CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>RNA Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="7FMu01E-LJhEonIIK8TRq8HsKCDuyX7wWd64b5Q0rBq_eHdXKRZ_qvaT3DXxTDbhV_waBDR4bS6lYXFYMpgdEQ" /> <link href="/Documents/in/RNA?after=50%2C23069204" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View RNA Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1363409c2f6920b9f6129801bf9c25a45dc9d4a3'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14023,"monthly_visitors":"102 million","monthly_visitor_count":102584291,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":102,"user_count":283351458,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740152486000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740152486000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-b42d48e01e9cb3bf5ae55ea154ab7133fe47240c1d7c59b0249065c67d6f65ab.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f3fdf92d2e211a3fd7a717a75adb7bf4af30f5d7651964d9f223129f218112cd.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">RNA</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">308 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>RNA</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/RNA">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30589615" data-work_id="30589615" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30589615/Trace_element_signature_of_subduction_zone_fluids_melts_and_supercritical_liquids_at_120_180_km_depth">Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30589615" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ef83715b140c59795d9e1e89735dc803" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51030862,"asset_id":30589615,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51030862/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38936760" href="https://unibe-ch2.academia.edu/ThomasPettke">Thomas Pettke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38936760" type="text/json">{"id":38936760,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Pettke","domain_name":"unibe-ch2","page_name":"ThomasPettke","display_name":"Thomas Pettke","profile_url":"https://unibe-ch2.academia.edu/ThomasPettke?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38936760/15264497/15930802/s65_thomas.pettke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30589615 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30589615"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30589615, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30589615", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30589615 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30589615; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30589615"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30589615 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30589615"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30589615; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30589615]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30589615").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30589615").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30589615"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">51</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30589615]'), work: {"id":30589615,"title":"Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth","created_at":"2016-12-23T06:12:12.436-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30589615/Trace_element_signature_of_subduction_zone_fluids_melts_and_supercritical_liquids_at_120_180_km_depth?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_30589615","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51030862,"asset_id":30589615,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38936760,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Pettke","domain_name":"unibe-ch2","page_name":"ThomasPettke","display_name":"Thomas Pettke","profile_url":"https://unibe-ch2.academia.edu/ThomasPettke?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38936760/15264497/15930802/s65_thomas.pettke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":205581,"name":"Partition Coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Partition_Coefficient?f_ri=3701"},{"id":415329,"name":"Subduction Zone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subduction_Zone?f_ri=3701"},{"id":616972,"name":"Low Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Temperature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":702522,"name":"Tethys Oceanic Crust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tethys_Oceanic_Crust?f_ri=3701"},{"id":709300,"name":"Trace element","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trace_element?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22274945" data-work_id="22274945" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22274945/Molecular_pathology_in_forensic_medicine_Introduction">Molecular pathology in forensic medicine—Introduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Techniques of molecular biology have improved diagnostic sensitivity, accuracy and validity in forensic medicine very much, especially in the field of identification (paternity testing, stain analysis). Since more than 10 years these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22274945" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Techniques of molecular biology have improved diagnostic sensitivity, accuracy and validity in forensic medicine very much, especially in the field of identification (paternity testing, stain analysis). Since more than 10 years these techniques -meanwhile well established in clinical disciplines -are used also for other applications in forensic medicine: determination of cause and manner of death, tissue identification by mRNA and microRNA, examination of gene expression levels (survival time, time since death, cause of death), toxicogenetics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22274945" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bfe25467f389f6c884e2a562a67c7a93" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42924465,"asset_id":22274945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42924465/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43579141" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioOliva4">Antonio Oliva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43579141" type="text/json">{"id":43579141,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Oliva","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntonioOliva4","display_name":"Antonio Oliva","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioOliva4?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22274945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22274945"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22274945, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22274945", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22274945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22274945; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22274945"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22274945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22274945"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22274945; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22274945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22274945").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22274945").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22274945"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">31</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science">Forensic Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1588" type="text/json">{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death">Death</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2122" type="text/json">{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22274945]'), work: {"id":22274945,"title":"Molecular pathology in forensic medicine—Introduction","created_at":"2016-02-21T23:25:36.313-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22274945/Molecular_pathology_in_forensic_medicine_Introduction?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_22274945","summary":"Techniques of molecular biology have improved diagnostic sensitivity, accuracy and validity in forensic medicine very much, especially in the field of identification (paternity testing, stain analysis). Since more than 10 years these techniques -meanwhile well established in clinical disciplines -are used also for other applications in forensic medicine: determination of cause and manner of death, tissue identification by mRNA and microRNA, examination of gene expression levels (survival time, time since death, cause of death), toxicogenetics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42924465,"asset_id":22274945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43579141,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Oliva","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntonioOliva4","display_name":"Antonio Oliva","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioOliva4?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5070,"name":"Forensic Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5490,"name":"MicroRNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":13397,"name":"Forensic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":13734,"name":"Communicable Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communicable_Diseases?f_ri=3701"},{"id":21717,"name":"Forensic Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Pathology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":24089,"name":"Causality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causality?f_ri=3701"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":40993,"name":"Molecular Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Pathology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=3701"},{"id":63353,"name":"Identification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identification?f_ri=3701"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":97298,"name":"Pharmacogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacogenetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":105628,"name":"Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisoning?f_ri=3701"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":134041,"name":"DNA fingerprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_fingerprinting?f_ri=3701"},{"id":248653,"name":"Legal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":295854,"name":"microRNAs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/microRNAs?f_ri=3701"},{"id":493010,"name":"Sudden Cardiac Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sudden_Cardiac_Death?f_ri=3701"},{"id":963748,"name":"Adenoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenoma?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1031658,"name":"Wounds and Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wounds_and_Injuries?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1146508,"name":"Body Fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Fluids?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1261847,"name":"Corpse Dismemberment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpse_Dismemberment?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1745478,"name":"Adenocarcinoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenocarcinoma?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13603310 coauthored" data-work_id="13603310" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13603310/Proteome_Evolution_and_the_Metabolic_Origins_of_Translation_and_Cellular_Life">Proteome Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Translation and Cellular Life</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The origin of life has puzzled molecular scientists for over half a century. Yet fundamental questions remain unanswered, including which came first, the metabolic machinery or the encoding nucleic acids. In this study we take a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13603310" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The origin of life has puzzled molecular scientists for over half a century. Yet fundamental questions remain unanswered, including which came first, the metabolic machinery or the encoding nucleic acids. In this study we take a protein-centric view and explore the ancestral origins of proteins. Protein domain structures in proteomes are highly conserved and embody molecular functions and interactions that</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13603310" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9bb95106be8f1f4a44f15c9c9814ec0d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45164253,"asset_id":13603310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45164253/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32778210" href="https://illinois.academia.edu/GustavoCaetanoAnolles">Gustavo Caetano-Anolles</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32778210" type="text/json">{"id":32778210,"first_name":"Gustavo","last_name":"Caetano-Anolles","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"GustavoCaetanoAnolles","display_name":"Gustavo Caetano-Anolles","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/GustavoCaetanoAnolles?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32778210/18299108/18267179/s65_gustavo.caetano-anolles.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13603310">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13603310"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DerekCaetanoanoll%C3%A9s">Derek Caetano-Anollés</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13603310'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13603310').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13603310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13603310"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13603310, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13603310", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13603310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13603310; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13603310"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13603310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13603310"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13603310; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13603310]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13603310").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13603310").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13603310"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3971" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Folding">Protein Folding</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3971" type="text/json">{"id":3971,"name":"Protein Folding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Folding?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13603310]'), work: {"id":13603310,"title":"Proteome Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Translation and Cellular Life","created_at":"2015-07-03T21:08:08.454-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13603310/Proteome_Evolution_and_the_Metabolic_Origins_of_Translation_and_Cellular_Life?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_13603310","summary":"The origin of life has puzzled molecular scientists for over half a century. Yet fundamental questions remain unanswered, including which came first, the metabolic machinery or the encoding nucleic acids. In this study we take a protein-centric view and explore the ancestral origins of proteins. Protein domain structures in proteomes are highly conserved and embody molecular functions and interactions that","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45164253,"asset_id":13603310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32778210,"first_name":"Gustavo","last_name":"Caetano-Anolles","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"GustavoCaetanoAnolles","display_name":"Gustavo Caetano-Anolles","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/GustavoCaetanoAnolles?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32778210/18299108/18267179/s65_gustavo.caetano-anolles.jpg"},{"id":32814912,"first_name":"Derek","last_name":"Caetano-Anollés","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DerekCaetanoanollés","display_name":"Derek Caetano-Anollés","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DerekCaetanoanoll%C3%A9s?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3971,"name":"Protein Folding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Folding?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":4967,"name":"Molecular Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":21949,"name":"Horizontal Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horizontal_Gene_Transfer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":50157,"name":"Molecular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular?f_ri=3701"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=3701"},{"id":67484,"name":"Sequence alignment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sequence_alignment?f_ri=3701"},{"id":137179,"name":"Origin of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origin_of_Life?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158842,"name":"Functional diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_diversity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161099,"name":"Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogenesis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":181569,"name":"Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme?f_ri=3701"},{"id":330392,"name":"Protein Domains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Domains?f_ri=3701"},{"id":626452,"name":"Structural Complexity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Complexity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1035050,"name":"Proteome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteome?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1570394,"name":"Glycosyl Hydrolases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glycosyl_Hydrolases?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1588981,"name":"Protein Biosynthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Biosynthesis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1727314,"name":"Nucleic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1912157,"name":"Domain Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domain_Structure?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11933710" data-work_id="11933710" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11933710/Research_and_treatment_approaches_to_depression">Research and treatment approaches to depression</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11933710" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a57ffb780622a174617787b06339167c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46430599,"asset_id":11933710,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46430599/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29563454" href="https://flinders.academia.edu/MaLiWong">Ma-Li Wong</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29563454" type="text/json">{"id":29563454,"first_name":"Ma-Li","last_name":"Wong","domain_name":"flinders","page_name":"MaLiWong","display_name":"Ma-Li Wong","profile_url":"https://flinders.academia.edu/MaLiWong?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11933710 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11933710"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11933710, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11933710", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11933710 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11933710; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11933710"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11933710 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11933710"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11933710; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11933710]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11933710").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11933710").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11933710"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">48</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11933710]'), work: {"id":11933710,"title":"Research and treatment approaches to depression","created_at":"2015-04-13T19:54:19.142-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11933710/Research_and_treatment_approaches_to_depression?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_11933710","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46430599,"asset_id":11933710,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29563454,"first_name":"Ma-Li","last_name":"Wong","domain_name":"flinders","page_name":"MaLiWong","display_name":"Ma-Li Wong","profile_url":"https://flinders.academia.edu/MaLiWong?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":441653,"name":"Cognitive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Function?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1153872,"name":"Genetic Susceptibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Susceptibility?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6394049" data-work_id="6394049" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6394049/The_chess_players">The chess players</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6394049" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="17ff28f4de0c82d86548332ead87ff81" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48888308,"asset_id":6394049,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48888308/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10037097" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanGollub">Dan Gollub</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10037097" type="text/json">{"id":10037097,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Gollub","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanGollub","display_name":"Dan Gollub","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanGollub?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10037097/3104839/3654513/s65_dan.gollub.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6394049 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6394049"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6394049, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6394049", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6394049 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6394049; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6394049"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6394049 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6394049"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6394049; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6394049]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6394049").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6394049").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6394049"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">45</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6394049]'), work: {"id":6394049,"title":"The chess players","created_at":"2014-03-12T22:08:28.948-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6394049/The_chess_players?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_6394049","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48888308,"asset_id":6394049,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10037097,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Gollub","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanGollub","display_name":"Dan Gollub","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanGollub?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10037097/3104839/3654513/s65_dan.gollub.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28490364 coauthored" data-work_id="28490364" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28490364/Mobile_genetic_elements_the_agents_of_open_source_evolution">Mobile genetic elements: the agents of open source evolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28490364" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f707c558bf5e6e5267ae8d5fcf303298" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48838381,"asset_id":28490364,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48838381/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15811561" href="https://uga.academia.edu/AnneSummers">Anne Summers</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15811561" type="text/json">{"id":15811561,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Summers","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"AnneSummers","display_name":"Anne Summers","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/AnneSummers?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-28490364">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-28490364"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AToussaint1">A. Toussaint</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-28490364'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-28490364').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28490364 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28490364"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28490364, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28490364", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28490364 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28490364; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28490364"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28490364 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28490364"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28490364; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28490364]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28490364").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28490364").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28490364"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">51</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28490364]'), work: {"id":28490364,"title":"Mobile genetic elements: the agents of open source evolution","created_at":"2016-09-14T11:58:36.041-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28490364/Mobile_genetic_elements_the_agents_of_open_source_evolution?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_28490364","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48838381,"asset_id":28490364,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15811561,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Summers","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"AnneSummers","display_name":"Anne Summers","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/AnneSummers?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":53542249,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Toussaint","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AToussaint1","display_name":"A. Toussaint","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AToussaint1?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4967,"name":"Molecular Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":21949,"name":"Horizontal Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horizontal_Gene_Transfer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":45834,"name":"Open Source","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Source?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":569028,"name":"Genetic Recombination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Recombination?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2274872,"name":"DNA sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_sequence?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9069917" data-work_id="9069917" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9069917/Body_image_in_Ancient_Egypt">Body image in Ancient Egypt</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9069917" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e938d03a10a6c168c26ded0f62de56cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39171181,"asset_id":9069917,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39171181/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20571443" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosieGlausiusz">Josie Glausiusz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20571443" type="text/json">{"id":20571443,"first_name":"Josie","last_name":"Glausiusz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JosieGlausiusz","display_name":"Josie Glausiusz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JosieGlausiusz?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20571443/5683724/143635703/s65_josie.glausiusz.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9069917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9069917"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9069917, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9069917", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9069917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9069917; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9069917"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9069917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9069917"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9069917; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9069917]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9069917").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9069917").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9069917"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">46</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9069917]'), work: {"id":9069917,"title":"Body image in Ancient Egypt","created_at":"2014-11-01T20:19:59.776-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9069917/Body_image_in_Ancient_Egypt?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_9069917","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39171181,"asset_id":9069917,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20571443,"first_name":"Josie","last_name":"Glausiusz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JosieGlausiusz","display_name":"Josie Glausiusz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JosieGlausiusz?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20571443/5683724/143635703/s65_josie.glausiusz.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":12693,"name":"Body Image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Image?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_81921687" data-work_id="81921687" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81921687/Solving_Timetabling_Problem_Using_Genetic_and_Heuristic_Algorithms">Solving Timetabling Problem Using Genetic and Heuristic Algorithms</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">In this paper we develop an algorithm to generate a course Time table using fuzzy algorithmic approach satisfying certain constraints. With an example we show that how these constraints are satisfied.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/81921687" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c094042c451107c319655ea43524bc9b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87796053,"asset_id":81921687,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87796053/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="156478003" href="https://deakin.academia.edu/DucThanhNguyen">Duc Thanh Nguyen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="156478003" type="text/json">{"id":156478003,"first_name":"Duc Thanh","last_name":"Nguyen","domain_name":"deakin","page_name":"DucThanhNguyen","display_name":"Duc Thanh Nguyen","profile_url":"https://deakin.academia.edu/DucThanhNguyen?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/156478003/129551025/118952893/s65_duc_thanh.nguyen.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_81921687 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="81921687"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81921687, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_81921687", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_81921687 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81921687; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_81921687"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_81921687 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81921687"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81921687; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81921687]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_81921687").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_81921687").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="81921687"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="465" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="465" type="text/json">{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=81921687]'), work: {"id":81921687,"title":"Solving Timetabling Problem Using Genetic and Heuristic Algorithms","created_at":"2022-06-20T11:09:29.690-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/81921687/Solving_Timetabling_Problem_Using_Genetic_and_Heuristic_Algorithms?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_81921687","summary":"In this paper we develop an algorithm to generate a course Time table using fuzzy algorithmic approach satisfying certain constraints. With an example we show that how these constraints are satisfied.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87796053,"asset_id":81921687,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":156478003,"first_name":"Duc Thanh","last_name":"Nguyen","domain_name":"deakin","page_name":"DucThanhNguyen","display_name":"Duc Thanh Nguyen","profile_url":"https://deakin.academia.edu/DucThanhNguyen?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/156478003/129551025/118952893/s65_duc_thanh.nguyen.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":5026,"name":"Genetic Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Algorithms?