Quinton">Herman William Quinton</a>, one of only two commissioners who supported confederation.<a href="#cite_note-Malone-116">[114]</a>: 224  Some have argued that independent oversight of the vote tallying was lacking, though the process was supervised by respected Corner Brook Magistrate Nehemiah Short, who had also overseen elections to the National Convention.<a href="#cite_note-Malone-116">[114]</a>: 224–25  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959_Woodworkers'_strike">1959 Woodworkers' strike</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1959 Woodworkers' strike">edit</a>]</div> In 1959, a strike led by the International Woodworkers of America (IWA) that resulted the "most bitter labour dispute in Newfoundland's history."<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Smallwood, although he had himself been an organizer in the lumber industry, feared that the strike would shut down what had become the province's largest employer. His government introduced emergency legislation that immediately decertified the IWA, prohibited secondary picketing, and made unions liable for illegal acts committed on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-:8-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress" title="Canadian Labour Congress">Canadian Labour Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Federation_of_Labour" title="Newfoundland and Labrador Federation of Labour">Newfoundland Federation of Labour</a> condemned the legislation, and Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> refused to provide the province with additional police to enforce the legislation. But running out of food and money, the loggers eventually abandoned the strike, joined Smallwood's newly created Newfoundland Brotherhood of Wood Workers, and negotiated a settlement with the logging companies, ending the strike and effectively undermining the IWA.<a href="#cite_note-:8-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resettlement_programs">Resettlement programs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Resettlement programs">edit</a>]</div> From the early 1950s, the provincial government pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a> by centralizing the rural population. A <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_(Newfoundland)" title="Resettlement (Newfoundland)">resettlement</a> of the many isolated communities scattered along Newfoundland's coasts was seen as a way to save rural Newfoundland by moving people to what were referred to as "growth centres". It was believed this would allow the government to provide more and better public services such as education, health care, roads and electricity. The resettlement policy was also expected to create more employment opportunities outside of the fishery, or in spinoff industries, which meant a stronger and more modern fishing industry for those remaining in it.<a href="#cite_note-whif2-132">[130]</a> Three attempts of resettlement were initiated by the Government between 1954 and 1975 which resulted in the abandonment of 300 communities and nearly 30,000 people moved.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-p5852-133">[131]</a> Denounced as poorly resourced and as an historic injustice,<a href="#cite_note-whif2-132">[130]</a> resettlement has been viewed as possibly the most controversial government policy of the post-Confederation Newfoundland and Labrador.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-p5852-133">[131]</a> Many of the remaining small rural <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_outport" title="Newfoundland outport">outports</a> were hit by the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">1992 cod moratorium</a>. Loss of an important source of income caused widespread out-migration.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_News2-134">[132]</a> In the 21st century, the Community Relocation Policy allows for voluntary relocation of isolated settlements. Eight communities have moved since 2002.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> At the end of 2019, the decommissioning of ferry and hydroelectricity services ended settlement on the <a href="/wiki/Little_Bay_Islands" title="Little Bay Islands">Little Bay Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> In the new century, the provincial government is anticipating the challenges of global warming. Locally average annual temperatures are variously estimated to be already between 0.8 °C<a href="#cite_note-:5-138">[136]</a> and 1.5 °C above historical norms<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> and the frequency of hurricanes and tropical storms have doubled in comparison to the last century. As a result, the province is experiencing increased permafrost melt, flooding, and infrastructure damage, reduced sea ice, and greater risk from new invasive species and infectious diseases.<a href="#cite_note-:5-138">[136]</a> The government believes that in just fifty years (2000–2050), temperatures in Newfoundland will have risen by two and a half to three degrees in summer and three and a half to five degrees in winter, and that in Labrador warming will be even more severe. Under those conditions the winter season could shorten by as much as four to five weeks in some locations and that extreme storm events could result in an increase of precipitation by over 20% or more, enhancing the likelihood and magnitude of flooding. Meanwhile, sea levels are anticipated to rise by a half meter, putting coastal infrastructure at risk. Against these hazards, the government sets the province's "vast renewable [wind, sea and hydro] energy resources" with their potential to reduce carbon emissions in the province and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-:5-138">[136]</a> In April 2023, following years of delays and billions of dollars in cost overruns, a major hydro-generation project at <a href="/wiki/Lower_Churchill_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Churchill Project">Muskrat Falls</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> was declared complete with the final testing of the 1,100 km transmission link from the site in Labrador to a converter station outside St John's.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Theoretically it could replace all the province's existing hydro-carbon sources of electricity. On the other hand, critics note that, in the decade to 2030, the government plans to double offshore oil production, significantly adding to emissions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> On January 17, 2020, the province experienced a large blizzard, nicknamed 'Snowmageddon', with winds up to 134 km/h (83 mph). The communities of St. John's, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pearl" title="Mount Pearl">Mount Pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Paradise, Newfoundland and Labrador">Paradise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torbay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Torbay</a> declared a state of emergency. On January 18, 2020, Premier <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ball" title="Dwight Ball">Dwight Ball</a> said his request for aid from the Canadian Armed Forces was approved, and troops from the 2nd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFB_Halifax" title="CFB Halifax">CFB Halifax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CFB_Gagetown" title="CFB Gagetown">CFB Gagetown</a> would arrive in the province to assist with snow-clearing and emergency services. An avalanche hit a house in <a href="/wiki/The_Battery,_St._John%27s" title="The Battery, St. John's">The Battery</a> section of St. John's. St. John's mayor <a href="/wiki/Danny_Breen" title="Danny Breen">Danny Breen</a> said the storm cost the city $7 million.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_COVID-19_pandemic">The COVID-19 pandemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador">COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador</a> is ongoing. The province announced its first presumptive case on March 14, 2020, and declared a public health emergency on March 18. Health orders, including the closure of non-essential businesses and mandatory <a href="/wiki/Self-isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-isolation">self-isolation</a> for all travellers entering the province (including from within Canada), were enacted over the days that followed.<a href="#cite_note-:12-144">[142]</a> The emergency and all COVID-related restrictions ended in February 2022. There had been 18,464 recorded cases of persons testing positive for the virus, including 46 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador">Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Density_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canada_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Density_2016.png/220px-Canada_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Density_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canada_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Density_2016.png/330px-Canada_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Density_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canada_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Density_2016.png/440px-Canada_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Density_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="4295" data-file-height="6302" /></a><figcaption>Population density of Newfoundland and Labrador</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador">List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_communities_by_population" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador communities by population">List of Newfoundland and Labrador communities by population</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1825 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,719</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1836 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,094</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1845 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">96,295</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">101,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1857 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">124,288</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+22.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1869 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">146,536</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1874 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">161,374</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1884 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">197,335</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">202,040</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">220,984</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">242,619</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1921_census_of_Newfoundland" title="1921 census of Newfoundland">1921</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">263,033</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1935 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">289,588</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1945_census_of_Newfoundland" title="1945 census of Newfoundland">1945</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">321,819</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1951_Canadian_census" title="1951 Canadian census">1951</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">361,416</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1956_Canadian_census" title="1956 Canadian census">1956</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">415,074</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1961_Canadian_census" title="1961 Canadian census">1961</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">457,853</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1966_Canadian_census" title="1966 Canadian census">1966</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">493,396</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1971_Canadian_census" title="1971 Canadian census">1971</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">522,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1976_Canadian_census" title="1976 Canadian census">1976</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">557,720</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1981_Canadian_census" title="1981 Canadian census">1981</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">567,681</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1986_Canadian_census" title="1986 Canadian census">1986</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">568,350</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1991_Canadian_census" title="1991 Canadian census">1991</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">568,475</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1996_Canadian_census" title="1996 Canadian census">1996</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">551,790</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">512,930</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_census" title="2006 Canadian census">2006</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">505,469</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">514,536</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">519,716</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">510,550</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 (Est.) </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">540,418</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/Publications/Historical/PDF/Historical_Statistics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_V2_N7_1994.pdf">"Historical Statistics of Newfoundland and Labrador"</a> (PDF). Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. November 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223004526/https://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/Publications/Historical/PDF/Historical_Statistics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_V2_N7_1994.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Statistics+of+Newfoundland+and+Labrador&rft.pub=Government+of+Newfoundland+and+Labrador&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.nl.ca%2FPublications%2FHistorical%2FPDF%2FHistorical_Statistics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_V2_N7_1994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> As of October 1, 2021, Newfoundland and Labrador had a population of 521,758.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> More than half the population lives on the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula" title="Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</a> of Newfoundland, site of the capital and historical early settlement.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Since 2006, the population of the province has started to increase for the first time since the early 1990s. In the 2006 census, the population of the province decreased by 1.5% compared to 2001 and stood at 505,469.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> But, by the 2011 census, the population had risen by 1.8%.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-152">[150]</a> At the beginning of 2021, Newfoundland and Labrador started accepting applications for a Priority Skills immigration program.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Focusing on highly educated, highly skilled newcomers with specialized experience in areas where demand has outpaced local training and recruitment, such as technology and ocean sciences occupations, the government hopes the program will attract 2,500 new permanent residents annually.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Municipality </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a> </td> <td>100,646 </td> <td>106,172 </td> <td>108,860 </td> <td>110,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conception_Bay_South" title="Conception Bay South">Conception Bay South</a> </td> <td>21,966 </td> <td>24,848 </td> <td>26,199 </td> <td>27,168 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Paradise, Newfoundland and Labrador">Paradise</a> </td> <td>12,584 </td> <td>17,695 </td> <td>21,389 </td> <td>22,957 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pearl" title="Mount Pearl">Mount Pearl</a> </td> <td>24,671 </td> <td>24,284 </td> <td>22,957 </td> <td>22,477 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corner_Brook" title="Corner Brook">Corner Brook</a> </td> <td>20,083 </td> <td>19,886 </td> <td>19,806 </td> <td>19,333 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor" title="Grand Falls-Windsor">Grand Falls-Windsor</a> </td> <td>13,558 </td> <td>13,725 </td> <td>14,171 </td> <td>13,853 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador">Gander</a> </td> <td>9,951 </td> <td>11,054 </td> <td>11,688 </td> <td>11,880 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Cove-St._Philip%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal Cove-St. Philip's">Portugal Cove-St. Philip's</a> </td> <td>6,575 </td> <td>7,366 </td> <td>8,147 </td> <td>8,415 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley-Goose_Bay" title="Happy Valley-Goose Bay">Happy Valley-Goose Bay</a> </td> <td>7,519 </td> <td>7,572 </td> <td>8,109 </td> <td>8,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torbay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Torbay</a> </td> <td>6,281 </td> <td>7,397 </td> <td>7,899 </td> <td>7,852 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Table source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">Statistics Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134619/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">Archived</a> February 9, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Ethnicity" title="Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador">Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador § Ethnicity</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001 Canadian census</a>, the largest ethnic group in Newfoundland and Labrador is English (39.4%), followed by Irish (19.7%), Scots (6.0%), <a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">French</a> (5.5%) and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> (3.2%).