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class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Frank Hindriks</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="124194466"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/124194466/How_institutions_decay_towards_an_endogenous_theory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of How institutions decay: towards an endogenous theory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118465920/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/124194466/How_institutions_decay_towards_an_endogenous_theory">How institutions decay: towards an endogenous theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economics and Philosophy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of ins...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. These are commonly regarded as self-stabilizing. Yet, they can also be subject to endogenous processes of decay, or so we argue. We explain this in terms of psychological and cultural processes, which can change even if the formal structures remain unchanged. One key implication is that the extent to which norms, values and ideals motivate individuals to comply with institutions is limited.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0d0aebdde98102ee947ba7ebb4596fd2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118465920,"asset_id":124194466,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118465920/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124194466"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124194466"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124194466; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124194466]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124194466]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124194466; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124194466']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124194466, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0d0aebdde98102ee947ba7ebb4596fd2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124194466]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124194466,"title":"How institutions decay: towards an endogenous theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="121825273"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/121825273/How_Institutions_Decay_Towards_an_Endogenous_Theory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of How Institutions Decay: Towards an Endogenous Theory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116615825/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121825273/How_Institutions_Decay_Towards_an_Endogenous_Theory">How Institutions Decay: Towards an Endogenous Theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://rug.academia.edu/LisaHerzog">Lisa Herzog</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks">Frank Hindriks</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economics and Philosophy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of ins...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. These are commonly regarded as self-stabilizing. Yet, they can also be subject to endogenous processes of decay, or so we argue. We explain this in terms of psychological and cultural processes, which can change even if the formal structures remain unchanged. One key implication is that the extent to which norms, values, and ideals motivate individuals to comply with institutions is limited.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bff1cdb1501198e01788ced40300fa0b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116615825,"asset_id":121825273,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116615825/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121825273"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121825273"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121825273; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121825273]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121825273]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121825273; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121825273']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 121825273, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bff1cdb1501198e01788ced40300fa0b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121825273]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121825273,"title":"How Institutions Decay: Towards an Endogenous Theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108352663"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108352663/Sustainable_Institutions_How_to_Secure_Values"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable Institutions: How to Secure Values" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106760479/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108352663/Sustainable_Institutions_How_to_Secure_Values">Sustainable Institutions: How to Secure Values</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Ethics</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Social sustainability plays a prominent role in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Social sustainability plays a prominent role in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, but a proper analysis of the concept is still lacking. According to a widespread conception, a system is sustainable when it is preserved or developed in a robust manner. I argue, however, that social sustainability is best understood in explicitly normative terms. Formulating suitable development goals requires a conception of the kind of society that is worth sustaining. I propose that, for a system to be socially sustainable is for it to secure a range of values, including justice. Furthermore, I argue that social sustainability is first and foremost a property of institutions. I go on to ask what it takes for an institution to secure values and why justice is so important for institutions. The answers culminate in a social sustainability framework, which explains why making institutions more sustainable is so challenging.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ba7e60ea1632cbbc00d175f18c270f2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106760479,"asset_id":108352663,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106760479/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108352663"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108352663"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108352663; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108352663]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108352663]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108352663; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108352663']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 108352663, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7ba7e60ea1632cbbc00d175f18c270f2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108352663]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108352663,"title":"Sustainable Institutions: How to Secure Values","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Social sustainability plays a prominent role in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, but a proper analysis of the concept is still lacking. 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The answers culminate in a social sustainability framework, which explains why making institutions more sustainable is so challenging.","publication_name":"Journal of Ethics"},"translated_abstract":"Social sustainability plays a prominent role in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, but a proper analysis of the concept is still lacking. According to a widespread conception, a system is sustainable when it is preserved or developed in a robust manner. I argue, however, that social sustainability is best understood in explicitly normative terms. Formulating suitable development goals requires a conception of the kind of society that is worth sustaining. I propose that, for a system to be socially sustainable is for it to secure a range of values, including justice. Furthermore, I argue that social sustainability is first and foremost a property of institutions. I go on to ask what it takes for an institution to secure values and why justice is so important for institutions. 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Our point of departure is that an imp...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We propose a bridge-builder perspective on social ontology. Our point of departure is that an important task of philosophy is to provide the bigger picture. To this end, it should investigate folk views and determine whether and how they can be preserved once scrutinized from the perspective of the sciences. However, the sciences typically present us with a fragmented picture of reality. Thus, an important intermediate step is to integrate the most promising social scientific theories with one another. In addition to this, social ontology can provide input to and benefit from other philosophical disciplines that engage in normative theorizing. Thus, we propose that social ontology connects not only with folk ontology and scientific ontology but also with fields such as ethics and political philosophy. Building bridges between them serves to formulate a credible and encompassing worldview that is of theoretical and practical significance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ff2738637ead85eddb0fd3357d9b5e4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982914,"asset_id":107266758,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982914/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266758"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266758"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266758; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266758]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266758; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266758']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266758, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5ff2738637ead85eddb0fd3357d9b5e4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266758]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266758,"title":"The nature and significance of social ontology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We propose a bridge-builder perspective on social ontology. 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src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982912/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps">The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Synthese</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms they cause. We argue that there are no responsibility gaps. The harms can be blameless. And if they are not, the blame that is appropriate is indirect and can be attributed to designers, engineers, software developers, manufacturers or regulators. The real problem lies elsewhere: autonomous machines should be built so as to exhibit a level of risk that is morally acceptable. If they fall short of this standard, they exhibit what we call ‘a control gap.’ The causal control that autonomous machines have will then fall short of the guidance control they should emulate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2100b53d7de57a9b8c8063767c8dfc60" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982912,"asset_id":107266757,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982912/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266757"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266757]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266757']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266757, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2100b53d7de57a9b8c8063767c8dfc60" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266757]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266757,"title":"The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. 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wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266756/Unifying_Theories_of_institutions_a_critique_of_Pettit_s_Virtual_Control_Theory">Unifying Theories of institutions: a critique of Pettit’s Virtual Control Theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Economic Methodology</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is often achieved by integrating the theories and forging new connections between their explanatory factors, which leads to an increase in explanatory power. Philip Pettit has proposed an alternative method that serves to establish that their key insights can be coherently combined. Instead of integrating them, he reconciles them by adjusting their domains of application so as to avoid overlap. As a result, the theories no longer compete. I argue that integration is often to be preferred to reconciliation. First, reconciliation retains the original insights, but only for part of the domain. In contrast, integration preserves and enriches the original insights across the board. Second, integration leads to a substantial increase in explanatory power, whereas reconciliation might even decrease it. I substantiate these claims by comparing Pettit&amp;#39;s Virtual Control Theory to the Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, which integrates the theories that Pettit sets out to reconcile.