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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="ouBuf_zJQVo7P-TH0AEO6iOVTwnwo69-9hqsEqdYQreBt7riy03OFy5tZSGgPd9ouMhxhrSY3CoedNfb8VFV0A" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Frank Hindriks" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/44712084/Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Three papers approach institutions and their relation to social norms from three different angles. In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. In the second paper, I use this account" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/73279/3015033/40150905/s200_frank.hindriks.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/44712084/Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Three papers approach institutions and their relation to social norms from three different angles. In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. 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In the second paper, I use this account" /> <title>(PDF) Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/44712084/Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739842806000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739842806000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Three papers approach institutions and their relation to social norms from three different angles. In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. In the second paper, I use this account to explain what it means for an institution to be strong or weak. And in the third paper, I discuss why and how equilibrium and rule theories of institutions should be unified. The Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, as I call it, combines equilibrium theories such as that of David Lewis (1969) and rule theories such as that of Herbert Hart (1961). I compare it to other hybrid theories such as those of Cristina Bicchieri (2006) and Philip Pettit (1993, 2007).","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Frank Hindriks","url":"https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2020-12-15","dateModified":"2020-12-15","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65192608/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Resilience","Social Ontology","David K Lewis","Social Norms","Persistence","Social Practice","H.L.A. 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{"work":{"id":44712084,"created_at":"2020-12-15T12:52:43.412-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-12T03:35:59.656-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Three papers approach institutions and their relation to social norms from three different angles. In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. In the second paper, I use this account to explain what it means for an institution to be strong or weak. And in the third paper, I discuss why and how equilibrium and rule theories of institutions should be unified. The Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, as I call it, combines equilibrium theories such as that of David Lewis (1969) and rule theories such as that of Herbert Hart (1961). I compare it to other hybrid theories such as those of Cristina Bicchieri (2006) and Philip Pettit (1993, 2007).","publication_date":"2020,,"},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [73279]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":65192608,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/65192608/mini_magick20201215-4452-1s5dele.png?1608067895" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Institutions and Social Norms: A Trilogy</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73279" href="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"><img alt="Profile image of Frank Hindriks" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/73279/3015033/40150905/s65_frank.hindriks.jpg" />Frank Hindriks</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">2 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 44712084; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=44712084"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Three papers approach institutions and their relation to social norms from three different angles. In the first paper, I introduce the notion of an institution as a social norm that governs a social practice. In the second paper, I use this account to explain what it means for an institution to be strong or weak. And in the third paper, I discuss why and how equilibrium and rule theories of institutions should be unified. The Rules-and-Equilibrium Theory, as I call it, combines equilibrium theories such as that of David Lewis (1969) and rule theories such as that of Herbert Hart (1961). I compare it to other hybrid theories such as those of Cristina Bicchieri (2006) and Philip Pettit (1993, 2007).</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":65192608,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/44712084/Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":65192608,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/44712084/Institutions_and_Social_Norms_A_Trilogy"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Firstly, it proposes some distinctions and concepts: it separates moral from epistemic values, leading to different types of legitimacy and social norms; then it distinguishes different meanings of the term 'normative' and introduces the concept of decision-theoretic norm. Secondly, the article defends a broad concept of institutions by arguing that some institutions are neither social norms nor decision-theoretic ones, a point that matters for institutional change and stability. Some conventions from which innovators break are highlighted as an example.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Institutions, social norms, and decision-theoretic norms","attachmentId":6917337,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1121936/Institutions_social_norms_and_decision_theoretic_norms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1121936/Institutions_social_norms_and_decision_theoretic_norms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="8499780" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8499780/Institutions_Rules_and_Equilibria_A_Unified_Theory">Institutions, Rules, and Equilibria: A Unified Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73279" href="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks">Frank Hindriks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Institutional Economics (forthcoming)</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. We argue that equilibrium-based and rule-based accounts are individually inadequate, but that jointly they provide a satisfactory conception of institutions as rules-in-equilibrium. In the second part of the paper we show that constitutive rules can be derived from regulative rules via the introduction of theoretical terms. We argue that the constitutive rules theory is reducible to the rules-in equilibrium theory, and that it accounts for the way in which we assign names to social