<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> While half of all respondents also identified their ethnicity as "<a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a>", 38 per cent report their ethnicity as "Newfoundlander" in a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> Ethnic Diversity Survey.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> During the initial registration phase for the <a href="/wiki/Qalipu_Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_First_Nation_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalipu Miꞌkmaq First Nation Band">Qalipu Miꞌkmaq First Nation Band</a> in 2013, more than 100,000 Newfoundlanders applied for membership (equivalent to one-fifth of the total population).<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The subsequent process led to around 24,000 people being recognised as members of the Qalipu First Nation.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Languages" title="Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador">Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador § Languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk language</a></div> As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian Census</a>, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (501,135 or 99.81%), French (26,130 or 5.2%), Arabic (2,195 or 0.44%), Spanish (2,085 or 0.42%), Innu (Montagnais) (1,925 or 0.38%), Tagalog (1,810 or 0.36%), Hindi (1,565 or 0.31%), Mandarin (1,170 or 0.23%), German (1,075 or 0.21%), and Punjabi (1,040 or 0.21%).<a href="#cite_note-language2021-159">[157]</a> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a> is a term referring to any of several <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Most of these differ substantially from the English commonly spoken elsewhere in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>. Many Newfoundland dialects are similar to the <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> in England, particularly the city of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and counties of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, while other Newfoundland dialects resemble those of Ireland's southeastern counties, particularly <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kilkenny" title="County Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>. Still others blend elements of both, and there is also a discernible influence of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> While the Scots came in smaller numbers than the English and Irish, they had a large influence on Newfoundland society.<a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_2006_on_20151223002828-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Short_History-163">[161]</a> Local place names in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> include Newfoundland (Talamh an Éisc, Land of the Fish)<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a> (Baile Sheáin)<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballyhack,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Ballyhack, Newfoundland and Labrador">Ballyhack</a> (Baile Hac), <a href="/wiki/Cappahayden" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappahayden">Cappahayden</a> (Ceapach Éidín), <a href="/wiki/Kilbride,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilbride, Newfoundland and Labrador">Kilbride</a> and St. Bride's (Cill Bhríde), Duntara, <a href="/wiki/Port_Kirwan" title="Port Kirwan">Port Kirwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skibbereen" title="Skibbereen">Skibbereen</a> (Scibirín). While the distinct local dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Irish language in Newfoundland</a> is now extinct, the language is still taught locally and the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> organization <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a> remains active in the province.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> A distinct local dialect of <a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaelic">Scots Gaelic</a> was also once spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Codroy_Valley" title="Codroy Valley">Codroy Valley</a> of Newfoundland, following the settlement there, from the middle of the 19th century, of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>-speakers from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Breton, Nova Scotia">Cape Breton, Nova Scotia</a>. Some 150 years later, the language has not entirely disappeared, although it no longer has any fluent speakers. In Canadian Gaelic, the two main names for Newfoundland are Talamh an Èisg and Eilein a' Trosg.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> A community of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a> speakers still exists on the <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Port_Peninsula" title="Port au Port Peninsula">Port au Port Peninsula</a>—a remnant of the "<a href="/wiki/French_Shore" title="French Shore">French Shore</a>" along the island's west coast.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Newfoundland_and_Labrador-169">[167]</a> Several indigenous languages are spoken in the Province, representing the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Eskimo-Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo-Aleut">Eskimo-Aleut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>) linguistic families.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Newfoundland_and_Labrador-169">[167]</a> Languages of the population – mother tongue (2011) <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Rank </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Respondents </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td>English </td> <td>498,095 </td> <td>97.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td>French </td> <td>2,745 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Innu-aimun</a> </td> <td>1,585 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. </td> <td>Chinese </td> <td>1,080 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. </td> <td>Spanish </td> <td>670 </td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. </td> <td>German </td> <td>655 </td> <td>0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> </td> <td>595 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td>550 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> </td> <td>540 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11. </td> <td>Russian </td> <td>225 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12. </td> <td>Italian </td> <td>195 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Religion" title="Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador">Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador § Religion</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in Newfoundland and Labrador included:<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-170">[168]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (413,915 persons or 82.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (80,330 persons or 16.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (3,995 persons or 0.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (1,200 persons or 0.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (855 persons or 0.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (490 persons or 0.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (240 persons or <0.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Spirituality</a> (105 persons or <0.1%)</li> <li>Other (965 persons or 0.2%)</li></ul> The largest single religious denomination by number of adherents according to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 National Household Survey</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, at 35.8% of the province's population (181,590 members). The major Protestant denominations made up 57.3% of the population, with the largest groups being the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a> at 25.1% of the total population (127,255 members), the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> at 15.5% (78,380 members), and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> churches at 6.5% (33,195 members), with other Protestant denominations in much smaller numbers. Non-Christians constituted only 6.8% of the population, with the majority of those respondents indicating "no religious affiliation" (6.2% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Profile,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador,_2011-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobsters_from_Salvage,_Newfoundland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lobsters_from_Salvage%2C_Newfoundland.jpg/220px-Lobsters_from_Salvage%2C_Newfoundland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lobsters_from_Salvage%2C_Newfoundland.jpg/330px-Lobsters_from_Salvage%2C_Newfoundland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lobsters_from_Salvage%2C_Newfoundland.jpg/440px-Lobsters_from_Salvage%2C_Newfoundland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1899" /></a><figcaption>Fishing boats and <a href="/wiki/Lobster_trap" title="Lobster trap">lobster traps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salvage,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvage, Newfoundland">Salvage, Newfoundland</a></figcaption></figure> For many years, Newfoundland and Labrador experienced a depressed economy. Following the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">collapse of the cod fishery</a> during the early 1990s, the province suffered record unemployment rates and the population decreased by roughly 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-population-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Due to a major energy and resources boom, the provincial economy has had a major turnaround since the turn of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Unemployment rates decreased, the population stabilized and had moderate growth. The province has gained record surpluses, which has rid it of its status as a "<a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada" title="Equalization payments in Canada">have not</a>" province.<a href="#cite_note-review2011-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP), exports, and employment resumed in 2010, after suffering the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a>. In 2010, total capital investment in the province grew to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian dollars">C$</a>6.2 billion, an increase of 23.0% compared to 2009. 2010 GDP reached $28.1 billion, compared to $25.0 billion in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-review_2010-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sector">Primary sector</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary sector">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_Oil_Platform,_Newfoundland,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hebron_Oil_Platform%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Hebron_Oil_Platform%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hebron_Oil_Platform%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Hebron_Oil_Platform%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hebron_Oil_Platform%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Hebron_Oil_Platform%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Hebron oil platform, before being towed out to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum industry in Canada § Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Oil production</a> from offshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil platforms">oil platforms</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(oil_field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernia (oil field)">Hibernia</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_(oil_field)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rose (oil field)">White Rose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(oil_field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Nova (oil field)">Terra Nova</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Banks">Grand Banks</a> was of 110 million bbl (17 million m3), which contributed to more than 15 per cent of the province's GDP in 2006. Total production from the Hibernia field from 1997 to 2006 was 733 million bbl (116.5 million m3) with an estimated value of $36 billion. This will increase with the inclusion of the latest project, Hebron. Remaining reserves are estimated at almost 2 Gbbl (320 million m3) as of December 31, 2006. Exploration for new reserves is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-econ-178">[176]</a> On June 16, 2009, provincial premier <a href="/wiki/Danny_Williams_(Canadian_politician)" title="Danny Williams (Canadian politician)">Danny Williams</a> announced a tentative agreement to expand the <a href="/wiki/Hibernia_oil_field" title="Hibernia oil field">Hibernia oil field</a>. The government negotiated a 10 per cent equity stake in the Hibernia South expansion, which will add an estimated $10 billion to Newfoundland and Labrador's treasury.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geologists_Labrador_Voiseys_Bay_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Geologists_Labrador_Voiseys_Bay_mine.jpg/220px-Geologists_Labrador_Voiseys_Bay_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Geologists_Labrador_Voiseys_Bay_mine.jpg/330px-Geologists_Labrador_Voiseys_Bay_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Geologists_Labrador_Voiseys_Bay_mine.jpg/440px-Geologists_Labrador_Voiseys_Bay_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Voisey%27s_Bay_Mine" title="Voisey's Bay Mine">Voisey's Bay Mine</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of mines in Newfoundland and Labrador">several mines</a> located in the province.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining sector</a> in Labrador is still growing. The iron ore mine at <a href="/wiki/Wabush" title="Wabush">Wabush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Labrador_City" title="Labrador City">Labrador City</a>, and the nickel mine in <a href="/wiki/Voisey%27s_Bay" title="Voisey's Bay">Voisey's Bay</a> produced a total of $3.3 billion worth of ore in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-review_2010-177">[175]</a> A mine at Duck Pond (30 km (19 mi) south of the now-closed mine at <a href="/wiki/Buchans,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchans, Newfoundland and Labrador">Buchans</a>), started producing copper, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, silver and gold in 2007, and prospecting for new ore bodies continues.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Mining accounted for 3.5% of the provincial GDP in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-econ-178">[176]</a> The province produces 55% of Canada's total <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> ore.<a href="#cite_note-cef-181">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quarries" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarries">Quarries</a> producing <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, account for less than $10 million worth of material per year.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing industry</a> remains an important part of the provincial economy, employing roughly 20,000 and contributing over $440 million to the GDP. The combined harvest of fish such as <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> was 92,961 tonnes in 2017, with a combined value of $141 million. <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a>, such as crab, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, accounted for 101,922 tonnes in the same year, yielding $634 million. The value of products from the <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">seal hunt</a> was $1.