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The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/73279/3015033/40150905/s200_frank.hindriks.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks" /> <meta name="description" content="Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms" /> <title>(PDF) The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps | Frank Hindriks - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732827298000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732827298000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms they cause. We argue that there are no responsibility gaps. The harms can be blameless. And if they are not, the blame that is appropriate is indirect and can be attributed to designers, engineers, software developers, manufacturers or regulators. The real problem lies elsewhere: autonomous machines should be built so as to exhibit a level of risk that is morally acceptable. If they fall short of this standard, they exhibit what we call ‘a control gap.’ The causal control that autonomous machines have will then fall short of the guidance control they should emulate.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Frank Hindriks"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-09-26","dateModified":null,"datePublished":null,"headline":"The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Philosophy","Philosophy Of Language","Philosophy of Science","Responsibility","Worry","Autonomous Vehicles","Moral Responsibility","Attribution","Blame","Control Management","Synthese","meaningful human control"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Synthese","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Springer Science and Business Media 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The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms they cause. We argue that there are no responsibility gaps. The harms can be blameless. And if they are not, the blame that is appropriate is indirect and can be attributed to designers, engineers, software developers, manufacturers or regulators. The real problem lies elsewhere: autonomous machines should be built so as to exhibit a level of risk that is morally acceptable. If they fall short of this standard, they exhibit what we call ‘a control gap.’ The causal control that autonomous machines have will then fall short of the guidance control they should emulate.","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publication_name":"Synthese"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [73279]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":105982912,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/105982912/mini_magick20230926-1-yxfn9s.png?1695754365" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The risks of autonomous machines: from responsibility gaps to control gaps</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73279" href="https://rug.academia.edu/FrankHindriks"><img alt="Profile image of Frank Hindriks" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/73279/3015033/40150905/s65_frank.hindriks.jpg" />Frank Hindriks</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">Synthese</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">17 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 107266757; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=107266757"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Responsibility gaps concern the attribution of blame for harms caused by autonomous machines. The worry has been that, because they are artificial agents, it is impossible to attribute blame, even though doing so would be appropriate given the harms they cause. We argue that there are no responsibility gaps. The harms can be blameless. And if they are not, the blame that is appropriate is indirect and can be attributed to designers, engineers, software developers, manufacturers or regulators. The real problem lies elsewhere: autonomous machines should be built so as to exhibit a level of risk that is morally acceptable. If they fall short of this standard, they exhibit what we call ‘a control gap.’ The causal control that autonomous machines have will then fall short of the guidance control they should emulate.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":105982912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":105982912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="105982912" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/107266757/The_risks_of_autonomous_machines_from_responsibility_gaps_to_control_gaps" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="78489007" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78489007/If_Robots_Cause_Harm_Who_is_to_Blame_Self_Driving_Cars_and_Criminal_Liability">If Robots Cause Harm, Who is to Blame? Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liability</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47824270" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SabineGless">Sabine Gless</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"If Robots Cause Harm, Who is to Blame? Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liability","attachmentId":85519462,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78489007/If_Robots_Cause_Harm_Who_is_to_Blame_Self_Driving_Cars_and_Criminal_Liability","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78489007/If_Robots_Cause_Harm_Who_is_to_Blame_Self_Driving_Cars_and_Criminal_Liability"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="34493348" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34493348/On_the_legal_responsibility_of_autonomous_machines">On the legal responsibility of autonomous machines</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52777627" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarekJakubiec">Marek Jakubiec</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="258399" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/BartoszBrozek">Bartosz Brozek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Artificial Intelligence and Law, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper concerns the problem of the legal responsibility of autonomous machines. 