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I. Clinical parasitological, hematological and anatomo-pathological studies in the acute and indeterminate phase of the disease","created_at":"2021-11-21T02:50:07.273-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62101144/Experimental_chagas_disease_in_rhesus_monkeys_I_Clinical_parasitological_hematological_and_anatomo_pathological_studies_in_the_acute_and_indeterminate_phase_of_the_disease?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_62101144","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74954993,"asset_id":62101144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33003442,"first_name":"Gloria","last_name":"Bonecini","domain_name":"fiocruz","page_name":"GloriaBonecini","display_name":"Gloria Bonecini","profile_url":"https://fiocruz.academia.edu/GloriaBonecini?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":39000,"name":"Electrocardiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrocardiography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":225340,"name":"Chagas disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chagas_disease?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":376084,"name":"Trypanosoma Cruzi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosoma_Cruzi?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":619389,"name":"Chagas Cardiomyopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chagas_Cardiomyopathy?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3834134,"name":"leukocyte Count","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/leukocyte_Count?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33508438" data-work_id="33508438" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33508438/Functional_referents_and_acoustic_similarity_field_playback_experiments_with_rhesus_monkeys">Functional referents and acoustic similarity: field playback experiments with rhesus monkeys</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) utter "shrill barks" in response to disturbances in their surroundings. In some cases, the majority of group members react by running away or climbing up a tree. In many other instances, however, group... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33508438" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) utter "shrill barks" in response to disturbances in their surroundings. In some cases, the majority of group members react by running away or climbing up a tree. In many other instances, however, group members show no overt reaction to these calls. We conducted a series of playback experiments to identify the factors underlying subjects' responses. We presented calls given in response to dogs that had elicited escape responses and calls that had failed to do so. We also presented calls given in response to snakes and to the observer approaching the sleeping-trees at night. An acoustic analysis of the calls presented in the playback experiments (electronic supplementary material, audioclip S1) revealed significant differences among calls given in response to dogs, the observer approaching at night, and snakes. However, the analysis did not detect any differences between calls given in response to dogs that were related to whether or not they had elicited escape responses in the first place. Correspondingly, after playback of calls given in response to dogs, we observed no difference in subjects' responses in relation to whether or not the calls had initially elicited escape responses. Subjects showed startle or escape responses significantly more often after playbacks of calls given in response to dogs than after calls given in response to observers. Playbacks of calls given in response to snakes failed to elicit specific responses such as standing bipedally or scanning the grass. Although these findings may imply that responses depend on the external referent, they also indicate that there is no clear-cut relationship between the information available to the listeners and their subsequent responses. This insight forces us to extend current approaches to identifying the meaning of animal signals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33508438" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="279ad97d4c59665c09bc88161e629e33" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53545658,"asset_id":33508438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53545658/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65557589" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KurtHammerschmidt">Kurt Hammerschmidt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65557589" type="text/json">{"id":65557589,"first_name":"Kurt","last_name":"Hammerschmidt","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KurtHammerschmidt","display_name":"Kurt Hammerschmidt","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KurtHammerschmidt?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33508438 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33508438"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33508438, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33508438", }); 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In some cases, the majority of group members react by running away or climbing up a tree. In many other instances, however, group members show no overt reaction to these calls. We conducted a series of playback experiments to identify the factors underlying subjects' responses. We presented calls given in response to dogs that had elicited escape responses and calls that had failed to do so. We also presented calls given in response to snakes and to the observer approaching the sleeping-trees at night. An acoustic analysis of the calls presented in the playback experiments (electronic supplementary material, audioclip S1) revealed significant differences among calls given in response to dogs, the observer approaching at night, and snakes. However, the analysis did not detect any differences between calls given in response to dogs that were related to whether or not they had elicited escape responses in the first place. Correspondingly, after playback of calls given in response to dogs, we observed no difference in subjects' responses in relation to whether or not the calls had initially elicited escape responses. Subjects showed startle or escape responses significantly more often after playbacks of calls given in response to dogs than after calls given in response to observers. Playbacks of calls given in response to snakes failed to elicit specific responses such as standing bipedally or scanning the grass. Although these findings may imply that responses depend on the external referent, they also indicate that there is no clear-cut relationship between the information available to the listeners and their subsequent responses. This insight forces us to extend current approaches to identifying the meaning of animal signals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53545658,"asset_id":33508438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65557589,"first_name":"Kurt","last_name":"Hammerschmidt","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KurtHammerschmidt","display_name":"Kurt Hammerschmidt","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KurtHammerschmidt?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11347,"name":"Animal Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Cognition?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":15346,"name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Puerto_Rico?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":22838,"name":"Animal Behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behaviour?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18401812" data-work_id="18401812" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18401812/Serial_electrophysiologic_studies_in_rhesus_monkeys_with_Krabbe_disease">Serial electrophysiologic studies in rhesus monkeys with Krabbe disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18401812" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="85fe4060fdf52ee9a5dcf68bd9bc3ca6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40035278,"asset_id":18401812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40035278/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11719891" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/LeannMyers">Leann Myers</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11719891" type="text/json">{"id":11719891,"first_name":"Leann","last_name":"Myers","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"LeannMyers","display_name":"Leann Myers","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/LeannMyers?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18401812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18401812"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18401812, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18401812", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18401812]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18401812").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18401812").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18401812"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71469" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscle">Muscle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71469" type="text/json">{"id":71469,"name":"Muscle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscle?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="410825" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey">Rhesus Monkey</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="410825" type="text/json">{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="479866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peripheral_nerves">Peripheral nerves</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="479866" type="text/json">{"id":479866,"name":"Peripheral nerves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peripheral_nerves?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18401812]'), work: {"id":18401812,"title":"Serial electrophysiologic studies in rhesus monkeys with Krabbe disease","created_at":"2015-11-15T16:15:50.178-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18401812/Serial_electrophysiologic_studies_in_rhesus_monkeys_with_Krabbe_disease?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_18401812","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40035278,"asset_id":18401812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11719891,"first_name":"Leann","last_name":"Myers","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"LeannMyers","display_name":"Leann Myers","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/LeannMyers?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":71469,"name":"Muscle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscle?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":479866,"name":"Peripheral nerves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peripheral_nerves?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":826771,"name":"Electrodiagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrodiagnosis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1292780,"name":"Median Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Median_Nerve?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74726923" data-work_id="74726923" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74726923/Dynamics_of_Propofol_Induced_Loss_of_Consciousness_Across_Primate_Neocortex">Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across Primate Neocortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The precise neural mechanisms underlying transitions between consciousness and anesthetic-induced unconsciousness remain unclear. Here, we studied intracortical neuronal dynamics leading to propofol-induced unconsciousness by recording... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74726923" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The precise neural mechanisms underlying transitions between consciousness and anesthetic-induced unconsciousness remain unclear. Here, we studied intracortical neuronal dynamics leading to propofol-induced unconsciousness by recording single-neuron activity and local field potentials directly in the functionally interconnecting somatosensory (S1) and frontal ventral premotor (PMv) network during a gradual behavioral transition from full alertness to loss of consciousness (LOC) and on through a deeper anesthetic level. Macaque monkeys were trained for a behavioral task designed to determine the trial-by-trial alertness and neuronal response to tactile and auditory stimulation. We show that disruption of coherent beta oscillations between S1 and PMv preceded, but did not coincide with, the LOC. LOC appeared to correspond to pronounced but brief gamma-/high-beta-band oscillations (lasting ∼3 min) in PMv, followed by a gamma peak in S1. We also demonstrate that the slow oscillations ap...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74726923" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="03d13c57ef9aaf70a8dae834c1704edd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82772726,"asset_id":74726923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82772726/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="168814872" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OmarEssamAhmed">Omar Essam Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="168814872" type="text/json">{"id":168814872,"first_name":"Omar","last_name":"Essam Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OmarEssamAhmed","display_name":"Omar Essam Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OmarEssamAhmed?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/168814872/56853185/45064404/s65_omar.essam_ahmed.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74726923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74726923"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74726923, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74726923", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74726923]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74726923").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74726923").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74726923"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5493" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_dynamics">Nonlinear dynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5493" type="text/json">{"id":5493,"name":"Nonlinear dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_dynamics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10904" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10904" type="text/json">{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52176" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping">Brain Mapping</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="52176" type="text/json">{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74726923]'), work: {"id":74726923,"title":"Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across Primate Neocortex","created_at":"2022-03-27T15:20:25.654-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74726923/Dynamics_of_Propofol_Induced_Loss_of_Consciousness_Across_Primate_Neocortex?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_74726923","summary":"The precise neural mechanisms underlying transitions between consciousness and anesthetic-induced unconsciousness remain unclear. Here, we studied intracortical neuronal dynamics leading to propofol-induced unconsciousness by recording single-neuron activity and local field potentials directly in the functionally interconnecting somatosensory (S1) and frontal ventral premotor (PMv) network during a gradual behavioral transition from full alertness to loss of consciousness (LOC) and on through a deeper anesthetic level. Macaque monkeys were trained for a behavioral task designed to determine the trial-by-trial alertness and neuronal response to tactile and auditory stimulation. We show that disruption of coherent beta oscillations between S1 and PMv preceded, but did not coincide with, the LOC. LOC appeared to correspond to pronounced but brief gamma-/high-beta-band oscillations (lasting ∼3 min) in PMv, followed by a gamma peak in S1. We also demonstrate that the slow oscillations ap...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82772726,"asset_id":74726923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":168814872,"first_name":"Omar","last_name":"Essam Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OmarEssamAhmed","display_name":"Omar Essam Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OmarEssamAhmed?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/168814872/56853185/45064404/s65_omar.essam_ahmed.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":5493,"name":"Nonlinear dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_dynamics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":61516,"name":"Evoked Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evoked_Potentials?f_ri=573267"},{"id":195403,"name":"Propofol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propofol?f_ri=573267"},{"id":493558,"name":"Neocortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neocortex?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=573267"},{"id":964578,"name":"Unconsciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconsciousness?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2444775,"name":"Psychomotor Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychomotor_Performance?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70694081" data-work_id="70694081" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70694081/Refinement_of_vascular_access_port_placement_in_nonhuman_primates_complication_rates_and_outcomes">Refinement of vascular access port placement in nonhuman primates: complication rates and outcomes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Chronic vascular access is often needed in experimental animal studies, and vascular access ports (VAP) have been proposed as an alternative to conventional venipuncture. We previously reported on VAP implantation by using femoral venous... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70694081" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Chronic vascular access is often needed in experimental animal studies, and vascular access ports (VAP) have been proposed as an alternative to conventional venipuncture. We previously reported on VAP implantation by using femoral venous cutdown (FVC) and tunneling. In an attempt to decrease the moderate complications associated with the FVC method, we developed the single-incision, peripheral-insertion (SIPI) method. In a retrospective evaluation, 92 FVC procedures were compared with 113 SIPI procedures in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and baboons with as much as 2.5 y of follow-up. The rate of complications was significantly lower for the SIPI method than for the FVC method (19.4% versus 33.7%), particularly in regard to infectious complications (8.0% versus 27.3%, respectively). In addition, VAP patency for blood sampling and fluid infusion was significantly better for the SIPI method than for the FVC method, with 1-y patency rate of 83% and 46%, respectively, and 2-y patency ra...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70694081" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c83811b2da6e0289fce3d44df2e5587d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80337073,"asset_id":70694081,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80337073/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="160543989" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MelanieGrahamPhD">Melanie Graham PhD</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="160543989" type="text/json">{"id":160543989,"first_name":"Melanie","last_name":"Graham PhD","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MelanieGrahamPhD","display_name":"Melanie Graham PhD","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MelanieGrahamPhD?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70694081 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70694081"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70694081, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70694081", }); 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We previously reported on VAP implantation by using femoral venous cutdown (FVC) and tunneling. In an attempt to decrease the moderate complications associated with the FVC method, we developed the single-incision, peripheral-insertion (SIPI) method. In a retrospective evaluation, 92 FVC procedures were compared with 113 SIPI procedures in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and baboons with as much as 2.5 y of follow-up. The rate of complications was significantly lower for the SIPI method than for the FVC method (19.4% versus 33.7%), particularly in regard to infectious complications (8.0% versus 27.3%, respectively). In addition, VAP patency for blood sampling and fluid infusion was significantly better for the SIPI method than for the FVC method, with 1-y patency rate of 83% and 46%, respectively, and 2-y patency ra...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80337073,"asset_id":70694081,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":160543989,"first_name":"Melanie","last_name":"Graham PhD","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MelanieGrahamPhD","display_name":"Melanie Graham PhD","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MelanieGrahamPhD?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":33208,"name":"Comparative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":37750,"name":"Comparative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Medicine?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":56475,"name":"Papio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papio?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":584606,"name":"Macaca fascicularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_fascicularis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60061268" data-work_id="60061268" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60061268/Sensory_nerve_endings_in_the_hard_palate_and_papilla_incisiva_of_the_goat">Sensory nerve endings in the hard palate and papilla incisiva of the goat</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The sensory innervation of the papilla incisiva in the hard palate of the domestic goat was studied with light and electron microscopy, supplemented by electro- physiological studies of free nerve endings. The goat lacks incisor teeth.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60061268" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The sensory innervation of the papilla incisiva in the hard palate of the domestic goat was studied with light and electron microscopy, supplemented by electro- physiological studies of free nerve endings. The goat lacks incisor teeth. Grass and leaves are not bitten, but ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60061268" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ba6a96daca89d0a40191a6733867868" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73670810,"asset_id":60061268,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73670810/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50892091" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KlausBaumann1">Klaus Baumann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50892091" type="text/json">{"id":50892091,"first_name":"Klaus","last_name":"Baumann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KlausBaumann1","display_name":"Klaus Baumann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KlausBaumann1?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60061268 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60061268"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60061268, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60061268", }); 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The goat lacks incisor teeth. Grass and leaves are not bitten, but ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73670810,"asset_id":60061268,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50892091,"first_name":"Klaus","last_name":"Baumann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KlausBaumann1","display_name":"Klaus Baumann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KlausBaumann1?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":71436,"name":"Basement Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basement_Membrane?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":128559,"name":"Mechanoreceptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanoreceptors?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":129474,"name":"Connective tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Connective_tissue?f_ri=573267"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=573267"},{"id":252969,"name":"Goats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goats?f_ri=573267"},{"id":360513,"name":"Palate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palate?f_ri=573267"},{"id":385863,"name":"Mouth mucosa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouth_mucosa?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1699922,"name":"Merkel Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merkel_Cells?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1787892,"name":"Nociceptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nociceptors?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1906328,"name":"Nerve Endings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nerve_Endings?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2049637,"name":"Mechanical Loading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Loading?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2724508,"name":"Mechanical Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Property?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58470746" data-work_id="58470746" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58470746/Saccadic_Corollary_Discharge_Underlies_Stable_Visual_Perception">Saccadic Corollary Discharge Underlies Stable Visual Perception</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Saccadic eye movements direct the high-resolution foveae of our retinas toward objects of interest. With each saccade, the image jumps on the retina, causing a discontinuity in visual input. Our visual perception, however, remains stable.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_58470746" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Saccadic eye movements direct the high-resolution foveae of our retinas toward objects of interest. With each saccade, the image jumps on the retina, causing a discontinuity in visual input. Our visual perception, however, remains stable. Philosophers and scientists over centuries have proposed that visual stability depends upon an internal neuronal signal that is a copy of the neuronal signal driving the eye movement, now referred to as a corollary discharge (CD) or efference copy. In the old world monkey, such a CD circuit for saccades has been identified extending from superior colliculus through MD thalamus to frontal cortex, but there is little evidence that this circuit actually contributes to visual perception. We tested the influence of this CD circuit on visual perception by first training macaque monkeys to report their perceived eye direction, and then reversibly inactivating the CD as it passes through the thalamus. We found that the monkey&#39;s perception changed; duri...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58470746" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ea034e1bb701a79b53a31a027d91f9e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72866055,"asset_id":58470746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72866055/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34014824" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WilsaanJoiner">Wilsaan Joiner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34014824" type="text/json">{"id":34014824,"first_name":"Wilsaan","last_name":"Joiner","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WilsaanJoiner","display_name":"Wilsaan Joiner","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WilsaanJoiner?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_58470746 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58470746"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58470746, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58470746", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58470746]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58470746").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58470746").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58470746"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception">Visual perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5359" type="text/json">{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7736" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention">Attention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7736" type="text/json">{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49962" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex">Visual Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49962" type="text/json">{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58470746]'), work: {"id":58470746,"title":"Saccadic Corollary Discharge Underlies Stable Visual Perception","created_at":"2021-10-16T12:21:47.771-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58470746/Saccadic_Corollary_Discharge_Underlies_Stable_Visual_Perception?