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9048,"name":"Scheduling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scheduling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10182,"name":"Fuzzy Sets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuzzy_Sets?f_ri=3701"},{"id":16103,"name":"Fuzzy Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuzzy_Systems?f_ri=3701"},{"id":212832,"name":"Cooling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":222387,"name":"Heuristic Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heuristic_Algorithms?f_ri=3701"},{"id":244567,"name":"Educational Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Institutions?f_ri=3701"},{"id":323690,"name":"Hybrid Algorithm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hybrid_Algorithm?f_ri=3701"},{"id":892227,"name":"Software algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_algorithms?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1950746,"name":"Heuristic algorithm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heuristic_algorithm?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3458078,"name":"Cities and towns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cities_and_towns?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78947383" data-work_id="78947383" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78947383/Modelo_De_Valoraci%C3%B3n_De_La_Gesti%C3%B3n_Productiva_De_La_Pi%C3%B1a_Para_Su_Certificaci%C3%B3n">Modelo De Valoración De La Gestión Productiva De La Piña, Para Su Certificación</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Considerando la importancia de la producción de piña en la economía costarricense, se propone un modelo de medición cualitativa y cuantitativa de la calidad en la operación agroindustrial de la piña, para la certificación del proceso del... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78947383" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Considerando la importancia de la producción de piña en la economía costarricense, se propone un modelo de medición cualitativa y cuantitativa de la calidad en la operación agroindustrial de la piña, para la certificación del proceso del cultivo, recolecta, clasificación de la fruta y embalaje. Dicho modelo, además de que permite cuantificar el rendimiento de las diferentes fases de esta agroindustria, puede servir a los productores y empacadoras como instrumento para presentar ante la Unión Europea, cuando esta viene a certificar los procesos de siembra y recolección en las fincas, así como los procesos de las empacadoras de piña. Asimismo, permite tener controles que ayuden a maximizar su eficiencia y eficacia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78947383" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ecd3e973527dd03b7f4fc120b6371d48" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85829252,"asset_id":78947383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85829252/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38457960" href="https://uned-cr.academia.edu/FedericoLI">Federico LI</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38457960" type="text/json">{"id":38457960,"first_name":"Federico","last_name":"LI","domain_name":"uned-cr","page_name":"FedericoLI","display_name":"Federico LI","profile_url":"https://uned-cr.academia.edu/FedericoLI?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38457960/18927386/18877867/s65_federico.li.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78947383 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78947383"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78947383, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78947383", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78947383 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78947383; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78947383"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78947383 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78947383"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78947383; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78947383]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78947383").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78947383").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78947383"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="359623" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Certificacion">Certificación</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="359623" type="text/json">{"id":359623,"name":"Certificación","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Certificacion?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="536060" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AGROINDUSTRIA">AGROINDUSTRIA</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="536060" type="text/json">{"id":536060,"name":"AGROINDUSTRIA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AGROINDUSTRIA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78947383]'), work: {"id":78947383,"title":"Modelo De Valoración De La Gestión Productiva De La Piña, Para Su Certificación","created_at":"2022-05-10T15:41:26.932-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78947383/Modelo_De_Valoraci%C3%B3n_De_La_Gesti%C3%B3n_Productiva_De_La_Pi%C3%B1a_Para_Su_Certificaci%C3%B3n?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_78947383","summary":"Considerando la importancia de la producción de piña en la economía costarricense, se propone un modelo de medición cualitativa y cuantitativa de la calidad en la operación agroindustrial de la piña, para la certificación del proceso del cultivo, recolecta, clasificación de la fruta y embalaje. Dicho modelo, además de que permite cuantificar el rendimiento de las diferentes fases de esta agroindustria, puede servir a los productores y empacadoras como instrumento para presentar ante la Unión Europea, cuando esta viene a certificar los procesos de siembra y recolección en las fincas, así como los procesos de las empacadoras de piña. Asimismo, permite tener controles que ayuden a maximizar su eficiencia y eficacia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85829252,"asset_id":78947383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38457960,"first_name":"Federico","last_name":"LI","domain_name":"uned-cr","page_name":"FedericoLI","display_name":"Federico LI","profile_url":"https://uned-cr.academia.edu/FedericoLI?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38457960/18927386/18877867/s65_federico.li.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":359623,"name":"Certificación","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Certificacion?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":536060,"name":"AGROINDUSTRIA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AGROINDUSTRIA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61069355" data-work_id="61069355" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61069355/Nucleic_acid_quantity_and_quality_from_paraffin_blocks_Defining_optimal_fixation_processing_and_DNA_RNA_extraction_techniques">Nucleic acid quantity and quality from paraffin blocks: Defining optimal fixation, processing and DNA/RNA extraction techniques</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although the extraction and analysis of nucleic acids from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues is a routine and growing part of pathology practice, no generally accepted recommendations exist to guide laboratories in their selection... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61069355" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although the extraction and analysis of nucleic acids from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues is a routine and growing part of pathology practice, no generally accepted recommendations exist to guide laboratories in their selection of tissue fixation, processing and DNA/RNA extraction techniques. The aim of this study was to determine how fixation method and length, paraffin embedding, processing conditions and nucleic acid extraction methods affect quality and quantity of DNA and RNA, and their performance in downstream applications. Nine tissue samples were subjected to freezing, fixation in formalin for b24 h and 7 days followed by conventional processing, and fixation in molecular fixative for b 24 h and 7 days followed by rapid processing. DNA and RNA were isolated using in-house extraction and commercial kits, and assessed by PCR reactions for amplicons with varying sizes ranging from 268 to 1327 bp and one-step RT-PCR for 621 bp and 816 bp amplicons of housekeeping genes. Molecular fixative (MF) appeared to perform well under nearly all circumstances (extraction methods, fixation lengths and longer amplicons), often performing as well as frozen samples. Formalin fixation generally performed well only for shorter length amplicons and short fixation (b 24 h). WaxFree kit showed consistently higher success rates for DNA and poorer rates for RNA. RecoverAll kit generally performed suboptimally in combination with prolonged formalin fixation. In conclusion, the Molecular Fixative regardless of fixation length, and the rapid tissue processing system were able to preserve large DNA and RNA fragments in paraffin blocks, making these techniques preferable for use in downstream molecular diagnostic assays.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61069355" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a4b7f9ce30bd12cbd9bc58cac1199135" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74238750,"asset_id":61069355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74238750/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32389335" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GulisaTurashvili">Gulisa Turashvili</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32389335" type="text/json">{"id":32389335,"first_name":"Gulisa","last_name":"Turashvili","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GulisaTurashvili","display_name":"Gulisa Turashvili","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GulisaTurashvili?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32389335/128035749/117424973/s65_gulisa.turashvili.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61069355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61069355"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61069355, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61069355", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61069355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61069355; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61069355"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61069355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61069355"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61069355; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61069355]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61069355").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61069355").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61069355"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA">DNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48057" type="text/json">{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PCR">PCR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51791" type="text/json">{"id":51791,"name":"PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PCR?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71260" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_plant_pathology">Molecular plant pathology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71260" type="text/json">{"id":71260,"name":"Molecular plant pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_plant_pathology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61069355]'), work: {"id":61069355,"title":"Nucleic acid quantity and quality from paraffin blocks: Defining optimal fixation, processing and DNA/RNA extraction techniques","created_at":"2021-11-05T12:53:21.936-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61069355/Nucleic_acid_quantity_and_quality_from_paraffin_blocks_Defining_optimal_fixation_processing_and_DNA_RNA_extraction_techniques?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_61069355","summary":"Although the extraction and analysis of nucleic acids from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues is a routine and growing part of pathology practice, no generally accepted recommendations exist to guide laboratories in their selection of tissue fixation, processing and DNA/RNA extraction techniques. The aim of this study was to determine how fixation method and length, paraffin embedding, processing conditions and nucleic acid extraction methods affect quality and quantity of DNA and RNA, and their performance in downstream applications. Nine tissue samples were subjected to freezing, fixation in formalin for b24 h and 7 days followed by conventional processing, and fixation in molecular fixative for b 24 h and 7 days followed by rapid processing. DNA and RNA were isolated using in-house extraction and commercial kits, and assessed by PCR reactions for amplicons with varying sizes ranging from 268 to 1327 bp and one-step RT-PCR for 621 bp and 816 bp amplicons of housekeeping genes. Molecular fixative (MF) appeared to perform well under nearly all circumstances (extraction methods, fixation lengths and longer amplicons), often performing as well as frozen samples. Formalin fixation generally performed well only for shorter length amplicons and short fixation (b 24 h). WaxFree kit showed consistently higher success rates for DNA and poorer rates for RNA. RecoverAll kit generally performed suboptimally in combination with prolonged formalin fixation. In conclusion, the Molecular Fixative regardless of fixation length, and the rapid tissue processing system were able to preserve large DNA and RNA fragments in paraffin blocks, making these techniques preferable for use in downstream molecular diagnostic assays.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74238750,"asset_id":61069355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32389335,"first_name":"Gulisa","last_name":"Turashvili","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GulisaTurashvili","display_name":"Gulisa Turashvili","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GulisaTurashvili?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32389335/128035749/117424973/s65_gulisa.turashvili.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":51791,"name":"PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PCR?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":71260,"name":"Molecular plant pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_plant_pathology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=3701"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":329844,"name":"Experimental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental?f_ri=3701"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=3701"},{"id":588667,"name":"RT PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RT_PCR?f_ri=3701"},{"id":819116,"name":"Formaldehyde","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formaldehyde?f_ri=3701"},{"id":829416,"name":"Colon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colon?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1036479,"name":"Fixatives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fixatives?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1341094,"name":"Tissue Fixation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_Fixation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2207248,"name":"Myometrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myometrium?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3067128,"name":"reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/reverse_transcriptase_polymerase_chain_reaction?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4544950" data-work_id="4544950" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4544950/Ecology_Traits_of_plant_invaders">Ecology: Traits of plant invaders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4544950" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb6af0a0e88ac87146948b973eda9de8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49797848,"asset_id":4544950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49797848/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5670285" href="https://colorado.academia.edu/TimSeastedt">Tim Seastedt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5670285" type="text/json">{"id":5670285,"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Seastedt","domain_name":"colorado","page_name":"TimSeastedt","display_name":"Tim Seastedt","profile_url":"https://colorado.academia.edu/TimSeastedt?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5670285/2464433/2863925/s65_tim.seastedt.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4544950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4544950"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4544950, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4544950", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4544950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4544950; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4544950"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4544950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4544950"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4544950; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4544950]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4544950").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4544950").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4544950"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">52</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4544950]'), work: {"id":4544950,"title":"Ecology: Traits of plant invaders","created_at":"2013-09-21T04:42:40.116-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4544950/Ecology_Traits_of_plant_invaders?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_4544950","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49797848,"asset_id":4544950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5670285,"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Seastedt","domain_name":"colorado","page_name":"TimSeastedt","display_name":"Tim Seastedt","profile_url":"https://colorado.academia.edu/TimSeastedt?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5670285/2464433/2863925/s65_tim.seastedt.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=3701"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":133873,"name":"Plants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plants?f_ri=3701"},{"id":187908,"name":"Population Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Growth?f_ri=3701"},{"id":304168,"name":"Home Range","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Home_Range?f_ri=3701"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=3701"},{"id":630848,"name":"Plant Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Development?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29041764" data-work_id="29041764" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29041764/Development_of_a_novel_recombinant_encapsidated_RNA_particle_Evaluation_as_an_internal_control_for_diagnostic_RT_PCR">Development of a novel recombinant encapsidated RNA particle: Evaluation as an internal control for diagnostic RT-PCR</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This report describes the generation of novel encapsidated RNA particles and their evaluation as in-tube internal controls in diagnostic real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) assays for the detection of RNA viruses. A cassette... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29041764" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This report describes the generation of novel encapsidated RNA particles and their evaluation as in-tube internal controls in diagnostic real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) assays for the detection of RNA viruses. A cassette containing sequences of 2 diagnostic primer sets for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and a set for swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) was engineered into a full-length cDNA clone containing the RNA-2 segment of Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV). After co-inoculation with a plasmid that expressed CPMV RNA-1, recombinant virus particles were rescued from cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata). RNA contained in these particles was amplified in diagnostic rRT-PCR assays used for detection of FMDV and SVDV. Amplification of these internal controls was used to confirm that rRT-PCR inhibitors were absent from clinical samples, thereby verifying negative assay results. The recombinant CPMVs did not reduce the analytical sensitivity of the rRT-PCRs when amplification of the insert was performed in the same tube as the diagnostic target. This system provides an attractive solution to the production of internal controls for rRT-PCR assays since CPMV grows to high yields in plants, the particles are thermostable, RNase resistant and simple purification of RNA-2 containing capsids yields a preparation which is non-infectious.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29041764" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f6ca080d487a3e12d8dac350762b5c31" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49494977,"asset_id":29041764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49494977/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54762338" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ScottReid12">Scott Reid</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54762338" type="text/json">{"id":54762338,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Reid","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ScottReid12","display_name":"Scott Reid","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ScottReid12?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29041764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29041764"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29041764, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29041764", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29041764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29041764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29041764"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29041764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29041764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29041764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29041764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29041764").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29041764").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29041764"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8089" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology">Virology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8089" type="text/json">{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29041764]'), work: {"id":29041764,"title":"Development of a novel recombinant encapsidated RNA particle: Evaluation as an internal control for diagnostic RT-PCR","created_at":"2016-10-10T00:32:56.214-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29041764/Development_of_a_novel_recombinant_encapsidated_RNA_particle_Evaluation_as_an_internal_control_for_diagnostic_RT_PCR?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_29041764","summary":"This report describes the generation of novel encapsidated RNA particles and their evaluation as in-tube internal controls in diagnostic real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) assays for the detection of RNA viruses. A cassette containing sequences of 2 diagnostic primer sets for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and a set for swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) was engineered into a full-length cDNA clone containing the RNA-2 segment of Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV). After co-inoculation with a plasmid that expressed CPMV RNA-1, recombinant virus particles were rescued from cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata). RNA contained in these particles was amplified in diagnostic rRT-PCR assays used for detection of FMDV and SVDV. Amplification of these internal controls was used to confirm that rRT-PCR inhibitors were absent from clinical samples, thereby verifying negative assay results. The recombinant CPMVs did not reduce the analytical sensitivity of the rRT-PCRs when amplification of the insert was performed in the same tube as the diagnostic target. This system provides an attractive solution to the production of internal controls for rRT-PCR assays since CPMV grows to high yields in plants, the particles are thermostable, RNase resistant and simple purification of RNA-2 containing capsids yields a preparation which is non-infectious.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49494977,"asset_id":29041764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54762338,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Reid","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ScottReid12","display_name":"Scott Reid","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ScottReid12?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":37833,"name":"Real-time RT-PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Real-time_RT-PCR?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48288,"name":"Internal Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Control?f_ri=3701"},{"id":107083,"name":"Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Method?f_ri=3701"},{"id":201140,"name":"Capsid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capsid?f_ri=3701"},{"id":216801,"name":"Journal of Virological Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journal_of_Virological_Methods?f_ri=3701"},{"id":219482,"name":"Foot and Mouth Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foot_and_Mouth_Disease?f_ri=3701"},{"id":229390,"name":"Real Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Real_Time?f_ri=3701"},{"id":419370,"name":"Swine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1363685,"name":"Vigna Unguiculata","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vigna_Unguiculata?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1556410,"name":"Full Length Movies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Full_Length_Movies?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5260515" data-work_id="5260515" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5260515/Paneth_cell_trypsin_is_the_processing_enzyme_for_human_defensin_5">Paneth cell trypsin is the processing enzyme for human defensin-5</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The antimicrobial peptide human α-defensin 5 (HD5) is expressed in Paneth cells, secretory epithelial cells in the small intestine. Unlike other characterized defensins, HD5 is stored in secretory vesicles as a propeptide. The storage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5260515" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The antimicrobial peptide human α-defensin 5 (HD5) is expressed in Paneth cells, secretory epithelial cells in the small intestine. Unlike other characterized defensins, HD5 is stored in secretory vesicles as a propeptide. The storage quantities of HD5 are ∼90-450 µg per cm 2 of mucosal surface area, which is sufficient to generate microbicidal concentrations in the intestinal lumen. HD5 peptides isolated from the intestinal lumen are proteolytically processed forms-HD5(56-94) and HD5(63-94)-that are cleaved at the Arg 55 -Ala 56 and Arg 62 -Thr 63 sites, respectively.We show here that a specific pattern of trypsin isozymes is expressed in Paneth cells, that trypsin colocalizes with HD5 and that this protease can efficiently cleave HD5 propeptide to forms identical to those isolated in vivo. By acting as a prodefensin convertase in human Paneth cells, trypsin is involved in the regulation of innate immunity in the small intestine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5260515" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="254c3861621f97d5506a4594d33ac33e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49377206,"asset_id":5260515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49377206/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7209844" href="https://independent.academia.edu/satyato">satya to</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7209844" type="text/json">{"id":7209844,"first_name":"satya","last_name":"to","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"satyato","display_name":"satya to","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/satyato?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5260515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5260515"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5260515, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5260515", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5260515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5260515; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5260515"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5260515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5260515"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5260515; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5260515]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5260515").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5260515").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5260515"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">54</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5260515]'), work: {"id":5260515,"title":"Paneth cell trypsin is the processing enzyme for human defensin-5","created_at":"2013-11-29T02:13:52.465-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5260515/Paneth_cell_trypsin_is_the_processing_enzyme_for_human_defensin_5?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_5260515","summary":"The antimicrobial peptide human α-defensin 5 (HD5) is expressed in Paneth cells, secretory epithelial cells in the small intestine. Unlike other characterized defensins, HD5 is stored in secretory vesicles as a propeptide. The storage quantities of HD5 are ∼90-450 µg per cm 2 of mucosal surface area, which is sufficient to generate microbicidal concentrations in the intestinal lumen. HD5 peptides isolated from the intestinal lumen are proteolytically processed forms-HD5(56-94) and HD5(63-94)-that are cleaved at the Arg 55 -Ala 56 and Arg 62 -Thr 63 sites, respectively.We show here that a specific pattern of trypsin isozymes is expressed in Paneth cells, that trypsin colocalizes with HD5 and that this protease can efficiently cleave HD5 propeptide to forms identical to those isolated in vivo. By acting as a prodefensin convertase in human Paneth cells, trypsin is involved in the regulation of innate immunity in the small intestine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49377206,"asset_id":5260515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7209844,"first_name":"satya","last_name":"to","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"satyato","display_name":"satya to","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/satyato?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":24706,"name":"Innate immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innate_immunity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":167158,"name":"Trypsin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypsin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":220440,"name":"Antimicrobial Peptide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antimicrobial_Peptide?f_ri=3701"},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme?f_ri=3701"},{"id":386356,"name":"Surface Area","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Area?f_ri=3701"},{"id":743709,"name":"Protein isoforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_isoforms?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1647723,"name":"Small Intestine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Intestine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8313202" data-work_id="8313202" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8313202/Gene_expression_profiles_predict_survival_of_patients_with_advanced_non_small_cell_lung_cancers">Gene expression profiles predict survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A large variation in prognosis is observed despite the use of clinical prognostic factors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is likely that this variation is due to the different biological properties of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8313202" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A large variation in prognosis is observed despite the use of clinical prognostic factors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is likely that this variation is due to the different biological properties of the tumour cells. In this work we aimed to identify gene signature that could predict survival in advanced NSCLC. Total RNA was extracted from five 5 μm-thick sections of the FFPE using the High Pure RNA Paraffin Kit (Roche). RNA amplification was performed using WT-Ovation™ FFPE RNA Amplification System V2 (NuGen). The amplified cDNA was then labelled and hybridised onto Illumina HumanRef-8 v3.0 Expression BeadChips. Microarray data analysis was subsequently performed using Genespring GX version 9.0. Out of 75 FFPE samples, only 32 had sufficient RNA quality and quantity for microarray gene expression analysis. Patients were grouped into long and short survival groups based on the time to cancer-related death. After normalization and filtration, 19,002 genes were selected for differential gene expression analysis. A total of 440 genes differed significantly between the long and short survival groups (ANOVA, p <; 0.05, with Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate multiple testing correction). Unsupervised Hierarchial Clustering with Pearson correlation and average linkage identified two broad clusters of patients corresponding to the long and short survival. Thirteen genes were selected based on the TTest, 2-fold expression changes, principal components analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis and risk scores were calculated for each patient. These gene signatures were independent predictors of survival. The model was validated with a published microarray data from 130 patients with NSCLC. Using Gene Set Analysis (GSA), we found certain biological processes including metastasis and chemotherapy resistance were up-regulated in the short survival group while TID pathway and MAPKKK cascade were enriched in th- - e long survival group. As the conclusion, there is several distinct gene expression profiles associated with survival of patients with advanced stage NSCLC. Survival outcomes in advanced NSCLC could be predicted based on a 13-gene signature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8313202" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b46dc1a641e52ef93e9d5c87c0130c4e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48142136,"asset_id":8313202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48142136/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16571916" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FauziNur2">Fauzi Nur</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16571916" type="text/json">{"id":16571916,"first_name":"Fauzi","last_name":"Nur","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FauziNur2","display_name":"Fauzi Nur","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FauziNur2?