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266756"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266756"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266756; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266756]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266756; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266756']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266756, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266756]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266756,"title":"Unifying Theories of institutions: a critique of Pettit’s Virtual Control Theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is often achieved by integrating the theories and forging new connections between their explanatory factors, which leads to an increase in explanatory power. Philip Pettit has proposed an alternative method that serves to establish that their key insights can be coherently combined. Instead of integrating them, he reconciles them by adjusting their domains of application so as to avoid overlap. As a result, the theories no longer compete. I argue that integration is often to be preferred to reconciliation. First, reconciliation retains the original insights, but only for part of the domain. In contrast, integration preserves and enriches the original insights across the board. Second, integration leads to a substantial increase in explanatory power, whereas reconciliation might even decrease it. I substantiate these claims by comparing Pettit\u0026amp;#39;s Virtual Control Theory to the Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, which integrates the theories that Pettit sets out to reconcile.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Economic Methodology"},"translated_abstract":"To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is often achieved by integrating the theories and forging new connections between their explanatory factors, which leads to an increase in explanatory power. Philip Pettit has proposed an alternative method that serves to establish that their key insights can be coherently combined. Instead of integrating them, he reconciles them by adjusting their domains of application so as to avoid overlap. As a result, the theories no longer compete. I argue that integration is often to be preferred to reconciliation. First, reconciliation retains the original insights, but only for part of the domain. In contrast, integration preserves and enriches the original insights across the board. Second, integration leads to a substantial increase in explanatory power, whereas reconciliation might even decrease it. I substantiate these claims by comparing Pettit\u0026amp;#39;s Virtual Control Theory to the Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, which integrates the theories that Pettit sets out to reconcile.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107266756/Unifying_Theories_of_institutions_a_critique_of_Pettit_s_Virtual_Control_Theory","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-26T11:52:01.549-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Unifying_Theories_of_institutions_a_critique_of_Pettit_s_Virtual_Control_Theory","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank Hindriks","url":"https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology"},{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics"},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory"},{"id":13711,"name":"Economic Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Methodology"},{"id":15087,"name":"Explanation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Explanation"},{"id":63804,"name":"Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions"},{"id":72482,"name":"Philip Pettit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philip_Pettit"},{"id":200829,"name":"Unification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unification"}],"urls":[{"id":34101444,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1350178X.2022.2049853"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266755"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266755/Institutions_and_Functions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Institutions and Functions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982935/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266755/Institutions_and_Functions">Institutions and Functions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer these questions using a functionalist approach: types of institutions are identified by their function, or the coordination problems they solve; token institutions are specific solutions to these problems, or equilibria of strategic games. The functionalist approach provides some insights into the limits of reform, or the extent to which institutions – like marriage, property, or democracy – can be modified without turning them into entities of a different kind.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb6f1f09f12ca0a1c377d267e801f1cd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982935,"asset_id":107266755,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982935/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266755"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266755]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266755; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266755']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266755, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb6f1f09f12ca0a1c377d267e801f1cd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266755]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266755,"title":"Institutions and Functions","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer these questions using a functionalist approach: types of institutions are identified by their function, or the coordination problems they solve; token institutions are specific solutions to these problems, or equilibria of strategic games. The functionalist approach provides some insights into the limits of reform, or the extent to which institutions – like marriage, property, or democracy – can be modified without turning them into entities of a different kind.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer these questions using a functionalist approach: types of institutions are identified by their function, or the coordination problems they solve; token institutions are specific solutions to these problems, or equilibria of strategic games. 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But the shop cannot be identified with the building, because it would remain the same shop if it moved to another building or if it became an e-store. Daniel Korman [2019] uses these two observations to argue that establishments are immaterial objects. However, all that follows is that establishments are not buildings. I argue that establishments are organisations or corporate agents that are constituted by people. This entails that they are material objects. Korman's observations can be accommodated in terms of the further observation that corporate agents can but need not own or rent buildings.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Australasian Journal of Philosophy","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":105982945},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107266753/Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_Immaterial_Objects","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-26T11:52:00.960-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105982945,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982945/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"00048402.2020.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982945/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105982945/00048402.2020-libre.pdf?1695754815=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEstablishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486794\u0026Signature=V14dTbXXC1gM6rnvcEeJavCsFnCJjE6X~RbEoRdULr-zOYIbNqzjhclTWqLa1~3ZggwNRxHR5digVYf6u7sAo7An5fNt7KCXmrOXzQJps2daVUDlFAJ1WdpUiEyTzYlQk4cijCBR9vODN4KcczSaJP0Wbx3LEmMs9IGx3fR0bAv8r3M9JE7sgYpU5apUuNB2igCOJmxV9FZdu293nUOIYDgcs4~Sz5OoNlAtQ~uampIfifoJJpPZ28f-PsD5TVlzUSKAiQGaMOGcuRoAM2i3XG1PfvfYjXaQFOp4aiIn2FvJ1jYqXlQcV-qIM53JGlnKFexBnboe35dr5PaRhF8Yag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_Immaterial_Objects","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank Hindriks","url":"https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"},"attachments":[{"id":105982945,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982945/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"00048402.2020.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982945/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105982945/00048402.2020-libre.pdf?1695754815=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEstablishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486794\u0026Signature=V14dTbXXC1gM6rnvcEeJavCsFnCJjE6X~RbEoRdULr-zOYIbNqzjhclTWqLa1~3ZggwNRxHR5digVYf6u7sAo7An5fNt7KCXmrOXzQJps2daVUDlFAJ1WdpUiEyTzYlQk4cijCBR9vODN4KcczSaJP0Wbx3LEmMs9IGx3fR0bAv8r3M9JE7sgYpU5apUuNB2igCOJmxV9FZdu293nUOIYDgcs4~Sz5OoNlAtQ~uampIfifoJJpPZ28f-PsD5TVlzUSKAiQGaMOGcuRoAM2i3XG1PfvfYjXaQFOp4aiIn2FvJ1jYqXlQcV-qIM53JGlnKFexBnboe35dr5PaRhF8Yag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":11848,"name":"Social Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Ontology"},{"id":19334,"name":"Ontology of Artefacts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology_of_Artefacts"},{"id":166340,"name":"Ontology of Collectives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology_of_Collectives"},{"id":2429878,"name":"Australasian Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australasian_Philosophy"}],"urls":[{"id":34101443,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00048402.2020.1821724"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266752"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266752/The_functions_of_institutions_etiology_and_teleology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The functions of institutions: etiology and teleology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982908/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266752/The_functions_of_institutions_etiology_and_teleology">The functions of institutions: etiology and teleology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Synthese</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Institutions generate cooperative benefits that explain why they exist and persist. Therefore, th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Institutions generate cooperative benefits that explain why they exist and persist. Therefore, their etiological function is to promote cooperation. The function of a particular institution, such as money or traffic regulations, is to solve one or more cooperation problems. We go on to argue that the teleological function of institutions is to secure values by means of norms. Values can also be used to redesign an institution and to promote social change. We argue, however, that an adequate theory of institutions should not be ‘moralized’ in that they should not be defined in terms of the values they are supposed to promote.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="52def91a4266f3ff63f72991556e91df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982908,"asset_id":107266752,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982908/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266752"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266752"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266752; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266752]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266752]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266752; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266752']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266752, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "52def91a4266f3ff63f72991556e91df" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266752]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266752,"title":"The functions of institutions: etiology and teleology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Institutions generate cooperative benefits that explain why they exist and persist. 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266751/The_irreducibility_of_collective_obligations">The irreducibility of collective obligations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Philosophical Studies</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. Collectivists deny this. We set out to discover who is right by way of a deontic logic of collective action that models collective actions, abilities, obligations, and their interrelations. On the basis of our formal analysis, we argue that when assessing the obligations of an individual agent, we need to distinguish individual obligations from member obligations. If a collective has a collective obligation to bring about a particular state of affairs, then it might be that no individual in the collective has an individual obligation to bring about that state of affairs. What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. In conclusion, we argue that our formal analysis supports collectivism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f28245b46e841f80ddcc9b81205cf7e5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982917,"asset_id":107266751,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982917/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266751"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266751"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266751; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266751]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266751]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266751; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266751']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266751, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f28245b46e841f80ddcc9b81205cf7e5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266751]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266751,"title":"The irreducibility of collective obligations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. 