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class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="74636748" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74636748/Truly_Autonomous_Machines_Are_Ethical">Truly Autonomous Machines Are Ethical</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14772179" href="https://cmu.academia.edu/JohnHooker">John Hooker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AI Magazine, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Truly Autonomous Machines Are Ethical","attachmentId":82718239,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74636748/Truly_Autonomous_Machines_Are_Ethical","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74636748/Truly_Autonomous_Machines_Are_Ethical"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="33706205" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33706205/Attributing_Agency_to_Automated_Systems_Reflections_on_Human_Robot_Collaborations_and_Responsibility_Loci_Science_and_Engineering_Ethics_2018_">Attributing Agency to Automated Systems: Reflections on Human-Robot Collaborations and Responsibility-Loci (Science and Engineering Ethics, 2018)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2173822" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/SvenNyholm">Sven Nyholm</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many ethicists writing about automated systems (e.g. self-driving cars and autonomous weapons systems) attribute agency to these systems. Not only that, they seemingly attribute an autonomous or independent form of agency to these machines. This leads some ethicists to worry about responsibility-gaps and retribution-gaps in cases where automated systems harm or kill human beings. In this paper, I consider what sorts of agency it makes sense to attribute to most current forms of automated systems, in particular automated cars and military robots. I argue that whereas it indeed makes sense to attribute different forms of fairly sophisticated agency to these machines, we ought not to regard them as acting on their own, independently of any human beings. Rather, the right way to understand the agency exercised by these machines is in terms of human-robot collaborations, where the humans involved initiate, supervise, and manage the agency of their robotic collaborators. This means, I argue, that there is much less room for justified worries about responsibility-gaps and retribution-gaps than many ethicists think.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Attributing Agency to Automated Systems: Reflections on Human-Robot Collaborations and Responsibility-Loci (Science and Engineering Ethics, 2018)","attachmentId":53922540,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33706205/Attributing_Agency_to_Automated_Systems_Reflections_on_Human_Robot_Collaborations_and_Responsibility_Loci_Science_and_Engineering_Ethics_2018_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33706205/Attributing_Agency_to_Automated_Systems_Reflections_on_Human_Robot_Collaborations_and_Responsibility_Loci_Science_and_Engineering_Ethics_2018_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="7454272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7454272/Responsibility_for_Crashes_of_Autonomous_Vehicles_An_Ethical_Analysis">Responsibility for Crashes of Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2076342" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/AlexanderHevelke">Alexander Hevelke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A number of companies including Google and BMW are currently working on the development of autonomous cars. But if fully autonomous cars are going to drive on our roads, it must be decided who is to be held responsible in case of accidents. This involves not only legal questions, but also moral ones. The first question discussed is whether we should try to design the tort liability for car manufacturers in a way that will help along the development and improvement of autonomous vehicles. In particular, Patrick Lin’s concern that any security gain derived from the introduction of autonomous cars would constitute a trade-off in human lives will be addressed. The second question is whether it would be morally permissible to impose liability on the user based on a duty to pay attention to the road and traffic and to intervene when necessary to avoid accidents. Doubts about the moral legitimacy of such a scheme are based on the notion that it is a form of defamation if a person is held to blame for causing the death of another by his inattention if he never had a real chance to intervene. Therefore, the legitimacy of such an approach would depend on the user having an actual chance to do so. The last option discussed in this paper is a system in which a person using an autonomous vehicle has no duty (and possibly no way) of interfering, but is still held (financially, not criminally) responsible for possible accidents. Two ways of doing so are discussed, but only one is judged morally feasible.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Responsibility for Crashes of Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Analysis","attachmentId":34033453,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7454272/Responsibility_for_Crashes_of_Autonomous_Vehicles_An_Ethical_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7454272/Responsibility_for_Crashes_of_Autonomous_Vehicles_An_Ethical_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="30095981" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30095981/SHOULD_AUTONOMOUS_AGENTS_BE_LIABLE_FOR_WHAT_THEY_DO">SHOULD AUTONOMOUS AGENTS BE LIABLE FOR WHAT THEY DO</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43117" href="https://unimaas.academia.edu/JaapHage">Jaap Hage</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article addresses the question whether autonomous agents can be held responsible for their acts. In this connection autonomous systems are taken to be non-human systems which do things which would be considered acts if performed by humans. The argument, which leads to the conclusion that autonomous agents can be held responsible for their acts is based on an analogy between human beings and autonomous agents and its main element is that if humans can be held responsible, so can, in principle, autonomous agents. This argument can only be convincing if the relevant similarities between human beings and autonomous agents are more important than the relevant differences. An important part of the argument is therefore aimed at showing precisely this. The main point here is that the argument does not claim that autonomous agents are actually like human beings, but rather that human beings are actually like autonomous agents. This analogy can only lead to the conclusion that autonomous agents can be held responsible if it is assumed that human beings can be held responsible, even if they – as the argument assumes – are like autonomous agents. This will be argued indeed, and leads to the transition from the question whether human beings and autonomous agents can be held responsible and liable to the question whether it is desirable to do so. The answer to this last question is guardedly affirmative: it depends on the circumstances, but yes, sometimes it is desirable to hold human beings and autonomous agents responsible and liable for what they did. Therefore it sometimes makes sense to do so.