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16571916/5885877/6683965/s65_fauzi.nur.jpg_oh_aecf61d676e3fd542104126c21ea74be_oe_551c8605___gda___1424189880_573d2a82c63563d11b6c18fd16058beb"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8313202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8313202"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8313202, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8313202", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8313202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8313202; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8313202"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8313202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8313202"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8313202; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8313202]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8313202").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8313202").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8313202"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5069" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis">Principal Component Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5069" type="text/json">{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6021" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer">Cancer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6021" type="text/json">{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8313202]'), work: {"id":8313202,"title":"Gene expression profiles predict survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancers","created_at":"2014-09-13T13:03:18.434-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8313202/Gene_expression_profiles_predict_survival_of_patients_with_advanced_non_small_cell_lung_cancers?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_8313202","summary":"A large variation in prognosis is observed despite the use of clinical prognostic factors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is likely that this variation is due to the different biological properties of the tumour cells. In this work we aimed to identify gene signature that could predict survival in advanced NSCLC. Total RNA was extracted from five 5 μm-thick sections of the FFPE using the High Pure RNA Paraffin Kit (Roche). RNA amplification was performed using WT-Ovation™ FFPE RNA Amplification System V2 (NuGen). The amplified cDNA was then labelled and hybridised onto Illumina HumanRef-8 v3.0 Expression BeadChips. Microarray data analysis was subsequently performed using Genespring GX version 9.0. Out of 75 FFPE samples, only 32 had sufficient RNA quality and quantity for microarray gene expression analysis. Patients were grouped into long and short survival groups based on the time to cancer-related death. After normalization and filtration, 19,002 genes were selected for differential gene expression analysis. A total of 440 genes differed significantly between the long and short survival groups (ANOVA, p \u003c; 0.05, with Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate multiple testing correction). Unsupervised Hierarchial Clustering with Pearson correlation and average linkage identified two broad clusters of patients corresponding to the long and short survival. Thirteen genes were selected based on the TTest, 2-fold expression changes, principal components analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis and risk scores were calculated for each patient. These gene signatures were independent predictors of survival. The model was validated with a published microarray data from 130 patients with NSCLC. Using Gene Set Analysis (GSA), we found certain biological processes including metastasis and chemotherapy resistance were up-regulated in the short survival group while TID pathway and MAPKKK cascade were enriched in th- - e long survival group. As the conclusion, there is several distinct gene expression profiles associated with survival of patients with advanced stage NSCLC. Survival outcomes in advanced NSCLC could be predicted based on a 13-gene signature.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48142136,"asset_id":8313202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16571916,"first_name":"Fauzi","last_name":"Nur","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FauziNur2","display_name":"Fauzi Nur","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FauziNur2?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16571916/5885877/6683965/s65_fauzi.nur.jpg_oh_aecf61d676e3fd542104126c21ea74be_oe_551c8605___gda___1424189880_573d2a82c63563d11b6c18fd16058beb"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":19297,"name":"Microarray Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarray_Data_Analysis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":49921,"name":"Multiple testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_testing?f_ri=3701"},{"id":51698,"name":"Lung Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung_Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":75348,"name":"Cox Regression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cox_Regression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":82988,"name":"Microarray","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarray?f_ri=3701"},{"id":174778,"name":"Principal Components Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Components_Analysis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":187402,"name":"Cross Validation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Validation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":371716,"name":"Pearson Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pearson_Correlation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":375301,"name":"Microarray Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarray_Analysis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":424295,"name":"Survival Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survival_Rate?f_ri=3701"},{"id":489727,"name":"Prognosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prognosis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":495625,"name":"Biological Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Process?f_ri=3701"},{"id":584615,"name":"Disease Progression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Progression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":600278,"name":"False discovery rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/False_discovery_rate?f_ri=3701"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":823464,"name":"Gene Expression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Analysis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":860345,"name":"Low Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Risk?f_ri=3701"},{"id":995219,"name":"ADJUVANT THERAPY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ADJUVANT_THERAPY?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1318932,"name":"Predictive value of tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predictive_value_of_tests?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1548118,"name":"Non small Cell Lung Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_small_Cell_Lung_Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1578784,"name":"Differential Gene Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Gene_Expression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1745478,"name":"Adenocarcinoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenocarcinoma?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1750690,"name":"Microarray Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarray_Data?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1810445,"name":"Gene expression profiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression_profiling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1819400,"name":"Cohort Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cohort_Studies?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1937356,"name":"Risk Score","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Score?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11185853" data-work_id="11185853" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11185853/Profit_or_perish_even_worse_than_publish_or_perish">Profit or perish even worse than publish or perish</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11185853" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1b52bfb9a531067bf7d4c34b77f8a4ad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46835479,"asset_id":11185853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46835479/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27013573" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/EdKiegle">Ed Kiegle</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27013573" type="text/json">{"id":27013573,"first_name":"Ed","last_name":"Kiegle","domain_name":"unimi","page_name":"EdKiegle","display_name":"Ed Kiegle","profile_url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/EdKiegle?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11185853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11185853"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11185853, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11185853", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11185853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11185853; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11185853"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11185853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11185853"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11185853; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11185853]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11185853").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11185853").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11185853"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">49</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11185853]'), work: {"id":11185853,"title":"Profit or perish even worse than publish or perish","created_at":"2015-03-01T11:23:40.285-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11185853/Profit_or_perish_even_worse_than_publish_or_perish?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_11185853","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46835479,"asset_id":11185853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27013573,"first_name":"Ed","last_name":"Kiegle","domain_name":"unimi","page_name":"EdKiegle","display_name":"Ed Kiegle","profile_url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/EdKiegle?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1751,"name":"Creativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creativity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":24625,"name":"Employment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Employment?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":121035,"name":"Profitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":159736,"name":"Universities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universities?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13914805" data-work_id="13914805" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13914805/Regulation_of_microRNA_1288_in_colorectal_cancer_Altered_expression_and_its_clinicopathological_significance">Regulation of microRNA‐1288 in colorectal cancer: Altered expression and its clinicopathological significance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We aim to examine the miR-1288 expression in cancer cell lines and a large cohort of patients with colorectal cancer. Two colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW48) and one normal colonic epithelial cell line (FHC) were recruited. The miRNA... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13914805" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We aim to examine the miR-1288 expression in cancer cell lines and a large cohort of patients with colorectal cancer. Two colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW48) and one normal colonic epithelial cell line (FHC) were recruited. The miRNA expressions of miR-1288 were tested on these cell lines by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). An exogenous miR-1288 (mimic) was used to detect cell proliferation and cell cycle changes in SW480 using MTT calorimetric assay and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, tissues from 122 patients with surgical resection of colorectum (82 adenocarcinomas, 20 adenomas, and 20 non-neoplastic tissues) were tested for miR-1288 expression by qRT-PCR. The colon cancer cell lines showed reduced expression of miR-1288 compared to normal colonic epithelial cell line. Over expression of miR-1288 in SW480 cell line showed increased cell proliferation and increased G2-M phase cells. In tissues, reduced miR-1288 expression was noted in majority of colorectal adenocarcinoma compared to colorectal adenoma and non-neoplastic tissues. Reduced or absent expression of miR-1288 was noted in 76% (n ¼ 62/82) of the cancers. The expression levels of miR-1288 were higher in distal colorectal adenocarcinomas (P ¼ 0.013) and in cancers of lower T staging (P ¼ 0.033). To conclude, alternation of miR-1288 expression is important in the progression of colorectal cancer. The differential regulation of miR-1288 was found to be related to cancer location and pathological staging in colorectal cancers. ß</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13914805" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2551e1419b97b83f663a517cbdd5aa77" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44809067,"asset_id":13914805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44809067/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32982398" href="https://tehran.academia.edu/ASalajegheh">A. Salajegheh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32982398" type="text/json">{"id":32982398,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Salajegheh","domain_name":"tehran","page_name":"ASalajegheh","display_name":"A. Salajegheh","profile_url":"https://tehran.academia.edu/ASalajegheh?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13914805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13914805"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13914805, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13914805", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13914805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13914805; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13914805"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13914805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13914805"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13914805; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13914805]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13914805").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13914805").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13914805"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5490" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA">MicroRNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5490" type="text/json">{"id":5490,"name":"MicroRNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry">Flow Cytometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6599" type="text/json">{"id":6599,"name":"Flow Cytometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9113" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle">Cell Cycle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9113" type="text/json">{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13914805]'), work: {"id":13914805,"title":"Regulation of microRNA‐1288 in colorectal cancer: Altered expression and its clinicopathological significance","created_at":"2015-07-11T06:39:01.403-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13914805/Regulation_of_microRNA_1288_in_colorectal_cancer_Altered_expression_and_its_clinicopathological_significance?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_13914805","summary":"We aim to examine the miR-1288 expression in cancer cell lines and a large cohort of patients with colorectal cancer. Two colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW48) and one normal colonic epithelial cell line (FHC) were recruited. The miRNA expressions of miR-1288 were tested on these cell lines by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). An exogenous miR-1288 (mimic) was used to detect cell proliferation and cell cycle changes in SW480 using MTT calorimetric assay and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, tissues from 122 patients with surgical resection of colorectum (82 adenocarcinomas, 20 adenomas, and 20 non-neoplastic tissues) were tested for miR-1288 expression by qRT-PCR. The colon cancer cell lines showed reduced expression of miR-1288 compared to normal colonic epithelial cell line. Over expression of miR-1288 in SW480 cell line showed increased cell proliferation and increased G2-M phase cells. In tissues, reduced miR-1288 expression was noted in majority of colorectal adenocarcinoma compared to colorectal adenoma and non-neoplastic tissues. Reduced or absent expression of miR-1288 was noted in 76% (n ¼ 62/82) of the cancers. The expression levels of miR-1288 were higher in distal colorectal adenocarcinomas (P ¼ 0.013) and in cancers of lower T staging (P ¼ 0.033). To conclude, alternation of miR-1288 expression is important in the progression of colorectal cancer. The differential regulation of miR-1288 was found to be related to cancer location and pathological staging in colorectal cancers. ß","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44809067,"asset_id":13914805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32982398,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Salajegheh","domain_name":"tehran","page_name":"ASalajegheh","display_name":"A. Salajegheh","profile_url":"https://tehran.academia.edu/ASalajegheh?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":5490,"name":"MicroRNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":6599,"name":"Flow Cytometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":37834,"name":"Western blotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting?f_ri=3701"},{"id":137516,"name":"Follow-up studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies?f_ri=3701"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3701"},{"id":290569,"name":"Cultured meat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultured_meat?f_ri=3701"},{"id":295854,"name":"microRNAs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/microRNAs?f_ri=3701"},{"id":424295,"name":"Survival Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survival_Rate?f_ri=3701"},{"id":489727,"name":"Prognosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prognosis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":536979,"name":"MOLECULAR CARCİNOGENESİS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MOLECULAR_CARC%C4%B0NOGENES%C4%B0S?f_ri=3701"},{"id":782251,"name":"Cell Proliferation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Proliferation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":963748,"name":"Adenoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenoma?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1745478,"name":"Adenocarcinoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenocarcinoma?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2440562,"name":"Colorectal Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colorectal_Neoplasms?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19493164" data-work_id="19493164" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19493164/Structure_and_Function_of_Cold_Shock_Proteins_in_Archaea">Structure and Function of Cold Shock Proteins in Archaea</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Archaea are abundant and drive critical microbial processes in the Earth's cold biosphere. Despite this, not enough is known about the molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation and no biochemical studies have been performed on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19493164" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Archaea are abundant and drive critical microbial processes in the Earth's cold biosphere. Despite this, not enough is known about the molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation and no biochemical studies have been performed on stenopsychrophilic archaea (e.g., Methanogenium frigidum). This study examined the structural and functional properties of cold shock proteins (Csps) from archaea, including biochemical analysis of the Csp from M. frigidum. csp genes are present in most bacteria and some eucarya but absent from most archaeal genome sequences, most notably, those of all archaeal thermophiles and hyperthermophiles. In bacteria, Csps are small, nucleic acid binding proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as transcription. In this study, archaeal Csp function was assessed by examining the ability of csp genes from psychrophilic and mesophilic Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota to complement a cold-sensitive growth defect in Escherichia coli. In addition, an archaeal gene with a cold shock domain (CSD) fold but little sequence identity to Csps was also examined. Genes encoding Csps or a CSD structural analog from three psychrophilic archaea rescued the E. coli growth defect. The three proteins were predicted to have a higher content of solvent-exposed basic residues than the noncomplementing proteins, and the basic residues were located on the nucleic acid binding surface, similar to their arrangement in E. coli CspA. The M. frigidum Csp was purified and found to be a single-domain protein that folds by a reversible two-state mechanism and to exhibit a low conformational stability typical of cold-adapted proteins. Moreover, M. frigidum Csp was characterized as binding E. coli single-stranded RNA, consistent with its ability to complement function in E. coli. The studies show that some Csp and CSD fold proteins have retained sufficient similarity throughout evolution in the Archaea to be able to function effectively in the Bacteria and that the function of the archaeal proteins relates to cold adaptation. The initial biochemical analysis of M. frigidum Csp has developed a platform for further characterization and demonstrates the potential for expanding molecular studies of proteins from this important archaeal stenopsychrophile.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19493164" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f49bd1e712255034288762d340648983" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40650660,"asset_id":19493164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40650660/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17104321" href="https://independent.academia.edu/khawarsiddiqui">khawar siddiqui</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17104321" type="text/json">{"id":17104321,"first_name":"khawar","last_name":"siddiqui","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"khawarsiddiqui","display_name":"khawar siddiqui","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/khawarsiddiqui?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19493164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19493164"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19493164, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19493164", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19493164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19493164; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19493164"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19493164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19493164"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19493164; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19493164]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19493164").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19493164").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19493164"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3284" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3284" type="text/json">{"id":3284,"name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35637" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics">Molecular Mechanics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35637" type="text/json">{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19493164]'), work: {"id":19493164,"title":"Structure and Function of Cold Shock Proteins in Archaea","created_at":"2015-12-04T23:41:31.491-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19493164/Structure_and_Function_of_Cold_Shock_Proteins_in_Archaea?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_19493164","summary":"Archaea are abundant and drive critical microbial processes in the Earth's cold biosphere. Despite this, not enough is known about the molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation and no biochemical studies have been performed on stenopsychrophilic archaea (e.g., Methanogenium frigidum). This study examined the structural and functional properties of cold shock proteins (Csps) from archaea, including biochemical analysis of the Csp from M. frigidum. csp genes are present in most bacteria and some eucarya but absent from most archaeal genome sequences, most notably, those of all archaeal thermophiles and hyperthermophiles. In bacteria, Csps are small, nucleic acid binding proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as transcription. In this study, archaeal Csp function was assessed by examining the ability of csp genes from psychrophilic and mesophilic Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota to complement a cold-sensitive growth defect in Escherichia coli. In addition, an archaeal gene with a cold shock domain (CSD) fold but little sequence identity to Csps was also examined. Genes encoding Csps or a CSD structural analog from three psychrophilic archaea rescued the E. coli growth defect. The three proteins were predicted to have a higher content of solvent-exposed basic residues than the noncomplementing proteins, and the basic residues were located on the nucleic acid binding surface, similar to their arrangement in E. coli CspA. The M. frigidum Csp was purified and found to be a single-domain protein that folds by a reversible two-state mechanism and to exhibit a low conformational stability typical of cold-adapted proteins. Moreover, M. frigidum Csp was characterized as binding E. coli single-stranded RNA, consistent with its ability to complement function in E. coli. The studies show that some Csp and CSD fold proteins have retained sufficient similarity throughout evolution in the Archaea to be able to function effectively in the Bacteria and that the function of the archaeal proteins relates to cold adaptation. The initial biochemical analysis of M. frigidum Csp has developed a platform for further characterization and demonstrates the potential for expanding molecular studies of proteins from this important archaeal stenopsychrophile.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40650660,"asset_id":19493164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17104321,"first_name":"khawar","last_name":"siddiqui","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"khawarsiddiqui","display_name":"khawar siddiqui","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/khawarsiddiqui?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3284,"name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":49646,"name":"Protein Structure and Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Structure_and_Function?f_ri=3701"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=3701"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":83128,"name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Escherichia_coli?f_ri=3701"},{"id":420908,"name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":653665,"name":"Protein Conformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Conformation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":732028,"name":"Genome sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1010725,"name":"Protein Binding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Binding?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1727314,"name":"Nucleic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1939264,"name":"single stranded DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/single_stranded_DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12205046" data-work_id="12205046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12205046/Stability_of_organic_carbon_in_deep_soil_layers_controlled_by_fresh_carbon_supply">Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12205046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0540102d97abe4a2a2280f9acc81000f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46303994,"asset_id":12205046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46303994/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30671141" href="https://independent.academia.edu/S%C3%A9bastienBarot">Sébastien Barot</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30671141" type="text/json">{"id":30671141,"first_name":"Sébastien","last_name":"Barot","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SébastienBarot","display_name":"Sébastien Barot","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/S%C3%A9bastienBarot?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12205046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12205046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12205046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12205046", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12205046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12205046; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12205046"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12205046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12205046"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12205046; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12205046]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12205046").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12205046").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12205046"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">63</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12205046]'), work: {"id":12205046,"title":"Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply","created_at":"2015-05-03T06:28:36.972-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12205046/Stability_of_organic_carbon_in_deep_soil_layers_controlled_by_fresh_carbon_supply?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_12205046","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46303994,"asset_id":12205046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30671141,"first_name":"Sébastien","last_name":"Barot","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SébastienBarot","display_name":"Sébastien Barot","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/S%C3%A9bastienBarot?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1605,"name":"Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4594,"name":"Carbon Dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Dioxide?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5303,"name":"Carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6414,"name":"Decomposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decomposition?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":11643,"name":"Carbon Sequestration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Sequestration?f_ri=3701"},{"id":14719,"name":"Carbon Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":21732,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25600,"name":"Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":37959,"name":"Cellulose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellulose?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":76052,"name":"Depth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depth?f_ri=3701"},{"id":93937,"name":"Radiocarbon Dating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiocarbon_Dating?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":133873,"name":"Plants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plants?f_ri=3701"},{"id":194454,"name":"Soil Carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Carbon?f_ri=3701"},{"id":454574,"name":"Soil Organic Carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Organic_Carbon?f_ri=3701"},{"id":585192,"name":"Organic carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_carbon?f_ri=3701"},{"id":599512,"name":"Soil Horizons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Horizons?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1222742,"name":"Soil Profile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Profile?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5470670" data-work_id="5470670" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5470670/The_ethics_of_research_on_great_apes">The ethics of research on great apes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5470670" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a05ff1d9bc9280bb0ca1b75a7ab1d01" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49279957,"asset_id":5470670,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49279957/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7683142" href="https://ucsd.academia.edu/PascalGagneux">Pascal Gagneux</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7683142" type="text/json">{"id":7683142,"first_name":"Pascal","last_name":"Gagneux","domain_name":"ucsd","page_name":"PascalGagneux","display_name":"Pascal Gagneux","profile_url":"https://ucsd.academia.edu/PascalGagneux?