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What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. 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Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009, 256 pp" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982906/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266750/Russell_Hardins_How_do_you_know_the_economics_of_ordinary_knowledge_Princeton_Princeton_University_Press_2009_256_pp">Russell Hardin's How do you know?: the economics of ordinary knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009, 256 pp</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f0d94ba0937a310376a3f24415916ebf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982906,"asset_id":107266750,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982906/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266750"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266750"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266750; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266750]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266750]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266750; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266750']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266750, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f0d94ba0937a310376a3f24415916ebf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266750]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266750,"title":"Russell Hardin's How do you know?: the economics of ordinary knowledge. 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Dumbfounding and Disengagement" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982909/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266749/How_Does_Reasoning_Fail_to_Contribute_to_Moral_Judgment_Dumbfounding_and_Disengagement">How Does Reasoning (Fail to) Contribute to Moral Judgment? Dumbfounding and Disengagement</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ethical Theory and Moral Practice</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a4d6c6af0042437eb90967c9cad1be1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982909,"asset_id":107266749,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982909/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266749"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266749"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266749; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266749]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266749]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266749; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266749']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266749, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a4d6c6af0042437eb90967c9cad1be1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266749]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266749,"title":"How Does Reasoning (Fail to) Contribute to Moral Judgment? Dumbfounding and Disengagement","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","grobid_abstract":"Recent experiments in moral psychology have been taken to imply that moral reasoning only serves to reaffirm prior moral intuitions. More specifically, Jonathan Haidt concludes from his moral dumbfounding experiments, in which people condemn other people's behavior, that moral reasoning is biased and ineffective, as it rarely makes people change their mind. I present complementary evidence pertaining to self-directed reasoning about what to do. More specifically, Albert Bandura's experiments concerning moral disengagement reveal that moral reasoning often does contribute effectively to the formation of moral judgments. And such reasoning need not be biased. Once this evidence is taken into account, it becomes clear that both cognition and affect can play a destructive as well as a constructive role in the formation of moral judgments. Keywords Moral reasoning. Moral dumbfounding. Moral disengagement. Cognitive dissonance. Reason. Emotion Folk wisdom has it that you should think before you act. The underlying idea is that people often come to regret acting on impulse. The folk wisdom seems to be inspired at least in part by moral concerns. People might end up doing the wrong thing when they act in a rash manner. On a pre-reflective or common sense picture of morality, then, it is a good idea to consider moral matters explicitly and think about them carefully. This picture, however, has come under substantial pressure. A lot of research in psychology suggests that conscious reasoning as such is of limited use and merely serves to confirm beliefs we already have","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Ethical Theory and Moral 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266748"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266748/Understanding_institutions_replies_to_Aoki_Binmore_Hodgson_Searle_Smith_and_Sugden"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Understanding institutions: replies to Aoki, Binmore, Hodgson, Searle, Smith, and Sugden" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982934/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266748/Understanding_institutions_replies_to_Aoki_Binmore_Hodgson_Searle_Smith_and_Sugden">Understanding institutions: replies to Aoki, Binmore, Hodgson, Searle, Smith, and Sugden</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Institutional Economics</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Our goal is to develop a theory that combines the best insights of philosophical and scientific t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Our goal is to develop a theory that combines the best insights of philosophical and scientific theories of institutions. We are not committed a priori to save the commonsense notion of institution, or the thesis of human exceptionalism. We think that human cognition is important, but we do not claim that common knowledge or collective intentions are necessary for coordination. Like most of our commentators, we believe that there is continuity between simple rules of precedence and sophisticated institutions like property, marriage, or money. Finally, we argue that a satisfactory account of institutions must be compatible with different theories of normativity, specifying the social and psychological mechanisms that make it possible to override selfish desires.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="085f87d4764af14b13972d7788f20ac7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982934,"asset_id":107266748,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982934/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266748"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266748"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266748; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266748]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266748]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266748; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266748']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266748, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "085f87d4764af14b13972d7788f20ac7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266748]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266748,"title":"Understanding institutions: replies to Aoki, Binmore, Hodgson, Searle, Smith, and Sugden","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Our goal is to develop a theory that combines the best insights of philosophical and scientific theories of institutions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266747"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266747/Institutions_rules_and_equilibria_a_unified_theory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982903/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266747/Institutions_rules_and_equilibria_a_unified_theory">Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Institutional Economics</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. We argue that equilibrium-based and rule-based accounts are individually inadequate, but that jointly they provide a satisfactory conception of institutions as rules-in-equilibrium. In the second part of the paper we show that constitutive rules can be derived from regulative rules via the introduction of theoretical terms. We argue that the constitutive rules theory is reducible to the rules-in equilibrium theory, and that it accounts for the way in which we assign names to social institutions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2feb1e5d95e0a47f053cc259931ef93e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982903,"asset_id":107266747,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982903/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266747"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266747"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266747; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266747]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266747]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266747; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266747']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266747, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2feb1e5d95e0a47f053cc259931ef93e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266747]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266747,"title":"Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. 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Although this makes the focus on individual freedom intelligible, it does not imply that the lack of concern with the freedom of collective agents is justified. Here is a reason why it is not: some activities that individuals might want to engage in-such as dancing the tango, playing soccer, or producing airplanes-can only be pursued collectively. And it is often most effective to pursue collective goals as part of a team or organization. Note, too, that some of our core freedoms, including, for instance, freedom of religion, involve inherently joint activities. It may well be that the freedom of collective agents can be defended by an appeal to the value of individual autonomy, just as many individual freedoms can. Perhaps the freedom of collective agents deserves philosophical attention in and of itself. 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Nozick introduced an experience machine thought experiment to support the idea that happiness requires pleasurable experiences that are \"in contact with reality. \" In this thought experiment, people can choose to plug into a machine that induces exclusively pleasurable experiences. We test Nozick's hypothesis that people will reject this offer. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1193094" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="124194466"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/124194466/How_institutions_decay_towards_an_endogenous_theory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of How institutions decay: towards an endogenous theory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118465920/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/124194466/How_institutions_decay_towards_an_endogenous_theory">How institutions decay: towards an endogenous theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economics and Philosophy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of ins...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. These are commonly regarded as self-stabilizing. Yet, they can also be subject to endogenous processes of decay, or so we argue. We explain this in terms of psychological and cultural processes, which can change even if the formal structures remain unchanged. One key implication is that the extent to which norms, values and ideals motivate individuals to comply with institutions is limited.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0d0aebdde98102ee947ba7ebb4596fd2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118465920,"asset_id":124194466,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118465920/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124194466"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124194466"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124194466; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124194466]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124194466]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124194466; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124194466']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124194466, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0d0aebdde98102ee947ba7ebb4596fd2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124194466]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124194466,"title":"How institutions decay: towards an endogenous theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="121825273"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/121825273/How_Institutions_Decay_Towards_an_Endogenous_Theory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of How Institutions Decay: Towards an Endogenous Theory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116615825/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121825273/How_Institutions_Decay_Towards_an_Endogenous_Theory">How Institutions Decay: Towards an Endogenous Theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://rug.academia.edu/LisaHerzog">Lisa Herzog</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks">Frank Hindriks</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economics and Philosophy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of ins...