institutions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Institutions, Rules, and Equilibria: A Unified Theory","attachmentId":34879850,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8499780/Institutions_Rules_and_Equilibria_A_Unified_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8499780/Institutions_Rules_and_Equilibria_A_Unified_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="67612936" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67612936/1_Institutions_Rules_and_Equilibria_A_Unified_Theory">1 Institutions , Rules , and Equilibria : A Unified Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38633202" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrankHindriks">Frank Hindriks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. We argue that equilibrium-based and rule-based accounts are individually inadequate, but that jointly they provide a satisfactory conception of institutions as rules-in-equilibrium. In the second part of the paper we show that constitutive rules can be derived from regulative rules via the introduction of theoretical terms. We argue that the constitutive rules theory is reducible to the rules-in equilibrium theory, and that it accounts for the way in which we assign names to social institutions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"1 Institutions , Rules , and Equilibria : A Unified Theory","attachmentId":78366878,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67612936/1_Institutions_Rules_and_Equilibria_A_Unified_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67612936/1_Institutions_Rules_and_Equilibria_A_Unified_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="38740923" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38740923/Norms_that_Make_a_Difference_Social_Practices_and_Institutions">Norms that Make a Difference: Social Practices and Institutions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73279" href="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks">Frank Hindriks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Institutions are norm-governed social practices, or so I propose. But what does it mean for a norm to govern a social practice? Theories that analyze institutions as equilibria equate norms with sanctions and model them as costs. The idea is that the sanctions change preferences and thereby behavior. This view fails to capture the fact that people are often motivated by social norms as such, when they regard them as legitimate. I argue that, in order for a social norm to be perceived as legitimate, agents have to acknowledge reasons for conforming to it other than the sanctions they might incur for violating it. In light of this, I defend a theory of institutions that does not only invoke equilibria, but also nor-mative rules that are supported by normative expectations and, in some cases, normative beliefs.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Norms that Make a Difference: Social Practices and Institutions","attachmentId":58827782,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38740923/Norms_that_Make_a_Difference_Social_Practices_and_Institutions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38740923/Norms_that_Make_a_Difference_Social_Practices_and_Institutions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="51474283" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51474283/On_defining_institutions_rules_versus_equilibria">On defining institutions: rules versus equilibria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80127101" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeoffreyHodgson">Geoffrey Hodgson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Institutional Economics, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In their stimulating paper, Hindriks and Guala (2014) bridge the prominent alternative conceptions of institutions-as-rules and institutions-as-equilibria, by proposing a ‘rules in equilibrium’ interpretation. This comment argues that the task ofdefininginstitutions as a class of phenomena is different from the tasks ofunderstandingoranalysingthem. Definitions are classification devices and are typically ill-based on behavioural outcomes such as equilibria. Accepting the useful insights of the Hindriks and Guala (2014) article, attention to the matter of definition reinstates a rules-based approach, notwithstanding the importance of understanding and analysing equilibria. The comment establishes a broad definition of institutions as systems of rules, which includes organizations. Finally this comment raised some of the problems involved in understanding the nature of institutional rules.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On defining institutions: rules versus equilibria","attachmentId":69183998,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51474283/On_defining_institutions_rules_versus_equilibria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51474283/On_defining_institutions_rules_versus_equilibria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="1918376" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1918376/Individual_action_institutions_and_social_change_An_approach_in_terms_of_convention">Individual action, institutions, and social change An approach in terms of convention</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="372040" href="https://samfunnsforskning.academia.edu/BernardEnjolras">Bernard Enjolras</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This anthology consists of a collection of articles that address two common questions: how institutions emerge from individual actions and how individual actions are shaped by institutions? What unifies these contributions is the search of a theoretical explanation that overcomes the shortcomings of the rational choice explanations of social institutions. The approach developed here deals with two methodological problems that are pervasive in social sciences: that of the relationship between agency and structures and that of role of rationality and norms in explaining individual social behavior. Individuals are seen to be acting according to "conventions" that structure their interaction and that are cognitive and interpretative schemes that allow them to understand social reality and to give meaning to their actions. In addition individuals do not act either rationally or normatively but are conceived as acting within a "conventional" context that gives meaning to their action but also constrains them. They are supposed to be moved both by normative considerations and by self-interest that can conflict.