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7683142/2756129/3212122/s65_pascal.gagneux.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5470670 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5470670"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5470670, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5470670", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5470670 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5470670; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5470670"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5470670 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5470670"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5470670; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5470670]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5470670").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5470670").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5470670"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">55</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5470670]'), work: {"id":5470670,"title":"The ethics of research on great apes","created_at":"2013-12-18T07:06:40.627-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5470670/The_ethics_of_research_on_great_apes?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_5470670","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49279957,"asset_id":5470670,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7683142,"first_name":"Pascal","last_name":"Gagneux","domain_name":"ucsd","page_name":"PascalGagneux","display_name":"Pascal Gagneux","profile_url":"https://ucsd.academia.edu/PascalGagneux?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7683142/2756129/3212122/s65_pascal.gagneux.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":8952,"name":"Breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Breeding?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":12204,"name":"Animal Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Welfare?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":84187,"name":"Federal Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Federal_Government?f_ri=3701"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=3701"},{"id":100290,"name":"Laboratory Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laboratory_Animals?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":176486,"name":"Genome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome?f_ri=3701"},{"id":311472,"name":"Pan troglodytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pan_troglodytes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":519447,"name":"Hominidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hominidae?f_ri=3701"},{"id":719974,"name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_of_Natural_Resources?f_ri=3701"},{"id":839672,"name":"Ethics Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73269559" data-work_id="73269559" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73269559/High_resolution_crystal_structures_of_ribosome_bound_chloramphenicol_and_erythromycin_provide_the_ultimate_basis_for_their_competition">High-resolution crystal structures of ribosome-bound chloramphenicol and erythromycin provide the ultimate basis for their competition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The 70S ribosome is a major target for antibacterial drugs. Two of the classical antibiotics, chloramphenicol (CHL) and erythromycin (ERY), competitively bind to adjacent but separate sites on the bacterial ribosome: the catalytic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73269559" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 70S ribosome is a major target for antibacterial drugs. Two of the classical antibiotics, chloramphenicol (CHL) and erythromycin (ERY), competitively bind to adjacent but separate sites on the bacterial ribosome: the catalytic peptidyl transferase center (PTC) and the nascent polypeptide exit tunnel (NPET), respectively. The previously reported competitive binding of CHL and ERY might be due either to a direct collision of the two drugs on the ribosome or due to a drug-induced allosteric effect. Because of the resolution limitations, the available structures of these antibiotics in complex with bacterial ribosomes do not allow us to discriminate between these two possible mechanisms. In this work, we have obtained two crystal structures of CHL and ERY in complex with the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome at a higher resolution (2.65 and 2.89 Å, respectively) allowing unambiguous placement of the drugs in the electron density maps. Our structures provide evidence of the direct co...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73269559" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b738210d71aed773d0a0a273158112d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81855015,"asset_id":73269559,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81855015/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="210059585" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MSvetlov">Maxim Svetlov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="210059585" type="text/json">{"id":210059585,"first_name":"Maxim","last_name":"Svetlov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MSvetlov","display_name":"Maxim Svetlov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MSvetlov?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210059585/69745929/58150540/s65_maxim.svetlov.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73269559 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73269559"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73269559, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73269559", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73269559 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73269559; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73269559"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73269559 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73269559"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73269559; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73269559]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73269559").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73269559").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73269559"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681026" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology">Biochemistry and cell biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681026" type="text/json">{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73269559]'), work: {"id":73269559,"title":"High-resolution crystal structures of ribosome-bound chloramphenicol and erythromycin provide the ultimate basis for their competition","created_at":"2022-03-07T12:43:26.283-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73269559/High_resolution_crystal_structures_of_ribosome_bound_chloramphenicol_and_erythromycin_provide_the_ultimate_basis_for_their_competition?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_73269559","summary":"The 70S ribosome is a major target for antibacterial drugs. Two of the classical antibiotics, chloramphenicol (CHL) and erythromycin (ERY), competitively bind to adjacent but separate sites on the bacterial ribosome: the catalytic peptidyl transferase center (PTC) and the nascent polypeptide exit tunnel (NPET), respectively. The previously reported competitive binding of CHL and ERY might be due either to a direct collision of the two drugs on the ribosome or due to a drug-induced allosteric effect. Because of the resolution limitations, the available structures of these antibiotics in complex with bacterial ribosomes do not allow us to discriminate between these two possible mechanisms. In this work, we have obtained two crystal structures of CHL and ERY in complex with the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome at a higher resolution (2.65 and 2.89 Å, respectively) allowing unambiguous placement of the drugs in the electron density maps. Our structures provide evidence of the direct co...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81855015,"asset_id":73269559,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":210059585,"first_name":"Maxim","last_name":"Svetlov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MSvetlov","display_name":"Maxim Svetlov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MSvetlov?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210059585/69745929/58150540/s65_maxim.svetlov.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66192247" data-work_id="66192247" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66192247/High_resolution_mapping_and_transcriptional_activity_analysis_of_chicken_centromere_sequences_on_giant_lampbrush_chromosomes">High-resolution mapping and transcriptional activity analysis of chicken centromere sequences on giant lampbrush chromosomes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Exploration into morphofunctional organisation of centromere DNA sequences is important for understanding the mechanisms of kinetochore specification and assembly. In-depth epigenetic analysis of DNA fragments associated with centromeric... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66192247" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Exploration into morphofunctional organisation of centromere DNA sequences is important for understanding the mechanisms of kinetochore specification and assembly. In-depth epigenetic analysis of DNA fragments associated with centromeric nucleosome proteins has demonstrated unique features of centromere organisation in chicken karyotype: there are both mature centromeres, which comprise chromosome-specific homogeneous arrays of tandem repeats, and recently evolved primitive centromeres, which consist of non-tandemly organised DNA sequences. In this work, we describe the arrangement and transcriptional activity of chicken centromere repeats for Cen1, Cen2, Cen3, Cen4, Cen7, Cen8, and Cen11 and non-repetitive centromere sequences of chromosomes 5, 27, and Z using highly elongated lampbrush chromosomes, which are characteristic of the diplotene stage of oogenesis. The degree of chromatin packaging and fine spatial organisations of tandemly repetitive and non-tandemly repetitive centromeric sequences significantly differ at the lampbrush stage. Using DNA/RNA FISH, we have demonstrated that during the lampbrush stage, DNA sequences are transcribed within the centromere regions of chromosomes that lack centromere-specific tandem repeats. In contrast, chromosome-specific centromeric repeats Cen1, Cen2, Cen3, Cen4, Cen7, Cen8, and Cen11 do not demonstrate any transcriptional activity during the lampbrush stage. In addition, we found that CNM repeat cluster localises adjacent to non-repetitive centromeric sequences in chicken microchromosome 27 indicating that centromere region in this chromosome is repeat-rich. Cross-species FISH allowed localisation of the sequences homologous to centromeric DNA of chicken chromosomes 5 and 27 in centromere regions of quail orthologous chromosomes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66192247" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bfa545654336230ec32df62f190818b9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77480788,"asset_id":66192247,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77480788/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="211304030" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaZlotina">Anna Zlotina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="211304030" type="text/json">{"id":211304030,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Zlotina","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnnaZlotina","display_name":"Anna Zlotina","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaZlotina?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66192247 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66192247"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66192247, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66192247", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_66192247 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66192247; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_66192247"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66192247 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66192247"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66192247; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66192247]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66192247").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66192247").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66192247"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA">DNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48057" type="text/json">{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65882" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65882" type="text/json">{"id":65882,"name":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66192247]'), work: {"id":66192247,"title":"High-resolution mapping and transcriptional activity analysis of chicken centromere sequences on giant lampbrush chromosomes","created_at":"2021-12-28T04:03:29.553-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66192247/High_resolution_mapping_and_transcriptional_activity_analysis_of_chicken_centromere_sequences_on_giant_lampbrush_chromosomes?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_66192247","summary":"Exploration into morphofunctional organisation of centromere DNA sequences is important for understanding the mechanisms of kinetochore specification and assembly. In-depth epigenetic analysis of DNA fragments associated with centromeric nucleosome proteins has demonstrated unique features of centromere organisation in chicken karyotype: there are both mature centromeres, which comprise chromosome-specific homogeneous arrays of tandem repeats, and recently evolved primitive centromeres, which consist of non-tandemly organised DNA sequences. In this work, we describe the arrangement and transcriptional activity of chicken centromere repeats for Cen1, Cen2, Cen3, Cen4, Cen7, Cen8, and Cen11 and non-repetitive centromere sequences of chromosomes 5, 27, and Z using highly elongated lampbrush chromosomes, which are characteristic of the diplotene stage of oogenesis. The degree of chromatin packaging and fine spatial organisations of tandemly repetitive and non-tandemly repetitive centromeric sequences significantly differ at the lampbrush stage. Using DNA/RNA FISH, we have demonstrated that during the lampbrush stage, DNA sequences are transcribed within the centromere regions of chromosomes that lack centromere-specific tandem repeats. In contrast, chromosome-specific centromeric repeats Cen1, Cen2, Cen3, Cen4, Cen7, Cen8, and Cen11 do not demonstrate any transcriptional activity during the lampbrush stage. In addition, we found that CNM repeat cluster localises adjacent to non-repetitive centromeric sequences in chicken microchromosome 27 indicating that centromere region in this chromosome is repeat-rich. Cross-species FISH allowed localisation of the sequences homologous to centromeric DNA of chicken chromosomes 5 and 27 in centromere regions of quail orthologous chromosomes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77480788,"asset_id":66192247,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":211304030,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Zlotina","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnnaZlotina","display_name":"Anna Zlotina","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaZlotina?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":65882,"name":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":238813,"name":"Chromatin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromatin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":295728,"name":"Molecular cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_cloning?f_ri=3701"},{"id":323597,"name":"Fluorescent Antibody Technique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Antibody_Technique?f_ri=3701"},{"id":371362,"name":"Chromosome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromosome?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1147230,"name":"Chromosomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromosomes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2768946,"name":"centromere","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/centromere?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62656578" data-work_id="62656578" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62656578/Roles_of_Ataxin_2_in_Pathological_Cascades_Mediated_by_TAR_DNA_binding_Protein_43_TDP_43_and_Fused_in_Sarcoma_FUS_">Roles of Ataxin-2 in Pathological Cascades Mediated by TAR DNA-binding Protein 43 (TDP-43) and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: The pathological mechanism of the potent modifier of TDP-43 toxicity, ataxin-2, is unknown. Result: Ataxin-2 modified the subcellular distributions of truncated TDP-43 and mutant FUS. Conclusion: Increased ataxin-2 leads to a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62656578" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: The pathological mechanism of the potent modifier of TDP-43 toxicity, ataxin-2, is unknown. Result: Ataxin-2 modified the subcellular distributions of truncated TDP-43 and mutant FUS. Conclusion: Increased ataxin-2 leads to a mislocation of TDP-43 and FUS, leading the RNA dysregulation. Significance: An aberrant distribution of TDP-43 and FUS mediated by ataxin-2 may be a key therapeutic target against ALS. The RNA-binding proteins TDP-43 and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) play central roles in neurodegeneration associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Both proteins are components of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granules and show cytoplasmic mislocalization in affected tissues. Recently, ataxin-2 was identified as a potent modifier of TDP-43 toxicity in an RNA-dependent manner. This study investigated to clarify how ataxin-2 modifies the TDP-43 and FUS pathological pathway. The expression of cytoplasmic TDP-43, the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment (TDP-p35f), and mutant FUS recruited ataxin-2 to mRNP granules, whereas increased ataxin-2 inhibited the mRNP granule formation of the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment and mutant FUS. A subcellular compartment analysis showed that the overexpressed ataxin-2 increased the cytoplasmic concentrations of both proteins, whereas it decreased their nuclear distributions. These data indicate that increased ataxin-2 impairs the assembly of TDP-43 and FUS into mRNP granules, leading to an aberrant distribution of RNA-binding proteins. Consequently, these sequences may exacerbate the impairment of the RNA-quality control system mediated by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal lobar degeneration-associated RNA-binding proteins, which forms the core of the degenerative cascade.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62656578" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="02fa0fbf826e63f2b00619669a79f7b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75346164,"asset_id":62656578,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75346164/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33683966" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SuzukiNorihiro">Norihiro Suzuki</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33683966" type="text/json">{"id":33683966,"first_name":"Norihiro","last_name":"Suzuki","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SuzukiNorihiro","display_name":"Norihiro Suzuki","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SuzukiNorihiro?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62656578 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62656578"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62656578, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62656578", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62656578 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62656578; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62656578"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62656578 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62656578"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62656578; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62656578]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62656578").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62656578").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62656578"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18520" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Chemistry">Biological Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18520" type="text/json">{"id":18520,"name":"Biological Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Chemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37848" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases">Neurodegenerative Diseases</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37848" type="text/json">{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42973" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="42973" type="text/json">{"id":42973,"name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62656578]'), work: {"id":62656578,"title":"Roles of Ataxin-2 in Pathological Cascades Mediated by TAR DNA-binding Protein 43 (TDP-43) and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS)","created_at":"2021-11-28T16:00:38.325-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62656578/Roles_of_Ataxin_2_in_Pathological_Cascades_Mediated_by_TAR_DNA_binding_Protein_43_TDP_43_and_Fused_in_Sarcoma_FUS_?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_62656578","summary":"Background: The pathological mechanism of the potent modifier of TDP-43 toxicity, ataxin-2, is unknown. Result: Ataxin-2 modified the subcellular distributions of truncated TDP-43 and mutant FUS. Conclusion: Increased ataxin-2 leads to a mislocation of TDP-43 and FUS, leading the RNA dysregulation. Significance: An aberrant distribution of TDP-43 and FUS mediated by ataxin-2 may be a key therapeutic target against ALS. The RNA-binding proteins TDP-43 and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) play central roles in neurodegeneration associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Both proteins are components of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granules and show cytoplasmic mislocalization in affected tissues. Recently, ataxin-2 was identified as a potent modifier of TDP-43 toxicity in an RNA-dependent manner. This study investigated to clarify how ataxin-2 modifies the TDP-43 and FUS pathological pathway. The expression of cytoplasmic TDP-43, the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment (TDP-p35f), and mutant FUS recruited ataxin-2 to mRNP granules, whereas increased ataxin-2 inhibited the mRNP granule formation of the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment and mutant FUS. A subcellular compartment analysis showed that the overexpressed ataxin-2 increased the cytoplasmic concentrations of both proteins, whereas it decreased their nuclear distributions. These data indicate that increased ataxin-2 impairs the assembly of TDP-43 and FUS into mRNP granules, leading to an aberrant distribution of RNA-binding proteins. Consequently, these sequences may exacerbate the impairment of the RNA-quality control system mediated by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal lobar degeneration-associated RNA-binding proteins, which forms the core of the degenerative cascade.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75346164,"asset_id":62656578,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33683966,"first_name":"Norihiro","last_name":"Suzuki","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SuzukiNorihiro","display_name":"Norihiro Suzuki","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SuzukiNorihiro?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":18520,"name":"Biological Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Chemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":42973,"name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=3701"},{"id":420908,"name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":422325,"name":"HeLa cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HeLa_cells?f_ri=3701"},{"id":886461,"name":"Ribonucleoproteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ribonucleoproteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1166930,"name":"Cytoplasm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytoplasm?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1186610,"name":"DNA binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_binding_proteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60809639" data-work_id="60809639" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60809639/Non_protein_coding_RNAs_making_their_own_path_losing_translation">Non-protein coding RNAs: making their own path losing translation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60809639" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8f7be466b90a871f0a47e917b734d757" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74088813,"asset_id":60809639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74088813/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9886119" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChinmoyMishra">Chinmoy Mishra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9886119" type="text/json">{"id":9886119,"first_name":"Chinmoy","last_name":"Mishra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChinmoyMishra","display_name":"Chinmoy Mishra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChinmoyMishra?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60809639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60809639"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60809639, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60809639", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_60809639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60809639; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_60809639"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_60809639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60809639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60809639; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60809639]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_60809639").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_60809639").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="60809639"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30347" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation">Translation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30347" type="text/json">{"id":30347,"name":"Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42132" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription">Transcription</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42132" type="text/json">{"id":42132,"name":"Transcription","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="76498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgenics">Transgenics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="76498" type="text/json">{"id":76498,"name":"Transgenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgenics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=60809639]'), work: {"id":60809639,"title":"Non-protein coding RNAs: making their own path losing translation","created_at":"2021-11-02T07:48:23.050-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/60809639/Non_protein_coding_RNAs_making_their_own_path_losing_translation?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_60809639","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74088813,"asset_id":60809639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9886119,"first_name":"Chinmoy","last_name":"Mishra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChinmoyMishra","display_name":"Chinmoy Mishra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChinmoyMishra?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":30347,"name":"Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":42132,"name":"Transcription","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":76498,"name":"Transgenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgenics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":121665,"name":"DNA methylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_methylation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":234147,"name":"ribosomal RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ribosomal_RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":564360,"name":"Organisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organisms?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33636520" data-work_id="33636520" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33636520/The_RNA_binding_protein_KSRP_promotes_the_biogenesis_of_a_subset_of_microRNAs">The RNA-binding protein KSRP promotes the biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33636520" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e544e37ad1c78f85bd082527e285f88" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53649808,"asset_id":33636520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53649808/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65850150" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RGherzi">Roberto Gherzi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65850150" type="text/json">{"id":65850150,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Gherzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RGherzi","display_name":"Roberto Gherzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RGherzi?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33636520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33636520"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33636520, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33636520", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33636520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33636520; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33636520"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33636520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33636520"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33636520; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33636520]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33636520").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33636520").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33636520"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">61</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33636520]'), work: {"id":33636520,"title":"The RNA-binding protein KSRP promotes the biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs","created_at":"2017-06-24T12:06:26.831-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33636520/The_RNA_binding_protein_KSRP_promotes_the_biogenesis_of_a_subset_of_microRNAs?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_33636520","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53649808,"asset_id":33636520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65850150,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Gherzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RGherzi","display_name":"Roberto Gherzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RGherzi?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4339,"name":"Micro Rna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micro_Rna?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5490,"name":"MicroRNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":11035,"name":"Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":32923,"name":"Gene Silencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Silencing?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":51121,"name":"RNA interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference?f_ri=3701"},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=3701"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161099,"name":"Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogenesis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":295854,"name":"microRNAs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/microRNAs?f_ri=3701"},{"id":310960,"name":"mRna expression levels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mRna_expression_levels?f_ri=3701"},{"id":352300,"name":"Embryonic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryonic_Development?f_ri=3701"},{"id":420908,"name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":501806,"name":"Protein Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Expression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":782251,"name":"Cell Proliferation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Proliferation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1939264,"name":"single stranded DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/single_stranded_DNA?