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. These are commonly regarded as self-stabilizing. Yet, they can also be subject to endogenous processes of decay, or so we argue. We explain this in terms of psychological and cultural processes, which can change even if the formal structures remain unchanged. One key implication is that the extent to which norms, values, and ideals motivate individuals to comply with institutions is limited.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bff1cdb1501198e01788ced40300fa0b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116615825,"asset_id":121825273,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116615825/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121825273"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121825273"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121825273; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121825273]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121825273]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121825273; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121825273']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 121825273, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bff1cdb1501198e01788ced40300fa0b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121825273]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121825273,"title":"How Institutions Decay: Towards an Endogenous Theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108352663"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108352663/Sustainable_Institutions_How_to_Secure_Values"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable Institutions: How to Secure Values" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106760479/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108352663/Sustainable_Institutions_How_to_Secure_Values">Sustainable Institutions: How to Secure Values</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Ethics</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Social sustainability plays a prominent role in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Social sustainability plays a prominent role in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, but a proper analysis of the concept is still lacking. According to a widespread conception, a system is sustainable when it is preserved or developed in a robust manner. I argue, however, that social sustainability is best understood in explicitly normative terms. Formulating suitable development goals requires a conception of the kind of society that is worth sustaining. I propose that, for a system to be socially sustainable is for it to secure a range of values, including justice. Furthermore, I argue that social sustainability is first and foremost a property of institutions. I go on to ask what it takes for an institution to secure values and why justice is so important for institutions. The answers culminate in a social sustainability framework, which explains why making institutions more sustainable is so challenging.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ba7e60ea1632cbbc00d175f18c270f2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106760479,"asset_id":108352663,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106760479/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108352663"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108352663"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108352663; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108352663]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108352663]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108352663; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108352663']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 108352663, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7ba7e60ea1632cbbc00d175f18c270f2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108352663]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108352663,"title":"Sustainable Institutions: How to Secure Values","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Social sustainability plays a prominent role in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, but a proper analysis of the concept is still lacking. According to a widespread conception, a system is sustainable when it is preserved or developed in a robust manner. I argue, however, that social sustainability is best understood in explicitly normative terms. Formulating suitable development goals requires a conception of the kind of society that is worth sustaining. I propose that, for a system to be socially sustainable is for it to secure a range of values, including justice. Furthermore, I argue that social sustainability is first and foremost a property of institutions. I go on to ask what it takes for an institution to secure values and why justice is so important for institutions. 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Our point of departure is that an imp...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We propose a bridge-builder perspective on social ontology. Our point of departure is that an important task of philosophy is to provide the bigger picture. To this end, it should investigate folk views and determine whether and how they can be preserved once scrutinized from the perspective of the sciences. However, the sciences typically present us with a fragmented picture of reality. Thus, an important intermediate step is to integrate the most promising social scientific theories with one another. In addition to this, social ontology can provide input to and benefit from other philosophical disciplines that engage in normative theorizing. Thus, we propose that social ontology connects not only with folk ontology and scientific ontology but also with fields such as ethics and political philosophy. Building bridges between them serves to formulate a credible and encompassing worldview that is of theoretical and practical significance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ff2738637ead85eddb0fd3357d9b5e4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982914,"asset_id":107266758,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982914/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266758"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266758"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266758; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266758]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266758; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266758']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266758, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5ff2738637ead85eddb0fd3357d9b5e4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266758]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266758,"title":"The nature and significance of social ontology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We propose a bridge-builder perspective on social ontology. Our point of departure is that an important task of philosophy is to provide the bigger picture. To this end, it should investigate folk views and determine whether and how they can be preserved once scrutinized from the perspective of the sciences. However, the sciences typically present us with a fragmented picture of reality. Thus, an important intermediate step is to integrate the most promising social scientific theories with one another. In addition to this, social ontology can provide input to and benefit from other philosophical disciplines that engage in normative theorizing. Thus, we propose that social ontology connects not only with folk ontology and scientific ontology but also with fields such as ethics and political philosophy. Building bridges between them serves to formulate a credible and encompassing worldview that is of theoretical and practical significance.","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publication_name":"Synthese"},"translated_abstract":"We propose a bridge-builder perspective on social ontology. Our point of departure is that an important task of philosophy is to provide the bigger picture. To this end, it should investigate folk views and determine whether and how they can be preserved once scrutinized from the perspective of the sciences. However, the sciences typically present us with a fragmented picture of reality. Thus, an important intermediate step is to integrate the most promising social scientific theories with one another. In addition to this, social ontology can provide input to and benefit from other philosophical disciplines that engage in normative theorizing. 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significance.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107266758/The_nature_and_significance_of_social_ontology","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-26T11:52:02.048-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105982914,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982914/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s11229-023-04142-1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982914/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_nature_and_significance_of_social_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105982914/s11229-023-04142-1-libre.pdf?1695754854=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_nature_and_significance_of_social_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486794\u0026Signature=QJfJNjjbubDPaTwDBRdrMaHFEneMwF9-FfD-wro-s5gvApr00S277AmsuLvzrCDmaOSatzNdH-0p6LXjoUSA2gvOC3Wa0xdnPmjwrps0i3Q4wimiBxS1lsEeorwtZRn9c8dloo1fPzdQ~zeL8UMM201UIrgIiGWEEctUEnFvZYkG4nB1uKCT5t4y24FnV28mJMwKLvnsqDkX3upNth4xjEGT0WST~cSNj2jwOpLc1GnmXnHaJQVGOBNwLCBuRo~u1848PjfYpofZZ1ZIL9W81348-fR7A0I5wxqo8gdcivP8POnPHoBmAteFBszMS1N0IaE8BlN3DCMt~2cxsnosGQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_nature_and_significance_of_social_ontology","translated_slug":"","page_count":22,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank 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of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science"},{"id":11848,"name":"Social Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Ontology"},{"id":47483,"name":"Metametaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metametaphysics"},{"id":63804,"name":"Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions"},{"id":66768,"name":"Philosophy of the Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_the_Social_Sciences"},{"id":97256,"name":"Process Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Ontology"},{"id":138943,"name":"Normative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative"},{"id":153804,"name":"Upper Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Upper_Ontology"},{"id":200829,"name":"Unification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unification"},{"id":613835,"name":"Synthese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthese"}],"urls":[{"id":34101446,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11229-023-04142-1.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266757"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982912/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps">The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Synthese</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms they cause. We argue that there are no responsibility gaps. The harms can be blameless. And if they are not, the blame that is appropriate is indirect and can be attributed to designers, engineers, software developers, manufacturers or regulators. The real problem lies elsewhere: autonomous machines should be built so as to exhibit a level of risk that is morally acceptable. If they fall short of this standard, they exhibit what we call ‘a control gap.’ The causal control that autonomous machines have will then fall short of the guidance control they should emulate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2100b53d7de57a9b8c8063767c8dfc60" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982912,"asset_id":107266757,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982912/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266757"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266757]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266757']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266757, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2100b53d7de57a9b8c8063767c8dfc60" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266757]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266757,"title":"The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. 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control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/meaningful_human_control"}],"urls":[{"id":34101445,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11229-022-04001-5.