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> produced over 22,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">steelhead trout</a> worth over $161 million. <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a> production is also forthcoming.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> in Newfoundland is limited to areas south of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cormack,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Cormack, Newfoundland and Labrador">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wooddale,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Wooddale, Newfoundland and Labrador">Wooddale</a>, areas near <a href="/wiki/Musgravetown" title="Musgravetown">Musgravetown</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Codroy_Valley" title="Codroy Valley">Codroy Valley</a>. Potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">rutabagas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, carrots and <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a> are grown for local consumption. Poultry, <a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">eggs</a>, and dairy are also produced. Wild <a href="/wiki/Blueberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberries">blueberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">partridgeberries</a> (lingonberries) and <a href="/wiki/Bakeapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakeapple">bakeapples</a> (cloudberries) are harvested commercially and used in <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">jams</a> and wine making.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sector">Secondary sector</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Secondary sector">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a> is produced by one <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corner_Brook" title="Corner Brook">Corner Brook</a> with a capacity of 420,000 t (460,000 tons) per year. The value of newsprint exports varies greatly from year to year, depending on the global market price. Lumber is produced by numerous mills in Newfoundland. Apart from seafood processing, paper manufacture and <a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">oil refining</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> manufacturing in the province consists of smaller industries producing food,<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> brewing and other beverage production. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sector">Tertiary sector</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tertiary sector">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Service industries</a> accounted for the largest share of GDP, especially financial services, health care and public administration. Other significant industries are mining, oil production and manufacturing. The total labour force in 2018 was 261,400 people.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Per capita GDP in 2017 was $62,573, higher than the national average and third only to Alberta and Saskatchewan out of Canadian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Tourism is also a significant contributor to the province's economy. In 2006, nearly 500,000 non-resident tourists visited Newfoundland and Labrador, spending an estimated $366 million.<a href="#cite_note-econ-178">[176]</a> In 2017, non-resident tourists spent an estimated $575 million.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Tourism is most popular throughout the months of June–September, the warmest months of the year with the longest hours of daylight.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Government of Newfoundland and Labrador">Government of Newfoundland and Labrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador">Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederation_Building_(front),_St._John%27s,_Newfoundland,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Confederation_Building_%28front%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Confederation_Building_%28front%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Confederation_Building_%28front%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Confederation_Building_%28front%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Confederation_Building_%28front%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Confederation_Building_%28front%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4199" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Building_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Confederation Building (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Confederation Building</a> serves as the meeting place for the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly</a>.</figcaption></figure> Newfoundland and Labrador is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary government</a> within the construct of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador</a> is the foundation of the executive, <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> branches.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> The sovereign is <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>, who also serves as head of state of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">14 other Commonwealth countries</a>, each of Canada's nine other provinces and the Canadian federal realm; he resides in the United Kingdom. The King's representative in Newfoundland and Labrador is the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, presently <a href="/wiki/Joan_Marie_Aylward" title="Joan Marie Aylward">Joan Marie Aylward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in governance is limited; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador">Executive Council</a>, a committee of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> responsible to the unicameral, elected <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a>. The Council is chosen and headed by the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> After each general election, the lieutenant governor will usually appoint as premier the leader of the political party that has a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> in the House of Assembly. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a> and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Each of the 40 <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Members of the House of Assembly</a> (MHA) is elected by simple plurality in an <a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian electoral district">electoral district</a>. General elections must be called by the lieutenant governor on the second Tuesday in October four years after the previous election, or may be called earlier, on the advice of the premier, should the government lose a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence vote">confidence vote</a> in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Traditionally, politics in the province have been dominated by both the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Progressive Conservative Party</a>. However, in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="2011 Newfoundland and Labrador general election">2011 provincial election</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">New Democratic Party</a>, which had only ever attained minor success, had a major breakthrough and placed second in the popular vote behind the Progressive Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Art of Newfoundland and Labrador">Art of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> Before 1950, the visual arts were a minor aspect of Newfoundland cultural life, compared with the performing arts such as music or theatre. Until about 1900, most art was the work of visiting artists, who included members of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Kent" title="Rockwell Kent">Rockwell Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliot_O%27Hara" title="Eliot O'Hara">Eliot O'Hara</a>. Artists such as Newfoundland-born <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Galbraith_Cullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Galbraith Cullen">Maurice Cullen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pilot" title="Robert Pilot">Robert Pilot</a> travelled to Europe to study art in prominent ateliers.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_sketching_the_St._John%27s_Harbour_and_skyline_(c._1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Artist_sketching_the_St._John%27s_Harbour_and_skyline_%28c._1910%29.jpg/220px-Artist_sketching_the_St._John%27s_Harbour_and_skyline_%28c._1910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Artist_sketching_the_St._John%27s_Harbour_and_skyline_%28c._1910%29.jpg/330px-Artist_sketching_the_St._John%27s_Harbour_and_skyline_%28c._1910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Artist_sketching_the_St._John%27s_Harbour_and_skyline_%28c._1910%29.jpg/440px-Artist_sketching_the_St._John%27s_Harbour_and_skyline_%28c._1910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7718" data-file-height="4682" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of an artist sketching St. John's harbour and skyline, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890</figcaption></figure> By the turn of the 20th century, amateur art was made by people living and working in the province. These artists included J.W. Hayward and his son Thomas B. Hayward, Agnes Marian Ayre, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_B._Goodridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold B. Goodridge (page does not exist)">Harold B. Goodridge</a>, the last of whom worked on a number of mural commissions, notably one for the lobby of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Building_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Confederation Building (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Confederation Building</a> in St. John's.<a href="#cite_note-heritage.nf.ca-199">[197]</a> Local art societies became prominent in the 1940s, particularly The Art Students Club, which opened in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> After Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada in 1949, government grants fostered a supportive environment for visual artists, primarily painters. The visual arts of the province developed significantly in the second half of the century, with the return of young Newfoundland artists whom had studied abroad. Amongst the first were <a href="/wiki/Rae_Perlin" title="Rae Perlin">Rae Perlin</a>, who studied at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Students_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Students League">Art Students League</a> in New York, and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Parsons_Shepherd" title="Helen Parsons Shepherd">Helen Parsons Shepherd</a> and her husband Reginald Shepherd, who both graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_College_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario College of Art">Ontario College of Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heritage.nf.ca-199">[197]</a> The Shepherds established the province's first art school, the Newfoundland Academy of Art.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Newfoundland-born painters <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pratt" title="Christopher Pratt">Christopher Pratt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pratt_(painter)" title="Mary Pratt (painter)">Mary Pratt</a> returned to the province in 1961 to work at the newly established <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorial_University_Art_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorial University Art Gallery (page does not exist)">Memorial University Art Gallery</a> as its first curator, later transitioning to painting full-time in Salmonier. <a href="/wiki/David_Blackwood" title="David Blackwood">David Blackwood</a> graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_College_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario College of Art">Ontario College of Art</a> in the early 1960s and achieved acclaim with his images of Newfoundland culture and history. Newfoundland-born artist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Squires" title="Gerald Squires">Gerald Squires</a> returned in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-heritage.nf.ca-199">[197]</a> The creation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Memorial_University_Extension_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Memorial University Extension Services (page does not exist)">The Memorial University Extension Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Printshop" title="St. Michael's Printshop">St. Michael's Printshop</a> in the 1960s and 1970s attracted a number of visual artists to the province to teach and create art. Similarly, the school in Hibb's Hole (now <a href="/wiki/Hibb%27s_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibb's Cove">Hibb's Cove</a>), established by painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Noseworthy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Noseworthy (page does not exist)">George Noseworthy</a>, brought professional artists such as <a href="/wiki/Anne_Meredith_Barry" title="Anne Meredith Barry">Anne Meredith Barry</a> to the province.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> A notable artist during this period is <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Creates" title="Marlene Creates">Marlene Creates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heritage.nf.ca-199">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rooms_(North_face),_St._John%27s,_Newfoundland,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Rooms_%28North_face%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-The_Rooms_%28North_face%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Rooms_%28North_face%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-The_Rooms_%28North_face%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Rooms_%28North_face%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-The_Rooms_%28North_face%29%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5731" data-file-height="3821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Rooms" title="The Rooms">The Rooms</a> is a provincial cultural facility that houses the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_museums_of_Canada" title="Provincial and territorial museums of Canada">provincial art gallery</a>.</figcaption></figure> From 1980 to present, opportunities for artists continued to develop, as galleries such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_Gallery_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador (page does not exist)">Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (which later became <a href="/wiki/The_Rooms" title="The Rooms">The Rooms</a> Provincial Art Gallery), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Centre_for_the_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resource Centre for the Arts (page does not exist)">Resource Centre for the Arts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Edge" title="Eastern Edge">Eastern Edge</a> were established. Fine arts education programs were established at post-secondary institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfred_Grenfell_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfred Grenfell College">Sir Wilfred Grenfell College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corner_Brook" title="Corner Brook">Corner Brook</a>, the Western Community College (now <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_North_Atlantic" title="College of the North Atlantic">College of the North Atlantic</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Stephenville,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador">Stephenville</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Templeton_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Templeton Centre (page does not exist)">Anna Templeton Centre</a> in St. John's.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Newfoundland and Labrador's arts community is recognized nationally and internationally. The creation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fogo_Island_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fogo Island Arts (page does not exist)">Fogo Island Arts</a> in 2008 on <a href="/wiki/Fogo_Island,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Fogo Island, Newfoundland and Labrador">Fogo Island</a> created a residency-based contemporary art program for artists, filmmakers, writers, musicians, curators, designers, and thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> In 2013 and 2015, the province was represented at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> as Official Collateral Projects.