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32050152" data-work_id="32050152" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32050152/Techniques_for_the_Isolation_of_High_Quality_RNA_from_Cells_Encapsulated_in_Chitosan_Hydrogels">Techniques for the Isolation of High-Quality RNA from Cells Encapsulated in Chitosan Hydrogels</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Extracting high-quality RNA from hydrogels containing polysaccharide components is challenging, as traditional RNA isolation techniques designed for cells and tissues can have limited yields and purity due to physiochemical interactions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32050152" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Extracting high-quality RNA from hydrogels containing polysaccharide components is challenging, as traditional RNA isolation techniques designed for cells and tissues can have limited yields and purity due to physiochemical interactions between the nucleic acids and the biomaterials. In this study, a comparative analysis of several different RNA isolation methods was performed on human adipose-derived stem cells photoencapsulated within methacrylated glycol chitosan hydrogels. The results demonstrated that RNA isolation methods with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer followed by purification with an RNeasy Ò mini kit resulted in low yields of RNA, except when the samples were preminced directly within the buffer. In addition, genomic DNA contamination during reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was observed in the hydrogels processed with the CTAB-based methods. Isolation methods using TRIzol Ò in combination with one of a Qiaex Ò gel extraction kit, an RNeasy Ò mini kit, or an extended solvent purification method extracted RNA suitable for gene amplification, with no evidence of genomic contamination. The latter two methods yielded the best results in terms of yield and amplification efficiency. Predigestion of the scaffolds with lysozyme was investigated as a possible means of enhancing RNA extraction from the polysaccharide gels, with no improvements observed in terms of the purity, yield, or amplification efficiency. Overall, this work highlights the application of a TRIzol Ò + extended solvent purification method for optimizing RNA extraction that can be applied to obtain reliable and accurate gene expression data in studies investigating cells seeded in chitosan-based scaffolds.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32050152" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2da5dbfc4847f10711fedf1fa49980f0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52311309,"asset_id":32050152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52311309/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62092320" href="https://queensu.academia.edu/BrianAmsden">Brian Amsden</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62092320" type="text/json">{"id":62092320,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Amsden","domain_name":"queensu","page_name":"BrianAmsden","display_name":"Brian Amsden","profile_url":"https://queensu.academia.edu/BrianAmsden?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62092320/28595059/26726699/s65_brian.amsden.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32050152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32050152"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32050152, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32050152", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32050152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32050152; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32050152"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32050152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32050152"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32050152; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32050152]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32050152").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32050152").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32050152"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3642" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells">Stem Cells</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3642" type="text/json">{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32050152]'), work: {"id":32050152,"title":"Techniques for the Isolation of High-Quality RNA from Cells Encapsulated in Chitosan Hydrogels","created_at":"2017-03-26T05:37:01.701-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32050152/Techniques_for_the_Isolation_of_High_Quality_RNA_from_Cells_Encapsulated_in_Chitosan_Hydrogels?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_32050152","summary":"Extracting high-quality RNA from hydrogels containing polysaccharide components is challenging, as traditional RNA isolation techniques designed for cells and tissues can have limited yields and purity due to physiochemical interactions between the nucleic acids and the biomaterials. In this study, a comparative analysis of several different RNA isolation methods was performed on human adipose-derived stem cells photoencapsulated within methacrylated glycol chitosan hydrogels. The results demonstrated that RNA isolation methods with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer followed by purification with an RNeasy Ò mini kit resulted in low yields of RNA, except when the samples were preminced directly within the buffer. In addition, genomic DNA contamination during reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was observed in the hydrogels processed with the CTAB-based methods. Isolation methods using TRIzol Ò in combination with one of a Qiaex Ò gel extraction kit, an RNeasy Ò mini kit, or an extended solvent purification method extracted RNA suitable for gene amplification, with no evidence of genomic contamination. The latter two methods yielded the best results in terms of yield and amplification efficiency. Predigestion of the scaffolds with lysozyme was investigated as a possible means of enhancing RNA extraction from the polysaccharide gels, with no improvements observed in terms of the purity, yield, or amplification efficiency. Overall, this work highlights the application of a TRIzol Ò + extended solvent purification method for optimizing RNA extraction that can be applied to obtain reliable and accurate gene expression data in studies investigating cells seeded in chitosan-based scaffolds.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52311309,"asset_id":32050152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62092320,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Amsden","domain_name":"queensu","page_name":"BrianAmsden","display_name":"Brian Amsden","profile_url":"https://queensu.academia.edu/BrianAmsden?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62092320/28595059/26726699/s65_brian.amsden.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":9130,"name":"Chitosan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chitosan?f_ri=3701"},{"id":22442,"name":"Hydrogels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogels?f_ri=3701"},{"id":52489,"name":"Adipose tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adipose_tissue?f_ri=3701"},{"id":309981,"name":"Human Genome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Genome?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_814432" data-work_id="814432" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/814432/Effects_of_experience_and_social_context_on_prospective_caching_strategies_by_scrub_jays">Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/814432" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b14d1510ce89f857d030e0041acb4dd6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":4874619,"asset_id":814432,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4874619/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="225203" href="https://qmul.academia.edu/NathanEmery">Nathan Emery</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="225203" type="text/json">{"id":225203,"first_name":"Nathan","last_name":"Emery","domain_name":"qmul","page_name":"NathanEmery","display_name":"Nathan Emery","profile_url":"https://qmul.academia.edu/NathanEmery?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/225203/3743482/4385038/s65_nathan.emery.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_814432 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="814432"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 814432, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_814432", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_814432 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 814432; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_814432"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_814432 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="814432"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 814432; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=814432]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_814432").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_814432").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="814432"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">55</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=814432]'), work: {"id":814432,"title":"Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays","created_at":"2011-08-08T03:33:02.946-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/814432/Effects_of_experience_and_social_context_on_prospective_caching_strategies_by_scrub_jays?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_814432","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4874619,"asset_id":814432,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":225203,"first_name":"Nathan","last_name":"Emery","domain_name":"qmul","page_name":"NathanEmery","display_name":"Nathan Emery","profile_url":"https://qmul.academia.edu/NathanEmery?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/225203/3743482/4385038/s65_nathan.emery.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4715,"name":"Social Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Interaction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=3701"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior?f_ri=3701"},{"id":83478,"name":"Social Context","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Context?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":151693,"name":"Songbirds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Songbirds?f_ri=3701"},{"id":202574,"name":"Feeding Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Behavior?f_ri=3701"},{"id":363556,"name":"Foraging Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foraging_Behavior?f_ri=3701"},{"id":628583,"name":"Social Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Behavior-1?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2424932" data-work_id="2424932" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2424932/Ice_volcano_interaction_of_the_1996_Gj%C3%A1lp_subglacial_eruption_Vatnaj%C3%B6kull_Iceland">Ice-volcano interaction of the 1996 Gjálp subglacial eruption, Vatnajökull, Iceland</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2424932" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b83ceb6641d93a93692187ba44012b89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50629976,"asset_id":2424932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50629976/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="107912" href="https://hi.academia.edu/HelgiBj%C3%B6rnsson">Helgi Björnsson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="107912" type="text/json">{"id":107912,"first_name":"Helgi","last_name":"Björnsson","domain_name":"hi","page_name":"HelgiBjörnsson","display_name":"Helgi Björnsson","profile_url":"https://hi.academia.edu/HelgiBj%C3%B6rnsson?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2424932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2424932"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2424932, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2424932", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2424932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2424932; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2424932"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2424932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2424932"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2424932; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2424932]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2424932").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2424932").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2424932"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">47</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2424932]'), work: {"id":2424932,"title":"Ice-volcano interaction of the 1996 Gjálp subglacial eruption, Vatnajökull, Iceland","created_at":"2013-01-18T01:47:13.322-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2424932/Ice_volcano_interaction_of_the_1996_Gj%C3%A1lp_subglacial_eruption_Vatnaj%C3%B6kull_Iceland?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_2424932","summary":"The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50629976,"asset_id":2424932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":107912,"first_name":"Helgi","last_name":"Björnsson","domain_name":"hi","page_name":"HelgiBjörnsson","display_name":"Helgi Björnsson","profile_url":"https://hi.academia.edu/HelgiBj%C3%B6rnsson?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1192000,"name":"Volcanic Eruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volcanic_Eruption?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5885609" data-work_id="5885609" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5885609/Sodium_channel_mutation_leading_to_saxitoxin_resistance_in_clams_increases_risk_of_PSP">Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5885609" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed4d16f89b72b6e80d4ab932cc574634" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49098416,"asset_id":5885609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49098416/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8701749" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KeiichiKonoki">Keiichi Konoki</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8701749" type="text/json">{"id":8701749,"first_name":"Keiichi","last_name":"Konoki","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KeiichiKonoki","display_name":"Keiichi Konoki","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KeiichiKonoki?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5885609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5885609"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5885609, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5885609", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5885609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5885609; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5885609"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5885609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5885609"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5885609; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5885609]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5885609").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5885609").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5885609"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">65</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5885609]'), work: {"id":5885609,"title":"Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP","created_at":"2014-01-29T12:33:05.045-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5885609/Sodium_channel_mutation_leading_to_saxitoxin_resistance_in_clams_increases_risk_of_PSP?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_5885609","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49098416,"asset_id":5885609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8701749,"first_name":"Keiichi","last_name":"Konoki","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KeiichiKonoki","display_name":"Keiichi Konoki","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KeiichiKonoki?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":40422,"name":"Natural Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=3701"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":85920,"name":"Bivalvia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bivalvia?f_ri=3701"},{"id":102583,"name":"Drug Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Resistance?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":131391,"name":"PARALYSIS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PARALYSIS?f_ri=3701"},{"id":192310,"name":"Saxitoxin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saxitoxin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":198653,"name":"Paralytic shellfish poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning?f_ri=3701"},{"id":386342,"name":"Sodium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium?f_ri=3701"},{"id":394778,"name":"Sodium channel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_channel?f_ri=3701"},{"id":470846,"name":"Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage-Gated_Sodium_Channels?f_ri=3701"},{"id":572924,"name":"Tetrodotoxin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tetrodotoxin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":585573,"name":"Amino Acid Profile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Profile?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1242506,"name":"Binding Site","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Binding_Site?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2313637,"name":"Coastal Area","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Area?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6172693" data-work_id="6172693" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6172693/Gene_expression_in_women_conceiving_spontaneously_over_the_age_of_45_years">Gene expression in women conceiving spontaneously over the age of 45 years</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: To examine gene expression profiles of women conceiving spontaneously after the age of 45. Design: Expression profiling by complementary DNA microarray analysis. Setting: University departments. Patient(s): Eight women 45 years... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6172693" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: To examine gene expression profiles of women conceiving spontaneously after the age of 45. Design: Expression profiling by complementary DNA microarray analysis. Setting: University departments. Patient(s): Eight women 45 years or older (study group) who conceived spontaneously and were 6 months after their last delivery were compared with six women aged 45 years old (control group) who had their last delivery before the age of 30. Intervention(s): Blood samples were collected from each woman for RNA isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Main Outcome Measure(s): Expression profiles of PBMC isolated from each woman were determined by using Affymetrix DNA microarray analysis covering about 15,000 identified genes. Result(s): Microarray of global gene expression revealed 671 genes that showed statistically significant differential expression between the study and control groups: 383 genes were overexpressed and 288 were underexpressed. The most significant functional groups defining these genes were: apoptosis, ubiquitination, and energy production. As many as 60 genes also participated in ovarian physiology. Conclusion(s): These observations suggest that extended fertility is associated with a unique ability to enrich cellular processes, leading to delayed ovarian senescence. (Fertil Steril Ò 2008;-:---.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6172693" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c775728df14f61f7d083bd8ce3f8825" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48984827,"asset_id":6172693,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48984827/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9399388" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YoelBogoch">Yoel Bogoch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9399388" type="text/json">{"id":9399388,"first_name":"Yoel","last_name":"Bogoch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YoelBogoch","display_name":"Yoel Bogoch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YoelBogoch?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6172693 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6172693"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6172693, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6172693", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6172693 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6172693; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6172693"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6172693 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6172693"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6172693; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6172693]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6172693").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6172693").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6172693"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8954" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility">Fertility</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8954" type="text/json">{"id":8954,"name":"Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6172693]'), work: {"id":6172693,"title":"Gene expression in women conceiving spontaneously over the age of 45 years","created_at":"2014-02-22T14:43:26.028-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6172693/Gene_expression_in_women_conceiving_spontaneously_over_the_age_of_45_years?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_6172693","summary":"Objective: To examine gene expression profiles of women conceiving spontaneously after the age of 45. Design: Expression profiling by complementary DNA microarray analysis. Setting: University departments. Patient(s): Eight women 45 years or older (study group) who conceived spontaneously and were 6 months after their last delivery were compared with six women aged 45 years old (control group) who had their last delivery before the age of 30. Intervention(s): Blood samples were collected from each woman for RNA isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Main Outcome Measure(s): Expression profiles of PBMC isolated from each woman were determined by using Affymetrix DNA microarray analysis covering about 15,000 identified genes. Result(s): Microarray of global gene expression revealed 671 genes that showed statistically significant differential expression between the study and control groups: 383 genes were overexpressed and 288 were underexpressed. The most significant functional groups defining these genes were: apoptosis, ubiquitination, and energy production. As many as 60 genes also participated in ovarian physiology. Conclusion(s): These observations suggest that extended fertility is associated with a unique ability to enrich cellular processes, leading to delayed ovarian senescence. (Fertil Steril Ò 2008;-:---.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48984827,"asset_id":6172693,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9399388,"first_name":"Yoel","last_name":"Bogoch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YoelBogoch","display_name":"Yoel Bogoch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YoelBogoch?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":8954,"name":"Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=3701"},{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism?f_ri=3701"},{"id":55266,"name":"Ubiquitin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ubiquitin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":98922,"name":"Fertility and Sterility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertility_and_Sterility?f_ri=3701"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402446,"name":"Maternal Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Age?f_ri=3701"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=3701"},{"id":869175,"name":"Ovary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ovary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1200339,"name":"Female Fertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female_Fertility?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1810445,"name":"Gene expression profiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression_profiling?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25980976" data-work_id="25980976" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25980976/Arbitrary_primed_PCR_fingerprinting_of_RNA_applied_to_mapping_differentially_expressed_genes">Arbitrary primed PCR fingerprinting of RNA applied to mapping differentially expressed genes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Differential gene expression between various tissues and developmental stages or between cells in vitro under different growth conditions can be rapidly and efficiently compared using the RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25980976" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Differential gene expression between various tissues and developmental stages or between cells in vitro under different growth conditions can be rapidly and efficiently compared using the RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP) fingerprinting method (Welsh et al., 1992b; Liang and Pardee, 1992). In RAP, a primer of arbitrary sequence primes both first and second strand cDNA synthesis. The mixture of products is then PCR amplified and resolved electrophoretically, yielding highly reproducible fingerprints that are tissue-specific or growth condition-specific. Differences between fingerprints arise from differentially expressed genes, as verified by Northern blot analysis. RAP can be performed on the RNA samples using various DNA primers. Each two day experiment yields a sample of approximately twenty cDNA products per lane making the identification of differentially or developmentally regulated genes no longer rate limiting. Those PCR products representing genes that a...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25980976" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b6e8ff5d1bc8d1da539f960db9470d0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46331619,"asset_id":25980976,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46331619/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49793942" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelMcClelland4">Michael McClelland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49793942" type="text/json">{"id":49793942,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"McClelland","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelMcClelland4","display_name":"Michael McClelland","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelMcClelland4?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25980976 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25980976"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25980976, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25980976", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25980976 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25980976; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25980976"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25980976 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25980976"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25980976; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25980976]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25980976").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25980976").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25980976"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84760" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice">Mice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84760" type="text/json">{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118339" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction">Polymerase Chain Reaction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118339" type="text/json">{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="134041" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_fingerprinting">DNA fingerprinting</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="134041" type="text/json">{"id":134041,"name":"DNA fingerprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_fingerprinting?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25980976]'), work: {"id":25980976,"title":"Arbitrary primed PCR fingerprinting of RNA applied to mapping differentially expressed genes","created_at":"2016-06-07T23:56:22.136-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25980976/Arbitrary_primed_PCR_fingerprinting_of_RNA_applied_to_mapping_differentially_expressed_genes?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_25980976","summary":"Differential gene expression between various tissues and developmental stages or between cells in vitro under different growth conditions can be rapidly and efficiently compared using the RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP) fingerprinting method (Welsh et al., 1992b; Liang and Pardee, 1992). In RAP, a primer of arbitrary sequence primes both first and second strand cDNA synthesis. The mixture of products is then PCR amplified and resolved electrophoretically, yielding highly reproducible fingerprints that are tissue-specific or growth condition-specific. Differences between fingerprints arise from differentially expressed genes, as verified by Northern blot analysis. RAP can be performed on the RNA samples using various DNA primers. Each two day experiment yields a sample of approximately twenty cDNA products per lane making the identification of differentially or developmentally regulated genes no longer rate limiting. Those PCR products representing genes that a...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46331619,"asset_id":25980976,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49793942,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"McClelland","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelMcClelland4","display_name":"Michael McClelland","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelMcClelland4?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":134041,"name":"DNA fingerprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_fingerprinting?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":168913,"name":"Human Genome Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Genome_Project?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13655525" data-work_id="13655525" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13655525/Developmental_expression_of_CYP2C_and_CYP2C_dependent_activities_in_the_human_liver_in_vivo_in_vitro_correlation_and_inducibility">Developmental expression of CYP2C and CYP2C-dependent activities in the human liver: in-vivo/in-vitro correlation and inducibility</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13655525" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e0b310dff93f5140d1411764f43f3709" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45099499,"asset_id":13655525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45099499/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32809214" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeanmarcTr%C3%A9luyer">Jean-marc Tréluyer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32809214" type="text/json">{"id":32809214,"first_name":"Jean-marc","last_name":"Tréluyer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanmarcTréluyer","display_name":"Jean-marc Tréluyer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanmarcTr%C3%A9luyer?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13655525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13655525"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13655525, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13655525", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13655525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13655525; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13655525"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13655525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13655525"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13655525; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13655525]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13655525").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13655525").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13655525"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97298" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="97298" type="text/json">{"id":97298,"name":"Pharmacogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacogenetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13655525]'), work: {"id":13655525,"title":"Developmental expression of CYP2C and CYP2C-dependent activities in the human liver: in-vivo/in-vitro correlation and inducibility","created_at":"2015-07-05T08:27:40.413-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13655525/Developmental_expression_of_CYP2C_and_CYP2C_dependent_activities_in_the_human_liver_in_vivo_in_vitro_correlation_and_inducibility?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_13655525","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45099499,"asset_id":13655525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32809214,"first_name":"Jean-marc","last_name":"Tréluyer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanmarcTréluyer","display_name":"Jean-marc Tréluyer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanmarcTr%C3%A9luyer?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":97298,"name":"Pharmacogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacogenetics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=3701"},{"id":253560,"name":"Newborn Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newborn_Infant?f_ri=3701"},{"id":770944,"name":"Fetus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fetus?f_ri=3701"},{"id":797418,"name":"Gestational Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gestational_Age?f_ri=3701"},{"id":853012,"name":"Diazepam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diazepam?f_ri=3701"},{"id":890011,"name":"Hydroxylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydroxylation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2153835,"name":"Enzyme Induction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Induction?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13866291" data-work_id="13866291" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13866291/Regulation_of_follicle_stimulating_hormone_FSH_and_luteinizing_hormone_LH_gene_expression_by_gonadotropin_releasing_hormone_GnRH_and_sexual_steroids_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea_bass">Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) gene expression by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and sexual steroids in the Mediterranean Sea bass</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13866291" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c3eb03719d8a97c1ea3f9db2c59c0eaf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44862725,"asset_id":13866291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44862725/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32952616" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SilviaZanuy">Silvia Zanuy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32952616" type="text/json">{"id":32952616,"first_name":"Silvia","last_name":"Zanuy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SilviaZanuy","display_name":"Silvia Zanuy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SilviaZanuy?