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_58470746","summary":"Saccadic eye movements direct the high-resolution foveae of our retinas toward objects of interest. With each saccade, the image jumps on the retina, causing a discontinuity in visual input. Our visual perception, however, remains stable. Philosophers and scientists over centuries have proposed that visual stability depends upon an internal neuronal signal that is a copy of the neuronal signal driving the eye movement, now referred to as a corollary discharge (CD) or efference copy. In the old world monkey, such a CD circuit for saccades has been identified extending from superior colliculus through MD thalamus to frontal cortex, but there is little evidence that this circuit actually contributes to visual perception. We tested the influence of this CD circuit on visual perception by first training macaque monkeys to report their perceived eye direction, and then reversibly inactivating the CD as it passes through the thalamus. We found that the monkey\u0026#39;s perception changed; duri...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72866055,"asset_id":58470746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34014824,"first_name":"Wilsaan","last_name":"Joiner","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WilsaanJoiner","display_name":"Wilsaan Joiner","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WilsaanJoiner?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":107148,"name":"Saccades","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saccades?f_ri=573267"},{"id":386773,"name":"Sensory Feedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensory_Feedback?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48227925" data-work_id="48227925" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48227925/A_Dissociation_Between_Brain_Activity_and_Perception_Chromatically_Opponent_Cortical_Neurons_Signal_Chromatic_Flicker_that_is_not_Perceived">A Dissociation Between Brain Activity and Perception: Chromatically Opponent Cortical Neurons Signal Chromatic Flicker that is not Perceived</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">When two isoluminant colors alternate at frequencies >10 Hz, we perceive only one fused color with a minimal sensation of brightness flicker. In spite of the perception of color fusion, color opponent (CO) cells at early stages of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48227925" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When two isoluminant colors alternate at frequencies >10 Hz, we perceive only one fused color with a minimal sensation of brightness flicker. In spite of the perception of color fusion, color opponent (CO) cells at early stages of the visual pathway are known to respond to chromatic flicker at frequencies far exceeding the perceptual fusion frequency. To explain color fusion, several groups have predicted that CO cells in Vi-unlike the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus-should not follow high-frequency flicker. To test this prediction we recorded from 12 CC)cells in various V1 layers. We found, contrary to expectations, that these neurons follow high frequency flicker well above heterochromatic fusion frequencies. All followed 15 Hz flicker and 10/12 followed 30 Hz flicker. For three cells, we tested 60 Hz luminance flicker and found clear responses. We thus present evidence of cortical activity in alert, trained monkeys that is clearly representing visual stimulation, yet is not perceived. Our data call into question explanations of perceptual phenomena that invoke a low temporal frequency cutoff of CO cells in VI to account for the failure to perceive fast temporal changes in the chromatic domain.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48227925" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cb4a1e1cf9755c6e832fc72005bc6782" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66949942,"asset_id":48227925,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66949942/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49626146" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaxSnodderly">Max Snodderly</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49626146" type="text/json">{"id":49626146,"first_name":"Max","last_name":"Snodderly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MaxSnodderly","display_name":"Max Snodderly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaxSnodderly?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48227925 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48227925"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48227925, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48227925", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_48227925 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48227925; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_48227925"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_48227925 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48227925"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48227925; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48227925]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48227925").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48227925").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48227925"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38756" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color_Perception">Color Perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38756" type="text/json">{"id":38756,"name":"Color Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color_Perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48458" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency">High Frequency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48458" type="text/json">{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49962" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex">Visual Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49962" type="text/json">{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59692" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision">Vision</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="59692" type="text/json">{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48227925]'), work: {"id":48227925,"title":"A Dissociation Between Brain Activity and Perception: Chromatically Opponent Cortical Neurons Signal Chromatic Flicker that is not Perceived","created_at":"2021-05-04T06:05:37.464-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48227925/A_Dissociation_Between_Brain_Activity_and_Perception_Chromatically_Opponent_Cortical_Neurons_Signal_Chromatic_Flicker_that_is_not_Perceived?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_48227925","summary":"When two isoluminant colors alternate at frequencies \u003e10 Hz, we perceive only one fused color with a minimal sensation of brightness flicker. In spite of the perception of color fusion, color opponent (CO) cells at early stages of the visual pathway are known to respond to chromatic flicker at frequencies far exceeding the perceptual fusion frequency. To explain color fusion, several groups have predicted that CO cells in Vi-unlike the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus-should not follow high-frequency flicker. To test this prediction we recorded from 12 CC)cells in various V1 layers. We found, contrary to expectations, that these neurons follow high frequency flicker well above heterochromatic fusion frequencies. All followed 15 Hz flicker and 10/12 followed 30 Hz flicker. For three cells, we tested 60 Hz luminance flicker and found clear responses. We thus present evidence of cortical activity in alert, trained monkeys that is clearly representing visual stimulation, yet is not perceived. Our data call into question explanations of perceptual phenomena that invoke a low temporal frequency cutoff of CO cells in VI to account for the failure to perceive fast temporal changes in the chromatic domain.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66949942,"asset_id":48227925,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49626146,"first_name":"Max","last_name":"Snodderly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MaxSnodderly","display_name":"Max Snodderly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaxSnodderly?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":38756,"name":"Color Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color_Perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":189842,"name":"Flicker","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flicker?f_ri=573267"},{"id":399616,"name":"Temporal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":584606,"name":"Macaca fascicularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_fascicularis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2228752,"name":"Visual Pathway","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Pathway?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13330509" data-work_id="13330509" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13330509/The_long_lifespan_and_low_turnover_of_human_islet_beta_cells_estimated_by_mathematical_modelling_of_lipofuscin_accumulation">The long lifespan and low turnover of human islet beta cells estimated by mathematical modelling of lipofuscin accumulation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aims/hypothesis Defects in pancreatic beta cell turnover are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by genetic markers for diabetes. Decreased beta cell neogenesis could contribute to diabetes. The longevity and turnover of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13330509" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aims/hypothesis Defects in pancreatic beta cell turnover are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by genetic markers for diabetes. Decreased beta cell neogenesis could contribute to diabetes. The longevity and turnover of human beta cells is unknown; in rodents <1 year old, a half-life of 30 days is estimated. Intracellular lipofuscin body (LB) accumulation is a hallmark of ageing in neurons. To estimate the lifespan of human beta cells, we measured beta cell LB accumulation in individuals aged 1-81 years.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13330509" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1aa8d4e4ac4dd08847d1b76414107406" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45458412,"asset_id":13330509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45458412/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32571083" href="https://usf.academia.edu/BarbaraHansen">Barbara Hansen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32571083" type="text/json">{"id":32571083,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Hansen","domain_name":"usf","page_name":"BarbaraHansen","display_name":"Barbara Hansen","profile_url":"https://usf.academia.edu/BarbaraHansen?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13330509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13330509"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13330509, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13330509", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13330509]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13330509").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13330509").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13330509"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy">Electron Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2184" type="text/json">{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16682" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Modelling">Mathematical Modelling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16682" type="text/json">{"id":16682,"name":"Mathematical Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Modelling?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38650" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division">Cell Division</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38650" type="text/json">{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13330509]'), work: {"id":13330509,"title":"The long lifespan and low turnover of human islet beta cells estimated by mathematical modelling of lipofuscin accumulation","created_at":"2015-06-26T13:38:09.795-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13330509/The_long_lifespan_and_low_turnover_of_human_islet_beta_cells_estimated_by_mathematical_modelling_of_lipofuscin_accumulation?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_13330509","summary":"Aims/hypothesis Defects in pancreatic beta cell turnover are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by genetic markers for diabetes. Decreased beta cell neogenesis could contribute to diabetes. The longevity and turnover of human beta cells is unknown; in rodents \u003c1 year old, a half-life of 30 days is estimated. Intracellular lipofuscin body (LB) accumulation is a hallmark of ageing in neurons. To estimate the lifespan of human beta cells, we measured beta cell LB accumulation in individuals aged 1-81 years.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45458412,"asset_id":13330509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32571083,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Hansen","domain_name":"usf","page_name":"BarbaraHansen","display_name":"Barbara Hansen","profile_url":"https://usf.academia.edu/BarbaraHansen?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":16682,"name":"Mathematical Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Modelling?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=573267"},{"id":92788,"name":"Pancreas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pancreas?f_ri=573267"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":343667,"name":"Theoretical Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Models?f_ri=573267"},{"id":390995,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscope?f_ri=573267"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=573267"},{"id":504035,"name":"Three Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional?f_ri=573267"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2203512,"name":"Electron Microscope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscope?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15978914" data-work_id="15978914" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15978914/Microbial_translocation_is_a_cause_of_systemic_immune_activation_in_chronic_HIV_infection">Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15978914" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7e41ac743c70bbd18fc221f309d5b4c8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42792553,"asset_id":15978914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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class="js-paper-rank-work_15978914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15978914"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15978914, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15978914", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15978914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15978914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15978914"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15978914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15978914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15978914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15978914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15978914").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15978914").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15978914"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48183" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48183" type="text/json">{"id":48183,"name":"Lipopolysaccharide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipopolysaccharide?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60426" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiretroviral_Therapy">Antiretroviral Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60426" type="text/json">{"id":60426,"name":"Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiretroviral_Therapy?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88770" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptive_Immunity">Adaptive Immunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="88770" type="text/json">{"id":88770,"name":"Adaptive Immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptive_Immunity?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15978914]'), work: {"id":15978914,"title":"Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV 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Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiretroviral_Therapy?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":88770,"name":"Adaptive Immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptive_Immunity?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=573267"},{"id":160242,"name":"Hiv Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hiv_Infection?f_ri=573267"},{"id":180470,"name":"Enterobacteriaceae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enterobacteriaceae?f_ri=573267"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=573267"},{"id":335983,"name":"Lipopolysaccharides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipopolysaccharides?f_ri=573267"},{"id":462473,"name":"Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Highly_Active_Antiretroviral_Therapy?f_ri=573267"},{"id":469102,"name":"Feces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feces?f_ri=573267"},{"id":484218,"name":"Rhesus macaques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267"},{"id":537759,"name":"Gastrointestinal Tract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastrointestinal_Tract?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":584615,"name":"Disease Progression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Progression?f_ri=573267"},{"id":667880,"name":"Retrovirology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrovirology?f_ri=573267"},{"id":724924,"name":"Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Simian_Immunodeficiency_Virus?f_ri=573267"},{"id":859029,"name":"Bacterial translocation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacterial_translocation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16433171" data-work_id="16433171" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16433171/Rhesus_monkeys_Macaca_mulatta_spontaneously_compute_addition_operations_over_large_numbers">Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) spontaneously compute addition operations over large numbers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mathematics is a uniquely human capacity. Studies of animals and human infants reveal, however, that this capacity builds on language-independent mechanisms for quantifying small numbers (!4) precisely and large numbers approximately. It... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16433171" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mathematics is a uniquely human capacity. Studies of animals and human infants reveal, however, that this capacity builds on language-independent mechanisms for quantifying small numbers (!4) precisely and large numbers approximately. It is unclear whether animals and human infants can spontaneously tap mechanisms for quantifying large numbers to compute mathematical operations. Moreover, all available work on addition operations in non-human animals has confounded number with continuous perceptual properties (e.g. volume, contour length) that correlate with number. This study shows that rhesus monkeys spontaneously compute addition operations over large numbers, as opposed to continuous extents, and that the limit on this ability is set by the ratio difference between two numbers as opposed to their absolute difference. q (J.I. Flombaum).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16433171" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fd9e61bddc485ed01ca1bf39d1cbf0e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42486440,"asset_id":16433171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42486440/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35594567" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JonathanFlombaum">Jonathan Flombaum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35594567" type="text/json">{"id":35594567,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Flombaum","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JonathanFlombaum","display_name":"Jonathan Flombaum","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JonathanFlombaum?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16433171 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16433171"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16433171, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16433171", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16433171]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16433171").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16433171").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16433171"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="300" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="300" type="text/json">{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2749" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior">Animal Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2749" type="text/json">{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capacity_Building">Capacity Building</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20159" type="text/json">{"id":20159,"name":"Capacity Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capacity_Building?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16433171]'), work: {"id":16433171,"title":"Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) spontaneously compute addition operations over large numbers","created_at":"2015-10-03T12:51:42.815-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16433171/Rhesus_monkeys_Macaca_mulatta_spontaneously_compute_addition_operations_over_large_numbers?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_16433171","summary":"Mathematics is a uniquely human capacity. Studies of animals and human infants reveal, however, that this capacity builds on language-independent mechanisms for quantifying small numbers (!4) precisely and large numbers approximately. It is unclear whether animals and human infants can spontaneously tap mechanisms for quantifying large numbers to compute mathematical operations. Moreover, all available work on addition operations in non-human animals has confounded number with continuous perceptual properties (e.g. volume, contour length) that correlate with number. This study shows that rhesus monkeys spontaneously compute addition operations over large numbers, as opposed to continuous extents, and that the limit on this ability is set by the ratio difference between two numbers as opposed to their absolute difference. q (J.I. Flombaum).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42486440,"asset_id":16433171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35594567,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Flombaum","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JonathanFlombaum","display_name":"Jonathan Flombaum","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JonathanFlombaum?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":20159,"name":"Capacity Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capacity_Building?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17714902" data-work_id="17714902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17714902/The_Thatcher_illusion_in_humans_and_monkeys">The Thatcher illusion in humans and monkeys</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Primates possess the remarkable ability to differentiate faces of group members and to extract relevant information about the individual directly from the face. Recognition of conspecific faces is achieved by means of holistic processing,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17714902" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Primates possess the remarkable ability to differentiate faces of group members and to extract relevant information about the individual directly from the face. Recognition of conspecific faces is achieved by means of holistic processing, i.e. the processing of the face as an unparsed, perceptual whole, rather than as the collection of independent features (part-based processing). The most striking example of holistic processing is the Thatcher illusion. Local changes in facial features are hardly noticeable when the whole face is inverted (rotated 1808), but strikingly grotesque when the face is upright. This effect can be explained by a lack of processing capabilities for locally rotated facial features when the face is turned upside down. Recently, a Thatcher illusion was described in the macaque monkey analogous to that known from human investigations. Using a habituation paradigm combined with eye tracking, we address the critical follow-up questions raised in the aforementioned study to show the Thatcher illusion as a function of the observer's species (humans and macaques), the stimulus' species (humans and macaques) and the level of perceptual expertise (novice, expert).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17714902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0d2db3b5dbdb803143a19805840c4fda" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39670623,"asset_id":17714902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39670623/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37436063" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HeinrichB%C3%BClthoff">Heinrich Bülthoff</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37436063" type="text/json">{"id":37436063,"first_name":"Heinrich","last_name":"Bülthoff","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HeinrichBülthoff","display_name":"Heinrich Bülthoff","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HeinrichB%C3%BClthoff?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17714902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17714902"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17714902, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17714902", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17714902]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17714902").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17714902").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17714902"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11636" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Face">Face</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11636" type="text/json">{"id":11636,"name":"Face","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Face?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="143507" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Movements">Eye Movements</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="143507" type="text/json">{"id":143507,"name":"Eye Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Movements?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17714902]'), work: {"id":17714902,"title":"The Thatcher illusion in humans and monkeys","created_at":"2015-11-04T01:13:34.509-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17714902/The_Thatcher_illusion_in_humans_and_monkeys?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_17714902","summary":"Primates possess the remarkable ability to differentiate faces of group members and to extract relevant information about the individual directly from the face. Recognition of conspecific faces is achieved by means of holistic processing, i.e. the processing of the face as an unparsed, perceptual whole, rather than as the collection of independent features (part-based processing). The most striking example of holistic processing is the Thatcher illusion. Local changes in facial features are hardly noticeable when the whole face is inverted (rotated 1808), but strikingly grotesque when the face is upright. This effect can be explained by a lack of processing capabilities for locally rotated facial features when the face is turned upside down. Recently, a Thatcher illusion was described in the macaque monkey analogous to that known from human investigations. Using a habituation paradigm combined with eye tracking, we address the critical follow-up questions raised in the aforementioned study to show the Thatcher illusion as a function of the observer's species (humans and macaques), the stimulus' species (humans and macaques) and the level of perceptual expertise (novice, expert).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39670623,"asset_id":17714902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37436063,"first_name":"Heinrich","last_name":"Bülthoff","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HeinrichBülthoff","display_name":"Heinrich Bülthoff","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HeinrichB%C3%BClthoff?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11636,"name":"Face","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Face?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":143507,"name":"Eye Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Movements?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":147919,"name":"Optical Illusions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Illusions?f_ri=573267"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56706220" data-work_id="56706220" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/56706220/A_Large_Scale_Interface_for_Optogenetic_Stimulation_and_Recording_in_Nonhuman_Primates">A Large-Scale Interface for Optogenetic Stimulation and Recording in Nonhuman Primates</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56706220" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f1848a95657a28cabdd0ace02fa87270" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71960028,"asset_id":56706220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71960028/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="477569" rel="nofollow" href="https://ucsf.academia.edu/viktorkharazia">viktor kharazia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="477569" type="text/json">{"id":477569,"first_name":"viktor","last_name":"kharazia","domain_name":"ucsf","page_name":"viktorkharazia","display_name":"viktor kharazia","profile_url":"https://ucsf.academia.edu/viktorkharazia?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/477569/160670/187169/s65_viktor.kharazia.