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SHOULD AUTONOMOUS AGENTS BE LIABLE FOR WHAT THEY DO","attachmentId":50555844,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30095981/SHOULD_AUTONOMOUS_AGENTS_BE_LIABLE_FOR_WHAT_THEY_DO","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30095981/SHOULD_AUTONOMOUS_AGENTS_BE_LIABLE_FOR_WHAT_THEY_DO"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="35097815" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35097815/Mind_the_Gap_Responsible_Robotics_and_the_Problem_of_Responsibility">Mind the Gap: Responsible Robotics and the Problem of Responsibility</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38706" href="https://niu.academia.edu/DavidGunkel">David Gunkel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ethics and Information Technology, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The task of this essay is to respond to the question concerning robots and responsibility—to answer for the way that we understand, debate, and decide who or what is able to answer for decisions and actions undertaken by increasingly interactive, autonomous, and sociable mechanisms. The analysis proceeds through three steps or movements. 1) It begins by critically examining the instrumental theory of technology, which determines the way one typically deals with and responds to the question of responsibility when it involves technology. 2) It then considers three instances where recent innovations in robotics challenge this standard operating procedure by opening gaps in the usual way of assigning responsibility. The innovations considered in this section include: autonomous technology, machine learning, and social robots. 3) The essay concludes by evaluating the three different responses—instrumentalism 2.0, machine ethics, and hybrid responsibility—that have been made in face of these difficulties in an effort to map out the opportunities and challenges of and for responsible robotics.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mind the Gap: Responsible Robotics and the Problem of Responsibility","attachmentId":54959073,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35097815/Mind_the_Gap_Responsible_Robotics_and_the_Problem_of_Responsibility","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35097815/Mind_the_Gap_Responsible_Robotics_and_the_Problem_of_Responsibility"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="28920933" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28920933/Praise_the_Machine_Punish_the_Human_The_Contradictory_History_of_Accountability_in_Automated_Aviation">Praise the Machine! Punish the Human! The Contradictory History of Accountability in Automated Aviation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10833256" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/MCElish">M. C. Elish</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48382876" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TimHwang1">Tim Hwang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">What will happen to current regimes of liability when driverless cars become commercially available? What happens when there is no human actor — only a computational agent — responsible for an accident? This white paper addresses these questions by examining the historical emergence and response to technologies of autopilot and cruise control. Through an examination of technical, social and legal histories, we observe a counter-intuitive focus on human responsibility even while human action is increasingly replaced by automation. We argue that a potential legal crisis with respect to driverless cars and other autonomous vehicles is unlikely. Despite this, we propose that the debate around liability and autonomous systems be reframed more precisely to reflect the agentive role of designers and engineers as well as the new and unique kinds of human action attendant to autonomous systems. The advent of commercially available autonomous vehicles, like the driverless car, presents an opportunity to reconfigure regimes of liability that reflect realities of informational asymmetry between designers and consumers. Our paper concludes by offering a set of policy principles to guide future legislation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Praise the Machine! Punish the Human! The Contradictory History of Accountability in Automated Aviation","attachmentId":49355242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28920933/Praise_the_Machine_Punish_the_Human_The_Contradictory_History_of_Accountability_in_Automated_Aviation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28920933/Praise_the_Machine_Punish_the_Human_The_Contradictory_History_of_Accountability_in_Automated_Aviation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":105982912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":105982912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_105982912" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="34579086" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34579086/When_HAL_Kills_Stop_Asking_Whos_to_Blame_Autonomous_machines_and_responsibility">When HAL Kills, Stop Asking Who's to Blame Autonomous machines and responsibility</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6412209" href="https://nagoya-u.academia.edu/MinaoKukita">Minao Kukita</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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