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13866291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13866291"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13866291, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13866291", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13866291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13866291; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13866291"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13866291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13866291"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13866291; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13866291]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13866291").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13866291").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13866291"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14936" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Physiology_and_Biochemistry">Crop Physiology and Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14936" type="text/json">{"id":14936,"name":"Crop Physiology and Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Physiology_and_Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13866291]'), work: {"id":13866291,"title":"Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) gene expression by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and sexual steroids in the Mediterranean Sea bass","created_at":"2015-07-10T00:18:44.876-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13866291/Regulation_of_follicle_stimulating_hormone_FSH_and_luteinizing_hormone_LH_gene_expression_by_gonadotropin_releasing_hormone_GnRH_and_sexual_steroids_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea_bass?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_13866291","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44862725,"asset_id":13866291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32952616,"first_name":"Silvia","last_name":"Zanuy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SilviaZanuy","display_name":"Silvia Zanuy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SilviaZanuy?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":14936,"name":"Crop Physiology and Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Physiology_and_Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":50243,"name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_Sea?f_ri=3701"},{"id":65881,"name":"FISH","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FISH?f_ri=3701"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":293641,"name":"Dicentrarchus Labrax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dicentrarchus_Labrax?f_ri=3701"},{"id":293670,"name":"Pituitary Gland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pituitary_Gland?f_ri=3701"},{"id":328156,"name":"Sea bass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sea_bass?f_ri=3701"},{"id":445229,"name":"Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gonadotropin_Releasing_Hormone?f_ri=3701"},{"id":735530,"name":"Bass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bass?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1130425,"name":"Luteinizing Hormone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Luteinizing_Hormone?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1310139,"name":"Follicle stimulating hormone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follicle_stimulating_hormone?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24249959" data-work_id="24249959" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24249959/Characterization_of_autotransplant_related_thrombocytopenia_by_evaluation_of_glycocalicin_and_reticulated_platelets">Characterization of autotransplant-related thrombocytopenia by evaluation of glycocalicin and reticulated platelets</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Thrombocytopoiesis of 21 multiple myeloma patients undergoing single or double transplant regimen was characterized by measuring the level of reticulated platelets and plasma glycocalicin. Since reticulated platelets are an index of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24249959" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Thrombocytopoiesis of 21 multiple myeloma patients undergoing single or double transplant regimen was characterized by measuring the level of reticulated platelets and plasma glycocalicin. Since reticulated platelets are an index of thrombopoietic activity and glycocalicin plasma values are related to platelet damage and turnover, it may be possible to perform a novel type of analysis of the thrombopoietic compartment during the mobilizing regimen and during transplantrelated chemotherapy. Patients underwent mobilizing therapy and first transplant. Some randomized patients also underwent a second transplant with mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. The results show that the percentage of reticulated platelets decreased after therapy and then gradually increased in the recovery phase either during first or second transplant. By contrast, the percentage of reticulated platelets increased until day +8 and then gradually decreased during the mobilizing regimen. The glycocalicin index (glycocalicin plasma value normalized for the individual platelet count) increased significantly both during the course of mobilization and after transplant-related chemotherapy when the platelet number was at its nadir. However, the glycocalicin index was more elevated after transplantrelated chemotherapy than after the mobilizing regimen. Our findings suggest that chemotherapy-related thrombocytopenia may be due to a dual mechanism: thrombocytopenia results from decreased platelet production in addition to increased platelet damage and possible destruction.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24249959" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="911347e267fc8b57db64cd7544f59190" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44587514,"asset_id":24249959,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44587514/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39739920" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/SimonaLuatti">Simona Luatti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39739920" type="text/json">{"id":39739920,"first_name":"Simona","last_name":"Luatti","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"SimonaLuatti","display_name":"Simona Luatti","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/SimonaLuatti?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24249959 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24249959"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24249959, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24249959", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24249959 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24249959; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24249959"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24249959 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24249959"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24249959; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24249959]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24249959").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24249959").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24249959"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57801" type="text/json">{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="95322" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior_Therapy">Behavior Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="95322" type="text/json">{"id":95322,"name":"Behavior Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior_Therapy?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111110" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Myeloma">Multiple Myeloma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="111110" type="text/json">{"id":111110,"name":"Multiple Myeloma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Myeloma?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24249959]'), work: {"id":24249959,"title":"Characterization of autotransplant-related thrombocytopenia by evaluation of glycocalicin and reticulated platelets","created_at":"2016-04-10T02:57:08.842-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24249959/Characterization_of_autotransplant_related_thrombocytopenia_by_evaluation_of_glycocalicin_and_reticulated_platelets?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_24249959","summary":"Thrombocytopoiesis of 21 multiple myeloma patients undergoing single or double transplant regimen was characterized by measuring the level of reticulated platelets and plasma glycocalicin. Since reticulated platelets are an index of thrombopoietic activity and glycocalicin plasma values are related to platelet damage and turnover, it may be possible to perform a novel type of analysis of the thrombopoietic compartment during the mobilizing regimen and during transplantrelated chemotherapy. Patients underwent mobilizing therapy and first transplant. Some randomized patients also underwent a second transplant with mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. The results show that the percentage of reticulated platelets decreased after therapy and then gradually increased in the recovery phase either during first or second transplant. By contrast, the percentage of reticulated platelets increased until day +8 and then gradually decreased during the mobilizing regimen. The glycocalicin index (glycocalicin plasma value normalized for the individual platelet count) increased significantly both during the course of mobilization and after transplant-related chemotherapy when the platelet number was at its nadir. However, the glycocalicin index was more elevated after transplantrelated chemotherapy than after the mobilizing regimen. Our findings suggest that chemotherapy-related thrombocytopenia may be due to a dual mechanism: thrombocytopenia results from decreased platelet production in addition to increased platelet damage and possible destruction.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44587514,"asset_id":24249959,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39739920,"first_name":"Simona","last_name":"Luatti","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"SimonaLuatti","display_name":"Simona Luatti","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/SimonaLuatti?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":95322,"name":"Behavior Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior_Therapy?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":111110,"name":"Multiple Myeloma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Myeloma?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":138603,"name":"Thrombocytopenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thrombocytopenia?f_ri=3701"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":314240,"name":"Doxorubicin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Doxorubicin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":354937,"name":"Bone Marrow Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_Marrow_Transplantation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=3701"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1198588,"name":"Cyclophosphamide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyclophosphamide?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1281380,"name":"Platelet Count","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Platelet_Count?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24019627" data-work_id="24019627" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24019627/Quercetin_and_tamoxifen_sensitize_human_melanoma_cells_to_hyperthermia">Quercetin and tamoxifen sensitize human melanoma cells to hyperthermia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">P. G. Natali).</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24019627" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4a17888cfa351a9d5d2938322956e421" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44398414,"asset_id":24019627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44398414/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46368462" href="https://independent.academia.edu/francooresteranelletti">franco oreste ranelletti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46368462" type="text/json">{"id":46368462,"first_name":"franco oreste","last_name":"ranelletti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"francooresteranelletti","display_name":"franco oreste ranelletti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/francooresteranelletti?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46368462/27763907/26056157/s65_franco_oreste.ranelletti.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24019627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24019627"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24019627, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24019627", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24019627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24019627; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24019627"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24019627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24019627"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24019627; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24019627]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24019627").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24019627").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24019627"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry">Flow Cytometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6599" type="text/json">{"id":6599,"name":"Flow Cytometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99023" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melanoma">Melanoma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="99023" type="text/json">{"id":99023,"name":"Melanoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melanoma?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24019627]'), work: {"id":24019627,"title":"Quercetin and tamoxifen sensitize human melanoma cells to hyperthermia","created_at":"2016-04-04T08:48:13.926-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24019627/Quercetin_and_tamoxifen_sensitize_human_melanoma_cells_to_hyperthermia?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_24019627","summary":"P. G. Natali).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44398414,"asset_id":24019627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46368462,"first_name":"franco oreste","last_name":"ranelletti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"francooresteranelletti","display_name":"franco oreste ranelletti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/francooresteranelletti?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46368462/27763907/26056157/s65_franco_oreste.ranelletti.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":6599,"name":"Flow Cytometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":99023,"name":"Melanoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melanoma?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":285789,"name":"Tamoxifen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamoxifen?f_ri=3701"},{"id":520338,"name":"Quercetin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quercetin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":701219,"name":"Melanocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melanocytes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1491514,"name":"*Hot Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/_Hot_Temperature?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14440557" data-work_id="14440557" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14440557/Hepatitis_delta_virus_ribonucleoproteins_shuttle_between_the_nucleus_and_the_cytoplasm">Hepatitis delta virus ribonucleoproteins shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">is associated with more severe liver damage and an increased risk of fulminant disease. HDV is a single-stranded RNA virus that encodes a single protein, the delta antigen, which is expressed in two forms, small (S-HDAg) and large... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14440557" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">is associated with more severe liver damage and an increased risk of fulminant disease. HDV is a single-stranded RNA virus that encodes a single protein, the delta antigen, which is expressed in two forms, small (S-HDAg) and large (L-HDAg). Here we show that although HDV ribonucleoproteins are mainly detected in the nucleus, they are also present in the cytoplasm of cells infected with HDV or transfected with HDV cDNA. Making use of an heterokaryon assay, we demonstrate that HDV ribonucleoproteins shuttle continuously between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In the absence of HDV RNA, both forms of the delta antigen are retained in the nucleus, whereas in the absence of the delta antigen, HDV RNA is predominantly detected in the cytoplasm. Coexpression of HDV RNA and S-HDAg (which binds to the viral RNA and contains a nuclear localization signal) results in nuclear accumulation of the viral RNA. This suggests that HDV RNA mediates export of viral particles to the cytoplasm whereas the delta antigen triggers their reimport into the nucleus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14440557" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8e639e8de4f9cbc6d4d88f6d08a2b1e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44146135,"asset_id":14440557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44146135/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33378912" href="https://unito.academia.edu/EzioDavid">Ezio David</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33378912" type="text/json">{"id":33378912,"first_name":"Ezio","last_name":"David","domain_name":"unito","page_name":"EzioDavid","display_name":"Ezio David","profile_url":"https://unito.academia.edu/EzioDavid?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14440557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14440557"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14440557, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14440557", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14440557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14440557; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14440557"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14440557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14440557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14440557; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14440557]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14440557").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14440557").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14440557"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line">Cell line</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57808" type="text/json">{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63331" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B">Hepatitis B</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="63331" type="text/json">{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71437" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver">Liver</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71437" type="text/json">{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14440557]'), work: {"id":14440557,"title":"Hepatitis delta virus ribonucleoproteins shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm","created_at":"2015-07-27T10:35:49.655-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14440557/Hepatitis_delta_virus_ribonucleoproteins_shuttle_between_the_nucleus_and_the_cytoplasm?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_14440557","summary":"is associated with more severe liver damage and an increased risk of fulminant disease. HDV is a single-stranded RNA virus that encodes a single protein, the delta antigen, which is expressed in two forms, small (S-HDAg) and large (L-HDAg). Here we show that although HDV ribonucleoproteins are mainly detected in the nucleus, they are also present in the cytoplasm of cells infected with HDV or transfected with HDV cDNA. Making use of an heterokaryon assay, we demonstrate that HDV ribonucleoproteins shuttle continuously between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In the absence of HDV RNA, both forms of the delta antigen are retained in the nucleus, whereas in the absence of the delta antigen, HDV RNA is predominantly detected in the cytoplasm. Coexpression of HDV RNA and S-HDAg (which binds to the viral RNA and contains a nuclear localization signal) results in nuclear accumulation of the viral RNA. This suggests that HDV RNA mediates export of viral particles to the cytoplasm whereas the delta antigen triggers their reimport into the nucleus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44146135,"asset_id":14440557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33378912,"first_name":"Ezio","last_name":"David","domain_name":"unito","page_name":"EzioDavid","display_name":"Ezio David","profile_url":"https://unito.academia.edu/EzioDavid?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=3701"},{"id":175647,"name":"T cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_cells?f_ri=3701"},{"id":317801,"name":"Cell nucleus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_nucleus?f_ri=3701"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection?f_ri=3701"},{"id":886461,"name":"Ribonucleoproteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ribonucleoproteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1166930,"name":"Cytoplasm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytoplasm?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1500964,"name":"Hepatitis D","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_D?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22101960" data-work_id="22101960" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22101960/Expression_of_Acute_Phase_Response_Proteins_in_Retinal_Muller_Cells_in_Diabetes">Expression of Acute-Phase Response Proteins in Retinal Muller Cells in Diabetes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22101960" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4c5dc0b2bf0ea954b01a301b709c333a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42771969,"asset_id":22101960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42771969/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43406310" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IldikoToth2">Ildiko Toth</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43406310" type="text/json">{"id":43406310,"first_name":"Ildiko","last_name":"Toth","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IldikoToth2","display_name":"Ildiko Toth","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IldikoToth2?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22101960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22101960"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22101960, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22101960", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22101960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22101960; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22101960"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22101960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22101960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22101960; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22101960]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22101960").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22101960").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22101960"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12071" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12071" type="text/json">{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37834" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting">Western blotting</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37834" type="text/json">{"id":37834,"name":"Western blotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22101960]'), work: {"id":22101960,"title":"Expression of Acute-Phase Response Proteins in Retinal Muller Cells in Diabetes","created_at":"2016-02-17T08:25:00.144-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22101960/Expression_of_Acute_Phase_Response_Proteins_in_Retinal_Muller_Cells_in_Diabetes?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_22101960","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42771969,"asset_id":22101960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43406310,"first_name":"Ildiko","last_name":"Toth","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IldikoToth2","display_name":"Ildiko Toth","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IldikoToth2?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":37834,"name":"Western blotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=3701"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=3701"},{"id":709138,"name":"Acute Phase Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Phase_Proteins?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1035950,"name":"Acute Phase Response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Phase_Response?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1810445,"name":"Gene expression profiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression_profiling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1924712,"name":"Interleukin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interleukin?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19899926 coauthored" data-work_id="19899926" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19899926/Byssogenesis_of_invasive_marine_mussels_Perna_viridis_and_Perna_perna_implications_for_their_invasion_race">Byssogenesis of invasive marine mussels Perna viridis and Perna perna: implications for their invasion race</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Water flow is an important characteristic determining the settlement and growth of macroinvertebrates in the marine environment. Intake systems of coastal power stations offer a unique opportunity to study the effect of water flow on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19899926" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Water flow is an important characteristic determining the settlement and growth of macroinvertebrates in the marine environment. Intake systems of coastal power stations offer a unique opportunity to study the effect of water flow on benthic organisms under field conditions. The cooling water intake system of a tropical coastal power station is used as an experimental facility to study the effect of flow on the recruitment and growth of three mussel species, viz, Brachidontes variabilis, B. striatulus, and Modiolus philippinarum. The study was prompted by earlier observation that these mussels were numerically abundant in the biofouling community present inside the seawater intake tunnel of the power station, even though their occurrence in the benthic community in the coastal waters outside was only nominal. Recruitment data showed that the three mussel species very successfully colonised surfaces exposed to the intake mouth (characterised by relatively high flow) of the power station. Significant difference was observed in the recruitment recorded at the intake point and the ambient environment outside. Under high flow condition, the growth rates of all the three mussel species were uniformly enhanced. It is argued that recruitment of the different species is related to the number of byssus threads produced by each mussel and the strength of the byssus threads. The results indicate that byssus number and byssus strength of the mussels are important criteria that decide successful colonization and establishment in high flow environments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19899926" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4a51b65a41c2e350aea818c69ddda8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42003445,"asset_id":19899926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42003445/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40741289" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HenkJenner">Henk Jenner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40741289" type="text/json">{"id":40741289,"first_name":"Henk","last_name":"Jenner","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HenkJenner","display_name":"Henk Jenner","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HenkJenner?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19899926">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19899926"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://hbni.academia.edu/VayalamPVenugopalan">Vayalam P Venugopalan</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19899926'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19899926').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19899926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19899926"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19899926, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19899926", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19899926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19899926; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19899926"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19899926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19899926"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19899926; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19899926]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19899926").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19899926").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19899926"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19899926]'), work: {"id":19899926,"title":"Byssogenesis of invasive marine mussels Perna viridis and Perna perna: implications for their invasion race","created_at":"2015-12-30T00:41:06.521-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19899926/Byssogenesis_of_invasive_marine_mussels_Perna_viridis_and_Perna_perna_implications_for_their_invasion_race?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_19899926","summary":"Water flow is an important characteristic determining the settlement and growth of macroinvertebrates in the marine environment. Intake systems of coastal power stations offer a unique opportunity to study the effect of water flow on benthic organisms under field conditions. The cooling water intake system of a tropical coastal power station is used as an experimental facility to study the effect of flow on the recruitment and growth of three mussel species, viz, Brachidontes variabilis, B. striatulus, and Modiolus philippinarum. The study was prompted by earlier observation that these mussels were numerically abundant in the biofouling community present inside the seawater intake tunnel of the power station, even though their occurrence in the benthic community in the coastal waters outside was only nominal. Recruitment data showed that the three mussel species very successfully colonised surfaces exposed to the intake mouth (characterised by relatively high flow) of the power station. Significant difference was observed in the recruitment recorded at the intake point and the ambient environment outside. Under high flow condition, the growth rates of all the three mussel species were uniformly enhanced. It is argued that recruitment of the different species is related to the number of byssus threads produced by each mussel and the strength of the byssus threads. The results indicate that byssus number and byssus strength of the mussels are important criteria that decide successful colonization and establishment in high flow environments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42003445,"asset_id":19899926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40741289,"first_name":"Henk","last_name":"Jenner","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HenkJenner","display_name":"Henk Jenner","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HenkJenner?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":26588,"first_name":"Vayalam P","last_name":"Venugopalan","domain_name":"hbni","page_name":"VayalamPVenugopalan","display_name":"Vayalam P Venugopalan","profile_url":"https://hbni.academia.edu/VayalamPVenugopalan?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26588/8668/114800612/s65_vayalam_p.venugopalan.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21210381" data-work_id="21210381" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21210381/Classification_and_identification_of_propionibacteria_based_on_ribosomal_RNA_genes_and_PCR">Classification and identification of propionibacteria based on ribosomal RNA genes and PCR</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A rapid method was developed to differentiate the genus Propionibacterium from other genera by using a modified multiplex-PCR (MPCR) approach. Three 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify simultaneously two... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21210381" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A rapid method was developed to differentiate the genus Propionibacterium from other genera by using a modified multiplex-PCR (MPCR) approach. Three 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify simultaneously two DNA-fragments in the MPCR assay. The universal primer pair bak11w and bak4 (corresponding to the E. coli 16S rRNA positions 8-25 and 1522-1540, respectively) was used in combination with the primer pair bak4 and gd1 (5&#39;-TGCTTTCGATACGGGTTGAC-3&#39;). The later sequence corresponding to a 16S rRNA motif that is unique for the genus Propionibacterium. Propionibacteria were identified by the amplification of a Propionibacterium-genus specific 900-bp fragment whereas MPCR with DNA from other bacteria generated only a DNA fragment of 1500 bp in amplifications with the two universal primers. The whole procedure including cell lysis, MPCR amplification and analysis can be performed within 1 day, detection limits are at approximately 10(3) cfu propionibacte...