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266756"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266756/Unifying_Theories_of_institutions_a_critique_of_Pettit_s_Virtual_Control_Theory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Unifying Theories of institutions: a critique of Pettit’s Virtual Control Theory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266756/Unifying_Theories_of_institutions_a_critique_of_Pettit_s_Virtual_Control_Theory">Unifying Theories of institutions: a critique of Pettit’s Virtual Control Theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Economic Methodology</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is often achieved by integrating the theories and forging new connections between their explanatory factors, which leads to an increase in explanatory power. Philip Pettit has proposed an alternative method that serves to establish that their key insights can be coherently combined. Instead of integrating them, he reconciles them by adjusting their domains of application so as to avoid overlap. As a result, the theories no longer compete. I argue that integration is often to be preferred to reconciliation. First, reconciliation retains the original insights, but only for part of the domain. In contrast, integration preserves and enriches the original insights across the board. Second, integration leads to a substantial increase in explanatory power, whereas reconciliation might even decrease it. I substantiate these claims by comparing Pettit&amp;#39;s Virtual Control Theory to the Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, which integrates the theories that Pettit sets out to reconcile.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266756"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266756"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266756; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266756]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266756; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266756']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266756, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266756]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266756,"title":"Unifying Theories of institutions: a critique of Pettit’s Virtual Control Theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is often achieved by integrating the theories and forging new connections between their explanatory factors, which leads to an increase in explanatory power. Philip Pettit has proposed an alternative method that serves to establish that their key insights can be coherently combined. Instead of integrating them, he reconciles them by adjusting their domains of application so as to avoid overlap. As a result, the theories no longer compete. I argue that integration is often to be preferred to reconciliation. First, reconciliation retains the original insights, but only for part of the domain. In contrast, integration preserves and enriches the original insights across the board. Second, integration leads to a substantial increase in explanatory power, whereas reconciliation might even decrease it. I substantiate these claims by comparing Pettit\u0026amp;#39;s Virtual Control Theory to the Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, which integrates the theories that Pettit sets out to reconcile.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Economic Methodology"},"translated_abstract":"To unify rival theories is to combine their key insights into a single coherent framework. It is often achieved by integrating the theories and forging new connections between their explanatory factors, which leads to an increase in explanatory power. Philip Pettit has proposed an alternative method that serves to establish that their key insights can be coherently combined. Instead of integrating them, he reconciles them by adjusting their domains of application so as to avoid overlap. As a result, the theories no longer compete. I argue that integration is often to be preferred to reconciliation. First, reconciliation retains the original insights, but only for part of the domain. In contrast, integration preserves and enriches the original insights across the board. Second, integration leads to a substantial increase in explanatory power, whereas reconciliation might even decrease it. I substantiate these claims by comparing Pettit\u0026amp;#39;s Virtual Control Theory to the Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, which integrates the theories that Pettit sets out to reconcile.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107266756/Unifying_Theories_of_institutions_a_critique_of_Pettit_s_Virtual_Control_Theory","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-26T11:52:01.549-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Unifying_Theories_of_institutions_a_critique_of_Pettit_s_Virtual_Control_Theory","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank Hindriks","url":"https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology"},{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics"},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory"},{"id":13711,"name":"Economic Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Methodology"},{"id":15087,"name":"Explanation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Explanation"},{"id":63804,"name":"Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions"},{"id":72482,"name":"Philip Pettit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philip_Pettit"},{"id":200829,"name":"Unification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unification"}],"urls":[{"id":34101444,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1350178X.2022.2049853"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266755"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266755/Institutions_and_Functions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Institutions and Functions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982935/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266755/Institutions_and_Functions">Institutions and Functions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer these questions using a functionalist approach: types of institutions are identified by their function, or the coordination problems they solve; token institutions are specific solutions to these problems, or equilibria of strategic games. The functionalist approach provides some insights into the limits of reform, or the extent to which institutions – like marriage, property, or democracy – can be modified without turning them into entities of a different kind.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb6f1f09f12ca0a1c377d267e801f1cd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982935,"asset_id":107266755,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982935/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266755"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266755]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266755; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266755']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266755, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb6f1f09f12ca0a1c377d267e801f1cd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266755]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266755,"title":"Institutions and Functions","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer these questions using a functionalist approach: types of institutions are identified by their function, or the coordination problems they solve; token institutions are specific solutions to these problems, or equilibria of strategic games. The functionalist approach provides some insights into the limits of reform, or the extent to which institutions – like marriage, property, or democracy – can be modified without turning them into entities of a different kind.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"What is an institution? And what distinguishes one type of institution from another? We answer these questions using a functionalist approach: types of institutions are identified by their function, or the coordination problems they solve; token institutions are specific solutions to these problems, or equilibria of strategic games. 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But the shop cannot be identified with the building, because it would remain the same shop if it moved to another building or if it became an e-store. Daniel Korman [2019] uses these two observations to argue that establishments are immaterial objects. However, all that follows is that establishments are not buildings. I argue that establishments are organisations or corporate agents that are constituted by people. This entails that they are material objects. Korman's observations can be accommodated in terms of the further observation that corporate agents can but need not own or rent buildings.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Australasian Journal of Philosophy","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":105982945},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107266753/Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_Immaterial_Objects","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-26T11:52:00.960-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105982945,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982945/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"00048402.2020.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982945/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105982945/00048402.2020-libre.pdf?1695754815=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEstablishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486794\u0026Signature=V14dTbXXC1gM6rnvcEeJavCsFnCJjE6X~RbEoRdULr-zOYIbNqzjhclTWqLa1~3ZggwNRxHR5digVYf6u7sAo7An5fNt7KCXmrOXzQJps2daVUDlFAJ1WdpUiEyTzYlQk4cijCBR9vODN4KcczSaJP0Wbx3LEmMs9IGx3fR0bAv8r3M9JE7sgYpU5apUuNB2igCOJmxV9FZdu293nUOIYDgcs4~Sz5OoNlAtQ~uampIfifoJJpPZ28f-PsD5TVlzUSKAiQGaMOGcuRoAM2i3XG1PfvfYjXaQFOp4aiIn2FvJ1jYqXlQcV-qIM53JGlnKFexBnboe35dr5PaRhF8Yag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_Immaterial_Objects","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank Hindriks","url":"https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"},"attachments":[{"id":105982945,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982945/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"00048402.2020.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982945/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Establishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105982945/00048402.2020-libre.pdf?1695754815=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEstablishments_as_Material_rather_than_I.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486794\u0026Signature=V14dTbXXC1gM6rnvcEeJavCsFnCJjE6X~RbEoRdULr-zOYIbNqzjhclTWqLa1~3ZggwNRxHR5digVYf6u7sAo7An5fNt7KCXmrOXzQJps2daVUDlFAJ1WdpUiEyTzYlQk4cijCBR9vODN4KcczSaJP0Wbx3LEmMs9IGx3fR0bAv8r3M9JE7sgYpU5apUuNB2igCOJmxV9FZdu293nUOIYDgcs4~Sz5OoNlAtQ~uampIfifoJJpPZ28f-PsD5TVlzUSKAiQGaMOGcuRoAM2i3XG1PfvfYjXaQFOp4aiIn2FvJ1jYqXlQcV-qIM53JGlnKFexBnboe35dr5PaRhF8Yag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":11848,"name":"Social Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Ontology"},{"id":19334,"name":"Ontology of Artefacts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology_of_Artefacts"},{"id":166340,"name":"Ontology of Collectives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology_of_Collectives"},{"id":2429878,"name":"Australasian Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australasian_Philosophy"}],"urls":[{"id":34101443,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00048402.2020.1821724"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266752"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266752/The_functions_of_institutions_etiology_and_teleology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The functions of institutions: etiology and teleology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982908/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266752/The_functions_of_institutions_etiology_and_teleology">The functions of institutions: etiology and teleology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Synthese</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Institutions generate cooperative benefits that explain why they exist and persist. Therefore, th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Institutions generate cooperative benefits that explain why they exist and persist. Therefore, their etiological function is to promote cooperation. The function of a particular institution, such as money or traffic regulations, is to solve one or more cooperation problems. We go on to argue that the teleological function of institutions is to secure values by means of norms. Values can also be used to redesign an institution and to promote social change. We argue, however, that an adequate theory of institutions should not be ‘moralized’ in that they should not be defined in terms of the values they are supposed to promote.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="52def91a4266f3ff63f72991556e91df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982908,"asset_id":107266752,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982908/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266752"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266752"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266752; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266752]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266752]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266752; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266752']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266752, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "52def91a4266f3ff63f72991556e91df" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266752]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266752,"title":"The functions of institutions: etiology and teleology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Institutions generate cooperative benefits that explain why they exist and persist. 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promote.