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62.5625em){.header__title[data-v-407767ff]{font-size:5.6rem;line-height:7rem;max-width:70rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 100.0625em){.header__title[data-v-407767ff]{font-size:4.8rem;line-height:7.6rem;max-width:70rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.header .lg-break[data-v-407767ff]{position:relative;display:inline-block}}.header__visual[data-v-407767ff]{background-image:url(//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.123/img/visual.67bdd2c3.jpg);background-position:center;background-size:cover;height:18.1rem;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.header__visual[data-v-407767ff]{height:28.4rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.header__visual[data-v-407767ff]{height:100%;grid-column:3/span 2}}.header .boxes[data-v-407767ff]{display:flex;position:absolute;z-index:2}.header .boxes--desktop[data-v-407767ff]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.header 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.benifit-card{width:28.8rem;height:35rem;padding:3.2rem 4.95rem 4rem}.benifits__slider[data-v-407767ff] .benifit-card h3{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem}.benifits__slider[data-v-407767ff] .benifit-card p{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.benifits .top-left[data-v-407767ff]{grid-row:1;grid-column:4/4}.benifits .top-right[data-v-407767ff]{grid-row:1;grid-column:5/5}.benifits .bottom-left[data-v-407767ff]{grid-row:2;grid-column:3/3}.benifits .bottom-right[data-v-407767ff]{grid-row:2;grid-column:4/4}.news[data-v-407767ff]{max-width:124rem;padding:8rem 2rem;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.news[data-v-407767ff]{padding-top:12.8rem;padding-bottom:12.8rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.news[data-v-407767ff]{padding-top:17.6rem;padding-bottom:17.6rem}}.section-title[data-v-407767ff]{font-family:'FSBrabo', 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data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 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L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-ac4a" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Preparation of Space Experiments</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Vladimir Pletser</span></div></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-44bc9216><span data-v-44bc9216>International Academy of Astronautics 2022 Life Science Book Award</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement absolute book book-10" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-36035b5c><div class="book" data-v-44bc9216 data-v-36035b5c><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-44bc9216><a href="/books/11493" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Solar Radiation" class="image 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C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 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</div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement absolute book book-11" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-36035b5c><div class="book" data-v-44bc9216 data-v-36035b5c><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-44bc9216><a href="/books/1003687" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine" class="image cover-image-85f9" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 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7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-c68d" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Thomas F. Heston</span></div></a></figure>  </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement absolute book book-12" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-36035b5c><div class="book" data-v-44bc9216 data-v-36035b5c><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-44bc9216><a href="/books/10674" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Topics on Quantum Information Science" class="image cover-image-b97e" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 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19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 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class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 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21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-6ee2" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Modern Pacemakers</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Present and Future</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Mithilesh Das</span></div></a></figure>  </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement absolute series series-1" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-36035b5c><div class="series" 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class="journal-info--img-vertical dmht-img-vertical" data-v-2f43366a> <div class="journal-info__data" data-v-2f43366a><div class="journal-info__data-text" data-v-2f43366a><p data-v-2f43366a><strong data-v-2f43366a>ISSN</strong> 2754-6306</p> <p data-v-2f43366a><strong data-v-2f43366a>DOI</strong> 105772/dmht</p></div> <a href="https://www.intechopen.com/journals/4" target="_blank" class="icon-arrow" data-v-2f43366a><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg" alt data-v-2f43366a></a></div></div></div></div> <div class="journal" data-v-2f43366a data-v-638f2516><div class="journal-card" data-v-2f43366a><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/journals/geet-bg.jpg" class="journal-card--img" data-v-2f43366a> <div class="journal-info" style="background-color:#105e58;" data-v-2f43366a><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/journals/logo/geet-logo.svg" class="journal-info--img geet-img" data-v-2f43366a> <img 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We connect you with peers all over the world and help you advance your career through wide readership, dissemination, and higher citation counts.</p> <a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" data-v-407767ff><button data-v-407767ff>Learn more</button></a></div> <div class="benifit-card top-left benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/series/icons/authors_first.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Author in the Center</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Built by scientists, for scientists. Our unique personal approach, day-to-day support and all of the tools you need to make your work accessible worldwide</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card top-right benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/series/icons/peer_review.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Peer-review</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Robust peer-review ensures your work is suitable for publication and of interest to the scientific community</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card bottom-left benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/series/icons/online_first_2.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Online First</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Early online publication after acceptance assures research is made available to the scientific community without delay</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card bottom-right benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/series/icons/open_access.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Open Access</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-407767ff>Your work will be permanently available online, free to download, share and read</p></div></div> </section> <section class="institutions" data-v-3149b85b data-v-407767ff><div class="institutions__container" data-v-3149b85b><h2 class="section-title section-title--light" data-v-3149b85b>7,140 Research Institutions Support Open Access at IntechOpen</h2> <div class="institutions__parallax" data-v-3149b85b><div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-3149b85b><div class="ParallaxElement" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-3149b85b><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/CityUniversityofHongKong.svg" alt="City University Of Hong Kong" class="img--hongkong" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/ClaremontUniversityConsortium.jpeg" alt="Claremont University Consortium" class="img--consortium" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/FudanUniversity.png" alt="Fudan University" class="img--fudan" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/kingsCollege.svg" alt="Kings College" class="img--kings" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/PekingUniversity.png" alt="Peking University" class="img--peking" data-v-3149b85b></div></div></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-3149b85b><div class="ParallaxElement" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-3149b85b><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/seoul.svg" alt="Seoul" class="img--seoul" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/TsinghuaUniversity.png" alt="Tsinghua University" class="img--tsinghua" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/UMassAmherst.png" alt="UMass Amherst" class="img--umass" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/UniversidaddeBuenosAires.jpeg" alt="Universidadde Buenos Aires" class="img--buenosaires" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/UniversidadReyJuanCarlosdeMadrid.png" alt="Universidad Rey Juan Carlosde" class="img--madrid" data-v-3149b85b></div></div></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-3149b85b><div class="ParallaxElement" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-3149b85b><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/UniversitatdeBarcelona.png" alt="Universitatde Barcelona" class="img--barcelona" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/UniversitedeStrasbourg.png" alt="Universitéde Strasbourg" class="img--strasbourg" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/UniversityofKansas.png" alt="University of Kansas" class="img--kansas" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/LogoCSIC.png" alt="CSIC" class="img--csic" data-v-3149b85b></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-3149b85b><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/universities/universityofsurreylogo.png" alt="University of Surrey" class="img--surrey" data-v-3149b85b></div></div></div></div></div></section> <section class="news" data-v-407767ff><div class="news-slider" style="transform:translate3d(20%, 0, 0);" data-v-643f4fdc data-v-407767ff><div class="swiper-body" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/410" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>08 July 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are pleased to present a series of inspirational interviews for young researchers with some of today's leading scientists, ranging from a Nobel laureate to pioneers and innovators in various fields, including pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical leadership, and academia.