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Jones" title="Philippa Jones">Philippa Jones</a> became the first Newfoundland and Labrador artist to be included in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a> contemporary art biennial.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Other notable contemporary artists who have received national and international attention include <a href="/wiki/Will_Gill" title="Will Gill">Will Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kym_Greeley" title="Kym Greeley">Kym Greeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ned_Pratt" title="Ned Pratt">Ned Pratt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilkins" title="Peter Wilkins">Peter Wilkins</a>. As of 2011, a study documented approximately 1,200 artists, representing 0.47% of the province's labour force.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Music of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> Newfoundland and Labrador has a folk musical heritage based on the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scottish</a> traditions that were brought to its shores centuries ago. Though similar in its <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic</a> influence to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, Newfoundland and Labrador are more Irish than Scottish, and have more elements imported from English and French music than those provinces.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Much of the region's music focuses on the strong seafaring tradition in the area, and includes <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanties</a> and other sailing songs. Some modern traditional musicians include <a href="/wiki/Great_Big_Sea" title="Great Big Sea">Great Big Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ennis_Sisters" title="The Ennis Sisters">The Ennis Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dardanelles_(band)" title="The Dardanelles (band)">The Dardanelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Hynes" title="Ron Hynes">Ron Hynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Payne_(folk_singer)" title="Jim Payne (folk singer)">Jim Payne</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra">Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra</a> began in St. John's in 1962 as a 20-piece string orchestra known as the St. John's Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> A school of music at <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University</a> schedules a variety of concerts and has a chamber orchestra and jazz band.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Two members of its faculty, Nancy Dahn on violin and Timothy Steeves on piano, perform as Duo Concertante<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> and are responsible for establishing an annual music festival in August, the <a href="/wiki/Tuckamore_Festival" title="Tuckamore Festival">Tuckamore Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Both the school of music and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_on_the_Avalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera on the Avalon (page does not exist)">Opera on the Avalon</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> produce operatic works. A leading institution for research in ethnomusicology, Memorial's Research Centre for the Study of Music, Media, and Place, offers academic lectures, scholarly residencies, conferences, symposia, and outreach activities to the province on music and culture. The pre-confederation and current provincial anthem is the "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Newfoundland" title="Ode to Newfoundland">Ode to Newfoundland</a>", written by British colonial governor Sir Charles <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Boyle" title="Cavendish Boyle">Cavendish Boyle</a> in 1902. It was adopted as the official Newfoundland anthem on May 20, 1904. In 1980, the province re-adopted the song as an official provincial anthem. "The Ode to Newfoundland" is still sung at public events in Newfoundland and Labrador. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland in fiction">Newfoundland in fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Author_Michael_Crummey,_May_28_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Author_Michael_Crummey%2C_May_28_2014.jpg/170px-Author_Michael_Crummey%2C_May_28_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Author_Michael_Crummey%2C_May_28_2014.jpg/255px-Author_Michael_Crummey%2C_May_28_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Author_Michael_Crummey%2C_May_28_2014.jpg/340px-Author_Michael_Crummey%2C_May_28_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crummey" title="Michael Crummey">Michael Crummey</a> is a contemporary novelist from Newfoundland and Labrador.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Duley" title="Margaret Duley">Margaret Duley</a> (1894–1968) was Newfoundland's first novelist to gain an international audience. Her works include The Eyes of the Gull (1936), Cold Pastoral (1939) and Highway to Valour (1941).<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Subsequent novelists include <a href="/wiki/Harold_Horwood" title="Harold Horwood">Harold Horwood</a>, author of Tomorrow Will Be Sunday (1966) and White Eskimo (1972), and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Janes" title="Percy Janes">Percy Janes</a>, author of House of Hate (1970).<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crummey" title="Michael Crummey">Michael Crummey's</a> debut novel, River Thieves (2001), became a Canadian bestseller.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopaedia-216">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Johnston_(writer)" title="Wayne Johnston (writer)">Wayne Johnston's</a> fiction deals primarily with the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, often in a historical setting;<a href="#cite_note-canenc1-217">[215]</a> His novels include The Story of Bobby O'Malley, The Time of Their Lives,<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Divine Ryans,<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Colony_of_Unrequited_Dreams" title="The Colony of Unrequited Dreams">The Colony of Unrequited Dreams</a>, a historical portrayal of Newfoundland politician <a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joey Smallwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Moore_(writer)" title="Lisa Moore (writer)">Lisa Moore's</a> first novel, Alligator (2005), is set in St. John's and incorporates her Newfoundland heritage.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Other contemporary novelists include <a href="/wiki/Joel_Thomas_Hynes" title="Joel Thomas Hynes">Joel Thomas Hynes</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/We%27ll_All_Be_Burnt_in_Our_Beds_Some_Night" title="We'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night">We'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Grant" title="Jessica Grant">Jessica Grant</a>, author of Come Thou Tortoise (2009), and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Harvey" title="Kenneth J. Harvey">Kenneth J. Harvey</a>, author of The Town That Forgot How to Breathe (2003), Inside (2006) and Blackstrap Hawco (2008). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_J._Pratt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Edwin_J._Pratt.JPG/170px-Edwin_J._Pratt.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Edwin_J._Pratt.JPG/255px-Edwin_J._Pratt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Edwin_J._Pratt.JPG/340px-Edwin_J._Pratt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E._J._Pratt" title="E. J. Pratt">E. J. Pratt</a> wrote a number of poems describing maritime life and the history of Canada.</figcaption></figure> The earliest works of poetry in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, mainly written by visitors and targeted at a European audience, described the new territories in optimistic terms. One of the first works was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hayman" title="Robert Hayman">Robert Hayman</a>'s Quodlibets, a collection of verses composed in Newfoundland and published in 1628. In the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">County Waterford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_Ruadh_Mac_Conmara" title="Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara">Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">hedge school</a> teacher, is said to have sailed for Newfoundland around 1743, allegedly to escape the wrath of a man whose daughter the poet had impregnated.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> During the 21st century, however, <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a> discovered that several of Donnchadh Ruadh's poems in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> contain multiple Gaelicized words and terms known to be unique to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a>. For this reason, Donnchadh Ruadh's poems are considered the earliest literature in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Irish language in Newfoundland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> After the Second World War, Newfoundland poet <a href="/wiki/E._J._Pratt" title="E. J. Pratt">E. J. Pratt</a> described the struggle to make a living from the sea in poems about maritime life and the history of Canada, including in his 1923 "breakthrough collection" Newfoundland Verse.<a href="#cite_note-online-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-vulpe-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-pitt-228">[226]</a> Amongst more recent poets are <a href="/wiki/Tom_Dawe" title="Tom Dawe">Tom Dawe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Pittman" title="Al Pittman">Al Pittman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dalton" title="Mary Dalton">Mary Dalton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Walsh" title="Agnes Walsh">Agnes Walsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Warner" title="Patrick Warner">Patrick Warner</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Steffler" title="John Steffler">John Steffler</a>. Canadian poet <a href="/wiki/Don_McKay_(poet)" title="Don McKay (poet)">Don McKay</a> has resided in St. John's in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> In 1967 the St. John's Arts and Culture Centre was opened along with the first all-Canadian Dominion Drama Festival: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Playwrights across Canada began writing, and this explosion was also felt in Newfoundland and Labrador. Subregional festivals saw Newfoundland plays compete—Wreakers by <a href="/wiki/Cassie_Brown" title="Cassie Brown">Cassie Brown</a>, Tomorrow Will Be Sunday by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cahill_(playwright)" title="Tom Cahill (playwright)">Tom Cahill</a>, and Holdin' Ground by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Russell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Ted Russell (Canadian politician)">Ted Russell</a>. Cahill's play went on to receive top honours and a performance at <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a> in Montreal. Joining Brown and Cahill in the seventies were <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(playwright)" title="Michael Cook (playwright)">Michael Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Pittman" title="Al Pittman">Al Pittman</a>, both prolific writers.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> Rossleys, a "<a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>-style performance troupe", put on <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">blackface minstrelsy shows</a> which were a popular source of entertainment in Newfoundland between 1911 and 1917.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Modern theatre companies include the New Curtain Theatre Company in <a href="/wiki/Clarenville,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarenville, Newfoundland">Clarenville</a> and the New World Theatre Project in <a href="/wiki/Cupids" title="Cupids">Cupids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_by_the_Sea,_Newfoundland" title="Shakespeare by the Sea, Newfoundland">Shakespeare by the Sea</a> presents outdoor productions of the plays of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, as well as pieces related to the province and culture.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Dance in Newfoundland and Labrador">Dance in Newfoundland and Labrador</a> comprises <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dances</a> that are specific to the province, including <a href="/wiki/Performance_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance dance">performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">traditional</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboriginal dance (page does not exist)">Indigenous dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kittiwake_Dance_Theatre" title="Kittiwake Dance Theatre">Kittiwake Dance Theatre</a>, founded in 1987, is the oldest non-profit dance company in Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador">Symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Provincial symbols </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official flower </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea" title="Sarracenia purpurea">Pitcher plant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official tree </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">Black spruce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official bird </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official horse </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_pony" title="Newfoundland pony">Newfoundland pony</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official animal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribou_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou (North America)">Caribou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official game bird </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official mineral </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official dogs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland (dog)">Newfoundland Dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Retriever" title="Labrador Retriever">Labrador Retriever</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Provincial anthem</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Newfoundland" title="Ode to Newfoundland">Ode to Newfoundland</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Provincial holiday </td> <td>June 24 Discovery Day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patron saint</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newfoundland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Newfoundland.jpg/70px-Newfoundland.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Newfoundland.jpg/105px-Newfoundland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Newfoundland.jpg/140px-Newfoundland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great seal </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatsealofnewfoundland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Greatsealofnewfoundland.jpg/70px-Greatsealofnewfoundland.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Greatsealofnewfoundland.jpg/105px-Greatsealofnewfoundland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Greatsealofnewfoundland.jpg/140px-Greatsealofnewfoundland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Simple_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/50px-Simple_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Simple_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/75px-Simple_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Simple_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/100px-Simple_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newfoundland_Tricolour.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Newfoundland_Tricolour.svg/220px-Newfoundland_Tricolour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Newfoundland_Tricolour.svg/330px-Newfoundland_Tricolour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Newfoundland_Tricolour.svg/440px-Newfoundland_Tricolour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Tricolour" title="Newfoundland Tricolour">Newfoundland Tricolour</a> is an unofficial flag used by a number of Newfoundlanders.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Labrador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Labrador.svg/220px-Flag_of_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Labrador.svg/330px-Flag_of_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Labrador.svg/440px-Flag_of_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The unofficial <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Labrador" title="Flag of Labrador">Flag of Labrador</a>, used by a number of Labradorians</figcaption></figure> Newfoundland and Labrador's <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador">present provincial flag</a>, designed by Newfoundland artist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pratt" title="Christopher Pratt">Christopher Pratt</a>, was officially adopted by the legislature on May 28, 1980, and first flown on "Discovery Day" that year. The blue is meant to represent the sea, the white represents snow and ice, the red represents the efforts and struggles of the people, and the gold represents the confidence of Newfoundlanders and Labradorians. The blue triangles are a tribute to the Union Flag, and represent the British heritage of the province. The two red triangles represent Labrador (the mainland portion of the province) and the island. In Pratt's words, the golden arrow points towards a "brighter future".