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56706220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56706220"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56706220, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56706220", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_56706220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered 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window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56706220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56706220").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56706220").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56706220"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10904" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10904" type="text/json">{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52176" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping">Brain Mapping</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52176" type="text/json">{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66513" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optogenetics">Optogenetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="66513" 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kharazia","profile_url":"https://ucsf.academia.edu/viktorkharazia?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/477569/160670/187169/s65_viktor.kharazia.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":66513,"name":"Optogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optogenetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=573267"},{"id":123287,"name":"Three Dimensional 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33530122" data-work_id="33530122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33530122/Dopamine_D1_receptors_efficacy_of_full_dihydrexidine_vs_partial_SKF38393_agonists_in_primates_vs_rodents">Dopamine D1 receptors: efficacy of full (dihydrexidine) vs. partial (SKF38393) agonists in primates vs. rodents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although partial efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonists have little therapeutic benefit in parkinsonism, the first high potency, full efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine recently has been shown to have profound... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33530122" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although partial efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonists have little therapeutic benefit in parkinsonism, the first high potency, full efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine recently has been shown to have profound antiparkinsonian effects. One reason for the greater antiparkinsonian effects of dihydrexidine vs. SKF38393 might be that SKF38393, while a partial dopamine D~ receptor agonist in rodent striatal preparations, has virtually no agonist activity in monkey striatum (Pifl et al., 1991, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 202, 273). To explore this hypothesis, we compared the dopamine D 1 receptor affinity and efficacy of dihydrexidine and SKF38393 in striatum from rat and monkey. In vitro binding studies using membranes from putamen of adult rhesus monkeys demonstrated that dihydrexidine competed for dopamine D 1 receptors (labeled with [3H]SCH23390) with high potency (ICs0 = 20 nM vs. ca. 10 nM in rat brain). SKF38393 was about 4-fold less potent than dihydrexidine in both monkey and rat brain. The in vitro functional activity of these drugs was assessed by their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in tissue homogenates. Dihydrexidine was of full efficacy (relative to dopamine) in stimulating cAMP synthesis in both monkey and rat. SKF38393 was only a partial efficacy agonist in both rat striatum and monkey putamen, but contrary to the original hypothesis, it had the same efficacy (ca. 40% relative to dihydrexidine) in membranes from both species. Interestingly, greater between-subject variation was found in the stimulation produced by SKF38393 in primate compared to rat brain, although the basis for this variation is unclear. The present data demonstrate for the first time that dihydrexidine is a full efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonist in primate brain. Moreover, these data indicate that the partial efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonist SKF38393 causes the same relative response (compared to dopamine) in rat and monkey dopamine D a receptors. Together, this information suggests that the antiparkinsonian effect of dihydrexidine vs. the relative inactivity of SKF38393 is not due to the fact that primate brains are simply unresponsive to SKF38393.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33530122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a93afe6496ee4b8b25ec0e0fe4f9d257" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53563035,"asset_id":33530122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53563035/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32912800" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardMailman">Richard Mailman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32912800" type="text/json">{"id":32912800,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Mailman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RichardMailman","display_name":"Richard Mailman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RichardMailman?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33530122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33530122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33530122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33530122", }); 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One reason for the greater antiparkinsonian effects of dihydrexidine vs. SKF38393 might be that SKF38393, while a partial dopamine D~ receptor agonist in rodent striatal preparations, has virtually no agonist activity in monkey striatum (Pifl et al., 1991, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 202, 273). To explore this hypothesis, we compared the dopamine D 1 receptor affinity and efficacy of dihydrexidine and SKF38393 in striatum from rat and monkey. In vitro binding studies using membranes from putamen of adult rhesus monkeys demonstrated that dihydrexidine competed for dopamine D 1 receptors (labeled with [3H]SCH23390) with high potency (ICs0 = 20 nM vs. ca. 10 nM in rat brain). SKF38393 was about 4-fold less potent than dihydrexidine in both monkey and rat brain. The in vitro functional activity of these drugs was assessed by their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in tissue homogenates. Dihydrexidine was of full efficacy (relative to dopamine) in stimulating cAMP synthesis in both monkey and rat. SKF38393 was only a partial efficacy agonist in both rat striatum and monkey putamen, but contrary to the original hypothesis, it had the same efficacy (ca. 40% relative to dihydrexidine) in membranes from both species. Interestingly, greater between-subject variation was found in the stimulation produced by SKF38393 in primate compared to rat brain, although the basis for this variation is unclear. The present data demonstrate for the first time that dihydrexidine is a full efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonist in primate brain. Moreover, these data indicate that the partial efficacy dopamine D 1 receptor agonist SKF38393 causes the same relative response (compared to dopamine) in rat and monkey dopamine D a receptors. Together, this information suggests that the antiparkinsonian effect of dihydrexidine vs. the relative inactivity of SKF38393 is not due to the fact that primate brains are simply unresponsive to SKF38393.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53563035,"asset_id":33530122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32912800,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Mailman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RichardMailman","display_name":"Richard Mailman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RichardMailman?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":279027,"name":"European","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":432361,"name":"Radioligand Assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radioligand_Assay?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1541077,"name":"Parkinson Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parkinson_Disease?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30058947" data-work_id="30058947" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30058947/Phospholipid_organization_in_monkey_erythrocytes_upon_Plasmodium_knowlesi_infection">Phospholipid organization in monkey erythrocytes upon Plasmodium knowlesi infection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The phospholipid organization in monkey erythrocytes upon Plasmodium knowlesi infection has been studied. Parasitized and nonparasitized erythrocytes from malaria-infected blood were separated and pure erythrocyte membranes from... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30058947" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The phospholipid organization in monkey erythrocytes upon Plasmodium knowlesi infection has been studied. Parasitized and nonparasitized erythrocytes from malaria-infected blood were separated and pure erythrocyte membranes from parasitized cells were isolated using Affi-Gei beads. In this way, the phospholipid content and composition of (i) the membrane of nonparasitized cells, (ii) the erythrocyte membrane of parasitized cells and (iii) the parasite could be determined. The phospholipid content and composition of the erythrocyte membranes of nonparasitized and parasitized cells and erythrocytes from chloroquine-treated monkeys cured from malaria, were the same as in normal erythrocytes. The phnspholipid content of the parasite increased during its development, but its composition remained unchanged. Three independent techniques, i.e., treatment of intact cells with phospholipase A 2 and sphingomyelinase C, fluorescamine labeling of aminophospholipids and a phosphatidylcholine-transfer protein-mediated exchange procedure have been applied to assess the disposition of phnspholipids in: (i) erythrocytes from healthy monkeys, (ii) nonparasitized and parasitized erythrocytes from monkeys infected with Plasmodium knowlesi, and (iii) erythrocytes from monkeys that had been cured from malaria by chloroquine treatment. The results obtained by these experiments do not show any abnormality in phospholipid asymmetry in the erythrocyte from malaria-infected (splenectomized) monkeys, neither in the nonparasitized cells, nor in the parasitized cells at any stage of parasite development. Nevertheless, a considerable degree of lipid bilayer destabilization in the membrane of the parasitized cells is apparent from the enhanced exchangeability of the PC from those cells, as well as from their increased permeability towards fluorescamine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30058947" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="75b9752f91ec7dd134b6db9b0086e470" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50509242,"asset_id":30058947,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50509242/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57137447" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HVial">H. Vial</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57137447" type="text/json">{"id":57137447,"first_name":"H.","last_name":"Vial","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HVial","display_name":"H. Vial","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HVial?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57137447/18246946/18221681/s65_h..vial.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30058947 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30058947"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30058947, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30058947", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30058947 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30058947; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30058947"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30058947 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30058947"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30058947; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30058947]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30058947").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30058947").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30058947"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7823" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaria">Malaria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7823" type="text/json">{"id":7823,"name":"Malaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaria?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8501" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phospholipids">Phospholipids</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8501" type="text/json">{"id":8501,"name":"Phospholipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phospholipids?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30444" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30444" type="text/json">{"id":30444,"name":"Plasmodium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmodium?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30058947]'), work: {"id":30058947,"title":"Phospholipid organization in monkey erythrocytes upon Plasmodium knowlesi infection","created_at":"2016-11-23T13:57:11.909-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30058947/Phospholipid_organization_in_monkey_erythrocytes_upon_Plasmodium_knowlesi_infection?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_30058947","summary":"The phospholipid organization in monkey erythrocytes upon Plasmodium knowlesi infection has been studied. Parasitized and nonparasitized erythrocytes from malaria-infected blood were separated and pure erythrocyte membranes from parasitized cells were isolated using Affi-Gei beads. In this way, the phospholipid content and composition of (i) the membrane of nonparasitized cells, (ii) the erythrocyte membrane of parasitized cells and (iii) the parasite could be determined. The phospholipid content and composition of the erythrocyte membranes of nonparasitized and parasitized cells and erythrocytes from chloroquine-treated monkeys cured from malaria, were the same as in normal erythrocytes. The phnspholipid content of the parasite increased during its development, but its composition remained unchanged. Three independent techniques, i.e., treatment of intact cells with phospholipase A 2 and sphingomyelinase C, fluorescamine labeling of aminophospholipids and a phosphatidylcholine-transfer protein-mediated exchange procedure have been applied to assess the disposition of phnspholipids in: (i) erythrocytes from healthy monkeys, (ii) nonparasitized and parasitized erythrocytes from monkeys infected with Plasmodium knowlesi, and (iii) erythrocytes from monkeys that had been cured from malaria by chloroquine treatment. The results obtained by these experiments do not show any abnormality in phospholipid asymmetry in the erythrocyte from malaria-infected (splenectomized) monkeys, neither in the nonparasitized cells, nor in the parasitized cells at any stage of parasite development. Nevertheless, a considerable degree of lipid bilayer destabilization in the membrane of the parasitized cells is apparent from the enhanced exchangeability of the PC from those cells, as well as from their increased permeability towards fluorescamine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50509242,"asset_id":30058947,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57137447,"first_name":"H.","last_name":"Vial","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HVial","display_name":"H. Vial","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HVial?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57137447/18246946/18221681/s65_h..vial.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":7823,"name":"Malaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaria?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":8501,"name":"Phospholipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phospholipids?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":30444,"name":"Plasmodium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmodium?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":758900,"name":"Lipid bilayers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_bilayers?f_ri=573267"},{"id":912092,"name":"Erythrocyte Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocyte_Membrane?f_ri=573267"},{"id":919274,"name":"Chloroquine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chloroquine?f_ri=573267"},{"id":982534,"name":"Erythrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocytes?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1145644,"name":"Lipid Bilayer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_Bilayer?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22023722" data-work_id="22023722" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22023722/Quantitative_evaluation_of_siRNA_delivery_in_vivo">Quantitative evaluation of siRNA delivery in vivo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Effective small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated therapeutics require the siRNA to be delivered into the cellular RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Quantitative information of this essential delivery step is currently inferred from... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22023722" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Effective small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated therapeutics require the siRNA to be delivered into the cellular RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Quantitative information of this essential delivery step is currently inferred from the efficacy of gene silencing and siRNA uptake in the tissue. Here we report an approach to directly quantify siRNA in the RISC in rodents and monkey. This is achieved by specific immunoprecipitation of the RISC from tissue lysates and quantification of small RNAs in the immunoprecipitates by stem-loop PCR. The method, expected to be independent of delivery vehicle and target, is label-free, and the throughput is acceptable for preclinical animal studies. We characterized a lipid-formulated siRNA by integrating these approaches and obtained a quantitative perspective on siRNA tissue accumulation, RISC loading, and gene silencing. The described methodologies have utility for the study of silencing mechanism, the development of siRNA therapeutics, and ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22023722" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="04787f0101928ffee3ca5d1953ed574b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42716389,"asset_id":22023722,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42716389/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43196545" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NellyKuklin">Nelly Kuklin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43196545" type="text/json">{"id":43196545,"first_name":"Nelly","last_name":"Kuklin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NellyKuklin","display_name":"Nelly Kuklin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NellyKuklin?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22023722 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22023722"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22023722, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22023722", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22023722 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22023722; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22023722"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22023722 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22023722"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22023722; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22023722]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22023722").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22023722").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22023722"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32923" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Silencing">Gene Silencing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32923" type="text/json">{"id":32923,"name":"Gene Silencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Silencing?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rodentia">Rodentia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35390" type="text/json">{"id":35390,"name":"Rodentia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rodentia?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51789" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies">Antibodies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51789" type="text/json">{"id":51789,"name":"Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22023722]'), work: {"id":22023722,"title":"Quantitative evaluation of siRNA delivery in vivo","created_at":"2016-02-15T17:56:04.206-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22023722/Quantitative_evaluation_of_siRNA_delivery_in_vivo?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_22023722","summary":"Effective small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated therapeutics require the siRNA to be delivered into the cellular RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Quantitative information of this essential delivery step is currently inferred from the efficacy of gene silencing and siRNA uptake in the tissue. Here we report an approach to directly quantify siRNA in the RISC in rodents and monkey. This is achieved by specific immunoprecipitation of the RISC from tissue lysates and quantification of small RNAs in the immunoprecipitates by stem-loop PCR. The method, expected to be independent of delivery vehicle and target, is label-free, and the throughput is acceptable for preclinical animal studies. We characterized a lipid-formulated siRNA by integrating these approaches and obtained a quantitative perspective on siRNA tissue accumulation, RISC loading, and gene silencing. The described methodologies have utility for the study of silencing mechanism, the development of siRNA therapeutics, and ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42716389,"asset_id":22023722,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43196545,"first_name":"Nelly","last_name":"Kuklin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NellyKuklin","display_name":"Nelly Kuklin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NellyKuklin?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":32923,"name":"Gene Silencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Silencing?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":35390,"name":"Rodentia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rodentia?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":51789,"name":"Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=573267"},{"id":111011,"name":"Gene transfer techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_transfer_techniques?f_ri=573267"},{"id":216699,"name":"Immunoprecipitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunoprecipitation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=573267"},{"id":502720,"name":"Gene Targeting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Targeting?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1010725,"name":"Protein Binding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Binding?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17255203" data-work_id="17255203" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17255203/Motor_neurons_are_rich_in_non_phosphorylated_neurofilaments_cross_species_comparison_and_alterations_in_ALS">Motor neurons are rich in non-phosphorylated neurofilaments: cross-species comparison and alterations in ALS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">. The localization and distribution of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments NP-NF in the upper and lower motor neurons was investigated in the rat, the common marmoset, the rhesus monkey and man using the SMI-32 antibody. Within the spinal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17255203" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">. The localization and distribution of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments NP-NF in the upper and lower motor neurons was investigated in the rat, the common marmoset, the rhesus monkey and man using the SMI-32 antibody. Within the spinal cord of all species studied, the most intense NP-NF immunoreactivity was observed within the ventral horn a-motor neurons. Concurrent staining for Ž . the cholinergic marker choline acetyltransferase ChAT demonstrated that virtually all of the ChAT-positive a-motor neurons contain NP-NF immunoreactivity. Although NP-NF staining was also observed in other neurons within the ventral and intermediate horns, these neurons were loosely scattered and contained a considerably lower staining intensity. The only other prominent NP-NF staining in the spinal cord occurred within the neurons of the dorsal nucleus of Clark and the intermediolateral cell column. Phosphorylated Ž . neurofilament P-NF immunoreactivity was found primarily in neuronal processes. Occasionally, a solitary motor neuron contained weak P-NF immunoreactivity. Within the brainstem, neurons in all cranial nerve motor nuclei contained intense NP-NF immunoreactivity. The distribution and apparent density of NP-NF immunoreactive neurons in these nuclei was virtually identical to that observed for neurons immunoreactive for ChAT. NP-NF immunoreactive neurons of relatively lower intensity were found in many other regions of the Ž . brainstem. All of the giant Betz cells of layer L V in the motor cortex contained dark NP-NF immunoreactivity. Within the spinal cord Ž . of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS patients, both Nissl and NP-NF staining demonstrated the dramatic loss of a-motor neurons characteristic of this disorder. Some of the remaining motor neurons contained intense P-NF immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that NP-NF immunoreactivity is a good marker for motor neurons in health and disease and may be a useful tool for studies of Ž . motor neuron degeneration MND . q</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17255203" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e431149ea3c3e5d9d754807c86432ad6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42281928,"asset_id":17255203,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42281928/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36880141" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdwardKasarskis">Edward Kasarskis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36880141" type="text/json">{"id":36880141,"first_name":"Edward","last_name":"Kasarskis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EdwardKasarskis","display_name":"Edward Kasarskis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EdwardKasarskis?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17255203 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17255203"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17255203, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17255203", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17255203]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17255203").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17255203").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17255203"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11271" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_neuron">Motor neuron</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11271" type="text/json">{"id":11271,"name":"Motor neuron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_neuron?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42973" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42973" type="text/json">{"id":42973,"name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61474" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain">Brain</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61474" type="text/json">{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17255203]'), work: {"id":17255203,"title":"Motor neurons are rich in non-phosphorylated neurofilaments: cross-species comparison and alterations in ALS","created_at":"2015-10-24T12:16:34.568-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17255203/Motor_neurons_are_rich_in_non_phosphorylated_neurofilaments_cross_species_comparison_and_alterations_in_ALS?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_17255203","summary":". The localization and distribution of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments NP-NF in the upper and lower motor neurons was investigated in the rat, the common marmoset, the rhesus monkey and man using the SMI-32 antibody. Within the spinal cord of all species studied, the most intense NP-NF immunoreactivity was observed within the ventral horn a-motor neurons. Concurrent staining for Ž . the cholinergic marker choline acetyltransferase ChAT demonstrated that virtually all of the ChAT-positive a-motor neurons contain NP-NF immunoreactivity. Although NP-NF staining was also observed in other neurons within the ventral and intermediate horns, these neurons were loosely scattered and contained a considerably lower staining intensity. The only other prominent NP-NF staining in the spinal cord occurred within the neurons of the dorsal nucleus of Clark and the intermediolateral cell column. Phosphorylated Ž . neurofilament P-NF immunoreactivity was found primarily in neuronal processes. Occasionally, a solitary motor neuron contained weak P-NF immunoreactivity. Within the brainstem, neurons in all cranial nerve motor nuclei contained intense NP-NF immunoreactivity. The distribution and apparent density of NP-NF immunoreactive neurons in these nuclei was virtually identical to that observed for neurons immunoreactive for ChAT. NP-NF immunoreactive neurons of relatively lower intensity were found in many other regions of the Ž . brainstem. All of the giant Betz cells of layer L V in the motor cortex contained dark NP-NF immunoreactivity. Within the spinal cord Ž . of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS patients, both Nissl and NP-NF staining demonstrated the dramatic loss of a-motor neurons characteristic of this disorder. Some of the remaining motor neurons contained intense P-NF immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that NP-NF immunoreactivity is a good marker for motor neurons in health and disease and may be a useful tool for studies of Ž . motor neuron degeneration MND . q","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42281928,"asset_id":17255203,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36880141,"first_name":"Edward","last_name":"Kasarskis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EdwardKasarskis","display_name":"Edward Kasarskis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EdwardKasarskis?