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/406" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>22 May 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Reaches New Milestone: 7,000 Books Open for All</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen has achieved a significant milestone in its mission to democratise scientific knowledge by announcing the publication of its 7,000th open access book, 'Towards the Eradication of<em> Helicobacter pylori</em> Infection - Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment.' Guided by the expertise of Dr Liang Wang, Dr Alfred Chin Yen Tay, and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall, this book offers insightful research and novel approaches, contributing to the continuous discourse on <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>-related research.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7-000-books-open-for-all-20240522" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/405" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>07 June 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Becomes a UKSG Member</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen is now an official member of the UKSG, the UK's largest scholarly communications community. Founded almost half a century ago, it connects the knowledge community and encourages the exchange of ideas in scholarly communication.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-20230607" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/402" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>11 March 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-university-20240311" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/386" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>26 June 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>Connecting with the Robotics Community and Celebrating Open Science: The IntechOpen Journals Highlights from ICRA 2023</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>The IntechOpen Journals team reflects on a collaborative and informative visit to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)  in London.</p></div> <a href="/news/connecting-with-the-robotics-community-and-celebrating-open-science-the-intechopen-journals-highlights-from-icra-2023-20230626" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/325" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>28 March 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Book Wins the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics Life Science Book Award</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-life-science-book-award-20230328" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/357" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>17 February 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>In their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/132" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>15 September 2021</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format for OA books: IntechOpen Book Series. Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Series feature a Topic structure, <strong>always open for submissions</strong>, covering the most relevant sub-disciplines.</p></div> <a href="/news/introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/323" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>07 April 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Journals Presents: 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' Webinar Series</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>This year, to continue to support our community, we are launching our 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' webinar series, where we will discuss key developments in open science with industry-leading experts and academics. The webinars are organised in three sessions which tell you what you need to know about preprints, open data and open peer review.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-journals-presents-engaging-with-open-science-2023-webinar-series-20230407" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/252" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>27 September 2022</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Celebrates the 6,000th Open Access Book Published</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>A significant milestone was celebrated recently with the publication of IntechOpen’s 6,000th Open Access book, "Congenital Heart Defects Recent Advances." The book is edited by P. Syamasundar Rao, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and Emeritus Chief of Pediatric Cardiology at the McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas at Houston, a pioneer in interventional pediatric cardiology.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-celebrates-the-6-000th-open-access-book-published-20220927" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="news-slider__pagination" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><div id="pagination-news" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></div> <div class="controlls" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/series/icons/ic-arrow-left-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></button> <button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.123/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></button></div></div></div></div></section> <section 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The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 28, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"325","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F325"}},{"id":"416","slug":"intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217","title":"IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"February 17, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"357","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F357"}},{"id":"346","slug":"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915","title":"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format for OA books: IntechOpen Book Series. 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We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELaunching 2021\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F14\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EArtificial Intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2633-1403\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F13\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EVeterinary Medicine and Science\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2632-0517\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F11\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EBiochemistry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2632-0983\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F7\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EBiomedical Engineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2631-5343\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F6\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EInfectious Diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2631-6188\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EPhysiology (Coming Soon)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EDentistry (Coming Soon)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EWe invite you to explore our \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EIntechOpen Book Series\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ENote: Edited in October 2021\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"}]","published":true,"mainMedia":{"caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F132"}},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIntechOpen Book Series\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. 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Topics are \u003Cstrong\u003Ealways open for submissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to \u003Cstrong\u003EOnline First\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EOur innovative Book Series format brings you:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETopic Focused Publications\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E - Each topic showcases high impact subject \u003Cstrong\u003Eareas\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERenowned Editorial Expertise\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFast Publishing\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\t\u003Cli\u003EThe benefit of \u003Cstrong\u003EISSN and ISBN\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E for increased citation and indexing possibilities\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cvideo controls style=\"width: 100%;-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);box-shadow: 2px -2px 6px 2px rgb(0 0 0 \u002F 7%);\"\u003E\u003Csource src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpublic\u002Fvideos\u002FSeriesLaunch.mp4\" type=\"video\u002Fmp4\"\u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fvideo\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELaunching 2021\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F14\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EArtificial Intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2633-1403\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F13\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EVeterinary Medicine and Science\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2632-0517\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F11\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBiochemistry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2632-0983\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F7\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBiomedical Engineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2631-5343\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002F6\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EInfectious Diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ISSN 2631-6188\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EPhysiology (Coming Soon)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EDentistry (Coming Soon)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EWe invite you to explore our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIntechOpen Book Series\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ENote: Edited in October 2021\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"}],"latestNews":[{"slug":"green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105","title":"Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal: Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals"},{"slug":"intechopen-signs-research4life-publishers-recommitment-20241029","title":"IntechOpen Signs Research4Life Publishers Recommitment"},{"slug":"intechopen-launches-open-science-hub-20241028","title":"IntechOpen Launches Open Science Hub"},{"slug":"2024-best-paper-award-from-the-ai-computer-science-and-robotics-technology-journal-20241004","title":"2024 Best Paper Award From the AI, Computer Science, and Robotics Technology Journal"},{"slug":"peer-review-week-2024-spotlight-an-interview-with-global-campus-co-founder-paul-tuinenburg-20240927","title":"Peer Review Week Spotlight: An Interview with Global Campus Co-Founder Paul Tuinenburg"},{"slug":"new-open-access-books-from-the-knowledge-unlatched-select-programme-2024-20240819","title":"New Open Access Books from the Knowledge Unlatched Select Programme 2024"},{"slug":"intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708","title":"IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds"},{"slug":"recent-intechopen-book-series-launches-20240705","title":"Recent IntechOpen Book Series Launches"}]},"book":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"12336","leadTitle":null,"fullTitle":"Cystitis - Updates and Challenges","title":"Cystitis","subtitle":"Updates and Challenges","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"Among inflammatory disorders of the urinary tract, cystitis is the most common. A significant increase in the prevalence of this condition is reported by epidemiological investigations, and its diagnostic and therapeutic approach often represents a challenge. Bacterial cystitis is becoming difficult to treat, especially if chronic or recurrent, due to the increase of drug resistance among the responsible pathogens. Chronic non-infectious cystitis is also difficult to treat because its pathophysiologic mechanisms are still not completely understood. This book provides a comprehensive overview of bladder inflammation, focusing on etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the main types of infectious and non-infectious cystitis in both adults and children. It also addresses radiation cystitis as well as iatrogenic cystitis.","isbn":"978-1-83768-850-0","printIsbn":"978-1-83768-849-4","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83768-851-7","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.105317","price":119,"priceEur":135,"priceUsd":150,"priceCbs":null,"slug":"cystitis-updates-and-challenges","numberOfPages":110,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isInWos":null,"isInBkci":false,"hash":"91d893061f614164871f3eb0048007d2","bookSignature":"Giovanni Palleschi and Antonio Cardi","publishedDate":"October 11th 2023","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12336.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12336\u002F1718282845-385597309\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12336\u002F1718282845-385597309\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","numberOfDownloads":751,"numberOfViews":null,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":1,"numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook":null,"hasAltmetrics":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":1,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"November 29th 2022","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"December 20th 2022","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"February 18th 2023","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"May 9th 2023","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"July 8th 2023","currentStepOfPublishingProcess":5,"indexedIn":"1,2,3,4,5,6","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":false,"featuredMarkup":null,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"noAds":0,"editors":[{"id":"437295","title":"Dr.","name":"Giovanni","middleName":null,"surname":"Palleschi","slug":"giovanni-palleschi","fullName":"Giovanni Palleschi","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F437295\u002F1716962182\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Giovanni Palleschi (MD, Ph.D.) graduated in 1997 and specialized in urology in 2002 at Sapienza University of Rome. In 2002 he won a prize for research on anatomo-clinical correlations of urinary disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis, and in 2011 he achieved a physician doctorate in human anatomy, dermatology, and plastic surgery. He has been a member of the Scientific Committees of the Italian Society of Urology, the Italian Society of Urodynamics, and the European Association of Urology. He participated as a co-investigator in numerous clinical trials. He is the author of 70 publications edited on PubMed and scientific books. He participated in academic teaching activities at the Sapienza University of Rome. At present, he is a consultant urologist for the Nefrocenter Group (Italy).","institutionString":"NEFROCENTER, Medica San Carlo, Frascati","position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"4","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"2","institution":null,"countryString":"Italy"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":{"id":"446265","title":"Dr.","name":"Antonio","middleName":null,"surname":"Cardi","slug":"antonio-cardi","fullName":"Antonio Cardi","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F446265\u002F1697012272\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Antonio Cardi is a surgeon with a degree in medicine and surgery from the University of Rome \\\"La Sapienza,\\\" Italy, where he graduated with a 110 cum laude distinction and was a winner of the Specialization Competition in Urology. Dr. Cardi obtained a specialization diploma in urology with honors, and his research activities include laparoscopic urological surgery. He holds a Ph.D. in New Technologies in Surgery and has been involved in numerous research activities, presenting abstracts at various congresses and conferences. Throughout his career, Dr. Cardi has worked in different hospitals and institutions, gaining valuable experience in laparoscopic surgeries, robotic surgery, and urological oncology. He currently works at the Urology Unit of San Giovanni Addolorata, Rome, Italy, specializing in robotic surgery and other advanced urological procedures. Dr. Cardi\\'s contributions to the field have been remarkable, having performed more than 300 major robotic surgeries as the primary surgeon.","institutionString":"San Giovanni Addolorato Hospital, Rome","position":null,"outsideEditionCount":0,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"1","institution":null,"countryString":"Italy"},"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"204","title":"Urology","slug":"urology"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"subseries":null,"tags":null,"_preview":0,"chapters":[{"id":"87416","title":"Introductory Chapter: Presenting an Overview on the Main Clinical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Human Cystitis","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.111888","slug":"introductory-chapter-presenting-an-overview-on-the-main-clinical-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-aspects-","totalDownloads":80,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":1,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Giovanni Palleschi","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F87416","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F87416","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"437295","title":"Dr.","name":"Giovanni","surname":"Palleschi","slug":"giovanni-palleschi","fullName":"Giovanni Palleschi"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"87150","title":"Recurrent Cystitis in Women: Optimal Recommended Diagnostic Evaluation, Management and Prevention Options","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.111504","slug":"recurrent-cystitis-in-women-optimal-recommended-diagnostic-evaluation-management-and-prevention-opti","totalDownloads":116,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":2,"abstract":"Cystitis is a very common infection of the lower urinary tract. Women are typically affected, and more than 30 percent will experience at least one episode of cystitis in their lifetime. The diagnosis of this condition and its management are widely known and applied in the outpatient healthcare setting. However, recurrent cystitis, associated with a significant morbidity, is more challenging since their diagnostic evaluation, management and prevention differ significantly between disciplines. Several treatment and prevention options are offered to women with recurrent cystitis. Antibiotic prevention and treatment options should not be first-line, given the importance to limit resistance development and efficacy of alternatives in most situations. The proposed chapter is a narrative review on the current state-of-the-art for the diagnostic evaluation, management and prevention of recurrent cystitis, and aims to discuss other issues and aspects that could be addressed for an optimal management of this condition.","signatures":"Skander Essafi, Maha Abid, Sana Rouis and Amel Omezzine Letaief","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F87150","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F87150","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"508836","title":"Dr.","name":"Skander","surname":"Essafi","slug":"skander-essafi","fullName":"Skander Essafi"},{"id":"509638","title":"Dr.","name":"Maha","surname":"Abid","slug":"maha-abid","fullName":"Maha Abid"},{"id":"509640","title":"Dr.","name":"Sana","surname":"Rouis","slug":"sana-rouis","fullName":"Sana Rouis"},{"id":"529954","title":"Dr.","name":"Amel","surname":"Omezzine Letaief","slug":"amel-omezzine-letaief","fullName":"Amel Omezzine Letaief"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"87332","title":"Cystitis