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107266752/The_functions_of_institutions_etiology_and_teleology","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-26T11:52:00.724-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105982908,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982908/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s11229-019-02188-8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982908/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_functions_of_institutions_etiology_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105982908/s11229-019-02188-8-libre.pdf?1695754816=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_functions_of_institutions_etiology_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486794\u0026Signature=JUtTDh37paGt1X2lwAqKB9UhIf1datlsNQgGznbT7KH-yyUQlRk0pb4dcMEeFm16T8PEC-S4MWz2JxzqzU0mzWGbXiV2fWcILAhS~oMgPQYFDGc6grzzi-8yM-Z-eAAAHJAHyWhVVotp6vScCUzX76ApyMKScJg4rhi0uu48uL1GZDwBQrTkKmGlvZQERanWfsuWQE~8e96K9H6Qyb-1L35Q78OUCKE1bcl8AGpzIfgrsMK68DPO1f5G8euvR6pBMUqJGsUHL-ugvkPaJ1YvNPZPu7PIgAUJbmjSgovlrO~Jfv6oEAulmeTLKRtQk~1F~aoPQ~2WiFo81PIxGlIKCA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_functions_of_institutions_etiology_and_teleology","translated_slug":"","page_count":17,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266751/The_irreducibility_of_collective_obligations">The irreducibility of collective obligations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Philosophical Studies</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. Collectivists deny this. We set out to discover who is right by way of a deontic logic of collective action that models collective actions, abilities, obligations, and their interrelations. On the basis of our formal analysis, we argue that when assessing the obligations of an individual agent, we need to distinguish individual obligations from member obligations. If a collective has a collective obligation to bring about a particular state of affairs, then it might be that no individual in the collective has an individual obligation to bring about that state of affairs. What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. In conclusion, we argue that our formal analysis supports collectivism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f28245b46e841f80ddcc9b81205cf7e5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982917,"asset_id":107266751,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982917/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266751"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266751"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266751; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266751]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266751]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266751; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266751']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266751, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f28245b46e841f80ddcc9b81205cf7e5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266751]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266751,"title":"The irreducibility of collective obligations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. Collectivists deny this. We set out to discover who is right by way of a deontic logic of collective action that models collective actions, abilities, obligations, and their interrelations. On the basis of our formal analysis, we argue that when assessing the obligations of an individual agent, we need to distinguish individual obligations from member obligations. If a collective has a collective obligation to bring about a particular state of affairs, then it might be that no individual in the collective has an individual obligation to bring about that state of affairs. What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. In conclusion, we argue that our formal analysis supports collectivism.","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Philosophical Studies"},"translated_abstract":"Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. Collectivists deny this. We set out to discover who is right by way of a deontic logic of collective action that models collective actions, abilities, obligations, and their interrelations. On the basis of our formal analysis, we argue that when assessing the obligations of an individual agent, we need to distinguish individual obligations from member obligations. If a collective has a collective obligation to bring about a particular state of affairs, then it might be that no individual in the collective has an individual obligation to bring about that state of affairs. What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. In conclusion, we argue that our formal analysis supports collectivism.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107266751/The_irreducibility_of_collective_obligations","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-26T11:52:00.469-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105982917,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982917/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s11098-018-01236-2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982917/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_irreducibility_of_collective_obligat.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105982917/s11098-018-01236-2-libre.pdf?1695754818=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_irreducibility_of_collective_obligat.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486794\u0026Signature=WtNsNwAoruk4Zyoo488jY~ORIyJ~OCO3AbJBLBiLTX5X~xOOGB8tkSVwXyPtyuwaxRkr8-41AA9XgaW7wxstW2rtr8reQB85GOsRxdjaMTwU-8GchreaHOtrwwDuUuTq~ti1x5z-GEv-Ua5DheHaW8zzXnHJJpygXpRhee2Ukf3XelFEDyzysrFJ9HKFMYEgl7I62U7MTcM9HTf0X8gJS-i0QGNbo2PezhFMjck79X59YTLaPSg0xZJclQnCNcRD0rtU8eRPLU~CnLTukT0~c4vYDahZdGZJTnKD4njrtb7IflAnEBwR~eisXdnG7zrz0dYFPWmH3JTNt6bLdS9QIA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_irreducibility_of_collective_obligations","translated_slug":"","page_count":25,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank 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Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009, 256 pp" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982906/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266750/Russell_Hardins_How_do_you_know_the_economics_of_ordinary_knowledge_Princeton_Princeton_University_Press_2009_256_pp">Russell Hardin's How do you know?: the economics of ordinary knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009, 256 pp</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f0d94ba0937a310376a3f24415916ebf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982906,"asset_id":107266750,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982906/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266750"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266750"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266750; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266750]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266750]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266750; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266750']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266750, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f0d94ba0937a310376a3f24415916ebf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266750]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266750,"title":"Russell Hardin's How do you know?: the economics of ordinary knowledge. 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Dumbfounding and Disengagement" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982909/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266749/How_Does_Reasoning_Fail_to_Contribute_to_Moral_Judgment_Dumbfounding_and_Disengagement">How Does Reasoning (Fail to) Contribute to Moral Judgment? Dumbfounding and Disengagement</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ethical Theory and Moral Practice</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a4d6c6af0042437eb90967c9cad1be1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982909,"asset_id":107266749,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982909/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266749"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266749"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266749; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266749]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266749]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266749; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266749']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266749, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a4d6c6af0042437eb90967c9cad1be1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266749]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266749,"title":"How Does Reasoning (Fail to) Contribute to Moral Judgment? Dumbfounding and Disengagement","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","grobid_abstract":"Recent experiments in moral psychology have been taken to imply that moral reasoning only serves to reaffirm prior moral intuitions. More specifically, Jonathan Haidt concludes from his moral dumbfounding experiments, in which people condemn other people's behavior, that moral reasoning is biased and ineffective, as it rarely makes people change their mind. I present complementary evidence pertaining to self-directed reasoning about what to do. More specifically, Albert Bandura's experiments concerning moral disengagement reveal that moral reasoning often does contribute effectively to the formation of moral judgments. And such reasoning need not be biased. Once this evidence is taken into account, it becomes clear that both cognition and affect can play a destructive as well as a constructive role in the formation of moral judgments. Keywords Moral reasoning. Moral dumbfounding. Moral disengagement. Cognitive dissonance. Reason. Emotion Folk wisdom has it that you should think before you act. The underlying idea is that people often come to regret acting on impulse. The folk wisdom seems to be inspired at least in part by moral concerns. People might end up doing the wrong thing when they act in a rash manner. On a pre-reflective or common sense picture of morality, then, it is a good idea to consider moral matters explicitly and think about them carefully. This picture, however, has come under substantial pressure. A lot of research in psychology suggests that conscious reasoning as such is of limited use and merely serves to confirm beliefs we already have","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Ethical Theory and Moral 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266748"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266748/Understanding_institutions_replies_to_Aoki_Binmore_Hodgson_Searle_Smith_and_Sugden"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Understanding institutions: replies to Aoki, Binmore, Hodgson, Searle, Smith, and Sugden" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982934/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266748/Understanding_institutions_replies_to_Aoki_Binmore_Hodgson_Searle_Smith_and_Sugden">Understanding institutions: replies to Aoki, Binmore, Hodgson, Searle, Smith, and Sugden</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Institutional Economics</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Our goal is to develop a theory that combines the best insights of philosophical and scientific t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Our goal is to develop a theory that combines the best insights of philosophical and scientific theories of institutions. We are not committed a priori to save the commonsense notion of institution, or the thesis of human exceptionalism. We think that human cognition is important, but we do not claim that common knowledge or collective intentions are necessary for coordination. Like most of our commentators, we believe that there is continuity between simple rules of precedence and sophisticated institutions like property, marriage, or money. Finally, we argue that a satisfactory account of institutions must be compatible with different theories of normativity, specifying the social and psychological mechanisms that make it possible to override selfish desires.