<a href="#cite_note-The_Newfoundland_Flag-238">[236]</a> What has commonly but mistakenly been called the Newfoundland tricolour <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Tricolour" title="Newfoundland Tricolour">"Pink, White and Green"(sic)</a> is the flag of the Catholic Church affiliated Star of the Sea Association (SOSA). It originated in the late nineteenth century and enjoyed popularity among people who were under the impression that it was the Native Flag of Newfoundland which was created before 1852 by the Newfoundland Natives' Society. The true Native Flag (red-white-green tricolour) was widely flown into the late nineteenth century. Neither tricolour was ever adopted by the Newfoundland government.<a href="#cite_note-THE_PROVINCES_Chap_XIX-239">[237]</a> The "Pink, White and Green"(sic) has been adopted by some residents as a symbol of ties with Irish heritage and as a political statement. Many of the province's <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, who make up nearly 60% of the province's total population,<a href="#cite_note-Population_by_religion,_by_province_and_territory_(2001_Census)-240">[238]</a> may not identify with this heritage. At the same time, many of the province's Catholics, approximately 37% of the total population (with at least 22% of the population claiming Irish ancestry),<a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_2006_on_20151223002828-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religions_in_Canada:_Newfoundland_and_Labrador-241">[239]</a> think the current provincial flag does not satisfactorily represent them.<a href="#cite_note-Emblem_of_our_country-242">[240]</a> But, a government-sponsored poll in 2005 revealed that 75% of Newfoundlanders rejected adoption of the Tricolour flag as the province's official flag.<a href="#cite_note-poll-243">[241]</a> Labrador has its own <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Labrador" title="Flag of Labrador">unofficial flag</a>, created in 1973 by Mike Martin, former <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">Member of the Legislative Assembly</a> for Labrador South. On Newfoundland, as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit">[update]</a> moose have become an increasingly adopted symbol of the island.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mile_one_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mile_one_stadium.jpg/220px-Mile_one_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mile_one_stadium.jpg/330px-Mile_one_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mile_one_stadium.jpg/440px-Mile_one_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Brown%27s_Centre" title="Mary Brown's Centre">Mary Brown's Centre</a> (formerly Mile One Centre) is an indoor arena in St. John's.</figcaption></figure> Newfoundland and Labrador has a somewhat different sports culture from the rest of Canada, owing in part to its long history separate from the rest of Canada and under British rule. <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a>, however, remains popular; Though operations ceased in April 2024, a minor league professional team called the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Growlers" title="Newfoundland Growlers">Newfoundland Growlers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a> played at <a href="/wiki/Mary_Brown%27s_Centre" title="Mary Brown's Centre">Mary Brown's Centre</a> (formerly Mile One Centre) in St. John's from the 2018–19 to 2023-24 seasons. The area had an intermittent <a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> presence with the <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Maple_Leafs" title="St. John's Maple Leafs">St. John's Maple Leafs</a> then <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_IceCaps" title="St. John's IceCaps">St. John's IceCaps</a> until 2017, and the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Senior_Hockey_League" title="Newfoundland Senior Hockey League">Newfoundland Senior Hockey League</a> had teams around the island. Since the departure of the <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Fog_Devils" title="St. John's Fog Devils">St. John's Fog Devils</a> in 2008, Newfoundland and Labrador is the only province in Canada to not have a team in the major junior <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Hockey League">Canadian Hockey League</a> (should one ever join it would be placed in the <a href="/wiki/QMJHL" class="mw-redirect" title="QMJHL">QMJHL</a>, which hosted the Fog Devils and has jurisdiction over Atlantic Canada). <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> have a very long history in the Province<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> and continue to be played.<a href="#cite_note-irishtimes.com-246">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> (soccer) and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> are both more popular in Newfoundland and Labrador than the rest of Canada in general. Soccer is hosted at <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Park" title="King George V Park">King George V Park</a>, a 6,000-seat stadium built as Newfoundland's national stadium during the time as an independent dominion. <a href="/wiki/Swilers_Rugby_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Swilers Rugby Park">Swilers Rugby Park</a> is home of the <a href="/wiki/Swilers_RFC" title="Swilers RFC">Swilers RFC</a> rugby union club, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rock" title="Atlantic Rock">Atlantic Rock</a>, one of the four regional teams in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rugby_Championship" title="Canadian Rugby Championship">Canadian Rugby Championship</a>. Other sports facilities in Newfoundland and Labrador include <a href="/wiki/Pepsi_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsi Centre">Pepsi Centre</a>, an indoor arena in Corner Brook; and <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Park" title="St. Patrick's Park">St. Patrick's Park</a>, a baseball park in St. John's. <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a>, be it either <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a>, is almost non-existent; it is the only Canadian province other than <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> to have never hosted a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> or <a href="/wiki/CIS_football" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS football">Canadian Interuniversity Sport</a> game, and it was not until 2013 the province saw its first amateur teams form. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> was once a popular sport. The earliest mention is in the Newfoundland Mercantile Journal, Thursday September 16, 1824, indicating the St. John's Cricket Club was an established club at this time.<a href="#cite_note-cancricket-247">[245]</a> The St. John's Cricket club was one of the first cricket clubs in North America. Other centres were at <a href="/wiki/Harbour_Grace" title="Harbour Grace">Harbour Grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twillingate" title="Twillingate">Twillingate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Trinity, Newfoundland and Labrador">Trinity</a>. The heyday of the game was the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, at which time there was league in St. John's, as well as an interschool tournament. John Shannon Munn is Newfoundland's most famous cricketer, having represented Oxford University. After the first World War, cricket declined in popularity and was replaced by soccer and baseball. However, with the arrival of immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, cricket is once again gaining interest in the province.<a href="#cite_note-cancricket-247">[245]</a> In 2024 Newfoundland and Labrador became the shirt sponsors of <a href="/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C." title="Barrow A.F.C.">Barrow A.F.C.</a>, A Football (Soccer) team located in North West England. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Canada" title="List of bridges in Canada">List of bridges in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_highways" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador highways">List of Newfoundland and Labrador highways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of airports in Newfoundland and Labrador">List of airports in Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_500_Churchill_Falls_-_Labrador_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Route_500_Churchill_Falls_-_Labrador_City.jpg/220px-Route_500_Churchill_Falls_-_Labrador_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Route_500_Churchill_Falls_-_Labrador_City.jpg/330px-Route_500_Churchill_Falls_-_Labrador_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Route_500_Churchill_Falls_-_Labrador_City.jpg/440px-Route_500_Churchill_Falls_-_Labrador_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>The Trans-Labrador Highway is the primary highway for Labrador.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferries">Ferries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Ferries">edit</a>]</div> Within the province, the Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Works operates or sponsors 15 automobile, passenger and freight ferry routes which connect various communities along the province's significant coastline.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> A regular passenger and car ferry service, lasting about 90 minutes, crosses the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Belle_Isle" title="Strait of Belle Isle">Strait of Belle Isle</a>, connecting the province's <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Newfoundland">island of Newfoundland</a> with the region of <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> on the mainland. The ferry MV Qajaq W travels from <a href="/wiki/St._Barbe,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Barbe, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. Barbe, Newfoundland</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Peninsula" title="Great Northern Peninsula">Great Northern Peninsula</a>, to the port town of <a href="/wiki/Blanc-Sablon,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanc-Sablon, Quebec">Blanc-Sablon, Quebec</a>, located on the provincial border and beside the town of <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse-au-Clair" title="L'Anse-au-Clair">L'Anse-au-Clair</a>, Labrador.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> The MV Sir Robert Bond once provided seasonal ferry service between <a href="/wiki/Lewisporte" title="Lewisporte">Lewisporte</a> on the island and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Cartwright,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Cartwright, Newfoundland and Labrador">Cartwright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley-Goose_Bay" title="Happy Valley-Goose Bay">Happy Valley-Goose Bay</a> in Labrador, but has not run since the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Labrador_Highway" title="Trans-Labrador Highway">Trans-Labrador Highway</a> in 2010, allowing access from <a href="/wiki/Blanc-Sablon,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanc-Sablon, Quebec">Blanc-Sablon, Quebec</a>, to major parts of Labrador.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Several smaller ferries connect numerous other coastal towns and offshore island communities around the island of Newfoundland and up the Labrador coast as far north as <a href="/wiki/Nain,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador">Nain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> There are also two ferries, MV Legionnaire and MV Flanders, that operate between <a href="/wiki/Bell_Island_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Bell Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Bell Island</a> and Portugal Cove–St. Philips yearly, mainly used by those commuting to St. John's for work. The MV Veteran, a sister ship of MV Legionnaire, operates between Fogo Island, Change Islands, and Farewell. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Atlantic_Vision_entering_Port_aux_Basques_May_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/MV_Atlantic_Vision_entering_Port_aux_Basques_May_2014.jpg/220px-MV_Atlantic_Vision_entering_Port_aux_Basques_May_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/MV_Atlantic_Vision_entering_Port_aux_Basques_May_2014.jpg/330px-MV_Atlantic_Vision_entering_Port_aux_Basques_May_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/MV_Atlantic_Vision_entering_Port_aux_Basques_May_2014.jpg/440px-MV_Atlantic_Vision_entering_Port_aux_Basques_May_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MV_Atlantic_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Atlantic Vision">MV Atlantic Vision</a> is one of several ships that provides inter-provincial ferry service to Newfoundland.</figcaption></figure> Inter-provincial ferry services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Marine_Atlantic" title="Marine Atlantic">Marine Atlantic</a>, a federal <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporation" title="Crown corporation">Crown corporation</a> which operates auto-passenger ferries from <a href="/wiki/North_Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="North Sydney, Nova Scotia">North Sydney</a>, Nova Scotia, to the towns of <a href="/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques" title="Channel-Port aux Basques">Port aux Basques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentia" title="Argentia">Argentia</a> on the southern coast of Newfoundland island.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Aviation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_International_Airport" title="St. John's International Airport">St. John's International Airport</a> (YYT) and the <a href="/wiki/Gander_International_Airport" title="Gander International Airport">Gander International Airport</a> (YQX) are the only airports in the province that are part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Airports_System" title="National Airports System">National Airports System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> The St. John's International Airport handles nearly 1.2 million passengers a year making it the busiest airport in the province and the fourteenth busiest airport in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> YYT airport underwent a major expansion of the terminal building which was completed in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deer_Lake_Regional_Airport" title="Deer Lake Regional Airport">Deer Lake Airport</a> (YDF) handles over 300,000 passengers a year.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway" title="Newfoundland Railway">Newfoundland Railway</a> operated on the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> from 1898 to 1988. With a total track length of 1,458 km (906 mi), it was the longest 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow-gauge railway</a> system in North America.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> The railway ended on June 20, 1988, in the rails for roads deal.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tshiuetin_Rail_Transportation" title="Tshiuetin Rail Transportation">Tshiuetin Rail Transportation</a> operates passenger rail service on its <a href="/wiki/Sept-%C3%8Eles,_Quebec" title="Sept-Îles, Quebec">Sept-Îles, Quebec</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Schefferville" title="Schefferville">Schefferville</a>, Quebec route, passing through Labrador and stopping in several towns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Newfoundland and Labrador-related articles">Index of Newfoundland and Labrador-related articles</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Although the term <a href="/wiki/Newfie" title="Newfie">Newfie</a> is sometimes used in casual speech, some Newfoundlanders consider it a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnjuːfən(d)lənd, -lænd ... ˈlæbrədɔːr/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NEW-fən(d)-lənd, -⁠land ... LAB-rə-dor</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌn(j)uːfənˈlænd ... /</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NEW-fən-LAND ...</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/ACPVZ">"Place names – Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador"</a>. 