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Individual action, institutions, and social change An approach in terms of convention","attachmentId":27479706,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1918376/Individual_action_institutions_and_social_change_An_approach_in_terms_of_convention","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1918376/Individual_action_institutions_and_social_change_An_approach_in_terms_of_convention"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="47136536" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47136536/Institutions_and_Their_Strength">Institutions and Their Strength</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73279" href="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks">Frank Hindriks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economics and Philosophy</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Institutions can be strong or weak. But what does this mean? Equilibrium theories equate institutions with behavioral regularities. In contrast, rule theories explicate them in terms of a standard that people are supposed to meet. I propose that, when an institution is weak, a discrepancy exists between the regularity and the standard or rule. To capture this discrepancy, I present a hybrid theory, the Rules-and-Equilibria Theory. According to this theory, institutions are rule-governed behavioral regularities. The Rules-and-Equilibria Theory provides the basis for two measures of institutional strength. First, institutions that pertain to coordination games solve problems of information. Their strength is primarily a matter of the expected degree of compliance. Second, institutions that concern mixed-motive games solve problems of motivation. Their strength can be measured in terms of the weight people attribute to its rule. Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Justin Bruner, Francesco Guala and Martin van Hees for helpful comments.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Institutions and Their Strength","attachmentId":68961040,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47136536/Institutions_and_Their_Strength","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47136536/Institutions_and_Their_Strength"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="40154328" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40154328/Institutions_and_the_Problem_of_Social_Order_1_A_Normative_Approximation_2">Institutions and the Problem of Social Order. 1 A Normative Approximation 2</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2030791" href="https://uni-rostock.academia.edu/MiguelLatouche">Miguel A Latouche</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Teori Politik, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is the success and failures in human organizations that account for the progress and retrogression of societies Douglass North People must learn to play games in an imperfect world Binmore and Samuelson Abstract: Th is paper discusses the eff ect of social structure in the development of cooperative behaviour. We will argue that structural conditions shape the scope of social interactions. Strategic exchanges among the members of society are built in the context of the parameters that are defi ned by the institutional framework in which social life develops. Cooperation is not the result of natural development, nor does it depend on altruistic behaviour ; instead, it results both from the confi guration of normative mechanisms of control and incentives systems, and from the evolution of moral foundations resulting from learning processes. We will use the Stag Hunt Metaphor to argue about the impact that context may have in determining the scope of human interactions and about the importance of de-fi ning moral mechanisms that favour the construction of a stable social order.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Institutions and the Problem of Social Order. 1 A Normative Approximation 2","attachmentId":60373348,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40154328/Institutions_and_the_Problem_of_Social_Order_1_A_Normative_Approximation_2","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40154328/Institutions_and_the_Problem_of_Social_Order_1_A_Normative_Approximation_2"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="71315884" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71315884/The_Origin_of_Institutions_socio_economic_processes_choice_norms_and_conventions">The Origin of Institutions: socio-economic processes, choice, norms and conventions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60034551" href="https://independent.academia.edu/heldercoelho8">helder coelho</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Institutions, the way they are related to the behaviour of the agents and to the aggregated performance of socioeconomic systems, are the topic addressed by this essay. The research is based on a particular concept of a bounded rational agent living in society and by a population based simulation model that describes the processes of social learning. From simple coordination problems, where conventions spontaneously emerge, to situations of choice over alternative constitutional rules, simulation was used as a means to test the consistency and extract the implications of the models. Institutions, as solutions to recurring problems of social interaction, are both results and preconditions for social life, unintended outcomes and human devised constraints. In an evolutionary setting no support is found for the deep rooted beliefs about the 'naturally' beneficial outcomes generated by 'invisible-hand' processes or by any alternative Hobbesian metaagency.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Origin of Institutions: socio-economic processes, choice, norms and conventions","attachmentId":80712241,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71315884/The_Origin_of_Institutions_socio_economic_processes_choice_norms_and_conventions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71315884/The_Origin_of_Institutions_socio_economic_processes_choice_norms_and_conventions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="89754353" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89754353/Institutions_and_the_Problem_of_Social_Order_A_Normative_Approximation">Institutions and the Problem of Social Order. A Normative Approximation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2030791" href="https://uni-rostock.academia.edu/MiguelLatouche">Miguel A Latouche</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Th is paper discusses the eff ect of social structure in the development of cooperative behaviour. We will argue that structural conditions shape the scope of social interactions. Strategic exchanges among the members of society are built in the context of the parameters that are defi ned by the institutional framework in which social life develops. Cooperation is not the result of natural development, nor does it depend on altruistic behaviour; instead, it results both from the confi guration of normative mechanisms of control and incentives systems, and from the evolution of moral foundations resulting from learning processes. We will use the Stag Hunt Metaphor to argue about the impact that context may have in determining the scope of human interactions and about the importance of defi ning moral mechanisms that favour the construction of a stable social order.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Institutions and the Problem of Social Order. 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