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="085f87d4764af14b13972d7788f20ac7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982934,"asset_id":107266748,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982934/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266748"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266748"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266748; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266748]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266748]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266748; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266748']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266748, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "085f87d4764af14b13972d7788f20ac7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266748]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266748,"title":"Understanding institutions: replies to Aoki, Binmore, Hodgson, Searle, Smith, and Sugden","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Our goal is to develop a theory that combines the best insights of philosophical and scientific theories of institutions. We are not committed a priori to save the commonsense notion of institution, or the thesis of human exceptionalism. We think that human cognition is important, but we do not claim that common knowledge or collective intentions are necessary for coordination. Like most of our commentators, we believe that there is continuity between simple rules of precedence and sophisticated institutions like property, marriage, or money. Finally, we argue that a satisfactory account of institutions must be compatible with different theories of normativity, specifying the social and psychological mechanisms that make it possible to override selfish desires.","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Institutional Economics"},"translated_abstract":"Our goal is to develop a theory that combines the best insights of philosophical and scientific theories of institutions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107266747"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266747/Institutions_rules_and_equilibria_a_unified_theory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105982903/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266747/Institutions_rules_and_equilibria_a_unified_theory">Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Institutional Economics</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. We argue that equilibrium-based and rule-based accounts are individually inadequate, but that jointly they provide a satisfactory conception of institutions as rules-in-equilibrium. In the second part of the paper we show that constitutive rules can be derived from regulative rules via the introduction of theoretical terms. We argue that the constitutive rules theory is reducible to the rules-in equilibrium theory, and that it accounts for the way in which we assign names to social institutions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2feb1e5d95e0a47f053cc259931ef93e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105982903,"asset_id":107266747,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105982903/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107266747"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107266747"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266747; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266747]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107266747]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107266747; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='107266747']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107266747, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2feb1e5d95e0a47f053cc259931ef93e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107266747]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107266747,"title":"Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. 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class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106890426"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106890426/Reaffirming_the_Status_of_the_Knowledge_Account_of_Assertion"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reaffirming the Status of the Knowledge Account of Assertion" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106890426/Reaffirming_the_Status_of_the_Knowledge_Account_of_Assertion">Reaffirming the Status of the Knowledge Account of Assertion</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Philosophical Research</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item 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Although this makes the focus on individual freedom intelligible, it does not imply that the lack of concern with the freedom of collective agents is justified. Here is a reason why it is not: some activities that individuals might want to engage in-such as dancing the tango, playing soccer, or producing airplanes-can only be pursued collectively. And it is often most effective to pursue collective goals as part of a team or organization. Note, too, that some of our core freedoms, including, for instance, freedom of religion, involve inherently joint activities. It may well be that the freedom of collective agents can be defended by an appeal to the value of individual autonomy, just as many individual freedoms can. Perhaps the freedom of collective agents deserves philosophical attention in and of itself. The line of reasoning presented here, however, suggests that even those who give priority to individuals over collective agents should regard the topic as one of philosophical and political significance. 2 I shall use the term 'corporate freedom' for the freedom of a collective or corporate agent. A corporate agent is an entity that can act and that consists of two or more individual agents. I shall assume that teams and organizations are corporate agents. The actions that such agents perform are joint actions. In this paper, I propose an analysis of the conditions under which a corporate agent is free to perform some kind of joint action. 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Nozick introduced an experience machine thought experiment to support the idea that happiness requires pleasurable experiences that are \"in contact with reality. \" In this thought experiment, people can choose to plug into a machine that induces exclusively pleasurable experiences. We test Nozick's hypothesis that people will reject this offer. We also contrast Nozick's experience machine scenario with scenarios that are less artificial, and offer options which are less invasive or disruptive than being connected to a machine, specifically scenarios in which people are offered an experience pill or a pill that improves overall functioning.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Philosophical Psychology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":105831207},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106890392/Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical_study","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-09-19T23:11:52.165-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105831207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105831207/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical_study.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105831207/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105831207/Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical_study-libre.pdf?1695192381=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486795\u0026Signature=ZB1WAySeWB2AabI7nsy-eJA8mOw6F785kD0IO1SlWFna1DgMFUsmnVMzIs~2vogseGSZGeMWrIRZ~FOe2Uj0U6LNX8qrgKQEcMZ2JMSvzNoII0i6SehON1MH3FMJuS8RG8cImCss11FDgvJh30RwZti25HKZsLwqzKjbN6gKTnjVhvwTQt4BPxiiaefcHa4lNvkx4Wtl~El4FLY~Op1qBgZPf3ssXt1Zr-YWvyqmvQzdvWUJ45sORnSv7KUTu3P2-Kw1CW927fd0c8B6fn-9duZWreiHZVzM0dGnff3KenBLas9Sujwu-uoVBlIsAoSOgYq2n6JzMToeoBHCNnCg-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical_study","translated_slug":"","page_count":23,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank Hindriks","url":"https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"},"attachments":[{"id":105831207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105831207/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical_study.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105831207/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105831207/Nozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical_study-libre.pdf?1695192381=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNozick_s_experience_machine_An_empirical.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486795\u0026Signature=ZB1WAySeWB2AabI7nsy-eJA8mOw6F785kD0IO1SlWFna1DgMFUsmnVMzIs~2vogseGSZGeMWrIRZ~FOe2Uj0U6LNX8qrgKQEcMZ2JMSvzNoII0i6SehON1MH3FMJuS8RG8cImCss11FDgvJh30RwZti25HKZsLwqzKjbN6gKTnjVhvwTQt4BPxiiaefcHa4lNvkx4Wtl~El4FLY~Op1qBgZPf3ssXt1Zr-YWvyqmvQzdvWUJ45sORnSv7KUTu3P2-Kw1CW927fd0c8B6fn-9duZWreiHZVzM0dGnff3KenBLas9Sujwu-uoVBlIsAoSOgYq2n6JzMToeoBHCNnCg-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":866,"name":"Experimental philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_philosophy"},{"id":868,"name":"Philosophical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Psychology"},{"id":14818,"name":"Happiness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Happiness"},{"id":51477,"name":"Nozick","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nozick"},{"id":1338019,"name":"The Experience Machine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Experience_Machine"}],"urls":[{"id":33992584,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09515089.2017.1406600"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. In the second paper, I use this account to explain what it means for an institution to be strong or weak. And in the third paper, I discuss why and how equilibrium and rule theories of institutions should be unified. The Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, as I call it, combines equilibrium theories such as that of David Lewis (1969) and rule theories such as that of Herbert Hart (1961). I compare it to other hybrid theories such as those of Cristina Bicchieri (2006) and Philip Pettit (1993, 2007).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3988b015fff7ff2050bf5bfa73dfa74e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65192608,"asset_id":44712084,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65192608/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44712084"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44712084"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44712084; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44712084]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44712084]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44712084; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44712084']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44712084, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3988b015fff7ff2050bf5bfa73dfa74e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44712084]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44712084,"title":"Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Three papers approach institutions and their relation to social norms from three different angles. In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. In the second paper, I use this account to explain what it means for an institution to be strong or weak. And in the third paper, I discuss why and how equilibrium and rule theories of institutions should be unified. The Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, as I call it, combines equilibrium theories such as that of David Lewis (1969) and rule theories such as that of Herbert Hart (1961). I compare it to other hybrid theories such as those of Cristina Bicchieri (2006) and Philip Pettit (1993, 2007).","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Three papers approach institutions and their relation to social norms from three different angles. In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. In the second paper, I use this account to explain what it means for an institution to be strong or weak. And in the third paper, I discuss why and how equilibrium and rule theories of institutions should be unified. The Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, as I call it, combines equilibrium theories such as that of David Lewis (1969) and rule theories such as that of Herbert Hart (1961). I compare it to other hybrid theories such as those of Cristina Bicchieri (2006) and Philip Pettit (1993, 2007).","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44712084/Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-12-15T12:52:43.412-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":73279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65192608,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65192608/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0_InstitutionsNormsReasons_Hindriks_Trilogy.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65192608/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/65192608/0_InstitutionsNormsReasons_Hindriks_Trilogy-libre.pdf?1608068262=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInstitutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486795\u0026Signature=g5mUW19foOnKqzuVxlafk~5axzxhNTIA4SyL5yyNSA2VXFZPmxzOv8W8ogK9ixB-H1UvPyznFWSO3ovOQRQhxxUUZUHJIhklC3YtZ4TxyIXSPFaCfCHaopWPvemJ8Wq-AWsK0G4MAT0mHwW2LCbyEHlcFGrwLUdcvDx4j9h0LVI~~KtLhHU5y0zmJJht1GBr7yx443c2EbtTIB06mq23xrYUVBAQTwhqAjMzIkCMOtw5casdObJDFXoKe4FZa86DS-qVPGBg~q-yIqO9F0aGtJQNMLzXSx0Fw93SF5OM79g4-GUZWun0KzM0PuCmY~Y5lPxLzKIR32VreolVcKsXGw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy","translated_slug":"","page_count":2,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":73279,"first_name":"Frank","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Hindriks","page_name":"FrankHindriks","domain_name":"rug","created_at":"2009-10-20T21:45:21.414-07:00","display_name":"Frank Hindriks","url":"https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"},"attachments":[{"id":65192608,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65192608/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0_InstitutionsNormsReasons_Hindriks_Trilogy.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65192608/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/65192608/0_InstitutionsNormsReasons_Hindriks_Trilogy-libre.pdf?1608068262=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInstitutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy.pdf\u0026Expires=1732486795\u0026Signature=g5mUW19foOnKqzuVxlafk~5axzxhNTIA4SyL5yyNSA2VXFZPmxzOv8W8ogK9ixB-H1UvPyznFWSO3ovOQRQhxxUUZUHJIhklC3YtZ4TxyIXSPFaCfCHaopWPvemJ8Wq-AWsK0G4MAT0mHwW2LCbyEHlcFGrwLUdcvDx4j9h0LVI~~KtLhHU5y0zmJJht1GBr7yx443c2EbtTIB06mq23xrYUVBAQTwhqAjMzIkCMOtw5casdObJDFXoKe4FZa86DS-qVPGBg~q-yIqO9F0aGtJQNMLzXSx0Fw93SF5OM79g4-GUZWun0KzM0PuCmY~Y5lPxLzKIR32VreolVcKsXGw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3332,"name":"Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience"},{"id":11848,"name":"Social Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Ontology"},{"id":12690,"name":"David K Lewis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_K_Lewis"},{"id":14943,"name":"Social Norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Norms"},{"id":16605,"name":"Persistence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persistence"},{"id":24868,"name":"Social Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Practice"},{"id":38286,"name":"H.L.A. 