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Retrieved February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">"Population estimates, quarterly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 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Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0840-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0840-1"><bdi>978-1-4875-0840-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1223011941">1223011941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newfoundland+and+Labrador+%3A+a+health+system+profile&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1223011941&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-0840-1&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1223011941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ses-29"><a href="#cite_ref-ses_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/seasonal.html">"Climate Characteristics"</a>. Memorial University of Newfoundland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618214933/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/seasonal.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Characteristics&rft.pub=Memorial+University+of+Newfoundland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fenvironment%2Fseasonal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316212407/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/stnselect_1981_2010_e.html?lang=e&province=NL&provSubmit=go">"Station Results – 1981–2010 Climate Normals and Averages"</a>. Environment Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/stnselect_1981_2010_e.html?lang=e&province=NL&provSubmit=go">the original</a> on March 16, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Results+%E2%80%93+1981%E2%80%932010+Climate+Normals+and+Averages&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fstnselect_1981_2010_e.html%3Flang%3De%26province%3DNL%26provSubmit%3Dgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghi-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghi_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghi_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghi_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519102701/http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=83846147-1">"The Climate of Newfoundland"</a>. Environment Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=83846147-1">the original</a> on May 19, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Climate+of+Newfoundland&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca%2Fclimatecentre%2Fdefault.asp%3Flang%3DEn%26n%3D83846147-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_Climate_Normals_or_Averages_1971–2000-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Climate_Normals_or_Averages_1971–2000_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/Welcome_e.html">"National Climate Data and Information Archive"</a>. Environment Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091211013802/http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/Welcome_e.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Climate+Data+and+Information+Archive&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weatheroffice.gc.ca%2FWelcome_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck" class="citation web cs1">Tuck, James A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060510135435/http://www.therooms.ca/museum/mnotes12.asp">"Museum Notes – The Maritime Archaic Tradition"</a>. "The Rooms" Provincial museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therooms.ca/museum/mnotes12.asp">the original</a> on May 10, 2006. Retrieved June 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+Notes+%E2%80%93+The+Maritime+Archaic+Tradition&rft.pub=%22The+Rooms%22+Provincial+museum&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therooms.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fmnotes12.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogucki-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogucki_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogucki_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogucki_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogucki1999" class="citation book cs1">Bogucki, Peter I (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_2ZHVg5-3QC&pg=PA139">The Origins of Human Society</a>. Blackwell. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-349-2"><bdi>978-1-55786-349-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523120627/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_2ZHVg5-3QC&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Human+Society&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-349-2&rft.aulast=Bogucki&rft.aufirst=Peter+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_2ZHVg5-3QC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060510135435/http://www.therooms.ca/museum/mnotes12.asp">"Museum Notes-The Maritime Archaic Tradition"</a>. By James A. Tuck-The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therooms.ca/museum/mnotes12.asp">the original</a> on May 10, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=By+James+A.+Tuck-The+Rooms+Provincial+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=Museum+Notes-The+Maritime+Archaic+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therooms.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fmnotes12.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck1976" class="citation book cs1">Tuck, J. A. (1976). "Ancient peoples of Port au Choix". The excavation of an Archaic Indian Cemetery in Newfoundland. Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies 17. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919666-12-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919666-12-2"><bdi>978-0-919666-12-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+peoples+of+Port+au+Choix&rft.btitle=The+excavation+of+an+Archaic+Indian+Cemetery+in+Newfoundland.+Newfoundland+Social+and+Economic+Studies+17&rft.place=St.+John%27s&rft.pub=Institute+of+Social+and+Economic+Research&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-919666-12-2&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pastore-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pastore_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pastore_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pastore_37-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/palaeo.html">Ralph T. Pastore, "Aboriginal Peoples: Palaeo-Eskimo Peoples"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923033457/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/palaeo.html">Archived</a> September 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage: Newfoundland and Labrador Studies Site 2205, 1998, Memorial University of Newfoundland </li> <li id="cite_note-Wonders-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wonders_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wonders_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWonders2003" class="citation book cs1">Wonders, William C (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHsyINzEEgEC&pg=PA88">Canada's Changing North</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2590-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2590-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523120626/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHsyINzEEgEC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Changing+North&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2590-0&rft.aulast=Wonders&rft.aufirst=William+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHsyINzEEgEC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1998" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Ingeborg (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckOav3Szu7oC&pg=PA13">A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1774-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1774-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-1774-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815185014/https://books.google.com/books?id=ckOav3Szu7oC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+and+Ethnography+of+the+Beothuk&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1774-5&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Ingeborg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckOav3Szu7oC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritzker2000" class="citation book cs1">Pritzker, Barry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit">A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/535">535</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513877-1</bdi></a>. <q>Inuit migration to labrador.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+encyclopedia%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+and+peoples&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513877-1&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanen0000prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Eric Alden (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P69EpMJ-C_8C&q=Dorset%20culture%20lacked%20dogs&pg=PA101">Inujjuamiut foraging strategies : evolutionary ecology of an arctic hunting economy</a>. A. de Gruyter. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-01181-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-01181-3"><bdi>978-0-202-01181-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814132645/https://books.google.com/books?id=P69EpMJ-C_8C&q=Dorset%20culture%20lacked%20dogs&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inujjuamiut+foraging+strategies+%3A+evolutionary+ecology+of+an+arctic+hunting+economy&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=A.+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-202-01181-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Eric+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP69EpMJ-C_8C%26q%3DDorset%2520culture%2520lacked%2520dogs%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebering-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebering_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebering_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuebering2011" class="citation book cs1">Luebering, J E (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bnabh4i3ppMC&q=Innu+traditional+diet&pg=PA37">Native American History</a>. Educational Britannica Educational. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-265-9"><bdi>978-1-61530-265-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814103130/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bnabh4i3ppMC&q=Innu+traditional+diet&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+History&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Educational+Britannica+Educational&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-265-9&rft.aulast=Luebering&rft.aufirst=J+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnabh4i3ppMC%26q%3DInnu%2Btraditional%2Bdiet%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2002" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul R (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&q=Innu%20and%20Inuit%20warfare&pg=PA102">Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3630-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3630-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3630-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815022128/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&q=Innu%20and%20Inuit%20warfare&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+peoples+of+Canada%3A+a+short+introduction&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3630-8&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkAuYRVjlE8C%26q%3DInnu%2520and%2520Inuit%2520warfare%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornborg2007" class="citation book cs1">Hornborg, Anne-Christine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PRUMG5Ukx4C&q=Mi'kmaq&pg=PA4">Mi'kmaq landscapes: from animism to sacred ecology</a>. Burlington, VT : Ashgate. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6371-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6371-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-6371-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816163958/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PRUMG5Ukx4C&q=Mi%27kmaq&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+landscapes%3A+from+animism+to+sacred+ecology&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Burlington%2C+VT+%3A+Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6371-3&rft.aulast=Hornborg&rft.aufirst=Anne-Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PRUMG5Ukx4C%26q%3DMi%27kmaq%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-William-45"><a href="#cite_ref-William_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam1996" class="citation book cs1">William, Baillie Hamilton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=Place%20names%20of%20Atlantic%20Canada&pg=PA3">Place names of Atlantic Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0471-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-0471-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817225141/https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=Place%20names%20of%20Atlantic%20Canada&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+names+of+Atlantic+Canada&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0471-0&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Baillie+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAvyE0pN5akC%26q%3DPlace%2520names%2520of%2520Atlantic%2520Canada%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicken2002" class="citation book cs1">Wicken, William (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MEQyYggQE8C&pg=PA53">Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0718-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-0718-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814214226/https://books.google.com/books?id=0MEQyYggQE8C&q=Mi%27kmaq%20%20Grand%20Council%20formation&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+Treaties+on+Trial%3A+History%2C+Land+and+Donald+Marshall+Junior&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0718-6&rft.aulast=Wicken&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MEQyYggQE8C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beothuk_Eve_of_Extinction-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Beothuk_Eve_of_Extinction_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolly2000" class="citation journal cs1">Holly, Donald H. Jr. (2000). "The Beothuk on the Eve of Their Extinction". Arctic Anthropology. 37 (1): 79–95. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17722364">17722364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Beothuk+on+the+Eve+of+Their+Extinction&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-95&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17722364&rft.aulast=Holly&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timothy_Severin_1977_p._768-97-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_Severin_1977_p._768-97_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_Severin_1977_p._768-97_48-1">b</a> Timothy Severin, "The Voyage of the 'Brendan'", National Geographic Magazine, 152: 6 (December 1977), p. 768-97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim_Severin_1978-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_Severin_1978_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_Severin_1978_49-1">b</a> Tim Severin, The Brendan Voyage: A Leather Boat Tracks the Discovery of America by the Irish Sailor Saints, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-056335-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-056335-7">0-07-056335-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-voices.nationalgeographic.com-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voices.nationalgeographic.com_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voices.nationalgeographic.com_50-1">b</a> Tim Severin, "Atlantic Navigators: The Brendan Voyage", 2005 presentation at Gresham College, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210223018/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/16/did-st-brendan-reach-north-america-500-years-before-the-vikings/">video posted on National Geographic Voices by Andrew Howley May 16, 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pálsson_1965_28-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Pálsson_1965_28_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPálsson1965" class="citation book cs1">Pálsson, Hermann (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-4rb_GhQ5EC&morning&pg=PA28">The Vinland sagas: the Norse discovery of America</a>. Penguin Classics. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044154-3"><bdi>978-0-14-044154-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812210827/https://books.google.com/books?id=m-4rb_GhQ5EC&q=The%20Vinland%20sagas%3A%20the%20Norse%20discovery%20of%20America&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vinland+sagas%3A+the+Norse+discovery+of+America&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044154-3&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1lsson&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-4rb_GhQ5EC%26morning%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en">"Eiríks saga rauða"</a> [The Saga of Erik the Red]. Translated by Sephton, J. Icelandic Saga Database. 