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":11271,"name":"Motor neuron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_neuron?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":42973,"name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":99421,"name":"Spinal Cord","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinal_Cord?f_ri=573267"},{"id":153836,"name":"Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Cortex?f_ri=573267"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=573267"},{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267"},{"id":417494,"name":"Rat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rat?f_ri=573267"},{"id":436755,"name":"Degeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Degeneration?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":628485,"name":"Cholinergic Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cholinergic_Systems?f_ri=573267"},{"id":734752,"name":"Callithrix","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Callithrix?f_ri=573267"},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1322739,"name":"Mono","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mono?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2058443,"name":"Choline Acetyltransferase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Choline_Acetyltransferase?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12325678 coauthored" data-work_id="12325678" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12325678/The_helmet_head_restraint_system_A_viable_solution_for_resting_state_fMRI_in_awake_monkeys">The helmet head restraint system: A viable solution for resting state fMRI in awake monkeys</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In monkey neuroimaging, head restraint is currently achieved via surgical implants. Eradicating such invasive head restraint from otherwise non-invasive monkey studies could represent a substantial progress in terms of Reduction and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12325678" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In monkey neuroimaging, head restraint is currently achieved via surgical implants. Eradicating such invasive head restraint from otherwise non-invasive monkey studies could represent a substantial progress in terms of Reduction and Refinement. Two non-invasive helmet-based methods are available but they are used exclusively by the pioneering research groups who designed them. In the absence of independent replication, they have had little impact in replacing the surgical implants. Here, we built a modified version of the helmet system proposed by Srihasam et al. (2010 NeuroImage, 51(1), 267-73) and tested it for resting state fMRI in awake monkeys. Extremely vulnerable to motion artifacts, resting state fMRI represents a decisive test for non-invasive head restraint systems. We compared two monkeys restrained with the helmet to one monkey with a surgically implanted head post using both a seed-based approach and an independent component analysis. Technically, the helmet system proved relatively easy to develop. Scientifically, although it allowed more extensive movements than the head post system, the helmet proved viable for resting state fMRI, in particular when combined with the independent component analysis that deals more effectively with movement-related noise than the seed-based approach. We also discuss the pros and cons of such device in light of the European Union new 2013 regulation on non-human primate research and its firm Reduction and Refinement requests.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12325678" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d0e1089194d26464ab95c48254790cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46241238,"asset_id":12325678,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46241238/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46153145" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Gisl%C3%A8neGardechaux">Gislène Gardechaux</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46153145" type="text/json">{"id":46153145,"first_name":"Gislène","last_name":"Gardechaux","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GislèneGardechaux","display_name":"Gislène Gardechaux","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Gisl%C3%A8neGardechaux?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12325678">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12325678"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/FadilaHadjbouziane">Fadila Hadj-bouziane</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabettaMonfardini">Elisabetta Monfardini</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12325678'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12325678').html(); 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Eradicating such invasive head restraint from otherwise non-invasive monkey studies could represent a substantial progress in terms of Reduction and Refinement. Two non-invasive helmet-based methods are available but they are used exclusively by the pioneering research groups who designed them. In the absence of independent replication, they have had little impact in replacing the surgical implants. Here, we built a modified version of the helmet system proposed by Srihasam et al. (2010 NeuroImage, 51(1), 267-73) and tested it for resting state fMRI in awake monkeys. Extremely vulnerable to motion artifacts, resting state fMRI represents a decisive test for non-invasive head restraint systems. We compared two monkeys restrained with the helmet to one monkey with a surgically implanted head post using both a seed-based approach and an independent component analysis. Technically, the helmet system proved relatively easy to develop. Scientifically, although it allowed more extensive movements than the head post system, the helmet proved viable for resting state fMRI, in particular when combined with the independent component analysis that deals more effectively with movement-related noise than the seed-based approach. We also discuss the pros and cons of such device in light of the European Union new 2013 regulation on non-human primate research and its firm Reduction and Refinement requests.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46241238,"asset_id":12325678,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46153145,"first_name":"Gislène","last_name":"Gardechaux","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GislèneGardechaux","display_name":"Gislène Gardechaux","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Gisl%C3%A8neGardechaux?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":31217361,"first_name":"Fadila","last_name":"Hadj-bouziane","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FadilaHadjbouziane","display_name":"Fadila Hadj-bouziane","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FadilaHadjbouziane?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":30981327,"first_name":"Elisabetta","last_name":"Monfardini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElisabettaMonfardini","display_name":"Elisabetta Monfardini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabettaMonfardini?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":103260,"name":"Neuroimage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimage?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":294768,"name":"Wakefulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wakefulness?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":372581,"name":"Image Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Enhancement?f_ri=573267"},{"id":380006,"name":"Rest","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rest?f_ri=573267"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":976220,"name":"Physical Restraint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Restraint?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1145520,"name":"Equipment Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equipment_Design?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1157424,"name":"Equipment Failure Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equipment_Failure_Analysis?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13818253" data-work_id="13818253" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13818253/Risk_sensitive_neurons_in_macaque_posterior_cingulate_cortex">Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">People and animals often demonstrate strong attraction or aversion to options with uncertain or risky rewards, yet the neural substrate of subjective risk preferences has rarely been investigated. Here we show that monkeys systematically... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13818253" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">People and animals often demonstrate strong attraction or aversion to options with uncertain or risky rewards, yet the neural substrate of subjective risk preferences has rarely been investigated. Here we show that monkeys systematically preferred the risky target in a visual gambling task in which they chose between two targets offering the same mean reward but differing in reward uncertainty. Neuronal activity in posterior cingulate cortex (CGp), a brain area linked to visual orienting and reward processing, increased when monkeys made risky choices and scaled with the degree of risk. CGp activation was better predicted by the subjective salience of a chosen target than by its actual value. These data suggest that CGp signals the subjective preferences that guide visual orienting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13818253" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="009b7ac611ce3bbbfa2251ae7d8db589" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44915115,"asset_id":13818253,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44915115/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32914699" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AllisonMcCoy">Allison McCoy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32914699" type="text/json">{"id":32914699,"first_name":"Allison","last_name":"McCoy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AllisonMcCoy","display_name":"Allison McCoy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AllisonMcCoy?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13818253 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13818253"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13818253, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13818253", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13818253]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13818253").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13818253").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13818253"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2749" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior">Animal Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2749" type="text/json">{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13590" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Taking">Risk Taking</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13590" type="text/json">{"id":13590,"name":"Risk Taking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Taking?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28850" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models">Linear models</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28850" type="text/json">{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13818253]'), work: {"id":13818253,"title":"Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex","created_at":"2015-07-08T16:50:04.023-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13818253/Risk_sensitive_neurons_in_macaque_posterior_cingulate_cortex?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_13818253","summary":"People and animals often demonstrate strong attraction or aversion to options with uncertain or risky rewards, yet the neural substrate of subjective risk preferences has rarely been investigated. Here we show that monkeys systematically preferred the risky target in a visual gambling task in which they chose between two targets offering the same mean reward but differing in reward uncertainty. Neuronal activity in posterior cingulate cortex (CGp), a brain area linked to visual orienting and reward processing, increased when monkeys made risky choices and scaled with the degree of risk. CGp activation was better predicted by the subjective salience of a chosen target than by its actual value. These data suggest that CGp signals the subjective preferences that guide visual orienting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44915115,"asset_id":13818253,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32914699,"first_name":"Allison","last_name":"McCoy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AllisonMcCoy","display_name":"Allison McCoy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AllisonMcCoy?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":13590,"name":"Risk Taking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Taking?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":33069,"name":"Probability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probability?f_ri=573267"},{"id":49021,"name":"Reward","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reward?f_ri=573267"},{"id":93037,"name":"Orientation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":115437,"name":"Nature Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature_Neuroscience?f_ri=573267"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=573267"},{"id":140418,"name":"Risky Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risky_Choice?f_ri=573267"},{"id":143507,"name":"Eye Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Movements?f_ri=573267"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=573267"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=573267"},{"id":459190,"name":"Risk Preference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Preference?f_ri=573267"},{"id":473567,"name":"Neuronal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Activity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14152983" data-work_id="14152983" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14152983/Aerosol_induced_brucellosis_increases_TLR_2_expression_and_increased_complexity_in_the_microanatomy_of_astroglia_in_rhesus_macaques">Aerosol-induced brucellosis increases TLR-2 expression and increased complexity in the microanatomy of astroglia in rhesus macaques</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Brucella melitensis, a bacterial pathogen and agent of epizootic abortion causes multiple pathologies in humans as well as a number of agriculturally important animal species. Clinical human brucellosis manifests as a non-specific,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14152983" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Brucella melitensis, a bacterial pathogen and agent of epizootic abortion causes multiple pathologies in humans as well as a number of agriculturally important animal species. Clinical human brucellosis manifests as a non-specific, chronic debilitating disease characterized by undulant fever, arthropathies, cardiomyopathies and neurological sequelae. These symptoms can occur acutely for a few weeks or persist for months to years. Within the brain, endothelial and glial cells can be infected leading to downstream activation events including matrix metalloprotease (MMP) and cytokine secretion and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. These events are likely to lead to tissue remodeling, including morphologic changes in neuronal and glial cells, which are linked to neurological complications including depressive behavior, immune activation and memory loss. Our hypothesis was that B. melitensis infection and neurobrucellosis would lead to activation of astrocytes through upregulation of T...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14152983" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="72b156468c87696f4dd5c8433fc384a6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39138154,"asset_id":14152983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39138154/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33143207" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasFicht">Thomas Ficht</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33143207" type="text/json">{"id":33143207,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Ficht","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThomasFicht","display_name":"Thomas Ficht","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasFicht?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14152983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14152983"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14152983, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14152983", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14152983]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14152983").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14152983").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14152983"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7700" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_Microscopy">Fluorescence Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7700" type="text/json">{"id":7700,"name":"Fluorescence Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_Microscopy?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36763" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosols">Aerosols</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36763" type="text/json">{"id":36763,"name":"Aerosols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosols?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47265" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toll_like_receptor_signaling">Toll like receptor signaling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47265" type="text/json">{"id":47265,"name":"Toll like receptor signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toll_like_receptor_signaling?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14152983]'), work: {"id":14152983,"title":"Aerosol-induced brucellosis increases TLR-2 expression and increased complexity in the microanatomy of astroglia in rhesus macaques","created_at":"2015-07-17T10:59:17.306-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14152983/Aerosol_induced_brucellosis_increases_TLR_2_expression_and_increased_complexity_in_the_microanatomy_of_astroglia_in_rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_14152983","summary":"Brucella melitensis, a bacterial pathogen and agent of epizootic abortion causes multiple pathologies in humans as well as a number of agriculturally important animal species. Clinical human brucellosis manifests as a non-specific, chronic debilitating disease characterized by undulant fever, arthropathies, cardiomyopathies and neurological sequelae. These symptoms can occur acutely for a few weeks or persist for months to years. Within the brain, endothelial and glial cells can be infected leading to downstream activation events including matrix metalloprotease (MMP) and cytokine secretion and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. These events are likely to lead to tissue remodeling, including morphologic changes in neuronal and glial cells, which are linked to neurological complications including depressive behavior, immune activation and memory loss. Our hypothesis was that B. melitensis infection and neurobrucellosis would lead to activation of astrocytes through upregulation of T...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39138154,"asset_id":14152983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33143207,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Ficht","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThomasFicht","display_name":"Thomas Ficht","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasFicht?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7700,"name":"Fluorescence Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_Microscopy?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":36763,"name":"Aerosols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosols?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":47265,"name":"Toll like receptor signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toll_like_receptor_signaling?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267"},{"id":122431,"name":"Brucella melitensis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brucella_melitensis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":196442,"name":"Astrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrocytes?f_ri=573267"},{"id":284029,"name":"Brucellosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brucellosis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30523653" data-work_id="30523653" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24100522/Identifying_the_neural_circuitry_of_alcohol_craving_and_relapse_vulnerability">Identifying the neural circuitry of alcohol craving and relapse vulnerability</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With no further intervention, relapse rates in detoxified alcoholics are high and usually exceed 80% of all detoxified patients. It has been suggested that stress and exposure to priming doses of alcohol and to alcohol-associated stimuli... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24100522" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With no further intervention, relapse rates in detoxified alcoholics are high and usually exceed 80% of all detoxified patients. It has been suggested that stress and exposure to priming doses of alcohol and to alcohol-associated stimuli (cues) contribute to the relapse risk after detoxification. This article focuses on neuronal correlates of cue responses in detoxified alcoholics. Current brain imaging studies indicate that dysfunction of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and opioidergic neurotransmission in the brain reward system (ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens) can be associated with alcohol craving and functional brain activation in neuronal systems that process attentional relevant stimuli, reward expectancy and experience. Increased functional brain activation elicited by such alcohol-associated cues predicted an increased relapse risk, while high brain activity elicited by affectively positive stimuli may represent a protective factor and was correlated with a decreased prospective relapse risk. These findings are discussed with respect to psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment options.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24100522" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="84ceab4f2a0e2c5ba9e470c3836cea6b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44464971,"asset_id":24100522,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44464971/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32640672" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnthonyGrace1">Anthony Grace</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32640672" type="text/json">{"id":32640672,"first_name":"Anthony","last_name":"Grace","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnthonyGrace1","display_name":"Anthony Grace","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnthonyGrace1?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24100522 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24100522"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24100522, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24100522", }); 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It has been suggested that stress and exposure to priming doses of alcohol and to alcohol-associated stimuli (cues) contribute to the relapse risk after detoxification. This article focuses on neuronal correlates of cue responses in detoxified alcoholics. Current brain imaging studies indicate that dysfunction of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and opioidergic neurotransmission in the brain reward system (ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens) can be associated with alcohol craving and functional brain activation in neuronal systems that process attentional relevant stimuli, reward expectancy and experience. Increased functional brain activation elicited by such alcohol-associated cues predicted an increased relapse risk, while high brain activity elicited by affectively positive stimuli may represent a protective factor and was correlated with a decreased prospective relapse risk. 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In this study, the disposition of THC was determined in four rhesus monkeys given 2.5mg/kg doses using the following routes of administration and formulations: intravenous (iv); orally (po) on a cookie and in gelatin capsules; intramuscularly (im) in Tween-80 and in Emulphor-EL62O; rectally in various suppository bases. Serum THC concentrations were measured by RIA and analyzed by weighted nonlinear regression. 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Infarction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Infarction?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2037348,"name":"Experimental Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Model?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2439414,"name":"Magnetic resonance image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_resonance_image?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2463495,"name":"Random Allocation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Random_Allocation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2471455,"name":"Acute Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Disease?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6626887" data-work_id="6626887" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6626887/Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_as_Living_Fossils_of_Hominoid_Personality_and_Subjective_Well_Being">Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) as Living Fossils of Hominoid Personality and Subjective Well-Being</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Personality dimensions capturing individual differences in behavior, cognition, and affect have been described in several species, including humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. However, comparisons between species are limited by the use... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6626887" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Personality dimensions capturing individual differences in behavior, cognition, and affect have been described in several species, including humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. However, comparisons between species are limited by the use of different questionnaires. We asked raters to assess free-ranging rhesus macaques at two time points on personality and subjective well-being questionnaires used earlier to rate chimpanzees and orangutans. Principal-components analysis yielded domains we labeled Confidence, Friendliness, Dominance, Anxiety, Openness, and Activity. The presence of Openness in rhesus macaques suggests it is an ancestral characteristic. The absence of Conscientiousness suggests it is a derived characteristic in African apes. Higher Confidence and Friendliness, and lower Anxiety were prospectively related to subjective well-being, indicating that the connection between personality and subjective well-being in humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans is ancestral in catarrhine primates. As demonstrated here, each additional species studied adds another fold to the rich, historical story of primate personality evolution. for rating the monkeys. Without their cooperation, this project would not have been possible. We also thank Edgar Davíla and Julio Resto for maintaining a daily census of the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. We thank Jana Uher and Michael Tomasello for their helpful comments on a draft. Finally, we would like to thank one anonymous reviewer for suggesting the analyses depicted in and both anonymous reviewers for several helpful comments which have improved the manuscript.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6626887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a5d4316a7a5f7a4dae32fd6219e8d73" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48777951,"asset_id":6626887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48777951/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10730380" href="https://nih.academia.edu/MelissaGerald">Melissa Gerald</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10730380" type="text/json">{"id":10730380,"first_name":"Melissa","last_name":"Gerald","domain_name":"nih","page_name":"MelissaGerald","display_name":"Melissa Gerald","profile_url":"https://nih.academia.edu/MelissaGerald?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10730380/3239171/3812172/s65_melissa.gerald.