in Children","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.111887","slug":"cystitis-in-children","totalDownloads":94,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":3,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections in children are very common. However, their etiology, treatment, and prognosis are very different compared to adult patients. It is a field of interest that is covered by Pediatricians, Pediatric Nephrologists, Pediatric Surgeons, and Pediatric Urologists. There are of course different approaches with a common goal of urinary tract treatment, prevention, and in more serious cases kidney function preservation. This chapter offers a comprehensive review on the topic, with an attempt to offer impartial analysis of the practices widely accepted in treatment of urinary tract infections in childhood, with all the specific procedures typical for pediatric population.","signatures":"Dragana Živković and Maja Samardžić Lukić","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F87332","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F87332","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"509791","title":"D.Sc.","name":"Dragana","surname":"Živković","slug":"dragana-zivkovic","fullName":"Dragana Živković"},{"id":"517123","title":"Dr.","name":"Maja","surname":"Samardžić Lukić","slug":"maja-samardzic-lukic","fullName":"Maja Samardžić Lukić"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"87191","title":"Interstitial Cystitis\u002FBladder Pain Syndrome","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.111676","slug":"interstitial-cystitis-bladder-pain-syndrome","totalDownloads":183,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":4,"abstract":"Interstitial cystitis\u002Fbladder pain syndrome (IC\u002FBPS) is a heterogeneous, chronic, and debilitating condition. It affects 400,000 individuals in the United Kingdom. IC\u002FBPS presents with suprapubic pain or discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder with one or more urinary symptoms (e.g., urgency, frequency or nocturia) for more than 6 weeks. The exact etiology is not clearly understood. It can sometimes co-exist with other chronic pain disorders, complicating the diagnosis and management. IC\u002FBPS can adversely impact the quality of life, impede work, and interfere with the sleep, sexual and social life of the affected individual. The contemporary treatments are palliative and aim for symptom control only. There is no cure available presently. Moreover, treatment effects are highly variable; therefore, personalization of treatment is vital for achieving the desired outcomes. Management includes lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, systemic pharmacotherapy, intravesical therapies and surgery. Conservative treatments are usually used first, followed by invasive and combination therapies if required. Treatment should aim beyond symptom improvement and encompass improvement in quality of life. Further research is needed to understand the etiology and pathophysiology of IC\u002FBPS. It will assist in the development of new biomarkers and drug development.","signatures":"Asad Ullah and Muhammad Jamil","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F87191","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F87191","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"457402","title":"Dr.","name":"Asad","surname":"Ullah","slug":"asad-ullah","fullName":"Asad Ullah"},{"id":"517642","title":"Dr.","name":"Muhammad","surname":"Jamil","slug":"muhammad-jamil","fullName":"Muhammad Jamil"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"87249","title":"Radiation Cystitis","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.111698","slug":"radiation-cystitis","totalDownloads":151,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":5,"abstract":"The bladder is incidentally exposed during radiation therapy for cancer involving pelvic structures. Radiation exposure induces urothelium damage and perivascular fibrosis, as well as traumatizes the detrusor smooth muscle, resulting in a decrease in bladder compliance and capacity. The acute and subacute phases of radiation cystitis (RC) occur during or within 3–6 months after therapy. On the other hand, late RC can develop from 6 months to years after radiation treatment. Clinical symptoms may include storage and voiding symptoms, pelvic pain and hematuria. The diagnosis is focused on the exclusion of other causes. The oral therapies include analgesics, anticholinergics, alpha-blockers and 5-reductase inhibitors. Intravesical instillation (e.g., prostaglandin, formalin, hyaluronic acid) have been used for the treatment of late RC. The management of hemorrhagic cystitis is tailored according to the severity of the symptoms, involving conservative measures, hyperbaric oxygen, fulguration, selective embolization, urinary diversion or cystectomy.","signatures":"Carlos Arturo Levi D’Ancona and André Canettieri Rubez","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F87249","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F87249","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"510158","title":"Prof.","name":"Carlos","surname":"Arturo Levi D’Ancona","slug":"carlos-arturo-levi-d'ancona","fullName":"Carlos Arturo Levi D’Ancona"},{"id":"510706","title":"Dr.","name":"André Canettieri","surname":"Rubez","slug":"andre-canettieri-rubez","fullName":"André Canettieri Rubez"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"86970","title":"Drug-Related Cystitis: An Overview","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.111503","slug":"drug-related-cystitis-an-overview","totalDownloads":127,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":6,"abstract":"Cystitis is an inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder with infectious or noninfectious aetiologies. Chemical-induced cystitis represents a relatively highly prevalent kind of noninfectious cystitis resulting from therapeutic agents or environmental chemicals. Drug-related cystitis is a type of urotoxicity of drugs, which is a commonly underreported condition leading to impaired quality of patients’ life, discontinuation of medication and non-compliance. Drug-related cystitis can occur in several forms ranging from mild urinary symptoms to gross haematuria, which can be challenging for physicians to treat. Chemotherapeutic drugs, ketamine, tiaprofenic acid and several drugs have been reported to be associated with cystitis until now. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating agent that leads to haemorrhagic cystitis with widespread awareness due to its high prevalence in patients under treatment intravenously. However, several currently available drugs have been also reported to induce cystitis, which may be usually ignored. Drug-related cystitis can cause emergency admissions and prolonged hospitalisation, leading to increased medical costs. Some cases of drug-related cystitis are clinically managed with established therapeutic interventions and\u002For prophylaxis, such as CP-induced haemorrhagic cystitis. On the other hand, standard treatment is currently unavailable for most cases. This chapter will provide current knowledge regarding the drug-related cystitis that should be taken into consideration as a potential adverse effect of drugs by physicians.","signatures":"Seçkin Engin","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F86970","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F86970","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"514579","title":"M.D.","name":"Seçkin","surname":"Engin","slug":"seckin-engin","fullName":"Seçkin Engin"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0}]},"relatedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"1003662","title":"Chronic Kidney Disease","subtitle":"Novel Insights into Pathophysiology and Treatment","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"79498309dfe498775b2ca112a4787196","slug":null,"bookSignature":"Giovanni Palleschi and Valeria Rossi","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000xzFK9QAM\u002F0015566_TrikoderCover%20%282023-06-30%2009%3A00%3A58%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":[{"id":"437295","title":"Dr.","name":"Giovanni","surname":"Palleschi","slug":"giovanni-palleschi","fullName":"Giovanni Palleschi"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"11734","title":"Urinary Tract Infections","subtitle":"New Insights","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"61b91ac9a52ef4179d1358c0a260cb23","slug":"urinary-tract-infections-new-insights","bookSignature":"Wael Hegazy","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11734.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"463716","title":"Dr.","name":"Wael","surname":"Hegazy","slug":"wael-hegazy","fullName":"Wael Hegazy"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"10355","title":"Urinary Tract Infection and Nephropathy","subtitle":"Insights into Potential Relationship","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"ca250be6457e17cd92a4e48ffc32724d","slug":"urinary-tract-infection-and-nephropathy-insights-into-potential-relationship","bookSignature":"Ran Pang","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10355.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"186524","title":"Prof.","name":"Ran","surname":"Pang","slug":"ran-pang","fullName":"Ran Pang"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003115","title":"Lithotripsy","subtitle":"Novel Technologies, Innovations and Contemporary Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"ffa9be59f1c618c4859645cd04b61f24","slug":null,"bookSignature":"Mohammad Hammad Ather, Athanasios Papatsoris and Srinath K. 