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21210381" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5de5baa4e7fdcfd131a092fdecb2c48d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41764127,"asset_id":21210381,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41764127/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42360226" href="https://ethz.academia.edu/MichaelTeuber">Michael Teuber</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42360226" type="text/json">{"id":42360226,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Teuber","domain_name":"ethz","page_name":"MichaelTeuber","display_name":"Michael Teuber","profile_url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/MichaelTeuber?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21210381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21210381"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21210381, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21210381", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21210381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21210381; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21210381"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21210381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21210381"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21210381; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21210381]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21210381").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21210381").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21210381"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54433" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54433" type="text/json">{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21210381]'), work: {"id":21210381,"title":"Classification and identification of propionibacteria based on ribosomal RNA genes and PCR","created_at":"2016-01-30T00:23:05.490-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21210381/Classification_and_identification_of_propionibacteria_based_on_ribosomal_RNA_genes_and_PCR?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_21210381","summary":"A rapid method was developed to differentiate the genus Propionibacterium from other genera by using a modified multiplex-PCR (MPCR) approach. Three 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify simultaneously two DNA-fragments in the MPCR assay. The universal primer pair bak11w and bak4 (corresponding to the E. coli 16S rRNA positions 8-25 and 1522-1540, respectively) was used in combination with the primer pair bak4 and gd1 (5\u0026#39;-TGCTTTCGATACGGGTTGAC-3\u0026#39;). The later sequence corresponding to a 16S rRNA motif that is unique for the genus Propionibacterium. Propionibacteria were identified by the amplification of a Propionibacterium-genus specific 900-bp fragment whereas MPCR with DNA from other bacteria generated only a DNA fragment of 1500 bp in amplifications with the two universal primers. The whole procedure including cell lysis, MPCR amplification and analysis can be performed within 1 day, detection limits are at approximately 10(3) cfu propionibacte...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41764127,"asset_id":21210381,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42360226,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Teuber","domain_name":"ethz","page_name":"MichaelTeuber","display_name":"Michael Teuber","profile_url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/MichaelTeuber?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":67484,"name":"Sequence alignment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sequence_alignment?f_ri=3701"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":191520,"name":"multiplex PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/multiplex_PCR?f_ri=3701"},{"id":550697,"name":"Phylogenetic Tree","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetic_Tree?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18235055 coauthored" data-work_id="18235055" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18235055/Defining_the_roles_and_interactions_of_PTB">Defining the roles and interactions of PTB</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">PTB (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) is an abundant and widely expressed RNA-binding protein with four RRM (RNA recognition motif) domains. PTB is involved in numerous post-transcriptional steps in gene expression in both the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18235055" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">PTB (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) is an abundant and widely expressed RNA-binding protein with four RRM (RNA recognition motif) domains. PTB is involved in numerous post-transcriptional steps in gene expression in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, but has been best characterized as a regulatory repressor of some ASEs (alternative splicing events), and as an activator of translation driven by IRESs (internal ribosome entry segments). We have used a variety of approaches to characterize the activities of PTB and its molecular interactions with RNA substrates and protein partners. Using splice-sensitive microarrays we found that PTB acts not only as a splicing repressor but also as an activator, and that these two activities are determined by the location at which PTB binds relative to target exons. We have identified minimal splicing repressor and activator domains, and have determined high resolution structures of the second RRM domain of PTB binding to peptide motifs from the co-repressor protein Raver1. Using single-molecule techniques we have determined the stoichiometry of PTB binding to a regulated splicing substrate in whole nuclear extracts. Finally, we have used tethered hydroxyl radical probing to determine the locations on viral IRESs at which each of the four RRM domains bind. We are now combining tethered probing with single molecule analyses to gain a detailed understanding of how PTB interacts with pre-mRNA substrates to effect either repression or activation of splicing.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18235055" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a699848a3fc6157c0227ae9d6da38be3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39947855,"asset_id":18235055,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39947855/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38432061" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/AmarJoshi">Amar Joshi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38432061" type="text/json">{"id":38432061,"first_name":"Amar","last_name":"Joshi","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"AmarJoshi","display_name":"Amar Joshi","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/AmarJoshi?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18235055">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18235055"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/PanagiotaKafasla">Panagiota Kafasla</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18235055'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18235055').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18235055 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18235055"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18235055, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18235055", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18235055 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18235055; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18235055"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18235055 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18235055"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18235055; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18235055]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18235055").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18235055").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18235055"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="139002" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_splicing">Alternative splicing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="139002" type="text/json">{"id":139002,"name":"Alternative splicing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_splicing?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="420908" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins">RNA-binding proteins</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="420908" type="text/json">{"id":420908,"name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635694" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Splicing-1">Alternative Splicing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="635694" type="text/json">{"id":635694,"name":"Alternative Splicing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Splicing-1?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18235055]'), work: {"id":18235055,"title":"Defining the roles and interactions of PTB","created_at":"2015-11-12T14:54:23.155-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18235055/Defining_the_roles_and_interactions_of_PTB?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_18235055","summary":"PTB (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) is an abundant and widely expressed RNA-binding protein with four RRM (RNA recognition motif) domains. PTB is involved in numerous post-transcriptional steps in gene expression in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, but has been best characterized as a regulatory repressor of some ASEs (alternative splicing events), and as an activator of translation driven by IRESs (internal ribosome entry segments). We have used a variety of approaches to characterize the activities of PTB and its molecular interactions with RNA substrates and protein partners. Using splice-sensitive microarrays we found that PTB acts not only as a splicing repressor but also as an activator, and that these two activities are determined by the location at which PTB binds relative to target exons. We have identified minimal splicing repressor and activator domains, and have determined high resolution structures of the second RRM domain of PTB binding to peptide motifs from the co-repressor protein Raver1. Using single-molecule techniques we have determined the stoichiometry of PTB binding to a regulated splicing substrate in whole nuclear extracts. Finally, we have used tethered hydroxyl radical probing to determine the locations on viral IRESs at which each of the four RRM domains bind. We are now combining tethered probing with single molecule analyses to gain a detailed understanding of how PTB interacts with pre-mRNA substrates to effect either repression or activation of splicing.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39947855,"asset_id":18235055,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38432061,"first_name":"Amar","last_name":"Joshi","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"AmarJoshi","display_name":"Amar Joshi","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/AmarJoshi?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":38219438,"first_name":"Panagiota","last_name":"Kafasla","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PanagiotaKafasla","display_name":"Panagiota Kafasla","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PanagiotaKafasla?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":139002,"name":"Alternative splicing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_splicing?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":420908,"name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":635694,"name":"Alternative Splicing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Splicing-1?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61146498" data-work_id="61146498" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61146498/Development_of_a_method_for_the_detection_of_infectious_myonecrosis_virus_by_reverse_transcription_loop_mediated_isothermal_amplification_and_nucleic_acid_lateral_flow_hybrid_assay">Development of a method for the detection of infectious myonecrosis virus by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and nucleic acid lateral flow hybrid assay</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We report the development of a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and nucleic acid lateral flow method (RT-LAMP-NALF) for detection of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The RT-LAMP-NALF method combines... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61146498" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We report the development of a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and nucleic acid lateral flow method (RT-LAMP-NALF) for detection of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The RT-LAMP-NALF method combines simplified nucleic acid extraction, a reversetranscription loop-mediated isothermal amplification platform, and one-step visual colorimetric confirmation of the IMNV amplified sequences using a generic NALF qualitative detection test strip. The sensitivity of RT-LAMP (using two and three primer pairs) and nested RT-LAMP (using three primer pairs) was compared by real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using TaqMan probe. The detection of RT-LAMP (three primer pairs) products was accomplished by using a NALF-test strip. The RT-LAMP-NALF showed equivalent sensitivity to RT-LAMP (using three primer pairs), and it was found to be 100 and 10 times more sensitive than one-step RT-PCR and RT-LAMP (two primer pairs), respectively. On the other hand, the RT-LAMP-NALF was 10 and 100 times less sensitive than nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. The simplified RNA extraction method ranged from 4.4 • 10 6 to 2.2 • 10 8 IMNV copy numbers lL)1 RNA, and it was similar with the standard RNA extraction (from 1.2 • 10 6 to 6.3 • 10 7 IMNV copy numbers lL)1 RNA). These results clearly demonstrate that the RT-LAMP-NALF method is specific, sensitive, can shorten the time for analysis, and has potential application for IMNV diagnosis in resource-poor diagnostic settings.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61146498" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="089a0001ba98c0673bfc40045f0231d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74286693,"asset_id":61146498,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74286693/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="184661747" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThalesAndrade17">Thales Andrade</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="184661747" type="text/json">{"id":184661747,"first_name":"Thales","last_name":"Andrade","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThalesAndrade17","display_name":"Thales Andrade","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThalesAndrade17?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184661747/79960357/68532850/s65_thales.andrade.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61146498 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61146498"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61146498, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61146498", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61146498 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61146498; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61146498"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61146498 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61146498"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61146498; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61146498]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61146498").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61146498").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61146498"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2923" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology">Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2923" type="text/json">{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13919" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases">Fish Diseases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13919" type="text/json">{"id":13919,"name":"Fish Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61146498]'), work: {"id":61146498,"title":"Development of a method for the detection of infectious myonecrosis virus by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and nucleic acid lateral flow hybrid assay","created_at":"2021-11-06T18:58:34.565-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61146498/Development_of_a_method_for_the_detection_of_infectious_myonecrosis_virus_by_reverse_transcription_loop_mediated_isothermal_amplification_and_nucleic_acid_lateral_flow_hybrid_assay?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_61146498","summary":"We report the development of a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and nucleic acid lateral flow method (RT-LAMP-NALF) for detection of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The RT-LAMP-NALF method combines simplified nucleic acid extraction, a reversetranscription loop-mediated isothermal amplification platform, and one-step visual colorimetric confirmation of the IMNV amplified sequences using a generic NALF qualitative detection test strip. The sensitivity of RT-LAMP (using two and three primer pairs) and nested RT-LAMP (using three primer pairs) was compared by real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using TaqMan probe. The detection of RT-LAMP (three primer pairs) products was accomplished by using a NALF-test strip. The RT-LAMP-NALF showed equivalent sensitivity to RT-LAMP (using three primer pairs), and it was found to be 100 and 10 times more sensitive than one-step RT-PCR and RT-LAMP (two primer pairs), respectively. On the other hand, the RT-LAMP-NALF was 10 and 100 times less sensitive than nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. The simplified RNA extraction method ranged from 4.4 • 10 6 to 2.2 • 10 8 IMNV copy numbers lL)1 RNA, and it was similar with the standard RNA extraction (from 1.2 • 10 6 to 6.3 • 10 7 IMNV copy numbers lL)1 RNA). These results clearly demonstrate that the RT-LAMP-NALF method is specific, sensitive, can shorten the time for analysis, and has potential application for IMNV diagnosis in resource-poor diagnostic settings.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74286693,"asset_id":61146498,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":184661747,"first_name":"Thales","last_name":"Andrade","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThalesAndrade17","display_name":"Thales Andrade","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThalesAndrade17?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184661747/79960357/68532850/s65_thales.andrade.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":13919,"name":"Fish Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture?f_ri=3701"},{"id":29372,"name":"RNA viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_viruses?f_ri=3701"},{"id":67484,"name":"Sequence alignment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sequence_alignment?f_ri=3701"},{"id":103360,"name":"Nucleic acid hybridization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_acid_hybridization?f_ri=3701"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":178906,"name":"Nucleic Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acids?f_ri=3701"},{"id":207615,"name":"Hybrids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hybrids?f_ri=3701"},{"id":237339,"name":"EXTRACTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EXTRACTION?f_ri=3701"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=3701"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1435468,"name":"Penaeidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Penaeidae?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1727314,"name":"Nucleic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50732719" data-work_id="50732719" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50732719/Computational_approaches_to_RNA_structure_prediction_analysis_and_design">Computational approaches to RNA structure prediction, analysis, and design</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">RNA molecules are important cellular components involved in many fundamental biological processes. Understanding the mechanisms behind their functions requires RNA tertiary structure knowledge. While modeling approaches for the study of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50732719" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">RNA molecules are important cellular components involved in many fundamental biological processes. Understanding the mechanisms behind their functions requires RNA tertiary structure knowledge. While modeling approaches for the study of RNA structures and dynamics lag behind efforts in protein folding, much progress has been achieved in the past two years. Here, we review recent advances in RNA folding algorithms, RNA tertiary motif discovery, applications of graph theory approaches to RNA structure and function, and in silico generation of RNA sequence pools for aptamer design. Advances within each area can be combined to impact many problems in RNA structure and function.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50732719" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="377a613ede547e1bfbbacfefaf57adbc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68605399,"asset_id":50732719,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605399/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="195540" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/TamarSchlick">Tamar Schlick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="195540" type="text/json">{"id":195540,"first_name":"Tamar","last_name":"Schlick","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"TamarSchlick","display_name":"Tamar Schlick","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/TamarSchlick?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/195540/19826834/19655494/s65_tamar.schlick.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50732719 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50732719"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50732719, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50732719", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50732719 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50732719; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50732719"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50732719 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50732719"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50732719; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50732719]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50732719").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50732719").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50732719"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2736" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Dynamics_Simulation">Molecular Dynamics Simulation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2736" type="text/json">{"id":2736,"name":"Molecular Dynamics Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Dynamics_Simulation?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4233" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology">Computational Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4233" type="text/json">{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53293" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software">Software</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53293" type="text/json">{"id":53293,"name":"Software","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50732719]'), work: {"id":50732719,"title":"Computational approaches to RNA structure prediction, analysis, and design","created_at":"2021-08-04T13:02:50.200-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50732719/Computational_approaches_to_RNA_structure_prediction_analysis_and_design?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_50732719","summary":"RNA molecules are important cellular components involved in many fundamental biological processes. Understanding the mechanisms behind their functions requires RNA tertiary structure knowledge. While modeling approaches for the study of RNA structures and dynamics lag behind efforts in protein folding, much progress has been achieved in the past two years. Here, we review recent advances in RNA folding algorithms, RNA tertiary motif discovery, applications of graph theory approaches to RNA structure and function, and in silico generation of RNA sequence pools for aptamer design. Advances within each area can be combined to impact many problems in RNA structure and function.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68605399,"asset_id":50732719,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":195540,"first_name":"Tamar","last_name":"Schlick","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"TamarSchlick","display_name":"Tamar Schlick","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/TamarSchlick?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/195540/19826834/19655494/s65_tamar.schlick.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2736,"name":"Molecular Dynamics Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Dynamics_Simulation?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":53293,"name":"Software","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":790050,"name":"RNA Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_Structure?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1362652,"name":"Nucleic Acid Conformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid_Conformation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1279553" data-work_id="1279553" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1279553/Evolution_along_came_a_sea_spider">Evolution: along came a sea spider</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1279553" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac82560c747e725cb450391be21adf4c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51044387,"asset_id":1279553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51044387/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="384304" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/GrahamBudd">Graham Budd</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="384304" type="text/json">{"id":384304,"first_name":"Graham","last_name":"Budd","domain_name":"uppsala","page_name":"GrahamBudd","display_name":"Graham Budd","profile_url":"https://uppsala.academia.edu/GrahamBudd?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/384304/119653/139452/s65_graham.budd.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1279553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1279553"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1279553, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1279553", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1279553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1279553; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1279553"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1279553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1279553"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1279553; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1279553]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1279553").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1279553").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1279553"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">53</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1279553]'), work: {"id":1279553,"title":"Evolution: along came a sea spider","created_at":"2012-01-23T17:59:09.088-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1279553/Evolution_along_came_a_sea_spider?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_1279553","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51044387,"asset_id":1279553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":384304,"first_name":"Graham","last_name":"Budd","domain_name":"uppsala","page_name":"GrahamBudd","display_name":"Graham Budd","profile_url":"https://uppsala.academia.edu/GrahamBudd?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/384304/119653/139452/s65_graham.budd.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":29538,"name":"Brain development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_development?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=3701"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=3701"},{"id":90326,"name":"Fossils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fossils?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":191815,"name":"Biological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":245668,"name":"Arthropods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthropods?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2197154,"name":"Extremities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extremities?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4966439" data-work_id="4966439" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4966439/Absence_of_S6K1_protects_against_age_and_diet_induced_obesity_while_enhancing_insulin_sensitivity">Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Elucidating the signalling mechanisms by which obesity leads to impaired insulin action is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diabetes 1 . Recently, mice deficient for S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1), an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4966439" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Elucidating the signalling mechanisms by which obesity leads to impaired insulin action is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diabetes 1 . Recently, mice deficient for S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1), an effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that acts to integrate nutrient and insulin signals 2 , were shown to be hypoinsulinaemic, glucose intolerant and have reduced b-cell mass 3 . However, S6K1deficient mice maintain normal glucose levels during fasting, suggesting hypersensitivity to insulin 3 , raising the question of their metabolic fate as a function of age and diet. Here, we report that S6K1-deficient mice are protected against obesity owing to enhanced b-oxidation. However on a high fat diet, levels of glucose and free fatty acids still rise in S6K1-deficient mice, resulting in insulin receptor desensitization. Nevertheless, S6K1-deficient mice remain sensitive to insulin owing to the apparent loss of a negative feedback loop from S6K1 to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), which blunts S307 and S636/S639 phosphorylation; sites involved in insulin resistance 4,5 . Moreover, wild-type mice on a high fat diet as well as K/K A y and ob/ob (also known as Lep/Lep) mice-two genetic models of obesity-have markedly elevated S6K1 activity and, unlike S6K1-deficient mice, increased phosphorylation of IRS1 S307 and S636/S639. Thus under conditions of nutrient satiation S6K1 negatively regulates insulin signalling.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4966439" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="434218cd6720d4b802718757c4eb844a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49509820,"asset_id":4966439,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49509820/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6550444" href="https://unipo.academia.edu/GeorgeThomas">George Thomas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6550444" type="text/json">{"id":6550444,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Thomas","domain_name":"unipo","page_name":"GeorgeThomas","display_name":"George Thomas","profile_url":"https://unipo.academia.edu/GeorgeThomas?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6550444/2623037/3046715/s65_george.thomas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4966439 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4966439"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4966439, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4966439", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4966439 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4966439; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4966439"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4966439 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4966439"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4966439; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4966439]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4966439").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4966439").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4966439"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">64</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4966439]'), work: {"id":4966439,"title":"Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity","created_at":"2013-11-02T04:16:17.332-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4966439/Absence_of_S6K1_protects_against_age_and_diet_induced_obesity_while_enhancing_insulin_sensitivity?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_4966439","summary":"Elucidating the signalling mechanisms by which obesity leads to impaired insulin action is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diabetes 1 . Recently, mice deficient for S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1), an effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that acts to integrate nutrient and insulin signals 2 , were shown to be hypoinsulinaemic, glucose intolerant and have reduced b-cell mass 3 . However, S6K1deficient mice maintain normal glucose levels during fasting, suggesting hypersensitivity to insulin 3 , raising the question of their metabolic fate as a function of age and diet. Here, we report that S6K1-deficient mice are protected against obesity owing to enhanced b-oxidation. However on a high fat diet, levels of glucose and free fatty acids still rise in S6K1-deficient mice, resulting in insulin receptor desensitization. Nevertheless, S6K1-deficient mice remain sensitive to insulin owing to the apparent loss of a negative feedback loop from S6K1 to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), which blunts S307 and S636/S639 phosphorylation; sites involved in insulin resistance 4,5 . Moreover, wild-type mice on a high fat diet as well as K/K A y and ob/ob (also known as Lep/Lep) mice-two genetic models of obesity-have markedly elevated S6K1 activity and, unlike S6K1-deficient mice, increased phosphorylation of IRS1 S307 and S636/S639. Thus under conditions of nutrient satiation S6K1 negatively regulates insulin signalling.