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6626887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6626887"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6626887, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6626887", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6626887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6626887").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6626887").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6626887"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2672" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality">Personality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2672" type="text/json">{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2749" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior">Animal Behavior</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2749" type="text/json">{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6626887]'), work: {"id":6626887,"title":"Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) as Living Fossils of Hominoid Personality and Subjective Well-Being","created_at":"2014-04-02T00:47:28.006-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6626887/Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_as_Living_Fossils_of_Hominoid_Personality_and_Subjective_Well_Being?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_6626887","summary":"Personality dimensions capturing individual differences in behavior, cognition, and affect have been described in several species, including humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. However, comparisons between species are limited by the use of different questionnaires. We asked raters to assess free-ranging rhesus macaques at two time points on personality and subjective well-being questionnaires used earlier to rate chimpanzees and orangutans. Principal-components analysis yielded domains we labeled Confidence, Friendliness, Dominance, Anxiety, Openness, and Activity. The presence of Openness in rhesus macaques suggests it is an ancestral characteristic. The absence of Conscientiousness suggests it is a derived characteristic in African apes. Higher Confidence and Friendliness, and lower Anxiety were prospectively related to subjective well-being, indicating that the connection between personality and subjective well-being in humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans is ancestral in catarrhine primates. As demonstrated here, each additional species studied adds another fold to the rich, historical story of primate personality evolution. for rating the monkeys. Without their cooperation, this project would not have been possible. We also thank Edgar Davíla and Julio Resto for maintaining a daily census of the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. We thank Jana Uher and Michael Tomasello for their helpful comments on a draft. Finally, we would like to thank one anonymous reviewer for suggesting the analyses depicted in and both anonymous reviewers for several helpful comments which have improved the manuscript.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48777951,"asset_id":6626887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10730380,"first_name":"Melissa","last_name":"Gerald","domain_name":"nih","page_name":"MelissaGerald","display_name":"Melissa Gerald","profile_url":"https://nih.academia.edu/MelissaGerald?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10730380/3239171/3812172/s65_melissa.gerald.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":32011,"name":"Comparative psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_psychology?f_ri=573267"},{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect?f_ri=573267"},{"id":375296,"name":"Observer Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Observer_Variation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":430018,"name":"Subjective Well Being","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjective_Well_Being?f_ri=573267"},{"id":484218,"name":"Rhesus macaques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267"},{"id":519447,"name":"Hominidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hominidae?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":965088,"name":"Individual Difference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Individual_Difference?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13634517 coauthored" data-work_id="13634517" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13634517/Prevalence_of_antibodies_to_selected_viruses_in_a_long_term_closed_breeding_colony_of_rhesus_macaques_Macaca_mulatta_in_Brazil">Prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses in a long-term closed breeding colony of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Brazil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The rhesus macaque breeding colony of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) was established in 1932 from a founding stock of 100 animals. This population has remained closed to new animal introductions for almost 70 years. A serologic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13634517" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The rhesus macaque breeding colony of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) was established in 1932 from a founding stock of 100 animals. This population has remained closed to new animal introductions for almost 70 years. A serologic survey was performed to determine the prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses as a first approach to identifying viral pathogens endemic in this population. Banked serum samples were tested for antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), simian type D retrovirus (SRV), cercopithecine herpesvirus type-1 (B virus), rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), measles virus (MV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). All samples were negative for antibodies against the simian retroviruses. The overall prevalence of antibodies was 95% for RhCMV, 45% for B virus, 35% for HAV, and 1% for MV. Prevalence was found to vary by age group.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13634517" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1bf6ba15e13a4bf347e454b5b5330c53" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45124866,"asset_id":13634517,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45124866/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32907262" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarciaAndrade6">Marcia Andrade</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32907262" type="text/json">{"id":32907262,"first_name":"Marcia","last_name":"Andrade","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarciaAndrade6","display_name":"Marcia Andrade","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarciaAndrade6?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13634517">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13634517"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unifesp.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9Leite">José Leite</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13634517'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13634517').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13634517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13634517"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13634517, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13634517", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13634517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13634517; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13634517"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13634517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13634517"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13634517; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13634517]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13634517").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13634517").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13634517"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil">Brazil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9821" type="text/json">{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39977" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measles_Virus">Measles Virus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39977" type="text/json">{"id":39977,"name":"Measles Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measles_Virus?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="112993" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="112993" type="text/json">{"id":112993,"name":"Cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytomegalovirus?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13634517]'), work: {"id":13634517,"title":"Prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses in a long-term closed breeding colony of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Brazil","created_at":"2015-07-04T15:09:18.598-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13634517/Prevalence_of_antibodies_to_selected_viruses_in_a_long_term_closed_breeding_colony_of_rhesus_macaques_Macaca_mulatta_in_Brazil?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_13634517","summary":"The rhesus macaque breeding colony of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) was established in 1932 from a founding stock of 100 animals. This population has remained closed to new animal introductions for almost 70 years. A serologic survey was performed to determine the prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses as a first approach to identifying viral pathogens endemic in this population. Banked serum samples were tested for antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), simian type D retrovirus (SRV), cercopithecine herpesvirus type-1 (B virus), rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), measles virus (MV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). All samples were negative for antibodies against the simian retroviruses. The overall prevalence of antibodies was 95% for RhCMV, 45% for B virus, 35% for HAV, and 1% for MV. Prevalence was found to vary by age group.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45124866,"asset_id":13634517,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32907262,"first_name":"Marcia","last_name":"Andrade","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarciaAndrade6","display_name":"Marcia Andrade","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarciaAndrade6?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":32794561,"first_name":"José","last_name":"Leite","domain_name":"unifesp","page_name":"JoséLeite","display_name":"José Leite","profile_url":"https://unifesp.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9Leite?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":39977,"name":"Measles Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measles_Virus?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":112993,"name":"Cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytomegalovirus?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":151448,"name":"American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American?f_ri=573267"},{"id":230590,"name":"Hepatitis a Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_a_Virus?f_ri=573267"},{"id":484218,"name":"Rhesus macaques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":584606,"name":"Macaca fascicularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_fascicularis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":724924,"name":"Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Simian_Immunodeficiency_Virus?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24339440 coauthored" data-work_id="24339440" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24339440/Comparison_of_performance_on_memory_guided_saccade_and_delayed_spatial_match_to_sample_tasks_in_monkeys">Comparison of performance on memory-guided saccade and delayed spatial match-to-sample tasks in monkeys</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To investigate the sources of spatial error in memory-guided saccades (MGS), we have trained monkeys on two different tasks: a MGS task and a delayed spatial match-to-sample (MTS) task. We first tested the effect of introducing a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24339440" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To investigate the sources of spatial error in memory-guided saccades (MGS), we have trained monkeys on two different tasks: a MGS task and a delayed spatial match-to-sample (MTS) task. We first tested the effect of introducing a post-saccadic visual feedback on the accuracy of MGS. We found that visual feedback had a pronounced effect on the systematic saccade error, but less of an effect on the variable error. Visual feedback can improve the accuracy of saccadic eye movements over several days, while feedback removal can decrease accuracy in a reversible way. These effects also depend both on target eccentricity and the duration of the memory delay. To test whether saccade error is due to the accuracy of spatial memory storage or arises downstream from that memory, we measured behavioral performance on a spatial MTS task both before and after training with visual feedback. The results showed no significant difference in performance of the MTS task before and after feedback training despite significant changes in MGS accuracy. The results suggest that the accuracy of spatial memory is not the source of the systematic errors that accompany MGS.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24339440" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3325425cd065cdfa1f7e07689860c5b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44674659,"asset_id":24339440,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44674659/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46770540" href="https://independent.academia.edu/vincentferrera">vincent ferrera</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46770540" type="text/json">{"id":46770540,"first_name":"vincent","last_name":"ferrera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"vincentferrera","display_name":"vincent ferrera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/vincentferrera?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-24339440">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-24339440"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/OprisI">Ioan Opris</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-24339440'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-24339440').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24339440 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24339440"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24339440, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24339440", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24339440 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24339440; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24339440"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24339440 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24339440"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24339440; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24339440]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24339440").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24339440").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24339440"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4163" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Memory">Spatial Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4163" type="text/json">{"id":4163,"name":"Spatial Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Memory?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_perception">Space perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45349" type="text/json">{"id":45349,"name":"Space perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46858" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory">Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46858" type="text/json">{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59692" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision">Vision</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="59692" type="text/json">{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24339440]'), work: {"id":24339440,"title":"Comparison of performance on memory-guided saccade and delayed spatial match-to-sample tasks in monkeys","created_at":"2016-04-12T16:34:26.385-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24339440/Comparison_of_performance_on_memory_guided_saccade_and_delayed_spatial_match_to_sample_tasks_in_monkeys?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_24339440","summary":"To investigate the sources of spatial error in memory-guided saccades (MGS), we have trained monkeys on two different tasks: a MGS task and a delayed spatial match-to-sample (MTS) task. We first tested the effect of introducing a post-saccadic visual feedback on the accuracy of MGS. We found that visual feedback had a pronounced effect on the systematic saccade error, but less of an effect on the variable error. Visual feedback can improve the accuracy of saccadic eye movements over several days, while feedback removal can decrease accuracy in a reversible way. These effects also depend both on target eccentricity and the duration of the memory delay. To test whether saccade error is due to the accuracy of spatial memory storage or arises downstream from that memory, we measured behavioral performance on a spatial MTS task both before and after training with visual feedback. The results showed no significant difference in performance of the MTS task before and after feedback training despite significant changes in MGS accuracy. The results suggest that the accuracy of spatial memory is not the source of the systematic errors that accompany MGS.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44674659,"asset_id":24339440,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46770540,"first_name":"vincent","last_name":"ferrera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"vincentferrera","display_name":"vincent ferrera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/vincentferrera?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":33100080,"first_name":"Ioan","last_name":"Opris","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OprisI","display_name":"Ioan Opris","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OprisI?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4163,"name":"Spatial Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Memory?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":45349,"name":"Space perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":72150,"name":"Discrimination Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination_Learning?f_ri=573267"},{"id":88325,"name":"Cues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cues?f_ri=573267"},{"id":107148,"name":"Saccades","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saccades?f_ri=573267"},{"id":132217,"name":"Matching to Sample","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Matching_to_Sample?f_ri=573267"},{"id":137633,"name":"Feedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feedback?f_ri=573267"},{"id":174836,"name":"Spatial Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Working_Memory?f_ri=573267"},{"id":337493,"name":"Visual Feedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Feedback?f_ri=573267"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71063830" data-work_id="71063830" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71063830/Anti_HIV_IgA_isotypes">Anti-HIV IgA isotypes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective-Although passive immunization with anti-HIV-1 Env IgG1 neutralizing monoclonal Abs (nmAbs) prevented simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in rhesus monkeys (RMs), IgA nmAbs have not been tested. Here, we sought... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71063830" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective-Although passive immunization with anti-HIV-1 Env IgG1 neutralizing monoclonal Abs (nmAbs) prevented simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in rhesus monkeys (RMs), IgA nmAbs have not been tested. Here, we sought to determine whether human anti-HIV-1 dimeric (d)IgA1, dIgA2, and IgG1 differ in their ability to prevent mucosal R5 SHIV acquisition in RMs. Design-DIgA1, dIgA2, and IgG1 versions of nmAb HGN194 were applied intrarectally (i.r.) in three RM groups 30 min before i.r. SHIV challenge.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71063830" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e5ec2f0c1b2374f9161d42c4d6e5cbac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80581507,"asset_id":71063830,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80581507/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53925478" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisVillinger">Francois Villinger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53925478" type="text/json">{"id":53925478,"first_name":"Francois","last_name":"Villinger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancoisVillinger","display_name":"Francois Villinger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisVillinger?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71063830 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71063830"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71063830, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71063830", }); 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Here, we sought to determine whether human anti-HIV-1 dimeric (d)IgA1, dIgA2, and IgG1 differ in their ability to prevent mucosal R5 SHIV acquisition in RMs. Design-DIgA1, dIgA2, and IgG1 versions of nmAb HGN194 were applied intrarectally (i.r.) in three RM groups 30 min before i.r. 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The preclinical studies described here investigated the high-affinity synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) antiepileptic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47777419" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rapid distribution to the brain is a prerequisite for antiepileptic drugs used for treatment of acute seizures. The preclinical studies described here investigated the high-affinity synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) antiepileptic drug brivara-cetam (BRV) for its rate of brain penetration and its onset of action. BRV was compared with levetiracetam (LEV). In vitro permeation studies were performed using Caco-2 cells. Plasma and brain levels were measured over time after single oral dosing to audiogenic mice and were correlated with anticonvulsant activity. Tissue distribution was investigated after single dosing to rat (BRV and LEV) and dog (LEV only). Positron emission tomography (PET) displacement studies were performed in rhesus monkeys using the SV2A PET tracer [(11) C]UCB-J. The time course of PET tracer displacement was measured following single intravenous (IV) dosing with LEV or BRV. Rodent distribution data and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling were...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47777419" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d5df7be2730b347907b095a5d379626d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66719436,"asset_id":47777419,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66719436/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35943565" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NNabulsi">Nabeel Nabulsi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35943565" type="text/json">{"id":35943565,"first_name":"Nabeel","last_name":"Nabulsi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NNabulsi","display_name":"Nabeel Nabulsi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NNabulsi?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47777419 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47777419"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47777419, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47777419", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47777419]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47777419").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47777419").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47777419"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23518" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positron_Emission_Tomography">Positron Emission Tomography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23518" type="text/json">{"id":23518,"name":"Positron Emission Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positron_Emission_Tomography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52438" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs">Dogs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52438" type="text/json">{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61474" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain">Brain</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="61474" type="text/json">{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="83972" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permeability">Permeability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="83972" type="text/json">{"id":83972,"name":"Permeability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permeability?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47777419]'), work: {"id":47777419,"title":"Brivaracetam, a selective high-affinity synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligand with preclinical evidence of high brain permeability and fast onset of action","created_at":"2021-04-29T08:21:23.799-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47777419/Brivaracetam_a_selective_high_affinity_synaptic_vesicle_protein_2A_SV2A_ligand_with_preclinical_evidence_of_high_brain_permeability_and_fast_onset_of_action?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_47777419","summary":"Rapid distribution to the brain is a prerequisite for antiepileptic drugs used for treatment of acute seizures. The preclinical studies described here investigated the high-affinity synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) antiepileptic drug brivara-cetam (BRV) for its rate of brain penetration and its onset of action. BRV was compared with levetiracetam (LEV). In vitro permeation studies were performed using Caco-2 cells. Plasma and brain levels were measured over time after single oral dosing to audiogenic mice and were correlated with anticonvulsant activity. Tissue distribution was investigated after single dosing to rat (BRV and LEV) and dog (LEV only). Positron emission tomography (PET) displacement studies were performed in rhesus monkeys using the SV2A PET tracer [(11) C]UCB-J. The time course of PET tracer displacement was measured following single intravenous (IV) dosing with LEV or BRV. Rodent distribution data and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling were...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66719436,"asset_id":47777419,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35943565,"first_name":"Nabeel","last_name":"Nabulsi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NNabulsi","display_name":"Nabeel Nabulsi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NNabulsi?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":23518,"name":"Positron Emission Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positron_Emission_Tomography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":83972,"name":"Permeability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permeability?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=573267"},{"id":98913,"name":"Blood brain barrier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_brain_barrier?f_ri=573267"},{"id":228487,"name":"Epilepsia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epilepsia?f_ri=573267"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":314125,"name":"Caco-2 cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caco-2_cells?f_ri=573267"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1212105,"name":"Molecular Targeted Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Targeted_Therapy?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1237052,"name":"Piracetam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Piracetam?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3881526,"name":"In Vitro Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Techniques?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_796281" data-work_id="796281" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/796281/Three_dimensional_automated_real_time_video_system_for_tracking_limb_motion_in_brain_machine_interface_studies">Three-dimensional, automated, real-time video system for tracking limb motion in brain-machine interface studies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Collection and analysis of limb kinematic data are essential components of the study of biological motion, including research into biomechanics, kinesiology, neurophysiology and brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). In particular, BMI research... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_796281" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Collection and analysis of limb kinematic data are essential components of the study of biological motion, including research into biomechanics, kinesiology, neurophysiology and brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). In particular, BMI research requires advanced, real-time systems capable of sampling limb kinematics with minimal contact to the subject's body. To answer this demand, we have developed an automated video tracking system for real-time tracking of multiple body parts in freely behaving primates. The system employs high-contrast markers painted on the animal's joints to continuously track the threedimensional positions of their limbs during activity. Two-dimensional coordinates captured by each video camera are combined and converted to three-dimensional coordinates using a quadratic fitting algorithm. Real-time operation of the system is accomplished using direct memory access (DMA). The system tracks the markers at a rate of 52 frames per second (fps) in real-time and up to 100 fps if video recordings are captured to be later analyzed off-line. The system has been tested in several BMI primate experiments, in which limb position was sampled simultaneously with chronic recordings of the extracellular activity of hundreds of cortical cells. During these recordings, multiple computational models were employed to extract a series of kinematic parameters from neuronal ensemble activity in real-time. The system operated reliably under these experimental conditions and was able to compensate for marker occlusions that occurred during natural movements. We propose that this system could also be extended to applications that include other classes of biological motion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/796281" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c10e87161a733f4bd5f0ab18aa694014" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51235771,"asset_id":796281,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51235771/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="638211" href="https://cshl.academia.edu/IanPeikon">Ian Peikon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="638211" type="text/json">{"id":638211,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Peikon","domain_name":"cshl","page_name":"IanPeikon","display_name":"Ian Peikon","profile_url":"https://cshl.academia.edu/IanPeikon?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_796281 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="796281"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 796281, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_796281", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=796281]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_796281").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_796281").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="796281"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">28</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22272" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22272" type="text/json">{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=796281]'), work: {"id":796281,"title":"Three-dimensional, automated, real-time video system for tracking limb motion in brain-machine interface studies","created_at":"2011-08-01T23:18:17.374-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/796281/Three_dimensional_automated_real_time_video_system_for_tracking_limb_motion_in_brain_machine_interface_studies?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_796281","summary":"Collection and analysis of limb kinematic data are essential components of the study of biological motion, including research into biomechanics, kinesiology, neurophysiology and brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). In particular, BMI research requires advanced, real-time systems capable of sampling limb kinematics with minimal contact to the subject's body. To answer this demand, we have developed an automated video tracking system for real-time tracking of multiple body parts in freely behaving primates. The system employs high-contrast markers painted on the animal's joints to continuously track the threedimensional positions of their limbs during activity. Two-dimensional coordinates captured by each video camera are combined and converted to three-dimensional coordinates using a quadratic fitting algorithm. Real-time operation of the system is accomplished using direct memory access (DMA). The system tracks the markers at a rate of 52 frames per second (fps) in real-time and up to 100 fps if video recordings are captured to be later analyzed off-line. The system has been tested in several BMI primate experiments, in which limb position was sampled simultaneously with chronic recordings of the extracellular activity of hundreds of cortical cells. During these recordings, multiple computational models were employed to extract a series of kinematic parameters from neuronal ensemble activity in real-time. The system operated reliably under these experimental conditions and was able to compensate for marker occlusions that occurred during natural movements. We propose that this system could also be extended to applications that include other classes of biological motion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51235771,"asset_id":796281,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":638211,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Peikon","domain_name":"cshl","page_name":"IanPeikon","display_name":"Ian Peikon","profile_url":"https://cshl.academia.edu/IanPeikon?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":41673,"name":"Animal Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Movement?f_ri=573267"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement?f_ri=573267"},{"id":85294,"name":"Computer Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Model?f_ri=573267"},{"id":96917,"name":"Brain machine interface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_machine_interface?f_ri=573267"},{"id":102883,"name":"Real Time Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Real_Time_Systems?f_ri=573267"},{"id":144029,"name":"Biological Motion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Motion?f_ri=573267"},{"id":153836,"name":"Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Cortex?f_ri=573267"},{"id":161944,"name":"Tracking Vehicles in Real Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tracking_Vehicles_in_Real_Time?f_ri=573267"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=573267"},{"id":229390,"name":"Real Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Real_Time?f_ri=573267"},{"id":255094,"name":"Computer User Interface Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_User_Interface_Design?f_ri=573267"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=573267"},{"id":428392,"name":"Video Tracking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Video_Tracking?f_ri=573267"},{"id":504035,"name":"Three Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1001120,"name":"Statistical Methods for Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Methods_for_Neuroscience?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1540546,"name":"Video Recording","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Video_Recording?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1553469,"name":"Direct Memory Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direct_Memory_Access?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1902100,"name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanical_Phenomena?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2197154,"name":"Extremities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extremities?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11148415" data-work_id="11148415" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11148415/Comparison_of_TCDD_and_PCB_CYP1A_Induction_Sensitivities_in_Fresh_Hepatocytes_from_Human_Donors_Sprague_Dawley_Rats_and_Rhesus_Monkeys_and_HepG2_Cells">Comparison of TCDD and PCB CYP1A Induction Sensitivities in Fresh Hepatocytes from Human Donors, Sprague-Dawley Rats, and Rhesus Monkeys and HepG2 Cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related chemicals induce cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene expression and, at sufficient exposures, cause toxicity. Human health risks from such exposures are typically estimated from animal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11148415" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related chemicals induce cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene expression and, at sufficient exposures, cause toxicity. Human health risks from such exposures are typically estimated from animal studies. We tested whether animal models predict human sensitivity by characterizing CYP1A gene expression in cultures of fresh hepatocytes from human donors, rats, and rhesus monkeys and HepG2 human hepatoma cells. We exposed the cells to three aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands of current environmental interest and measured 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and concentrations of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA. We found that human cells are about 10-1000 times less sensitive to TCDD, 3,3#,4,4#,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), and Aroclor 1254 than rat and monkey cells, that relative potencies among these chemicals are different across species, and that gene expression thresholds exist for these chemicals. Newly calculated rat-human interspecies relative potency factors for PCB 126 were more than 100 times lower than the current rodent-derived value. We propose that human-derived values be used to improve the accuracy of estimates of human health risks.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11148415" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1cf2f430b50f157cb44c00d607dffc9e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46859515,"asset_id":11148415,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46859515/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26914853" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArunaKoganti">Aruna Koganti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26914853" type="text/json">{"id":26914853,"first_name":"Aruna","last_name":"Koganti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArunaKoganti","display_name":"Aruna Koganti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArunaKoganti?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26914853/7852739/8798571/s65_aruna.koganti.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11148415 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11148415"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11148415, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11148415", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11148415]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11148415").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11148415").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11148415"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16664" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment">Risk assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16664" type="text/json">{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="149539" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyls">Polychlorinated Biphenyls</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="149539" type="text/json">{"id":149539,"name":"Polychlorinated Biphenyls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyls?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="242478" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyl">Polychlorinated Biphenyl</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="242478" type="text/json">{"id":242478,"name":"Polychlorinated Biphenyl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyl?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375054" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats">Rats</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375054" type="text/json">{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11148415]'), work: {"id":11148415,"title":"Comparison of TCDD and PCB CYP1A Induction Sensitivities in Fresh Hepatocytes from Human Donors, Sprague-Dawley Rats, and Rhesus Monkeys and HepG2 Cells","created_at":"2015-02-27T10:38:13.918-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11148415/Comparison_of_TCDD_and_PCB_CYP1A_Induction_Sensitivities_in_Fresh_Hepatocytes_from_Human_Donors_Sprague_Dawley_Rats_and_Rhesus_Monkeys_and_HepG2_Cells?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_11148415","summary":"2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related chemicals induce cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene expression and, at sufficient exposures, cause toxicity. Human health risks from such exposures are typically estimated from animal studies. We tested whether animal models predict human sensitivity by characterizing CYP1A gene expression in cultures of fresh hepatocytes from human donors, rats, and rhesus monkeys and HepG2 human hepatoma cells. We exposed the cells to three aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands of current environmental interest and measured 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and concentrations of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA. We found that human cells are about 10-1000 times less sensitive to TCDD, 3,3#,4,4#,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), and Aroclor 1254 than rat and monkey cells, that relative potencies among these chemicals are different across species, and that gene expression thresholds exist for these chemicals. Newly calculated rat-human interspecies relative potency factors for PCB 126 were more than 100 times lower than the current rodent-derived value. We propose that human-derived values be used to improve the accuracy of estimates of human health risks.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46859515,"asset_id":11148415,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26914853,"first_name":"Aruna","last_name":"Koganti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArunaKoganti","display_name":"Aruna Koganti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArunaKoganti?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26914853/7852739/8798571/s65_aruna.koganti.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":149539,"name":"Polychlorinated Biphenyls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyls?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":242478,"name":"Polychlorinated Biphenyl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyl?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267"},{"id":432593,"name":"Hepatocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatocytes?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=573267"},{"id":736321,"name":"Environmental Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollutants?f_ri=573267"},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2153835,"name":"Enzyme Induction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Induction?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12046242" data-work_id="12046242" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12046242/Ultradian_rhythms_in_the_mobility_and_behavior_of_rhesus_monkeys">Ultradian rhythms in the mobility and behavior of rhesus monkeys</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The presence of ultradian rhythms in the mobility and behavior of rhesus monkeys was explored in eleven animals equipped with mobility FM transmitters and placed alone or in pairs in a laboratory cage situated in a sound proof,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12046242" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The presence of ultradian rhythms in the mobility and behavior of rhesus monkeys was explored in eleven animals equipped with mobility FM transmitters and placed alone or in pairs in a laboratory cage situated in a sound proof, temperature controlled room, with food and water ad libitum. After an habituation period of 3 to 7 days, telemetric recordings of the mobility of the animals showed ultradian rhythms with a periodicity of 70 min during the daily 12-h light period. During the corresponding 12-h dark period, there were two dominant cycles of 103–144 min and 48 min respectively. Restriction of food and water to 1h/day did not change the duration of these cycles, and the presence of random noise also had little effect. Spontaneous behavior occurred in regular sequences within each cycle. Social relationships were found to affect rhythmicity of behavior, since pairs of monkeys synchronized their cycles. The lever press response recorded during auto-shaping showed the same rhythmicity found in mobility, demonstrating the influence of ultradian rhythms on learned behavior.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12046242" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5fa946883d0faf204d5650548ef8d523" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46394386,"asset_id":12046242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46394386/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30024769" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoseJimenez76">Jose Jimenez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30024769" type="text/json">{"id":30024769,"first_name":"Jose","last_name":"Jimenez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseJimenez76","display_name":"Jose Jimenez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseJimenez76?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12046242 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12046242"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12046242, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12046242", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12046242 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12046242; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12046242"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12046242 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12046242"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12046242; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12046242]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12046242").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12046242").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12046242"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2749" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior">Animal Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2749" type="text/json">{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41088" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cats">Cats</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41088" type="text/json">{"id":41088,"name":"Cats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cats?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53331" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior">Social behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53331" type="text/json">{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca">Macaca</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="56477" type="text/json">{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12046242]'), work: {"id":12046242,"title":"Ultradian rhythms in the mobility and behavior of rhesus monkeys","created_at":"2015-04-21T05:55:03.296-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12046242/Ultradian_rhythms_in_the_mobility_and_behavior_of_rhesus_monkeys?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_12046242","summary":"The presence of ultradian rhythms in the mobility and behavior of rhesus monkeys was explored in eleven animals equipped with mobility FM transmitters and placed alone or in pairs in a laboratory cage situated in a sound proof, temperature controlled room, with food and water ad libitum. After an habituation period of 3 to 7 days, telemetric recordings of the mobility of the animals showed ultradian rhythms with a periodicity of 70 min during the daily 12-h light period. During the corresponding 12-h dark period, there were two dominant cycles of 103–144 min and 48 min respectively. Restriction of food and water to 1h/day did not change the duration of these cycles, and the presence of random noise also had little effect. Spontaneous behavior occurred in regular sequences within each cycle. Social relationships were found to affect rhythmicity of behavior, since pairs of monkeys synchronized their cycles. The lever press response recorded during auto-shaping showed the same rhythmicity found in mobility, demonstrating the influence of ultradian rhythms on learned behavior.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46394386,"asset_id":12046242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30024769,"first_name":"Jose","last_name":"Jimenez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseJimenez76","display_name":"Jose Jimenez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseJimenez76?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":41088,"name":"Cats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cats?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":190905,"name":"Periodicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Periodicity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":202574,"name":"Feeding Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Behavior?f_ri=573267"},{"id":250422,"name":"Random Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Random_Noise?f_ri=573267"},{"id":410825,"name":"Rhesus Monkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_Monkey?f_ri=573267"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning?f_ri=573267"},{"id":503238,"name":"Grooming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grooming?f_ri=573267"},{"id":544766,"name":"Social Relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Relationship?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":628583,"name":"Social Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Behavior-1?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62303051" data-work_id="62303051" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62303051/Comparative_evolutionary_analyses_of_beta_globin_gene_in_eutherian_dinosaurian_and_neopterygii_taxa">Comparative evolutionary analyses of beta globin gene in eutherian, dinosaurian and neopterygii taxa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background & objectives: Comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses of conserved genes have enabled us to understand the complexity of genomes of closely related species. For example: -globin gene present in human hemoglobin is one... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62303051" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background & objectives: Comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses of conserved genes have enabled us to understand the complexity of genomes of closely related species. For example: -globin gene present in human hemoglobin is one such gene that has experienced many genetic changes in many related taxa and produced more than 600 variants. One of the variant, HBS causes sickle-cell anemia in humans but offers protection against severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, we characterized and performed evolutionary comparative analyses of the -globin gene in different related and unrelated taxa to have a comprehensive view of its evolution. Methods: DNA and protein sequences of -globin gene were downloaded from NCBI and characterized in detail in nine eutherian (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Macaca mulatta, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Bos taurus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus, Oryctolagus cuniculus), a dinosaurian (Gallus gallus) and a neopterygii (Danio rerio) taxa. Three more eutherian (Papio anubis, Ovis aries and Sus scrofa) taxa were included for an analysis at the protein level but not included at the gene level owing to lack of genomic information. Computational and phylogenetic analyses were performed using evolutionary comparative approach. Results: Results of comparative and phylogenetic analyses revealed less conservation of genetic architecture of -globin compared to its protein architecture in all eutherian taxa. Both dinosaurian and neopterygii taxa served as outgroups and varied at gene and protein levels. Interpretation & conclusion: Most remarkably, all primates from eutherian taxa including P. anubis showed only nine codon position differences and an absolute similarity between H. sapiens and P. troglodytes. Absolute conservation of coding region in Equus caballus (horse) was observed. The results were discussed with an inference on the role of evolutionary forces in maintaining such close similarities and variations across closely related taxa. Further, the need to utilize more comparative approaches in understanding the disease causing genes' evolution in closely related taxa is hoped for.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62303051" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fece20affd5da5bf168bb2359584241a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75114965,"asset_id":62303051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75114965/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="109294879" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrGauriAwasthi">Dr. Gauri Awasthi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="109294879" type="text/json">{"id":109294879,"first_name":"Dr. Gauri","last_name":"Awasthi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrGauriAwasthi","display_name":"Dr. Gauri Awasthi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrGauriAwasthi?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/109294879/68986452/57377850/s65_dr._gauri.awasthi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62303051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62303051"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62303051, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62303051", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62303051]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62303051").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62303051").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62303051"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4207" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4207" type="text/json">{"id":4207,"name":"Phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5504" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Genomics">Comparative Genomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5504" type="text/json">{"id":5504,"name":"Comparative Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Genomics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10882" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution">Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10882" type="text/json">{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA">DNA</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48057" type="text/json">{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62303051]'), work: {"id":62303051,"title":"Comparative evolutionary analyses of beta globin gene in eutherian, dinosaurian and neopterygii taxa","created_at":"2021-11-24T17:26:52.542-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62303051/Comparative_evolutionary_analyses_of_beta_globin_gene_in_eutherian_dinosaurian_and_neopterygii_taxa?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_62303051","summary":"Background \u0026 objectives: Comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses of conserved genes have enabled us to understand the complexity of genomes of closely related species. For example: -globin gene present in human hemoglobin is one such gene that has experienced many genetic changes in many related taxa and produced more than 600 variants. One of the variant, HBS causes sickle-cell anemia in humans but offers protection against severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, we characterized and performed evolutionary comparative analyses of the -globin gene in different related and unrelated taxa to have a comprehensive view of its evolution. Methods: DNA and protein sequences of -globin gene were downloaded from NCBI and characterized in detail in nine eutherian (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Macaca mulatta, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Bos taurus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus, Oryctolagus cuniculus), a dinosaurian (Gallus gallus) and a neopterygii (Danio rerio) taxa. Three more eutherian (Papio anubis, Ovis aries and Sus scrofa) taxa were included for an analysis at the protein level but not included at the gene level owing to lack of genomic information. Computational and phylogenetic analyses were performed using evolutionary comparative approach. Results: Results of comparative and phylogenetic analyses revealed less conservation of genetic architecture of -globin compared to its protein architecture in all eutherian taxa. Both dinosaurian and neopterygii taxa served as outgroups and varied at gene and protein levels. Interpretation \u0026 conclusion: Most remarkably, all primates from eutherian taxa including P. anubis showed only nine codon position differences and an absolute similarity between H. sapiens and P. troglodytes. Absolute conservation of coding region in Equus caballus (horse) was observed. The results were discussed with an inference on the role of evolutionary forces in maintaining such close similarities and variations across closely related taxa. Further, the need to utilize more comparative approaches in understanding the disease causing genes' evolution in closely related taxa is hoped for.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75114965,"asset_id":62303051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":109294879,"first_name":"Dr. Gauri","last_name":"Awasthi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrGauriAwasthi","display_name":"Dr. Gauri Awasthi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrGauriAwasthi?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/109294879/68986452/57377850/s65_dr._gauri.awasthi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4207,"name":"Phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":5504,"name":"Comparative Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Genomics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=573267"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=573267"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=573267"},{"id":168196,"name":"Horses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horses?f_ri=573267"},{"id":181569,"name":"Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteins?f_ri=573267"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes?f_ri=573267"},{"id":260829,"name":"Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cattle?f_ri=573267"},{"id":311472,"name":"Pan troglodytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pan_troglodytes?f_ri=573267"},{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3367273,"name":"Codons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Codons?