1880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504211747/http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eir%C3%ADks+saga+rau%C3%B0a&rft.pub=Icelandic+Saga+Database&rft.date=1880&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsagadb.org%2Feiriks_saga_rauda.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vikings:_The_North_Atlantic_Saga-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Vikings:_The_North_Atlantic_Saga_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/markland/history.html">"Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga"</a>. National Museum of Natural History, Arctic Studies Centre- (Smithsonian Institution). 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224040949/http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/markland/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vikings%3A+The+North+Atlantic+Saga&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Natural+History%2C+Arctic+Studies+Centre-+%28Smithsonian+Institution%29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnh.si.edu%2Fvikings%2Fvoyage%2Fsubset%2Fmarkland%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2006" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Jared M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collapse00jare">Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail Or Succeed</a>. Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collapse00jare/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303655-5"><bdi>978-0-14-303655-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 16, 2010. <q>Vikings Settle Helluland Markland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse%3A+How+Societies+Choose+to+Fail+Or+Succeed&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303655-5&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollapse00jare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugen1977" class="citation web cs1">Haugen, Einar (1977). Bekker-Nielsen, Hans; Foote, Peter; Olsen, Olaf (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010515202742/http://www.capecod.net/~nmgood/">"Was Vinland in Newfoundland?"</a>. Originally published in Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Arhus (August 24–31, 1977). Republished <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University Press of Southern Denmark">Odense University Press</a>, 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecod.net/~nmgood/">the original</a> on May 15, 2001. 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UNESCO World Heritage Centre (United Nations). 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616164041/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%28United+Nations%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216063635/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_E.asp">"L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada"</a>. Parks Canada. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_e.asp">the original</a> on December 16, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site+of+Canada&rft.pub=Parks+Canada&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Flhn-nhs%2Fnl%2Fmeadows%2Findex_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLE_MESSURIER1916" class="citation web cs1">LE MESSURIER, H. W. (December 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-207514/207514_djvu.txt">"THE EARLY RELATIONS BETWEEN NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS"</a>. Geographical Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+EARLY+RELATIONS+BETWEEN+NEWFOUNDLAND+AND+THE+CHANNEL+ISLANDS&rft.pub=Geographical+Review&rft.date=1916-12&rft.aulast=LE+MESSURIER&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjstor-207514%2F207514_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey_W._DiffieGeorge_D._Winius1977" class="citation book cs1">Bailey W. Diffie & George D. Winius (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464">Foundations of the Portuguese empire</a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-0782-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214351/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+empire&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2&rft.au=Bailey+W.+Diffie&rft.au=George+D.+Winius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtZtMBLJ7GgC%26q%3DThe%2520name%2520%2522Labrador%2522%2520and%2520Jo%25C3%25A3o%2520Fernandes%2520Lavrador%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1498.html">"John Cabot's voyage of 1498"</a>. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage). 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805084234/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1498.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Cabot%27s+voyage+of+1498&rft.pub=Memorial+University+of+Newfoundland+%28Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage%29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fexploration%2Fcabot1498.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-joao-61"><a href="#cite_ref-joao_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigneras1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vigneras, L.-A. (1979) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/corte_real_miguel_1E.html">"Corte-Real, Miguel"</a>. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. Retrieved April 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corte-Real%2C+Miguel&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Vigneras&rft.aufirst=L.-A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcorte_real_miguel_1E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffieWinius1977" class="citation book cs1">Diffie, Bailey W; Winius, George D (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464">Foundations of the Portuguese empire</a>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 464–465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-0782-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214351/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+empire&rft.pages=464-465&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=Bailey+W&rft.au=Winius%2C+George+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtZtMBLJ7GgC%26q%3DThe%2520name%2520%2522Labrador%2522%2520and%2520Jo%25C3%25A3o%2520Fernandes%2520Lavrador%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer1971" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1971). Sixteenth century North America : the land and the people as seen by the Europeans. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01854-9"><bdi>978-0-520-01854-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/215780">215780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixteenth+century+North+America+%3A+the+land+and+the+people+as+seen+by+the+Europeans&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F215780&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01854-9&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ortwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman-Grenville1975" class="citation book cs1">Freeman-Grenville (1975). Chronology of world history: a calendar of principal events from 3000 BC to. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-765-5"><bdi>978-0-87471-765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+world+history%3A+a+calendar+of+principal+events+from+3000+BC+to..&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87471-765-5&rft.au=Freeman-Grenville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Brian Cuthbertson, "John Cabot and His Historians: Five Hundred Years of Controversy." Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society 1998 1: 16–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1486-5920">1486-5920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> See Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages (1971) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson" class="citation web cs1">Dawson, Joanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301144128/http://canadashistory.ca/Community/Community-Features/Articles/Basque-Will">"The 1563 Basque Will"</a>. canadahistory.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadashistory.ca/Community/Community-Features/Articles/Basque-Will">the original</a> on March 1, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canadahistory.ca&rft.atitle=The+1563+Basque+Will&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadashistory.ca%2FCommunity%2FCommunity-Features%2FArticles%2FBasque-Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkham" class="citation web cs1">Barkham, Michael M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.placentiahistory.ca/images/pdfs/Basque_will_translation_PDF.pdf">"The Oldest Original Civil Document Written in Canada: The Last Will of Basque Sailor Domingo de Luca a, Placentia, Newfoundland, 1563"</a> (PDF). placentia.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316062025/http://placentiahistory.ca/images/pdfs/Basque_will_translation_PDF.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=placentia.ca&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Original+Civil+Document+Written+in+Canada%3A+The+Last+Will+of+Basque+Sailor+Domingo+de+Luca+a%2C+Placentia%2C+Newfoundland%2C+1563&rft.aulast=Barkham&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.placentiahistory.ca%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2FBasque_will_translation_PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden1990" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (1990). Sir Francis Drake. Barrie & Jenkins. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-2038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-2038-3"><bdi>978-0-7126-2038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-2038-3&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Grant C. Head, Eighteenth Century Newfoundland: A Geographer's Perspective (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fraser, Allan M. (1979) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/calvert_george_1E.html">"Calvert, Sir George"</a>. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calvert%2C+Sir+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Allan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcalvert_george_1E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoir1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Moir, John S. (1979) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/kirke_david_1E.html">"Kirke, Sir David"</a>. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <q>In 1639 Sir David, as the first governor of Newfoundland, took possession of Baltimore's "Mansion House" and the other property at Ferryland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kirke%2C+Sir+David&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Moir&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fkirke_david_1E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope,_Peter_Edward_2004_73-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2004" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Peter Edward (2004). Fish into Wine: the Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish+into+Wine%3A+the+Newfoundland+Plantation+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Peter+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Gordon W. Handcock, "So Longe as There Comes Noe Women": Origins of English Settlement in Newfoundland (1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2022" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Xavier (January 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/opinion-xaiver-campbell-cod-myths-1.6284952">"The Dark Side of Cod, Rum and Molasses: Dispelling the Myths around N.L. Staple Foods"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321052059/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/opinion-xaiver-campbell-cod-myths-1.6284952">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Cod%2C+Rum+and+Molasses%3A+Dispelling+the+Myths+around+N.L.+Staple+Foods&rft.date=2022-01-08&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fopinion-xaiver-campbell-cod-myths-1.6284952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker,_Barrington_2012-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker,_Barrington_2012_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker,_Barrington_2012_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Barrington (2012). "Jamaicans and the Making of Modern Canada". In James, Carl; Davis, Andrea (eds.). Jamaica in the Canadian Experience: a Multiculturalizing Presence. Fernwood Pub. pp. 23–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jamaicans+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Canada&rft.btitle=Jamaica+in+the+Canadian+Experience%3A+a+Multiculturalizing+Presence&rft.pages=23-34&rft.pub=Fernwood+Pub&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Barrington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2012" class="citation journal cs1">Whitfield, Harvey Amani (2012). "The Struggle over Slavery in the Maritime Colonies". 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Retrieved January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Newfoundland+and+Labrador+during+the+Second+World+War+%7C+Dispatches+%7C+Learn+%7C+Canadian+War+Museum&rft.aulast=Neary&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Flearn%2Fdispatches%2Fthe-history-of-newfoundland-and-labrador-during-the-second-world-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/second-world-war.php">"The Second World War, 1939–1945"</a>. heritage.nf.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125151704/https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/second-world-war.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heritage.nf.ca&rft.atitle=The+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Fsecond-world-war.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Gene Long, Suspended State: Newfoundland Before Canada (1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-newtois-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newtois_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newtois_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/national.html">"The Newfoundland National Convention"</a>. Heritage.nf.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044917/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/national.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Newfoundland+National+Convention&rft.pub=Heritage.nf.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Flaw%2Fnational.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Joseph Roberts Smallwood, I chose Canada: The Memoirs of the Honourable Joseph R. "Joey" Smallwood (1973) p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Richard Gwyn, Smallwood: The Unlikely Revolutionary (1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> David MacKenzie, Inside the Atlantic Triangle: Canada and the Entrance of Newfoundland into Confederation, 1939–49 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Trinklein2010" class="citation news cs1">Michael J. Trinklein (May 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/05/02/altered_states/?page=full">"Altered states: The strange history of efforts to redraw the New England map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916133428/http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/05/02/altered_states/?page=full">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Altered+states%3A+The+strange+history+of+efforts+to+redraw+the+New+England+map&rft.date=2010-05-02&rft.au=Michael+J.+Trinklein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fbostonglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2010%2F05%2F02%2Faltered_states%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2003" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Melvin (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.nl.ca/publicat/royalcomm/research/fallingintothecanadianlap.pdf">"Falling into the Canadian Lap: The Confederation of Newfoundland and Canada, 1945-1949"</a> (PDF). Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada: 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126105722/https://www.gov.nl.ca/publicat/royalcomm/research/fallingintothecanadianlap.