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The book will also shed light on albumin's endogenous and exogenous role along with its clinical significance in several diseases including metabolic, cardiovascular, autoimmune, and kidney-related diseases. Detailed exploration of human serum albumin (HSA) will provide the probability to fabricate several diagnostic point-of-care devices and further albumin can be utilized as a biomarker in screening or even early screening or onset of diseases in clinical and community setup. Contributions from leading international experts in this field show how HSA is applied to diagnosis, therapy, drugs, and treatment, with a comprehensive introduction to HSA. This volume of the book will appeal to scientists of medical, biochemistry, pharmacological, immunological, toxicological, and pharmacist groups and will help to deliver deeper insights into albumin.","isbn":"978-1-83634-856-6","printIsbn":"978-1-83634-857-3","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83634-858-0","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006797","price":0,"priceEur":null,"priceUsd":null,"oapfPrice":1400,"slug":null,"numberOfPages":0,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"isSalesforceBook":true,"isNomenclature":false,"hash":"fa552bfd860735468375cd52fdbc9550","bookSignature":"Dr. Alok Raghav","publishedDate":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000009jOEFIA2\u002F0016483_TrikoderCover%20%282024-08-21%2013%3A18%3A28%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004579\u002F1728645632-45636069\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004579\u002F1728645632-45636069\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004579\u002F1731711618-1541369016\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004579\u002F1731711618-1541369016\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","keywords":"Primary Structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Conformation, Physiology of Albumin, Homeostasis, Transport, Ligands, Cardiovascular Disease, Dyslipidemia, Metabolic Diseases, Autoimmune Disorders","numberOfDownloads":null,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"October 18th 2024","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"December 13th 2024","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"January 17th 2025","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"April 7th 2025","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"June 6th 2025","dateConfirmationOfParticipation":"December 8th 2024","remainingDaysToSecondStep":"16 days","secondStepPassed":false,"areRegistrationsClosed":false,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":2,"editedByType":null,"kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":false,"biosketch":"An expert researcher in metabolic diseases and research professor at Gachon University, South Korea. Dr. Raghav has received several international and national awards and also serves as an associate editor for Frontiers in Endocrinology and Frontiers in Public Health and an academic editor for PLOS One.","equalEditorOneBiosketch":null,"equalEditorTwoBiosketch":null,"equalEditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorOneBiosketch":null,"coeditorTwoBiosketch":null,"coeditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorFourBiosketch":null,"coeditorFiveBiosketch":null,"isPublished":false,"isDeactivated":false,"editors":[{"id":"334465","title":"Dr.","name":"Alok","middleName":null,"surname":"Raghav","slug":"alok-raghav","fullName":"Alok Raghav","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F334465\u002F1725445666\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Alok Raghav obtained his Ph.D. in Endocrinology from Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, India. He worked as a project scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, India. He has more than 10 years of research experience in glycobiology and diabetes mellitus. He also worked as Scientist C at the Multidisciplinary Research Unit (sponsored by the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi), GSVM Medical College Kanpur, India. He is currently a research professor at the School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, South Korea. Dr. Raghav has received several international and national awards. He is also an associate editor for Frontiers in Endocrinology and Frontiers in Public Health and an academic editor for PLOS One.","institutionString":null,"countryString":"South Korea","position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"3","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"4","institution":{"name":"Gachon University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Korea, South"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"assistantEditorOne":null,"assistantEditorTwo":null,"assistantEditorThree":null,"assistantEditorFour":null,"assistantEditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"47","title":"Cell Biology","slug":"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-cell-biology"}],"chapters":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"subseries":{"id":"18","series":{"id":"11","title":"Biochemistry","issn":"2632-0983","editor":{"id":"266540","name":"Andrei","middleName":null,"surname":"Surguchov","fullName":"Andrei Surguchov","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F266540\u002F1716387771\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}}},"personalPublishingAssistant":{"id":"1004354","firstName":"Mirna","lastName":"Papuga","middleName":null,"title":"Ms.","imageUrl":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.123\u002Fauthor.svg","email":"mirna.p@intechopen.com","biography":null},"_preview":0},"regionStatistics":[{"id":"1","name":"Southern Europe","contributorCount":21370},{"id":"2","name":"Northern Europe","contributorCount":6960},{"id":"3","name":"Western Europe","contributorCount":10652},{"id":"4","name":"Northern America","contributorCount":17996},{"id":"5","name":"Eastern Asia","contributorCount":20252},{"id":"6","name":"Australia and New Zealand","contributorCount":2718}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,200","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"192,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%"}},"ofsBook_old1":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[]},"chapter":{"item":{"type":"chapter","id":"66998","title":"Introductory Chapter: High-Speed Railways (HSR)","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.86070","slug":"introductory-chapter-high-speed-railways-hsr-","body":"\n\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. High-speed railways\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EHigh-speed railways (HSR) are defined as an intercity passenger transportation system that is time-competitive with air and\u002For auto on a door-to-door basis. The main reason for considering the implementation of rapid transportation systems is higher speed, which can easily equate to shorter travel time. The rapid expansion of transportation industries worldwide, including railways, and the never-ending desire to reduce travel time have highlighted the need to resort to the advanced transit systems. Conventional railway systems have been modified to make them travel at much higher speeds. People have always demanded reduction in travel time for many good reasons such as trade, leisure, etc. This has forced rapid expansion of transportation industries worldwide, including railways. Consequently, high-speed transit systems have been introduced in many countries. These systems are manufactured based on advanced engineering methods and technologies. Rapid transit systems must fulfill the major elements of the transport politics. The main aims consist in the increase of speed in the transportation corridors, flexibility, environmental acceptance, ride comfort, stresses (noise, pollutions, and vibrancies), etc. Mobility and transportation infrastructure guarantee a high grade of freedom and quality for the citizens, for their work, and leisure time. Infrastructure is an important location factor in the regional and global sense. It strongly influences the development of the society and the growth of the national economies. The mobility of individuals is impossible without an equivalent volume of traffic and transportation infrastructure. Urban developments lead to a considerable increase of the road and an increase of stresses for the people and environment. The public transportation policy must be faced up to this challenge and act appropriately in time. A major vision is the development of HSR, which can relocate certain parts of the road and air traffic to these systems and to enhance growth of congested urban areas and coalescence of the area. Examples of HSR include the French Train à Grand Vitesse (TGV), the Japanese Shinkansen, the German Intercity Express (ICE), the Spanish AVE, etc. [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E](\u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigures 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#F3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#F4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F66998\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF1.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p2\"\u003EHistory of high-speed rail (HSR).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F66998\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF2.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p3\"\u003EHSR market shares in 2016 (PASSENGERS.KILOMETER).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F66998\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF3.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p4\"\u003EHigh-speed rail network.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F4\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F66998\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF4.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p5\"\u003EHigh-speed rail network length.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EThis work was performed by Iran Maglev Technology (IMT).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":null,"chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F66998.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F66998.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F66998\u002F1672038840\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F66998","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F66998","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F66998\u002F1512345123\u002F","totalDownloads":983,"totalViews":882,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"introChapter":null,"impactScore":0,"impactScorePercentile":8,"impactScoreQuartile":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"dateSubmitted":"November 19th 2018","dateReviewed":"March 27th 2019","datePrePublished":null,"datePublished":"June 19th 2019","dateFinished":"May 6th 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In: The ASME 10th Biennial Conference on Enginveering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA), Vol. 2. Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; 2010. pp. 299-306. ISBN: 978-0-7918-4916-3\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B4","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B4\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EYaghoubi H, Ziari H. Assessment of structural analysis and design principles for maglev guideway: A case-study for implementing low-speed maglev systems in Iran. In: The 1st International Conference on Railway Engineering, High-Speed Railway, Heavy Haul Railway and Urban Rail Transit. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China: China Railway Publishing House; 2010. pp. 15-23. ISBN: 978-7-113-11751-1\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B5","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B5\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EBehbahani H, Yaghoubi H. Procedures for safety and risk assessment of maglev systems: A case-study for long-distance and high-speed maglev project in Mashhad-Tehran route. In: The 1st International Conference on Railway Engineering, High-speed Railway, Heavy Haul Railway and Urban Rail Transit. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China: China Railway Publishing House; 2010. pp. 73-83. ISBN: 978-7-113-11751-1\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B6","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B6\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EYaghoubi H. The most important advantages of magnetically levitated trains. Towards Sustainable Transportation Systems. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP2011). Nanjing, China: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Publisher; 2011. pp. 3974-3986. 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Vogiatzis","slug":"konstantinos-vogiatzis"},{"id":"191818","title":"Prof.","name":"Georges","middleName":null,"surname":"Kouroussis","fullName":"Georges Kouroussis","slug":"georges-kouroussis"}]},{"id":"52468","title":"Characterisation of Airborne Particulate Matter in Different European Subway Systems","slug":"characterisation-of-airborne-particulate-matter-in-different-european-subway-systems","signatures":"Vânia Martins, María Cruz Minguillón, Teresa Moreno, Luís Mendes,\nKonstantinos Eleftheriadis, Célia A. Alves, Eladio de Miguel and\nXavier Querol","authors":[{"id":"188087","title":"Dr.","name":"Teresa","middleName":null,"surname":"Moreno","fullName":"Teresa Moreno","slug":"teresa-moreno"},{"id":"371874","title":"Dr.","name":"Vânia","middleName":null,"surname":"Martins","fullName":"Vânia Martins","slug":"vania-martins"},{"id":"371875","title":"Dr.","name":"María Cruz","middleName":null,"surname":"Minguillón","fullName":"María Cruz Minguillón","slug":"maria-cruz-minguillon"},{"id":"371876","title":"Dr.","name":"Luís","middleName":null,"surname":"Mendes","fullName":"Luís Mendes","slug":"luis-mendes"},{"id":"371877","title":"Dr.","name":"Konstantinos","middleName":null,"surname":"Eleftheriadis","fullName":"Konstantinos Eleftheriadis","slug":"konstantinos-eleftheriadis"},{"id":"371878","title":"Dr.","name":"Eladio","middleName":null,"surname":"de Miguel","fullName":"Eladio de Miguel","slug":"eladio-de-miguel"},{"id":"371879","title":"Dr.","name":"Xavier","middleName":null,"surname":"Querol","fullName":"Xavier Querol","slug":"xavier-querol"}]},{"id":"53369","title":"The Effects of Urban Public Transit Investment on Traffic Congestion and Air Quality","slug":"the-effects-of-urban-public-transit-investment-on-traffic-congestion-and-air-quality","signatures":"Justin Beaudoin and C.-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell","authors":[{"id":"28419","title":"Prof.","name":"C.-Y. Cynthia","middleName":null,"surname":"Lin Lawell","fullName":"C.-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell","slug":"c.-y.-cynthia-lin-lawell"},{"id":"194702","title":"Prof.","name":"Justin","middleName":null,"surname":"Beaudoin","fullName":"Justin Beaudoin","slug":"justin-beaudoin"}]},{"id":"52783","title":"Bus Rapid Transit Systems Road Safety: A Case Study of Mexico City","slug":"bus-rapid-transit-systems-road-safety-a-case-study-of-mexico-city","signatures":"Jaime Santos-Reyes, Vladimir Ávalos-Bravo and Diego Padilla-Pérez","authors":[{"id":"188978","title":"Dr.","name":"Jaime","middleName":null,"surname":"Santos-Reyes","fullName":"Jaime Santos-Reyes","slug":"jaime-santos-reyes"},{"id":"194713","title":"Dr.","name":"Vladimir","middleName":null,"surname":"Avalos-Bravo","fullName":"Vladimir Avalos-Bravo","slug":"vladimir-avalos-bravo"},{"id":"194714","title":"Dr.","name":"Diego","middleName":null,"surname":"Padilla-Perez","fullName":"Diego Padilla-Perez","slug":"diego-padilla-perez"}]},{"id":"51974","title":"Procedure for the Award of Contracts and Contracting in Public Passenger Transport","slug":"procedure-for-the-award-of-contracts-and-contracting-in-public-passenger-transport","signatures":"Miloš Poliak","authors":[{"id":"188633","title":"Prof.","name":"Milos","middleName":null,"surname":"Poliak","fullName":"Milos Poliak","slug":"milos-poliak"}]},{"id":"52739","title":"Financial Aspects of Urban Transport","slug":"financial-aspects-of-urban-transport","signatures":"Mihaela Grubišić Šeba","authors":[{"id":"189854","title":"Dr.","name":"Mihaela","middleName":null,"surname":"Grubišić Šeba","fullName":"Mihaela Grubišić Šeba","slug":"mihaela-grubisic-seba"}]},{"id":"53725","title":"The Rise of Ride Sharing in Urban Transport: Threat or Opportunity?","slug":"the-rise-of-ride-sharing-in-urban-transport-threat-or-opportunity-","signatures":"Tamer Çetin","authors":[{"id":"188649","title":"Dr.","name":"Tamer","middleName":null,"surname":"Cetin","fullName":"Tamer Cetin","slug":"tamer-cetin"}]},{"id":"53623","title":"Traffic Congestion Pricing: Methodologies and Equity Implications","slug":"traffic-congestion-pricing-methodologies-and-equity-implications","signatures":"Ammar AbuLibdeh","authors":[{"id":"188094","title":"Dr.","name":"Ammar","middleName":null,"surname":"AbuLibdeh","fullName":"Ammar AbuLibdeh","slug":"ammar-abulibdeh"}]}]}],"publishedBooks":[],"publishedBooksByAuthor":[]},"onlineFirst":{"chapter":{"type":"chapter","id":"1174960","title":"Recent Development in LPG Production, Transportation, and Distribution: Focus on Nigeria and African Sub-Regions","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1004324","slug":null,"body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003ELiquefied Petroleum Gas called LPG is commonly known as propane or butane, has emerged as a versatile and clean-burning energy source with widespread applications in both industrial and domestic sectors. Nigeria, endowed with substantial oil and gas reserves, has been a major player in the global energy market. Historically, the country’s primary focus was on crude oil production, leading to underutilization of its vast natural gas resources, including LPG. LPG is gaining importance in Cameroon’s energy mix, but supply shortages pose challenges [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] investigated LPG consumption elasticities in Cameroon using annual data from 1994 to 2017. Results show that price, income, and urbanization are significant determinants of LPG consumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003EThese findings have implications for demand management and call for policymakers to promote widespread use of LPG, particularly in the savannah zone, to reduce deforestation and biomass dependence. Similarly, Shupler et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] carried out a study in Cameroon, Kenya, and Ghana found that supply-side factors and stove equipment were better predictors of household consumption of liquefied. However, in recent years, there has been a paradigm shift towards recognizing the economic and environmental benefits of LPG. Nigeria Liquified Natural Gas Limited (NLNG) established on May 17, 1989, as a Limited Liability Company. The NLNG was set up to harness Nigeria’s vast natural gas resources and produce Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) for export. LPG also known as cooking gas in Nigeria is a very clean versatile and environmentally friendly fuel, an essential commodity for life and living, convenient, portable energy source that is easy to transport and store. It’s produced from petroleum refining of crude oil and extraction from natural gas with varying uses ranging from heating purposes, production of aerosol propellant, input to petrochemical industry and as a refrigerant [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. NLNG has committed to supplying 100% of its LPG production to the domestic market, despite challenges such as feed gas and market challenges. NLNG has supplied over 2.4 million metric tonnes of cooking gas into the domestic market in the last 15 years, spurring a steady rise in yearly consumption. The Federal Government of Nigeria’s policies since 2005 have aided supply sustainability in the industry, opening up and broadening the LPG domestic market. The company has dedicated a certain quantity of LPG for the domestic market, generating over 250,000 jobs and creating a foundation for growth by over 1000% [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p4\"\u003EDespite the achievements in the last 15 years, there remains a high demand for cooking gas in Nigeria, outstripping supply, leading to sharp increases in the price of LPG. To mitigate this price surge, the NLNG said the LPG supply chain needs to be improved, with more producers increasing the quantity of LPG on the domestic market and encouraging private entrepreneurs to embark on natural gas processing. The company also called on the Central Bank of Nigeria to ensure the disbursement of loan facilities from a special gas fund (the National Gas Expansion Programme Framework) to competent investors in the LPG value chain. The President of the Nigerian Association of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Marketers (NALPGAM) stated that NLNG remained committed to meeting domestic demand and assured the association that it would continue producing LPG based on the feed gas received from its suppliers. This chapter delves into the dynamic landscape of LPG within the context of the Nigerian petroleum industry and explores its pivotal role in meeting energy demands across the African continent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Overview of LPG production\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p5\"\u003ELPG is obtained through the process of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The composition of this substance mostly comprises propane and butane, and it is typically stored and transported in a pressurized state in its liquid form [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. LPG exhibits a notable degree of efficiency and possesses a substantial energy content, rendering it a highly suitable