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5569585" data-work_id="5569585" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5569585/Growth_hormone_response_to_growth_hormone_releasing_hormone_stimulation_in_obsessive_compulsive_disorder">Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">To investigate a possible direct, growth hormone-releasing, hormone-independent action of a growth hormone secretagogue, GHRP-2, in pituitary somatotroph cells in the presence of inactive growth hormonereleasing hormone receptors.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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receptors.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49236861,"asset_id":5569585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7924604,"first_name":"Giampaolo","last_name":"Perna","domain_name":"humanitas-research","page_name":"GiampaoloPerna","display_name":"Giampaolo Perna","profile_url":"https://humanitas-research.academia.edu/GiampaoloPerna?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7924604/2788435/16897963/s65_giampaolo.perna.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":1035,"name":"Animal Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Science?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3595,"name":"Individuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Individuality?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=573267"},{"id":4630,"name":"Dairy Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairy_Science?f_ri=573267"},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance 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u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23304829/Astigmatism_in_infant_monkeys_reared_with_cylindrical_lenses">Astigmatism in infant monkeys reared with cylindrical lenses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To determine whether developing primate eyes are capable of growing in a manner that eliminates astigmatism, we reared infant monkeys with cylindrical spectacle lenses in front of one or both eyes that optically simulated with-the-rule,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23304829" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To determine whether developing primate eyes are capable of growing in a manner that eliminates astigmatism, we reared infant monkeys with cylindrical spectacle lenses in front of one or both eyes that optically simulated with-the-rule, against-the-rule, or oblique astigmatism (þ1:50 À 3:00 Â 90, · 180, · 45 or · 135). Refractive development was assessed by retinoscopy, keratometry and A-scan ultrasonography. In contrast to control monkeys, the cylinder-lens-reared monkeys developed significant amounts of astigmatism. The astigmatism was corneal in nature, bilaterally mirror symmetric and oblique in axis, and reversible. The ocular astigmatism appeared to be due to a reduction in the rate of corneal flattening along the steeper meridian while the other principal meridian appeared to flatten at a more normal rate. However, regardless of the orientation of the optically imposed astigmatism, the axis of the ocular astigmatism was not appropriate to compensate for the astigmatic error imposed by the treatment lenses. Our results indicate that visual experience can alter corneal shape, but there was no evidence that primates have an active, visually regulated ''sphericalization'' mechanism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23304829" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="24450b73a25d2239d44934e84133b84f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43767063,"asset_id":23304829,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43767063/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45202263" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CheasuKee">Chea-su Kee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45202263" type="text/json">{"id":45202263,"first_name":"Chea-su","last_name":"Kee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CheasuKee","display_name":"Chea-su Kee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CheasuKee?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-23304829">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-23304829"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LifangHung">Li-fang Hung</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-23304829'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-23304829').html(); 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Refractive development was assessed by retinoscopy, keratometry and A-scan ultrasonography. In contrast to control monkeys, the cylinder-lens-reared monkeys developed significant amounts of astigmatism. The astigmatism was corneal in nature, bilaterally mirror symmetric and oblique in axis, and reversible. The ocular astigmatism appeared to be due to a reduction in the rate of corneal flattening along the steeper meridian while the other principal meridian appeared to flatten at a more normal rate. However, regardless of the orientation of the optically imposed astigmatism, the axis of the ocular astigmatism was not appropriate to compensate for the astigmatic error imposed by the treatment lenses. Our results indicate that visual experience can alter corneal shape, but there was no evidence that primates have an active, visually regulated ''sphericalization'' mechanism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43767063,"asset_id":23304829,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45202263,"first_name":"Chea-su","last_name":"Kee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CheasuKee","display_name":"Chea-su Kee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CheasuKee?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":45158090,"first_name":"Li-fang","last_name":"Hung","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LifangHung","display_name":"Li-fang Hung","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LifangHung?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":51317,"name":"Refractive Error","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refractive_Error?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":90702,"name":"Ultrasonography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultrasonography?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":114855,"name":"Astigmatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astigmatism?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":643043,"name":"Anisometropia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anisometropia?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21067925" data-work_id="21067925" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21067925/Habituation_and_desensitization_as_methods_for_reducing_fearful_behavior_in_singly_housed_rhesus_macaques">Habituation and desensitization as methods for reducing fearful behavior in singly housed rhesus macaques</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21067925" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9dbc388913f99153032256cec9877934" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41699359,"asset_id":21067925,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41699359/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42289183" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MollieBloomsmith">Mollie Bloomsmith</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42289183" type="text/json">{"id":42289183,"first_name":"Mollie","last_name":"Bloomsmith","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MollieBloomsmith","display_name":"Mollie Bloomsmith","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MollieBloomsmith?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21067925 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21067925"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21067925, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21067925", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21067925]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21067925").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21067925").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21067925"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3931" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear">Fear</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3931" type="text/json">{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12204" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Welfare">Animal Welfare</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12204" type="text/json">{"id":12204,"name":"Animal Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Welfare?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37881" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Husbandry">Animal Husbandry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37881" type="text/json">{"id":37881,"name":"Animal Husbandry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Husbandry?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21067925]'), work: {"id":21067925,"title":"Habituation and desensitization as methods for reducing fearful behavior in singly housed rhesus macaques","created_at":"2016-01-28T12:46:40.439-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21067925/Habituation_and_desensitization_as_methods_for_reducing_fearful_behavior_in_singly_housed_rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_21067925","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41699359,"asset_id":21067925,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42289183,"first_name":"Mollie","last_name":"Bloomsmith","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MollieBloomsmith","display_name":"Mollie Bloomsmith","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MollieBloomsmith?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":12204,"name":"Animal Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Welfare?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":37881,"name":"Animal Husbandry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Husbandry?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":100290,"name":"Laboratory Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laboratory_Animals?f_ri=573267"},{"id":189774,"name":"Animal Experimentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Experimentation?f_ri=573267"},{"id":202574,"name":"Feeding Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Behavior?f_ri=573267"},{"id":484218,"name":"Rhesus macaques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74227607" data-work_id="74227607" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74227607/Mitochondrial_DNA_sequence_phylogeny_of_4_populations_of_the_widely_distributed_cynomolgus_macaque_Macaca_fascicularis_fascicularis_">Mitochondrial DNA sequence phylogeny of 4 populations of the widely distributed cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism of 304 Macaca fascicularis fascicularis (M. f. fascicularis) individuals, representative of 4 cynomolgus macaque populations (Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines, and Mauritius). By... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74227607" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism of 304 Macaca fascicularis fascicularis (M. f. fascicularis) individuals, representative of 4 cynomolgus macaque populations (Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines, and Mauritius). By sequencing a 590-bp fragment in the hypervariable II region of the D-loop region, we defined 70 haplotypes. The homologous region was also characterized in 22 Chinese Macaca mulatta and 2 Macaca sylvanus. The phylogenetic analysis confirms the monophyly of M. f. fascicularis and defines 2 haplotype groups inside the M. f. fascicularis clade: one ''insular,'' encompassing 6 Philippines, 2 Mauritius, and 31 Indonesian haplotypes, the other ''continental'' that contains all Indochinese and 6 Indonesian haplotypes. Continental and insular group divergence time was estimated to be approximately 10 6 years before present (BP). Among Indonesian haplotypes, some have a continental origin. This suggests either direct migration from mainland to Indonesia or that remnant lineages from an ancient population genetically close to the mainland (i.e., in the Sunda Shelf, ,550 000 years BP) were subsequently brought southward to Indonesia. The low nucleotide diversity in the Philippines population suggests a bottleneck following colonization by Indonesian individuals, around 110 000 years BP. mtDNA and further observations of nuclear genetic data corroborate the mixed origin (Indonesian/continental) hypothesis of Mauritius individuals and a population bottleneck.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74227607" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81b558f11b948a62e58ae4b36c0a4377" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82451443,"asset_id":74227607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82451443/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67882216" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrigitteCrouau">Brigitte Crouau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67882216" type="text/json">{"id":67882216,"first_name":"Brigitte","last_name":"Crouau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrigitteCrouau","display_name":"Brigitte Crouau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrigitteCrouau?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74227607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74227607"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74227607, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74227607", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74227607]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74227607").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74227607").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74227607"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3855" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism">Polymorphism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3855" type="text/json">{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4480" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Genetics">Population Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4480" type="text/json">{"id":4480,"name":"Population Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Genetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74227607]'), work: {"id":74227607,"title":"Mitochondrial DNA sequence phylogeny of 4 populations of the widely distributed cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis)","created_at":"2022-03-21T08:10:32.015-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74227607/Mitochondrial_DNA_sequence_phylogeny_of_4_populations_of_the_widely_distributed_cynomolgus_macaque_Macaca_fascicularis_fascicularis_?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_74227607","summary":"We studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism of 304 Macaca fascicularis fascicularis (M. f. fascicularis) individuals, representative of 4 cynomolgus macaque populations (Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines, and Mauritius). By sequencing a 590-bp fragment in the hypervariable II region of the D-loop region, we defined 70 haplotypes. The homologous region was also characterized in 22 Chinese Macaca mulatta and 2 Macaca sylvanus. The phylogenetic analysis confirms the monophyly of M. f. fascicularis and defines 2 haplotype groups inside the M. f. fascicularis clade: one ''insular,'' encompassing 6 Philippines, 2 Mauritius, and 31 Indonesian haplotypes, the other ''continental'' that contains all Indochinese and 6 Indonesian haplotypes. Continental and insular group divergence time was estimated to be approximately 10 6 years before present (BP). Among Indonesian haplotypes, some have a continental origin. This suggests either direct migration from mainland to Indonesia or that remnant lineages from an ancient population genetically close to the mainland (i.e., in the Sunda Shelf, ,550 000 years BP) were subsequently brought southward to Indonesia. The low nucleotide diversity in the Philippines population suggests a bottleneck following colonization by Indonesian individuals, around 110 000 years BP. mtDNA and further observations of nuclear genetic data corroborate the mixed origin (Indonesian/continental) hypothesis of Mauritius individuals and a population bottleneck.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82451443,"asset_id":74227607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67882216,"first_name":"Brigitte","last_name":"Crouau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrigitteCrouau","display_name":"Brigitte Crouau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrigitteCrouau?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":4480,"name":"Population Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Genetics?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia?f_ri=573267"},{"id":8785,"name":"Philippines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines?f_ri=573267"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=573267"},{"id":42324,"name":"Heredity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heredity?f_ri=573267"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=573267"},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=573267"},{"id":69219,"name":"Mauritius","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mauritius?f_ri=573267"},{"id":86952,"name":"Haplotypes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haplotypes?f_ri=573267"},{"id":158782,"name":"Phylogenetic analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetic_analysis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":584606,"name":"Macaca fascicularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_fascicularis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=573267"},{"id":880279,"name":"Bayes Theorem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bayes_Theorem-1?f_ri=573267"},{"id":992432,"name":"Divergence Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Divergence_Time?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28005964 coauthored" data-work_id="28005964" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28005964/Photoperiod_regulation_of_uterine_activity_and_melatonin_rhythms_in_the_pregnant_rhesus_macaque">Photoperiod regulation of uterine activity and melatonin rhythms in the pregnant rhesus macaque</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This study tested the hypothesis that photoperiod phase entrains the daily rhythms in myometrial contractility and melatonin in circulation in the pregnant rhesus monkey during late gestation.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28005964" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c04ad391c0f308d2792790b6d5a628d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48312852,"asset_id":28005964,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/CdriMadhuDikshitScientist">Cdri Madhu Dikshit Scientist</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BDhawan1">B. 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10429144"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10429144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10429144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10429144; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10429144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10429144").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10429144").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10429144"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71454" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71454" type="text/json">{"id":71454,"name":"Epinephrine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epinephrine?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="79808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collagen">Collagen</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="79808" type="text/json">{"id":79808,"name":"Collagen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collagen?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84760" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice">Mice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84760" type="text/json">{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="93232" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curcumin">Curcumin</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="93232" type="text/json">{"id":93232,"name":"Curcumin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curcumin?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10429144]'), work: {"id":10429144,"title":"Anti-thrombotic effect of curcumin","created_at":"2015-02-01T04:10:24.927-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10429144/Anti_thrombotic_effect_of_curcumin?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_10429144","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47393120,"asset_id":10429144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25615101,"first_name":"Rikhab","last_name":"Srimal","domain_name":"cdriindia","page_name":"RikhabSrimal","display_name":"Rikhab Srimal","profile_url":"https://cdriindia.academia.edu/RikhabSrimal?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25615101/6998628/7891153/s65_rikhab.srimal.jpg_oh_d4ebacaa3796c7f1f2a8dffe442dd1e5_oe_555adb2c___gda___1432155623_3bd00bd62787fca38ae9e7bbfa197d81"},{"id":42476778,"first_name":"Cdri Madhu Dikshit","last_name":"Scientist","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CdriMadhuDikshitScientist","display_name":"Cdri Madhu Dikshit Scientist","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CdriMadhuDikshitScientist?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":36151161,"first_name":"B.","last_name":"Dhawan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BDhawan1","display_name":"B. Dhawan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BDhawan1?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":71454,"name":"Epinephrine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epinephrine?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":79808,"name":"Collagen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collagen?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":93232,"name":"Curcumin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curcumin?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":195985,"name":"Aspirin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aspirin?f_ri=573267"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":496063,"name":"Thrombosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thrombosis?f_ri=573267"},{"id":498722,"name":"Catechols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catechols?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1446339,"name":"Malondialdehyde","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malondialdehyde?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24318795 coauthored" data-work_id="24318795" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24318795/Projections_of_the_hand_field_of_the_macaque_ventral_premotor_area_F5_to_the_brainstem_and_spinal_cord">Projections of the hand field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5 to the brainstem and spinal cord</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the present study we first assessed that the hand motor field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5, involved in visuomotor control of hand actions, is connected to both the hand field of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the spinal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24318795" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the present study we first assessed that the hand motor field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5, involved in visuomotor control of hand actions, is connected to both the hand field of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the spinal cord. We then injected retroanterograde tracers in this field to completely illustrate its possible descending motor projections. In the brainstem the F5 hand motor field projects to the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC) and to sectors of the mesencephalic, pontine, and bulbar reticular formation, which are the sources of spinal projections. In the spinal cord, labeled terminals were virtually all confined to the C2-T1 segments, mostly contralaterally. At C6-T1 levels the labeling was weaker and mostly clustered laterally in the intermediate zone.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24318795" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c56d716972269607f1aa94d0f38c16c4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44656243,"asset_id":24318795,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44656243/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47134284" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarzioGerbella">Marzio Gerbella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47134284" type="text/json">{"id":47134284,"first_name":"Marzio","last_name":"Gerbella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarzioGerbella","display_name":"Marzio Gerbella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarzioGerbella?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-24318795">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-24318795"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElenaBorra">Elena Borra</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://rse.academia.edu/StefanoRozzi">Stefano Rozzi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-24318795'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-24318795').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24318795 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24318795"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24318795; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24318795]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24318795").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24318795").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24318795"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99421" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinal_Cord">Spinal Cord</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99421" type="text/json">{"id":99421,"name":"Spinal Cord","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinal_Cord?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161176" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The">The</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161176" type="text/json">{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="186234" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology">Medical Physiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="186234" type="text/json">{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24318795]'), work: {"id":24318795,"title":"Projections of the hand field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5 to the brainstem and spinal cord","created_at":"2016-04-12T05:24:04.744-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24318795/Projections_of_the_hand_field_of_the_macaque_ventral_premotor_area_F5_to_the_brainstem_and_spinal_cord?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_24318795","summary":"In the present study we first assessed that the hand motor field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5, involved in visuomotor control of hand actions, is connected to both the hand field of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the spinal cord. We then injected retroanterograde tracers in this field to completely illustrate its possible descending motor projections. In the brainstem the F5 hand motor field projects to the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC) and to sectors of the mesencephalic, pontine, and bulbar reticular formation, which are the sources of spinal projections. In the spinal cord, labeled terminals were virtually all confined to the C2-T1 segments, mostly contralaterally. At C6-T1 levels the labeling was weaker and mostly clustered laterally in the intermediate zone.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44656243,"asset_id":24318795,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47134284,"first_name":"Marzio","last_name":"Gerbella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarzioGerbella","display_name":"Marzio Gerbella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarzioGerbella?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":46889475,"first_name":"Elena","last_name":"Borra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElenaBorra","display_name":"Elena Borra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElenaBorra?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":46894237,"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Rozzi","domain_name":"rse","page_name":"StefanoRozzi","display_name":"Stefano Rozzi","profile_url":"https://rse.academia.edu/StefanoRozzi?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":99421,"name":"Spinal Cord","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinal_Cord?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=573267"},{"id":500368,"name":"Hand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hand?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1002863,"name":"Comparative Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Neurology?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1225435,"name":"Photomicrography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photomicrography?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1257483,"name":"Frontal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frontal_Lobe?f_ri=573267"},{"id":2426000,"name":"Brain stem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_stem?