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022. <q>Complicating the anti-Confederate movement was strong political sentiment in St. John's for greater economic union with the United States. On March 20, 1948 those opposed to Confederation divided into two groups with the formation by St. John's businessman Chesley Crosbie of the Economic Union Movement. Unfortunately for this group, the American Government wanted no part of Crosbie's group and preferred the political union of Newfoundland with Canada. As Peter Neary has observed, the Americans under the 1941 bases deal with the British Government had gotten what they wanted in Newfoundland and went along with British plans for Newfoundland's future constitutional development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Commission+on+Renewing+and+Strengthening+Our+Place+in+Canada&rft.atitle=Falling+into+the+Canadian+Lap%3A+The+Confederation+of+Newfoundland+and+Canada%2C+1945-1949&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2003-03&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.nl.ca%2Fpublicat%2Froyalcomm%2Fresearch%2Ffallingintothecanadianlap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factions-128"><a href="#cite_ref-factions_128-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/confederation/023001-2230-e.html#g">"The 1948 Referendums"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060211154609/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/confederation/023001-2230-e.html#g">Archived</a> February 11, 2006, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Library and Archives Canada </li> <li id="cite_note-historyquatre-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyquatre_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyquatre_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720173301/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/nfldhistory/NewfoundlandJoinsCanada-Confederation1949.htm">"Newfoundland Joins Canada) and Newfoundland and Confederation (1949)"</a>. .marianopolis.edu. 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Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. </li> <li id="cite_note-whif2-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whif2_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whif2_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiffen" class="citation web cs1">Whiffen, Glen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/newfoundland-and-labradors-forced-resettlement-a-historic-injustice-brothers-say-170787/">"Newfoundland and Labrador's forced resettlement a historic injustice, brothers say | The Telegram"</a>. thetelegram.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224234604/https://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/newfoundland-and-labradors-forced-resettlement-a-historic-injustice-brothers-say-170787/">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thetelegram.com&rft.atitle=Newfoundland+and+Labrador%27s+forced+resettlement+a+historic+injustice%2C+brothers+say+%7C+The+Telegram&rft.aulast=Whiffen&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetelegram.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fnewfoundland-and-labradors-forced-resettlement-a-historic-injustice-brothers-say-170787%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-p5852-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-p5852_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-p5852_133-1">b</a> Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, Volume four, p. 585, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9693422-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9693422-1-2">978-0-9693422-1-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_News2-134"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_News2_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/cod-moratorium-twenty-five-1.4187322">"Far from a temporary move: N.L.'s cod moratorium is 25 years old"</a>. 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February 14, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729200838/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/little-bay-islands-unanimous-resettlement-vote-1.5019053">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Nfld.+%26+Labrador%3A+Little+Bay+Islands+votes+unanimously+to+resettle&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Flittle-bay-islands-unanimous-resettlement-vote-1.5019053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-137"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-people-of-this-remote-canadian-island-village-are-taking-government-money-to-clear-out-one-couple-is-staying/2019/12/29/46d2a9f2-202f-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html">"The people of this remote Canadian island village are taking government money to clear out. One couple is staying"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125054931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-people-of-this-remote-canadian-island-village-are-taking-government-money-to-clear-out-one-couple-is-staying/2019/12/29/46d2a9f2-202f-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. 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Retrieved May 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heritage.nf.ca&rft.atitle=Roads+for+Rails%3A+The+Closure+of+the+Newfoundland+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Feconomy%2Fclosure-newfoundland-railway.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadigan2009" class="citation book cs1">Cadigan, Sean Thomas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zoktc9xBDvwC&q=.%20History%20of%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Newfoundland and Labrador: a history</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4465-5"><bdi>978-0-8020-4465-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601214606/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zoktc9xBDvwC&q=.%20History%20of%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newfoundland+and+Labrador%3A+a+history&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4465-5&rft.aulast=Cadigan&rft.aufirst=Sean+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoktc9xBDvwC%26q%3D.%2520History%2520of%2520Newfoundland%2520and%2520Labrador%25E2%2580%258E%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerNeary1994" class="citation book cs1">Hiller, James; Neary, Peter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InkAIxGnP_EC&q=.%20History%20of%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Twentieth-century Newfoundland: explorations</a>. Breakwater. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-072-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-072-1"><bdi>978-1-55081-072-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613202347/https://books.google.com/books?id=InkAIxGnP_EC&q=.%20History%20of%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+Newfoundland%3A+explorations&rft.pub=Breakwater&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55081-072-1&rft.aulast=Hiller&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Neary%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DInkAIxGnP_EC%26q%3D.%2520History%2520of%2520Newfoundland%2520and%2520Labrador%25E2%2580%258E%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2010" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Sandra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&q=.%20History%20of%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Newfoundland English</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2616-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2616-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-2616-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&q=.%20History%20of%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newfoundland+English&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2616-8&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmoDVp5TTpgcC%26q%3D.%2520History%2520of%2520Newfoundland%2520and%2520Labrador%25E2%2580%258E%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonRyan1990" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Donald; Ryan, Stanley (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keHXA0BnRO8C&q=Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Legends of Newfoundland & Labrador</a>. Jesperson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921692-40-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921692-40-9"><bdi>978-0-921692-40-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613202345/https://books.google.com/books?id=keHXA0BnRO8C&q=Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Newfoundland+%26+Labrador&rft.pub=Jesperson&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-921692-40-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeHXA0BnRO8C%26q%3DNewfoundland%2520and%2520Labrador%25E2%2580%258E%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewfoundland+and+Labrador" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Atlas of Newfoundland and Labrador by Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland, Breakwater Books Ltd; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-000-4">978-1-55081-000-4</a>; (1991)</li> <li>Bavington, Dean L.Y. Managed Annihilation: An Unnatural History of the Newfoundland Cod Collapse (University of British Columbia Press; 2010) 224 pages. Links the collapse of Newfoundland and Labrador cod fishing to state management of the resource.</li> <li>Cadigan, Sean T. Newfoundland and Labrador: A History U. of Toronto Press, 2009. Standard scholarly history</li> <li>Casey, G.J. Casey and Elizabeth Miller, eds., Tempered Days: A Century of Newfoundland Fiction St. John's: Killick Press, 1996.</li> <li>Earle, Karl Mcneil. "Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States" American Review of Canadian Studies Vol: 28. Issue: 4. 1998. pp: 387–411.</li> <li>Fay, C. R. Life and Labour in Newfoundland University of Toronto Press, 1956</li> <li>Department of Finance, Economic Research and Analysis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/ER2010/TheEconomicReview2010.pdf">"The Economic Review 2010" Dec. 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706191440/http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/ER2010/TheEconomicReview2010.pdf">Archived</a> July 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Jackson, Lawrence. Newfoundland & Labrador Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55041-261-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55041-261-1">978-1-55041-261-1</a>; (1999)</li> <li>Gene Long, Suspended State: Newfoundland Before Canada Breakwater Books Ltd; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-144-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55081-144-5">978-1-55081-144-5</a>; (April 1, 1999)</li> <li>R. A. MacKay; Newfoundland; Economic, Diplomatic, and Strategic Studies Oxford University Press, 1946</li> <li>Patrick O'Flaherty, The Rock Observed: Studies in the Literature of Newfoundland University of Toronto Press, 1979</li> <li>Joseph Smallwood ed. The Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador St. John's: Newfoundland Book Publishers, 1981–, 2 vol.</li> <li>This Marvelous Terrible Place: Images of Newfoundland and Labrador by Momatiuk et al., Firefly Books; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55209-225-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55209-225-5">978-1-55209-225-5</a>; (September 1998)</li> <li>True Newfoundlanders: Early Homes and Families of Newfoundland and Labrador by Margaret McBurney et al., Boston Mills Pr; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55046-199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55046-199-2">978-1-55046-199-2</a>; (June 1997)</li> <li>Biogeography and Ecology of the Island of Newfoundland: Monographiae Biologicae by G. Robin South (Editor) Dr W Junk Pub Co; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6193-101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6193-101-0">978-90-6193-101-0</a>; (April 1983)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Template:Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Template talk:Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Newfoundland_and_Labrador" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Government of Newfoundland and Labrador">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NL-Canada-province.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NL-Canada-province.png/120px-NL-Canada-province.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NL-Canada-province.png/180px-NL-Canada-province.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NL-Canada-province.png/240px-NL-Canada-province.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="698" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Islands of Newfoundland and Labrador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Lakes of Newfoundland and Labrador">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Mountains of Newfoundland and Labrador">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of rivers of Newfoundland and Labrador">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Cuisine of Newfoundland and Labrador">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Festivals in Newfoundland and Labrador">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of museums in Newfoundland and Labrador">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of people from Newfoundland and Labrador">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Religion in Newfoundland and Labrador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Newfoundland and Labrador">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Atlantic_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Atlantic Canada">Economy of Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Companies based in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador based companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Transport in Newfoundland and Labrador">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Canada" title="List of airlines of Canada">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of airports in Newfoundland and Labrador">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_transport_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Public transport in Newfoundland and Labrador">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_highways" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador highways">Provincial highways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Colony of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Natural history of Newfoundland and Labrador">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:History of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Newfoundland and Labrador">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Newfoundland and Labrador">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Template:Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of islands of Newfoundland and Labrador">Other islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions and statistical units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of census agglomerations in Newfoundland and Labrador">Census agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_centres_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of population centres in Newfoundland and Labrador">Population centres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unincorporated_communities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of unincorporated communities in Newfoundland and Labrador">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Newfoundland and Labrador">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Newfoundland and Labrador">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Inuit_community_governments_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Inuit community governments in Newfoundland and Labrador">Inuit community governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian reserves in Newfoundland and Labrador">Indian reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_service_districts_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of local service districts in Newfoundland and Labrador">Local service districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_places_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador">Designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of ghost towns in Newfoundland and Labrador">Ghost towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Newfoundland and Labrador">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corner_Brook" title="Corner Brook">Corner Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pearl" title="Mount Pearl">Mount Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Newfoundland and Labrador">Category:Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Newfoundland and Labrador">WikiProject:Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Template:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution of Canada</a> after 1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by area">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Canadian_provinces" title="Extreme points of Canadian provinces">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Canada_by_annual_expenditures" title="List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures">Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_museums_of_Canada" title="Provincial and territorial museums of Canada">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of provinces and territories of Canada">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Category:Provinces and territories of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International 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