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49509820,"asset_id":4966439,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6550444,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Thomas","domain_name":"unipo","page_name":"GeorgeThomas","display_name":"George Thomas","profile_url":"https://unipo.academia.edu/GeorgeThomas?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6550444/2623037/3046715/s65_george.thomas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":51373,"name":"Insulin Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin_Resistance?f_ri=3701"},{"id":71300,"name":"Blood Glucose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Glucose?f_ri=3701"},{"id":71400,"name":"Insulin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting?f_ri=3701"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=3701"},{"id":100332,"name":"Lipolysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipolysis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":110294,"name":"Negative Feedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negative_Feedback?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":140027,"name":"Insulin signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin_signaling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":172083,"name":"Phosphorylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphorylation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":472784,"name":"Adipocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adipocytes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":663539,"name":"Insulin Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin_Receptor?f_ri=3701"},{"id":818710,"name":"Free Fatty Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Fatty_Acid?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1161028,"name":"Glucose Intolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose_Intolerance?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1256747,"name":"Oxidation-Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidation-Reduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1809028,"name":"Insulin Receptor Substrate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin_Receptor_Substrate?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2045399,"name":"High fat diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_fat_diet?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2348526,"name":"Dietary fats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_fats?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5453628" data-work_id="5453628" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5453628/Trophoblast_specific_gene_manipulation_using_lentivirus_based_vectors">Trophoblast-specific gene manipulation using lentivirus-based vectors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5453628" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7c41523df7e5b100242de0d808003519" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32577133,"asset_id":5453628,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32577133/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7647437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PantelisGeorgiades">Pantelis Georgiades</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7647437" type="text/json">{"id":7647437,"first_name":"Pantelis","last_name":"Georgiades","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PantelisGeorgiades","display_name":"Pantelis Georgiades","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PantelisGeorgiades?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5453628 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5453628"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5453628, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5453628", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5453628 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5453628; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5453628"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5453628 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5453628"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5453628; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5453628]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5453628").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5453628").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5453628"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5398" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5398" type="text/json">{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5453628]'), work: {"id":5453628,"title":"Trophoblast-specific gene manipulation using lentivirus-based vectors","created_at":"2013-12-16T22:12:04.277-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5453628/Trophoblast_specific_gene_manipulation_using_lentivirus_based_vectors?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_5453628","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32577133,"asset_id":5453628,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7647437,"first_name":"Pantelis","last_name":"Georgiades","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PantelisGeorgiades","display_name":"Pantelis Georgiades","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PantelisGeorgiades?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=3701"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=3701"},{"id":140613,"name":"Lentivirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lentivirus?f_ri=3701"},{"id":151897,"name":"Blastocyst","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blastocyst?f_ri=3701"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene?f_ri=3701"},{"id":190363,"name":"Plasmids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmids?f_ri=3701"},{"id":226774,"name":"VECTOR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/VECTOR?f_ri=3701"},{"id":316015,"name":"Gen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gen?f_ri=3701"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6296299" data-work_id="6296299" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6296299/Multimodal_fast_optical_interrogation_of_neural_circuitry">Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6296299" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="651d90682035422101b76830d4a9aba7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48927040,"asset_id":6296299,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48927040/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9759414" href="https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/fengzhang">feng zhang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9759414" type="text/json">{"id":9759414,"first_name":"feng","last_name":"zhang","domain_name":"hu-berlin","page_name":"fengzhang","display_name":"feng zhang","profile_url":"https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/fengzhang?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6296299 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6296299"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6296299, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6296299", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6296299 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6296299; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6296299"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6296299 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6296299"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6296299; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6296299]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6296299").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6296299").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6296299"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">72</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6296299]'), work: {"id":6296299,"title":"Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry","created_at":"2014-03-05T00:53:45.178-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6296299/Multimodal_fast_optical_interrogation_of_neural_circuitry?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_6296299","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48927040,"asset_id":6296299,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9759414,"first_name":"feng","last_name":"zhang","domain_name":"hu-berlin","page_name":"fengzhang","display_name":"feng zhang","profile_url":"https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/fengzhang?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":158,"name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=3701"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2541,"name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2889,"name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caenorhabditis_elegans?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":4341,"name":"Transcriptomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=3701"},{"id":6201,"name":"Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imaging?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10640,"name":"Drug Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Discovery?f_ri=3701"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=3701"},{"id":11271,"name":"Motor neuron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_neuron?f_ri=3701"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":24925,"name":"Modulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modulation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701"},{"id":28845,"name":"Palaeobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palaeobiology?f_ri=3701"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=3701"},{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=3701"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=3701"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=3701"},{"id":64467,"name":"Calcium Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium_Imaging?f_ri=3701"},{"id":71469,"name":"Muscle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscle?f_ri=3701"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=3701"},{"id":125784,"name":"Cell Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Signalling?f_ri=3701"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=3701"},{"id":129299,"name":"Medical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Research?f_ri=3701"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=3701"},{"id":317745,"name":"High Speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Speed?f_ri=3701"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=3701"},{"id":412566,"name":"Optical Modulator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Modulator?f_ri=3701"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=3701"},{"id":469655,"name":"Codebook Excitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Codebook_Excitation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":548472,"name":"Optics and Photonics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics_and_Photonics?f_ri=3701"},{"id":666669,"name":"Action potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_potential?f_ri=3701"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=3701"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=3701"},{"id":956315,"name":"Oocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oocytes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1216203,"name":"Earth Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Science?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1387612,"name":"Rhodopsin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhodopsin?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2260515,"name":"Chlorides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chlorides?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26305855" data-work_id="26305855" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26305855/Nature_of_inhibitor_of_cell_free_protein_synthesis_formed_in_response_to_interferon_and_double_stranded_RNA">Nature of inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis formed in response to interferon and double-stranded RNA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26305855" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f15b29443ae46664d7cfbf75bae1974e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46619506,"asset_id":26305855,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46619506/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36746" href="https://bangor.academia.edu/RonaldBrown">Ronald Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36746" type="text/json">{"id":36746,"first_name":"Ronald","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"bangor","page_name":"RonaldBrown","display_name":"Ronald Brown","profile_url":"https://bangor.academia.edu/RonaldBrown?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36746/12187/11438/s65_ronald.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26305855 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26305855"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26305855, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26305855", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26305855 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26305855; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26305855"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26305855 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26305855"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26305855; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26305855]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26305855").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26305855").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26305855"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33319" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature">Nature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33319" type="text/json">{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38139" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_synthesis">Protein synthesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38139" type="text/json">{"id":38139,"name":"Protein synthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_synthesis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26305855]'), work: {"id":26305855,"title":"Nature of inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis formed in response to interferon and double-stranded RNA","created_at":"2016-06-19T09:10:04.216-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26305855/Nature_of_inhibitor_of_cell_free_protein_synthesis_formed_in_response_to_interferon_and_double_stranded_RNA?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_26305855","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46619506,"asset_id":26305855,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36746,"first_name":"Ronald","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"bangor","page_name":"RonaldBrown","display_name":"Ronald Brown","profile_url":"https://bangor.academia.edu/RonaldBrown?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36746/12187/11438/s65_ronald.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":38139,"name":"Protein synthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_synthesis?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":55163,"name":"Enzymes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzymes?f_ri=3701"},{"id":204435,"name":"Alkaline phosphatase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alkaline_phosphatase?f_ri=3701"},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme?f_ri=3701"},{"id":695018,"name":"Molecular weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_weight?f_ri=3701"},{"id":965028,"name":"Cell free System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_free_System?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1263843,"name":"Alkalies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alkalies?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1494126,"name":"double-stranded RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/double-stranded_RNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1588981,"name":"Protein Biosynthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Biosynthesis?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1818690,"name":"Adenosine monophosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_monophosphate?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12489059" data-work_id="12489059" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12489059/Identification_of_Proteins_Bound_to_RNA">Identification of Proteins Bound to RNA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12489059" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a5b0cdc4578ab8e55b6b5ba9a5a23d0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46147431,"asset_id":12489059,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46147431/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31342167" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EmanueleBuratti">Emanuele Buratti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31342167" type="text/json">{"id":31342167,"first_name":"Emanuele","last_name":"Buratti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EmanueleBuratti","display_name":"Emanuele Buratti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EmanueleBuratti?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31342167/9644806/10742640/s65_emanuele.buratti.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12489059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12489059"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12489059, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12489059", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12489059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12489059; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12489059"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12489059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12489059"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12489059; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12489059]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12489059").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12489059").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12489059"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="420908" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins">RNA-binding proteins</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="420908" type="text/json">{"id":420908,"name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12489059]'), work: {"id":12489059,"title":"Identification of Proteins Bound to RNA","created_at":"2015-05-20T08:39:44.214-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12489059/Identification_of_Proteins_Bound_to_RNA?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_12489059","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46147431,"asset_id":12489059,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31342167,"first_name":"Emanuele","last_name":"Buratti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EmanueleBuratti","display_name":"Emanuele Buratti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EmanueleBuratti?f_ri=3701","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31342167/9644806/10742640/s65_emanuele.buratti.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":420908,"name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25073276" data-work_id="25073276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25073276/Transcriptional_responses_to_reinforcing_effects_of_cocaine_in_the_rat_hippocampus_and_cortex">Transcriptional responses to reinforcing effects of cocaine in the rat hippocampus and cortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The psychostimulant effects of cocaine are thought to result from its ability to block dopamine (DA) uptake and increase DA levels in ventral striatum. In addition, cocaine causes biochemical changes in the brain areas involved in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25073276" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The psychostimulant effects of cocaine are thought to result from its ability to block dopamine (DA) uptake and increase DA levels in ventral striatum. In addition, cocaine causes biochemical changes in the brain areas involved in learning and memory, including hippocampus and cortex, whose role in drug reinforcement is now being actively investigated. Thus, we studied molecular events in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats treated with cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. After exposure to cocaine conditioning (cocaine paired), cocaine alone (cocaine non-paired) or saline rats were tested for place conditioning. Cocaine (10 mg/kg) caused increases in time spent in the drugpaired compartment. By using microarray analyses, we examined gene expression in the hippocampi and frontal cortices of cocaine-paired rats, cocaine non-paired and saline-treated controls. Our study revealed that 214 transcripts were differentially regulated in the hippocampi of cocaine-paired rats. These include genes that play roles in protein phosphorylation, RNA processing and protein synthesis, ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation and cytoskeleton organization. In contrast, 39 genes were differently expressed in the frontal cortex. Our data support the possibility that molecular changes in the hippocampus might participate in the formation and maintenance of memory patterns induced by cocaine in the brain. Differences in the transcriptional responses in the hippocampus and cortex suggest the primary importance of the hippocampus for recent memory processing associated with cocaine-induced CPP.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25073276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="df5fa51ac7ed969815da09d1d1b3b353" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45396095,"asset_id":25073276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45396095/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48321637" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KrasnovaI">I. Krasnova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48321637" type="text/json">{"id":48321637,"first_name":"I.","last_name":"Krasnova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KrasnovaI","display_name":"I. Krasnova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KrasnovaI?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25073276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25073276"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25073276, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25073276", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25073276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25073276; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25073276"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25073276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25073276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25073276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25073276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25073276").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25073276").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25073276"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57556" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus">Hippocampus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57556" type="text/json">{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78467" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex">Cerebral Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78467" type="text/json">{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25073276]'), work: {"id":25073276,"title":"Transcriptional responses to reinforcing effects of cocaine in the rat hippocampus and cortex","created_at":"2016-05-05T22:30:45.900-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25073276/Transcriptional_responses_to_reinforcing_effects_of_cocaine_in_the_rat_hippocampus_and_cortex?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_25073276","summary":"The psychostimulant effects of cocaine are thought to result from its ability to block dopamine (DA) uptake and increase DA levels in ventral striatum. In addition, cocaine causes biochemical changes in the brain areas involved in learning and memory, including hippocampus and cortex, whose role in drug reinforcement is now being actively investigated. Thus, we studied molecular events in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats treated with cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. After exposure to cocaine conditioning (cocaine paired), cocaine alone (cocaine non-paired) or saline rats were tested for place conditioning. Cocaine (10 mg/kg) caused increases in time spent in the drugpaired compartment. By using microarray analyses, we examined gene expression in the hippocampi and frontal cortices of cocaine-paired rats, cocaine non-paired and saline-treated controls. Our study revealed that 214 transcripts were differentially regulated in the hippocampi of cocaine-paired rats. These include genes that play roles in protein phosphorylation, RNA processing and protein synthesis, ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation and cytoskeleton organization. In contrast, 39 genes were differently expressed in the frontal cortex. Our data support the possibility that molecular changes in the hippocampus might participate in the formation and maintenance of memory patterns induced by cocaine in the brain. Differences in the transcriptional responses in the hippocampus and cortex suggest the primary importance of the hippocampus for recent memory processing associated with cocaine-induced CPP.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45396095,"asset_id":25073276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48321637,"first_name":"I.","last_name":"Krasnova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KrasnovaI","display_name":"I. Krasnova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KrasnovaI?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":106566,"name":"Cocaine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cocaine?f_ri=3701"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=3701"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23069204" data-work_id="23069204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23069204/Abortive_Initiation_and_Productive_Initiation_by_RNA_Polymerase_Involve_DNA_Scrunching">Abortive Initiation and Productive Initiation by RNA Polymerase Involve DNA Scrunching</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation, we show that abortive initiation involves DNA "scrunching"--in which RNA polymerase (RNAP) remains stationary and unwinds and pulls into itself downstream DNA--that scrunching requires RNA... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23069204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation, we show that abortive initiation involves DNA "scrunching"--in which RNA polymerase (RNAP) remains stationary and unwinds and pulls into itself downstream DNA--that scrunching requires RNA synthesis, and that scrunching depends on RNA length. We show further that promoter escape involves scrunching, and that scrunching occurs in most or all instances of promoter escape. Our results support existence of an obligatory stressed intermediate, with ~1 turn of additional DNA unwinding, in escape and are consistent with the proposal that stress in this intermediate provides the driving force to break RNAP-promoter and RNAP-initiation-factor interactions in escape.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23069204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0b0cd3ee3fb384f313a4d86fa12a0329" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43572291,"asset_id":23069204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43572291/download_file?st=MTc0MDE1MjQ4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44799427" href="https://ens.academia.edu/TerenceStrick">Terence R Strick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44799427" type="text/json">{"id":44799427,"first_name":"Terence","last_name":"Strick","domain_name":"ens","page_name":"TerenceStrick","display_name":"Terence R Strick","profile_url":"https://ens.academia.edu/TerenceStrick?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23069204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23069204"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23069204, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23069204", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23069204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23069204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23069204"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23069204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23069204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23069204; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23069204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23069204").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23069204").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23069204"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20283" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20283" type="text/json">{"id":20283,"name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_polymerase?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23069204]'), work: {"id":23069204,"title":"Abortive Initiation and Productive Initiation by RNA Polymerase Involve DNA Scrunching","created_at":"2016-03-09T22:21:47.396-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23069204/Abortive_Initiation_and_Productive_Initiation_by_RNA_Polymerase_Involve_DNA_Scrunching?f_ri=3701","dom_id":"work_23069204","summary":"Using single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation, we show that abortive initiation involves DNA \"scrunching\"--in which RNA polymerase (RNAP) remains stationary and unwinds and pulls into itself downstream DNA--that scrunching requires RNA synthesis, and that scrunching depends on RNA length. We show further that promoter escape involves scrunching, and that scrunching occurs in most or all instances of promoter escape. Our results support existence of an obligatory stressed intermediate, with ~1 turn of additional DNA unwinding, in escape and are consistent with the proposal that stress in this intermediate provides the driving force to break RNAP-promoter and RNAP-initiation-factor interactions in escape.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43572291,"asset_id":23069204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44799427,"first_name":"Terence","last_name":"Strick","domain_name":"ens","page_name":"TerenceStrick","display_name":"Terence R Strick","profile_url":"https://ens.academia.edu/TerenceStrick?f_ri=3701","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":20283,"name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_polymerase?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3701","nofollow":true},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=3701"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1362652,"name":"Nucleic Acid Conformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid_Conformation?f_ri=3701"},{"id":1902100,"name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanical_Phenomena?f_ri=3701"},{"id":2419096,"name":"Driving force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Driving_force?f_ri=3701"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/RNA?after=50%2C23069204" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/RNA?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2513">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2513">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/M_Rna_Processing">M Rna Processing</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="3702">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="3702">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Noncoding_Rna">Long Noncoding Rna</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="20766">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="20766">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-seq_Analysis">RNA-seq Analysis</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="29083">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="29083">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="146">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="146">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics">Genomics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="3216">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="3216">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA-binding_proteins">RNA-binding proteins</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="420908">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="420908">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA">MicroRNA</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="5490">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="5490">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="22404">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="22404">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="145">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="145">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "f8f95e8d079ea6538942817afc158b541ebb4be4153ccfc744af0e1d97e0be7a", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="j3Qv_J1ZQFG7AQV9BipHVyT6pDy5GjZsWXKvF4NIPsLcX3Z45XETYwkwq0DcoqAdsuqWGGOrJbKlzWYgJeSPyQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="MvswmWam_VLEWkde_xMarKEQg8G3hdULvetWmDay2CVh0GkdHo6uYHZr6WMlm_3mNwCx5W00xtVBVJ-vkB5pLg" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>