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This has been questi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Does the norm against harm extend to probable harms and to collective harms? This has been questioned because the harm that someone risks might not materialize, and because a contribution to a collective harm can as such be harmless. Against this, I argue that the norm against harm prohibits an action whenever it is reasonably likely and reasonably clear that the agent can (help) avoid the harm by opting for an alternative course of action. What is reasonable depends on how harmful the outcome is as well as on the burden that not performing the original action imposes on the agent. I go on to compare the causal condition of this ‘prospect account’ to two common alternatives: causal control and causal contribution. Neither of these can accommodate risk in a plausible way. Furthermore, they issue in implausible verdicts when either too few or too many people are disposed to contribute to a collective harm. In contrast, the prospect account limits the risk of contributing to a collective outcome that is not feasible and that of making a contribution that is redundant to morally acceptable levels.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dbc1af468da4dab7271f5160cc029eba" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63775539,"asset_id":43467678,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63775539/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43467678"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43467678"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43467678; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43467678]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43467678]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43467678; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43467678']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43467678, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "dbc1af468da4dab7271f5160cc029eba" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43467678]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43467678,"title":"The Prospect of Probable and Collective Harms","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Does the norm against harm extend to probable harms and to collective harms? This has been questioned because the harm that someone risks might not materialize, and because a contribution to a collective harm can as such be harmless. Against this, I argue that the norm against harm prohibits an action whenever it is reasonably likely and reasonably clear that the agent can (help) avoid the harm by opting for an alternative course of action. What is reasonable depends on how harmful the outcome is as well as on the burden that not performing the original action imposes on the agent. I go on to compare the causal condition of this ‘prospect account’ to two common alternatives: causal control and causal contribution. Neither of these can accommodate risk in a plausible way. Furthermore, they issue in implausible verdicts when either too few or too many people are disposed to contribute to a collective harm. In contrast, the prospect account limits the risk of contributing to a collective outcome that is not feasible and that of making a contribution that is redundant to morally acceptable levels. "},"translated_abstract":"Does the norm against harm extend to probable harms and to collective harms? This has been questioned because the harm that someone risks might not materialize, and because a contribution to a collective harm can as such be harmless. Against this, I argue that the norm against harm prohibits an action whenever it is reasonably likely and reasonably clear that the agent can (help) avoid the harm by opting for an alternative course of action. What is reasonable depends on how harmful the outcome is as well as on the burden that not performing the original action imposes on the agent. I go on to compare the causal condition of this ‘prospect account’ to two common alternatives: causal control and causal contribution. Neither of these can accommodate risk in a plausible way. Furthermore, they issue in implausible verdicts when either too few or too many people are disposed to contribute to a collective harm. In contrast, the prospect account limits the risk of contributing to a collective outcome that is not feasible and that of making a contribution that is redundant to morally acceptable levels. 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Freedom, Responsibility and Rights in Collective Contexts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55512223/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35643121/Call_THE_STRUCTURE_OF_SOCIETY_Freedom_Responsibility_and_Rights_in_Collective_Contexts">Call: THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY. Freedom, Responsibility and Rights in Collective Contexts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Call for Participation: THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY Freedom, Responsibility and Rights in Collectiv...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Call for Participation: <br />THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY<br />Freedom, Responsibility and Rights in Collective Contexts<br /><br />The University of Groningen hosts a manuscript workshop on The Structure of Society: Freedom, Responsibility and Rights in Collective Contexts by Frank Hindriks. This event takes place in Groningen, the Netherlands, on March 8-9, 2018. During this workshop, a number of internationally acclaimed scholars will comment on the penultimate version of the book. PhD students, postdoctoral researchers, and recent assistant professors are hereby invited to apply (< 3 years after receiving a PhD). A limited number of people will be accepted to attend the workshop and actively participate in the discussions. Accommodation and sustenance costs will be covered.<br /><br />Please send your CV and a brief letter of motivation to Frank Hindriks at <a href="mailto:f.a.hindriks@rug.nl" rel="nofollow">f.a.hindriks@rug.nl</a> before February 1, 2018. <br /><br />Participants by invitation: Gunnar Björnsson, Olle Blomberg, Stephanie Collins, Francesco Guala, Kendy Hess, Arto Laitinen, Abraham Roth, David Schweikard, Kai Spiekermann, Christine Straehle, Tobias Hansson Wahlberg, and Bill Wringe.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="901c03a765bb735bf2df9d8ebb3ceb35" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55512223,"asset_id":35643121,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55512223/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35643121"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35643121"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35643121; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35643121]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35643121]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35643121; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35643121']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35643121, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "901c03a765bb735bf2df9d8ebb3ceb35" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35643121]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35643121,"title":"Call: THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34594827"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34594827/Can_Constitutive_Rules_Bridge_the_Gap_Between_Is_and_Ought_Statements"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Can Constitutive Rules Bridge the Gap Between Is and Ought Statements" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54460413/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34594827/Can_Constitutive_Rules_Bridge_the_Gap_Between_Is_and_Ought_Statements">Can Constitutive Rules Bridge the Gap Between Is and Ought Statements</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Revisiting Searle on Deriving "Ought" from "Is"</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Institutions can be analyzed in terms of constitutive rules that forge intimate connections betwe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Institutions can be analyzed in terms of constitutive rules that forge intimate connections between facts and norms. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate whether constitutive rules bridge the gap between is-statements and ought-statements. I use the status account that I have proposed elsewhere to argue that such rules are partly descriptive and partly normative. They support the derivation of objective ought-statements, but only against the background of a normative principle. Hence, they do not as such bridge the is-ought gap.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="741992202cb8daa6047bd52f19c419fb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":54460413,"asset_id":34594827,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54460413/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34594827"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34594827"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34594827; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34594827]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34594827]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34594827; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34594827']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34594827, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "741992202cb8daa6047bd52f19c419fb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34594827]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34594827,"title":"Can Constitutive Rules Bridge the Gap Between Is and Ought Statements","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Institutions can be analyzed in terms of constitutive rules that forge intimate connections between facts and norms. 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Searle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_R._Searle"},{"id":63804,"name":"Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions"},{"id":395984,"name":"Constitutive Rules","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutive_Rules"},{"id":590868,"name":"Is-ought problem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Is-ought_problem"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="10529265" id="conferencepresentations"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43605729"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43605729/Collective_Obligations_Feasibility_and_Redundancy_handout_ISOS_2020_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Collective Obligations: Feasibility & Redundancy (handout ISOS 2020)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63914661/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43605729/Collective_Obligations_Feasibility_and_Redundancy_handout_ISOS_2020_">Collective Obligations: Feasibility & Redundancy (handout ISOS 2020)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Many harms require collective solutions. Think, for instance, of rescuing a drowning swimmer by f...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Many harms require collective solutions. Think, for instance, of rescuing a drowning swimmer by forming a human chain. This is a collective harm that can be prevented only if several individuals contribute. It is futile to try and prevent a collective harm on your own. In light of this, I propose that: Whether a collective harm obligates an agent to do something depends on what others (are disposed to) do. To explore this relation further, I consider situations in which (1) too few or (2) too many people are disposed to contribute to harm prevention. In such situations: (1) the outcome is not feasible, or (2) some contributions are redundant. According to most existing proposals, these factors are irrelevant. I argue that a harm obligates an individual to contribute to its prevention only if it is reasonably likely that she can help prevent it. According to the prospect account that I defend here, the risks of infeasibility and redundancy must remain within acceptable limits.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a7ab1422e6e7223ec2c61c33e150d54c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63914661,"asset_id":43605729,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63914661/download_file?st=MTczMjQ5OTY4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43605729"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43605729"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43605729; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43605729]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43605729]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43605729; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43605729']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43605729, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a7ab1422e6e7223ec2c61c33e150d54c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43605729]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43605729,"title":"Collective Obligations: Feasibility \u0026 Redundancy (handout ISOS 2020)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Many harms require collective solutions. 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