fuel for a wide range of businesses and households on a global scale. The process of producing LPG encompasses a series of distinct stages, which include separation, purification, and fractionation. LPG is a multifaceted energy resource that finds utility in diverse domains such as heating, culinary activities, and transportation [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The growing need for cleaner and more sustainable energy sources has underscored the significance of LPG production in addressing these requirements and mitigating carbon emissions. LPG refers to a flammable hydrocarbon fuel that exists in a gaseous state at ambient conditions but may be easily liquefied under moderate pressure [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1 Economic benefits LPG production\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EAn examination of the economic advantages and employment generation linked to the production of LPG demonstrates that the sector has the capacity to create a significant quantity of jobs directly and indirectly. Below are the following ways LPG plants, its production facilities, and its associated supply chain benefits the Nigerian economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.1 Job creation\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003EThe establishment and operation of LPG production facilities create job opportunities at various levels, from skilled technicians and engineers to administrative and support staff. Additionally, the distribution and retail aspects of the LPG supply chain also generate employment. The Nigerian Liquefied Petroleum Gas Association (NLPGA) opined that with effective government policy, LPG market can generate over two million jobs [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, the installation of LPG production facilities necessitates the involvement of proficient workforce in both the construction and operation phases, hence generating employment prospects for the nearby communities. Additionally, the expansion of the LPG sector has the potential to foster the establishment of complementary industries, including transportation and distribution, thereby augmenting employment opportunities [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.2 Revenue generation\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003ELPG production contributes to government revenue through taxes, fees, and royalties. The industry can be a significant source of income for the government, helping to fund public services and infrastructure development. With the accelerated LPG penetration, the Nigerian government is targeting a 40% adoption rate (i.e. 13.8 m households) in 5 years by 2026, and 73% adoption in 10 years (33.3 m households) by 2031. The increase in adoption rate will generate revenue to the purse of government [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.3 Diversification of the economy\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003EDeveloping the LPG sector contributes to the diversification of the Nigerian economy. Reducing dependence on traditional sectors like oil and gas can make the economy more resilient to fluctuations in global commodity prices. LPG as the transition fuel provides alternative economic outlet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.4 Energy access and affordability\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003EIncreasing LPG production helps to improve access to clean and affordable energy. As more households and businesses switch to LPG, it reduces reliance on traditional and often more polluting fuels like firewood and charcoal. This transition can lead to cost savings for consumers, as well as health and environmental benefits. With the Cameroonian government encouraging 58% of its population to use LPG as a cooking gas by 2030, up from 20% in 2014. It will provide access to energy for Cameroonian citizens through its National LPG Master Plan designed to scales up the LPG sector to meet this target [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.5 Foreign exchange savings\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p11\"\u003ENigeria currently imports a significant portion of its energy needs. By promoting domestic LPG production, the country can reduce its dependence on imported fuels, leading to savings in foreign exchange.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_7_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.6 Indirect economic impact\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003EThe use of LPG in various industries and households can result in indirect economic benefits. For example, businesses that rely on affordable and reliable energy for manufacturing processes may experience increased productivity and competitiveness. The productivity will stimulate the growth of local economies and mitigates the prevalence of unemployment and augments income levels, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life for individuals and families.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.7 Environmental benefits\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003EWhile not directly economic, the environmental benefits of LPG production can have economic implications in the long term. LPG is a cleaner-burning fuel compared to traditional biomass fuels, leading to reduced deforestation, improved air quality, and health-related cost savings. Yeo et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] after investigating the potential economic and environmental benefit of LPG advocated the utilization of LPG by means of governmental policy measures and financial assistance that targets fishing vessels with the strong potential to convert to LPG usages. Such policies are grounded on the efficacy and competitiveness of LPG as a versatile fuel that mitigate air pollutants and limits water pollutants from burning as AGO as a such for fuel for marine activities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.1.8 Infrastructure development\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003EThe growth of the LPG industry can drive the development of necessary infrastructure, including storage facilities, transportation networks, and distribution channels. This, in turn, can stimulate economic activity in related sectors. According to Witthohn [\u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] there were about 300 LPG distribution terminals (bottling plants) in the country with a total capacity of about 13,000 tonnes. To fully realize these economic benefits, the Nigerian government and stakeholders must invest in infrastructure, and create an enabling environment for the growth of the LPG sector.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2 The environmental implications of LPG production\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p15\"\u003EThe world is currently experiencing a significant increase in global energy consumption, coinciding with the urgent need to address the issue of climate change by decreasing carbon dioxide emissions. It is worth noting that a substantial portion of these emissions can be attributed to the utilization of fossil fuels [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The assessment of sustainability for LPG production necessitates careful consideration of its environmental impact. The production of LPG is associated with fewer emissions of greenhouse gases in comparison to other forms of fossil fuels, leading to a decrease in the overall carbon footprint [\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Moreover, the process of LPG burning results in reduced emissions of harmful substances like sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, hence contributing to enhanced air quality and a decrease in respiratory health complications [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The environmental advantages render LPG a feasible alternative for facilitating the shift towards a more ecologically friendly and enduring energy framework. This discourse pertains to the examination of the carbon footprint associated with the utilization of LPG in comparison to other fossil fuels. The examination of the carbon footprint of LPG in comparison to other fossil fuels indicates that LPG exhibits a much-reduced carbon footprint. In comparison to coal and oil, LPG demonstrates a reduction of around 20% in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy generated [\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p16\"\u003EThe decrease in carbon dioxide (CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) emissions plays a vital role in addressing climate change and achieving international targets for reducing emissions. Moreover, the effective combustion of LPG additionally mitigates the emission of other detrimental greenhouse gases, such as methane, rendering it a compelling substitute for a more environmentally friendly energy trajectory [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The exploration and advancement of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have furthermore played a role in mitigating carbon emissions. Despite this, these sustainable energy sources are less reliable because they do not always work. This makes them less useful for meeting the constant energy needs of both businesses and homes. On the other hand, LPG offers a dependable and conveniently obtainable energy resource that may be utilized for a multitude of purposes, encompassing but not limited to heating, culinary activities, and transportation. LPG is a promising option for facilitating the transition towards a more environmentally sustainable energy landscape, as it boasts a reduced carbon footprint and enhanced combustion efficiency. This alternative energy source holds potential for addressing our energy requirements while simultaneously mitigating the adverse impacts of traditional energy sources on the environment [\u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_13\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. LPG price watch\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p17\"\u003EBased on current statistics, there has been a consistent upward trend in the price of LPG, which can be attributed to the escalating need for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy alternatives. The demand for LPG in Nigeria has experienced steady growth, driven by increasing urbanization, population expansion, and a growing awareness of the benefits of clean cooking fuels. The domestic sector, particularly households and small businesses, has emerged