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19429764" data-work_id="19429764" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19429764/Stereotypic_and_self_injurious_behavior_in_rhesus_macaques_A_survey_and_retrospective_analysis_of_environment_and_early_experience">Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: A survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19429764" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of selfinjury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols. Am. J. Primatol. 60: 1-15, 2003.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19429764" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="41f3dd18d9733e9a30457da0afafa55f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40615673,"asset_id":19429764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40615673/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39701186" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CorrineLutz">Corrine Lutz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39701186" type="text/json">{"id":39701186,"first_name":"Corrine","last_name":"Lutz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CorrineLutz","display_name":"Corrine Lutz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CorrineLutz?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19429764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19429764"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19429764, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19429764", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19429764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19429764").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19429764").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19429764"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37881" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Husbandry">Animal Husbandry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37881" type="text/json">{"id":37881,"name":"Animal Husbandry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Husbandry?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123230" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis">Regression Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="123230" type="text/json">{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19429764]'), work: {"id":19429764,"title":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: A survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience","created_at":"2015-12-03T12:35:22.805-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19429764/Stereotypic_and_self_injurious_behavior_in_rhesus_macaques_A_survey_and_retrospective_analysis_of_environment_and_early_experience?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_19429764","summary":"Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of selfinjury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols. Am. J. Primatol. 60: 1-15, 2003.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40615673,"asset_id":19429764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39701186,"first_name":"Corrine","last_name":"Lutz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CorrineLutz","display_name":"Corrine Lutz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CorrineLutz?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":37881,"name":"Animal Husbandry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Husbandry?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=573267"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=573267"},{"id":437772,"name":"Odds ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Odds_ratio?f_ri=573267"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=573267"},{"id":484218,"name":"Rhesus macaques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24673836" data-work_id="24673836" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24673836/Sustained_increases_in_cerebrospinal_fluid_quinolinic_acid_concentrations_in_rhesus_macaques_Macaca_mulatta_naturally_infected_with_simian_retrovirus_type_D">Sustained increases in cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) naturally infected with simian retrovirus type-D</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sustained increases in CSF concentrations of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN) occur in patients with AIDS and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the AIDS dementia complex. Macaques in captivity may also develop... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24673836" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sustained increases in CSF concentrations of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN) occur in patients with AIDS and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the AIDS dementia complex. Macaques in captivity may also develop immunodeficiency syndromes caused by retrovirus infection, including simian retrovirus type-D. In the present study, CSF QUIN concentrations were moderately increased in retrovirus type-D-positive/antibody-negative macaques (163.8 + 35.1 nmol/l; P < 0.0001, n = 21) but not virus-negative/antibody-positive macaques (27.4 + 9.4 nmol/i, n = 8) compared to uninfected control macaques (23.0 + 1.6 nmol/1; n = 22). CSF QUIN concentrations in virus-positive/antibody-negative macaques tended to remain elevated over a 4-20 month period. Post-mortem studies of 9 viruspositive/antibody-negative macaques and 6 virus-negative/antibody-positive macaques revealed inflammatory responses in the brains of 6 of 9 virus-positive/antibody negative macaques, including lymphocytic infiltrates of the choroid plexus in 3 macaques, glial nodules in 3 macaques and perivascular infiltrates in 1 macaque. These lesions were not extensive and no evidence of brain atrophy was observed. No lesions were observed in the 6 antibody-positive/virus-negative macaques. Small increases in plasma L-kynurenine in virus-positive/antibody-negative macaques are consistent with activation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, the first enzyme in the kynurenine pathway, We conclude that sustained moderate increases in CSF QUIN occur in viremic simian retrovirus type-D macaques. The increases in CSF QUIN may reflect inflammatory responses within the brain or synthesis of QUIN precursors in systemic tissues, their entry into brain and subsequent conversion to QUIN. The neuropathologic significance of these increases in CSF QUIN remains to be determined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24673836" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f8f98c4fdd1c74b978676414c49631e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45003891,"asset_id":24673836,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45003891/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47566928" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MelvynHeyes">Melvyn Heyes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47566928" type="text/json">{"id":47566928,"first_name":"Melvyn","last_name":"Heyes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MelvynHeyes","display_name":"Melvyn Heyes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MelvynHeyes?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24673836 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24673836"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24673836, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24673836", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24673836 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24673836; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24673836"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24673836 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24673836"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24673836; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24673836]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24673836").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24673836").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24673836"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60971" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebrospinal_Fluid">Cerebrospinal Fluid</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60971" type="text/json">{"id":60971,"name":"Cerebrospinal Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebrospinal_Fluid?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61474" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain">Brain</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="61474" type="text/json">{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="202225" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="202225" type="text/json">{"id":202225,"name":"Tryptophan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tryptophan?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24673836]'), work: {"id":24673836,"title":"Sustained increases in cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) naturally infected with simian retrovirus type-D","created_at":"2016-04-22T21:24:56.068-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24673836/Sustained_increases_in_cerebrospinal_fluid_quinolinic_acid_concentrations_in_rhesus_macaques_Macaca_mulatta_naturally_infected_with_simian_retrovirus_type_D?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_24673836","summary":"Sustained increases in CSF concentrations of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN) occur in patients with AIDS and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the AIDS dementia complex. Macaques in captivity may also develop immunodeficiency syndromes caused by retrovirus infection, including simian retrovirus type-D. In the present study, CSF QUIN concentrations were moderately increased in retrovirus type-D-positive/antibody-negative macaques (163.8 + 35.1 nmol/l; P \u003c 0.0001, n = 21) but not virus-negative/antibody-positive macaques (27.4 + 9.4 nmol/i, n = 8) compared to uninfected control macaques (23.0 + 1.6 nmol/1; n = 22). CSF QUIN concentrations in virus-positive/antibody-negative macaques tended to remain elevated over a 4-20 month period. Post-mortem studies of 9 viruspositive/antibody-negative macaques and 6 virus-negative/antibody-positive macaques revealed inflammatory responses in the brains of 6 of 9 virus-positive/antibody negative macaques, including lymphocytic infiltrates of the choroid plexus in 3 macaques, glial nodules in 3 macaques and perivascular infiltrates in 1 macaque. These lesions were not extensive and no evidence of brain atrophy was observed. No lesions were observed in the 6 antibody-positive/virus-negative macaques. Small increases in plasma L-kynurenine in virus-positive/antibody-negative macaques are consistent with activation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, the first enzyme in the kynurenine pathway, We conclude that sustained moderate increases in CSF QUIN occur in viremic simian retrovirus type-D macaques. The increases in CSF QUIN may reflect inflammatory responses within the brain or synthesis of QUIN precursors in systemic tissues, their entry into brain and subsequent conversion to QUIN. The neuropathologic significance of these increases in CSF QUIN remains to be determined.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45003891,"asset_id":24673836,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47566928,"first_name":"Melvyn","last_name":"Heyes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MelvynHeyes","display_name":"Melvyn Heyes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MelvynHeyes?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":60971,"name":"Cerebrospinal Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebrospinal_Fluid?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":202225,"name":"Tryptophan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tryptophan?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":484218,"name":"Rhesus macaques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhesus_macaques?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1000427,"name":"Reference Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference_Values?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17203767" data-work_id="17203767" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17203767/The_generation_effect_in_monkeys">The generation effect in monkeys</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How well one retains new information depends on how actively it is processed during learning. Active attempts to retrieve information from memory result in more learning than passive observation of the same information (the generation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17203767" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How well one retains new information depends on how actively it is processed during learning. Active attempts to retrieve information from memory result in more learning than passive observation of the same information (the generation effect). Here, we present evidence for the generation effect in monkeys. Subjects were trained to respond to five-item lists of photographs in a particular order. On some lists, they could request ''hints'' to guide their behavior; on others, they had to generate the correct order from memory. Training with hints resulted in high levels of initial performance, but accuracy dropped precipitously when the hints were removed on the criterion test. Training without hints led to relatively poor initial performance, but accuracy increased steadily and remained high on the criterion test.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17203767" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6d692164c0c607817a821b13b574a0cb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39386934,"asset_id":17203767,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39386934/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15610490" href="https://williams.academia.edu/NateKornell">Nate Kornell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15610490" type="text/json">{"id":15610490,"first_name":"Nate","last_name":"Kornell","domain_name":"williams","page_name":"NateKornell","display_name":"Nate Kornell","profile_url":"https://williams.academia.edu/NateKornell?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15610490/4216173/4907500/s65_nate.kornell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17203767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17203767"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17203767, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17203767", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17203767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17203767; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17203767"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17203767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17203767"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17203767; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17203767]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17203767").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17203767").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17203767"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception">Visual perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5359" type="text/json">{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43774" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning">Learning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43774" type="text/json">{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17203767]'), work: {"id":17203767,"title":"The generation effect in monkeys","created_at":"2015-10-23T03:59:52.576-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17203767/The_generation_effect_in_monkeys?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_17203767","summary":"How well one retains new information depends on how actively it is processed during learning. Active attempts to retrieve information from memory result in more learning than passive observation of the same information (the generation effect). Here, we present evidence for the generation effect in monkeys. Subjects were trained to respond to five-item lists of photographs in a particular order. On some lists, they could request ''hints'' to guide their behavior; on others, they had to generate the correct order from memory. Training with hints resulted in high levels of initial performance, but accuracy dropped precipitously when the hints were removed on the criterion test. Training without hints led to relatively poor initial performance, but accuracy increased steadily and remained high on the criterion test.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39386934,"asset_id":17203767,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15610490,"first_name":"Nate","last_name":"Kornell","domain_name":"williams","page_name":"NateKornell","display_name":"Nate Kornell","profile_url":"https://williams.academia.edu/NateKornell?f_ri=573267","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15610490/4216173/4907500/s65_nate.kornell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=573267"},{"id":88325,"name":"Cues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cues?f_ri=573267"},{"id":182136,"name":"Learning Activities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Activities?f_ri=573267"},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267"},{"id":743604,"name":"Psychological Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Science?f_ri=573267"},{"id":1144102,"name":"Task Performance and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Task_Performance_and_Analysis?f_ri=573267"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18772965 coauthored" data-work_id="18772965" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18772965/Vestibular_experiments_in_space">Vestibular experiments in space</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Experiments were performed while monkeys flew in space in the ''Cosmos/ Bion'' Missions to determine the effect of microgravity on the oculomotor and vestibular systems. Eye-head coordination during gaze shifts to lateral targets (gaze... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18772965" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Experiments were performed while monkeys flew in space in the ''Cosmos/ Bion'' Missions to determine the effect of microgravity on the oculomotor and vestibular systems. Eye-head coordination during gaze shifts to lateral targets (gaze fixation reaction, GFR) and multiunit activity in the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) and cerebellar flocculus were studied in rhesus monkeys in the Bion 6 (Cosmos 1514) through Bion 11 projects. In the first few days of space flight, gaze displacement onto lateral targets became hypermetric, and the amplitude of head movements decreased. This was compensated for by 112 increases in the gain of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) that could last for the duration of the missions. Associated with this, there were increases in neuronal activity in MVN and flocculus. Sensitivities of the same populations of MVN neurons to linear acceleration, in general, increased gradually over the first 5-7 days in microgravity and then normalized over the course of the flight. These data indicate that the gain of the aVOR is increased during active lateral gaze fixations in space flight, and show that the underlying neural activity is appropriate to produce these changes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18772965" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="451113b713cafe547046d442a2c73ab7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40247195,"asset_id":18772965,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40247195/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38846868" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BernardCohen5">Bernard Cohen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38846868" type="text/json">{"id":38846868,"first_name":"Bernard","last_name":"Cohen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BernardCohen5","display_name":"Bernard Cohen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BernardCohen5?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18772965">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18772965"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidTomko">David Tomko</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18772965'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18772965').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18772965 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18772965"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18772965, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18772965", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18772965 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18772965; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18772965"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18772965 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18772965"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18772965; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18772965]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18772965").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18772965").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18772965"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29487" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space">Space</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29487" type="text/json">{"id":29487,"name":"Space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66244" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_flight">Space flight</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66244" type="text/json">{"id":66244,"name":"Space flight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_flight?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="573267" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta">Macaca Mulatta</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="573267" type="text/json">{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18772965]'), work: {"id":18772965,"title":"Vestibular experiments in space","created_at":"2015-11-21T14:23:40.187-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18772965/Vestibular_experiments_in_space?f_ri=573267","dom_id":"work_18772965","summary":"Experiments were performed while monkeys flew in space in the ''Cosmos/ Bion'' Missions to determine the effect of microgravity on the oculomotor and vestibular systems. Eye-head coordination during gaze shifts to lateral targets (gaze fixation reaction, GFR) and multiunit activity in the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) and cerebellar flocculus were studied in rhesus monkeys in the Bion 6 (Cosmos 1514) through Bion 11 projects. In the first few days of space flight, gaze displacement onto lateral targets became hypermetric, and the amplitude of head movements decreased. This was compensated for by 112 increases in the gain of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) that could last for the duration of the missions. Associated with this, there were increases in neuronal activity in MVN and flocculus. Sensitivities of the same populations of MVN neurons to linear acceleration, in general, increased gradually over the first 5-7 days in microgravity and then normalized over the course of the flight. These data indicate that the gain of the aVOR is increased during active lateral gaze fixations in space flight, and show that the underlying neural activity is appropriate to produce these changes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40247195,"asset_id":18772965,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38846868,"first_name":"Bernard","last_name":"Cohen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BernardCohen5","display_name":"Bernard Cohen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BernardCohen5?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":39569014,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Tomko","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidTomko","display_name":"David Tomko","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidTomko?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29487,"name":"Space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":66244,"name":"Space flight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_flight?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":573267,"name":"Macaca Mulatta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_Mulatta?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29111500" data-work_id="29111500" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29111500/Assessment_of_environmental_impacts_of_a_colony_of_free_ranging_rhesus_monkeys_Macca_mulatta_on_Morgan_Island_South_Carolina">Assessment of environmental impacts of a colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta) on Morgan Island, South Carolina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Morgan Island, located within the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina, is home to the only free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta) in the continental United States. The purpose of this study was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29111500" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Morgan Island, located within the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina, is home to the only free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta) in the continental United States. The purpose of this study was to assess environmental impacts of the monkey colony on water quality in adjacent tidal creeks and on island vegetation. Three tidal creeks were sampled: Morgan Creek, adjacent to the monkey colony; Back Creek, on Morgan Island not adjacent to the colony; and Rock Creek, on a nearby island unoccupied by monkeys. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria were measured six times at three sites in each of these creeks, and vegetation change analysis was conducted in a geographic information system using satellite imagery. Results showed elevated fecal coliform concentrations in the Morgan Creek site immediately adjacent to the colony, though no samples exceeded the standard set for recreational water use. Ribotyping reconnaissance matched four Escherichia coli isolates from Morgan and Back Creeks to the monkeys, identifying the colony as one source of fecal coliform bacteria, though relative source loadings could not be quantified. Significant differences were not observed between ammonia or orthophosphate levels in Morgan Creek relative to the other creeks tested; and vegetation change analysis showed a 35% increase in canopy cover between 1979 and 1999. Overall, these results suggest that the rhesus colony's environmental impacts are localized and minimal. Results from this study provide baseline data on Morgan Island and may be useful in management decisions regarding the future of the monkey colony.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29111500" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="224a873fecd1fd312f8094b9c08b1143" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49560067,"asset_id":29111500,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49560067/download_file?st=MTc0MDA1MDUwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54932830" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PSandifer">Paul Sandifer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54932830" type="text/json">{"id":54932830,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Sandifer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PSandifer","display_name":"Paul Sandifer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PSandifer?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29111500 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29111500"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29111500, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29111500", }); 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The purpose of this study was to assess environmental impacts of the monkey colony on water quality in adjacent tidal creeks and on island vegetation. Three tidal creeks were sampled: Morgan Creek, adjacent to the monkey colony; Back Creek, on Morgan Island not adjacent to the colony; and Rock Creek, on a nearby island unoccupied by monkeys. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria were measured six times at three sites in each of these creeks, and vegetation change analysis was conducted in a geographic information system using satellite imagery. Results showed elevated fecal coliform concentrations in the Morgan Creek site immediately adjacent to the colony, though no samples exceeded the standard set for recreational water use. Ribotyping reconnaissance matched four Escherichia coli isolates from Morgan and Back Creeks to the monkeys, identifying the colony as one source of fecal coliform bacteria, though relative source loadings could not be quantified. Significant differences were not observed between ammonia or orthophosphate levels in Morgan Creek relative to the other creeks tested; and vegetation change analysis showed a 35% increase in canopy cover between 1979 and 1999. Overall, these results suggest that the rhesus colony's environmental impacts are localized and minimal. Results from this study provide baseline data on Morgan Island and may be useful in management decisions regarding the future of the monkey colony.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49560067,"asset_id":29111500,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54932830,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Sandifer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PSandifer","display_name":"Paul Sandifer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PSandifer?f_ri=573267","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=573267","nofollow":true},{"id":11801,"name":"Environmental 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