as the primary consumer of LPG. Efforts to encourage LPG adoption through subsidies, awareness campaigns, and targeted government programs have played a crucial role in shifting consumer preferences towards this cleaner alternative to traditional biomass fuels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p18\"\u003ERefilling a 5 kg LPG cylinder according to [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], cost ₦3594.81 an equivalent of $4.49 using the conversion rate of 800 Naira to 1US Dollars in December 2021, an 84.37% increase from December 2020 which was ₦1949.75. Average monthly price rose 8.53% from ₦3312.42 in November 2021. The states of Benue, Cross River, and Borno had the highest average prices for refilling a 5 kg LPG cylinder, while the states of Adamawa, Yobe, and Bauchi had the lowest, with prices of ₦2398.40, ₦2543.14, and ₦2586.43, respectively. As of December 2021, the average cost of refilling a 12.5 kg LPG cylinder rose by 76.49% to ₦7332.04 from ₦4154.28 in December 2020. The average price rose 0.33% from ₦7308.06 in November 2021 per month-on-month study. The highest average prices for refilling a 12.5 kg LPG cylinder were in the states of Osun, Oyo, and Abuja the Federal Capital Territory with the sum of ₦ 8491.67, ₦8303.33, and ₦8058.00 respectively, while the states of Borno, Bayelsa, and Nasarawa had the lowest average prices of ₦5852.13, ₦6678.57, and ₦6679.57 respectively [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p19\"\u003EMany nations in Africa have acknowledged the advantages of LPG and have enacted legislation and provided incentives to promote its production and utilization. Nevertheless, there are persistent issues that need to be addressed to guarantee a steady and dependable provision of LPG, particularly in less developed areas. There is a concerted endeavor to enhance the infrastructure for LPG and optimize the distribution networks to effectively address the increasing worldwide demand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_14\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Transportation of LPG in Nigeria and West Africa\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p20\"\u003ELPG is very portable. There are several ways to transfer it, most commonly in liquid form, because its volume is lower than that of gas. Large tankers transport LPG overseas and large gas transporters typically provide this function. There are intermodal tank containers that can transport LPG, these stackable containers enable the transportation of LPG by ship, rail, or truck, eliminating the need to empty and reload. Tanker rail cars can transport vast quantities of LPG. Tanker rail cars frequently deliver LPG from the well sites to the terminals. Transporting goods between the two terminals requires expertise. Transferring LPG from gas sources to storage terminals occasionally requires the use of designated pipelines. The prohibitive expense of building them prevents their extensive use. In some areas, LPG reticulation is prevalent. LPG is distributed as reticulated gas through a network of pipes. The pipes are linked to a storage container located at a distance from the customer’s location, and several customers are supplied by a single storage container. Mode Investment and Development Services (MIDs) Gas Group manages the distribution systems for LPG in Nigeria and West Africa. Gas Africa, a company based in Nairobi, Kenya, provides the service of installing LPG reticulated piping systems in standalone buildings. This includes setting up centralized cylinder banks in residential apartment blocks and installing bulk LPG tanks in hotels. Implementing a pre-paid metering system for residential use [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_15\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. LPG distribution in Nigeria and African sub-region\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p21\"\u003ELPG is a cleaner cooking fuel widely promoted in many countries. Interventions to promote LPG have varied outcomes, with some studies showing positive effects and others showing ineffectiveness. The Rural LPG Promotion Program (RLPGPP) in Ghana, launched in 2013, aimed to make LPG the primary cooking fuel for rural residents by providing free LPG cylinders, cookstoves, and accessories. However, the program’s effect remains to be measured despite being discontinued. Adjei-Mantey and Takeuchi [\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] carried out a study to examines the factors influencing the adoption of clean cooking fuels in Ghana, focusing on the supply-side determinants of LPG usage. The research found that distance to refill stations negatively affects LPG adoption and usage frequency, but multiple services at refill stations increase usage. Other key factors include policy interventions, behavioral and socio-economic characteristics of households. The findings have significant policy implications for developing countries facing infrastructure challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p22\"\u003ELPG is a crucial commodity in Nigeria, primarily produced by the NLNG. It can be transported in various ways, including ship, rail, tanker trucks, intermodal tanks, cylinder trucks, pipelines, and local gas reticulation systems. Distribution logistics in Nigeria are a major challenge, with inadequate facilities such as small low draft vessels, channel draft restrictions, and transportation infrastructure contributing to increased landing costs. The leading producer of LPG in Nigeria is the NLNG in its bonny plant. It is transported to Lagos, where operational storage facilities are located. The current distribution network in Nigeria has a single functional outlet in Lagos, with limited capacity in coastal cities like Port Harcourt and Calabar [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p23\"\u003EThe optimization routine study by [\u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] was found to reduce trucking costs of LPG using specific distribution outlets, compared to the current trend of using only the Lagos distribution outlet. The model showed that distributing LPG from the proposed Port Harcourt channel to Kano and Sokoto is more cost-effective (24% reduction) than transporting it from Lagos. Distributing LPG from Calabar to Gombe and Maiduguri is more profitable (28% reduction) than from Lagos. The most cost-effective distribution outlets for LPG transportation to specific cities across the country are the proposed Calabar and Port Harcourt outlets. The LPG distribution network from the Lagos outlet remains strategic for distribution to cities closer to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p24\"\u003ELasisi [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] carried out a study to examines the production and distribution of LPG in Nigeria, focusing on historical and predictive data from 1994 to 2020. the result of the study indicated that LPG consumption increased rapidly from 2016 upward, driven by infrastructural surplus, investment, and awareness initiatives. The results suggest a strong correlation between demand-supply bonds driven by market forces in urban and suburban cities, providing reliable parameters for sustainable strategic planning and policy development for economic recovery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_16\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E6. Challenges, outlook, and Nigerian decade of gas policy\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_16_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E6.1 Challenges\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_16_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.1.1 Infrastructure deficiency and limited domestic production\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p25\"\u003EInadequate LPG storage, transportation, and distribution infrastructure poses a significant challenge. A well-established distribution network is necessary to supply LPG to consumers efficiently. Also, Nigeria relies on imported LPG to augment the supply from NLNG, contributing to supply chain vulnerabilities and price fluctuations. Increasing domestic production could enhance supply security [\u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_17_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.1.2 Safety concerns\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p26\"\u003ESafety issues related to the handling and use of LPG and its cylinders can deter consumers. On the production side of the value chain, the volatility of the gas portends safety issues [\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Proper safety measures, public awareness campaigns, and regulatory enforcement are necessary to address these concerns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_18_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.1.3 Pricing and subsidy issues and lack of regulatory framework\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p27\"\u003EFluctuations in global oil prices can impact the cost of LPG in Nigeria. Subsidy challenges and price variations may affect the affordability and accessibility of LPG for consumers. Inconsistent regulatory frameworks and enforcement can lead to suboptimal industry performance. A clear and robust regulatory environment is essential for the sustainable growth of the LPG sector [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_20_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E6.2 Outlook\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_20_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.2.1 Infrastructure development and diversification of supply sources\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p28\"\u003EInvesting in infrastructure expansion, including storage facilities, pipelines, and distribution networks, is crucial. Developing a comprehensive and efficient infrastructure will facilitate the seamless distribution of LPG. Reducing dependency on imported LPG by encouraging domestic production and exploring alternative supply sources can enhance supply stability and reduce the impact of global price fluctuations [\u003Ca href=\"#B32\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_21_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.2.2 Consumer education and awareness\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p29\"\u003EPublic awareness campaigns on the safety and benefits of using LPG can help overcome misconceptions and increase consumer acceptance. This includes educating consumers on the proper handling, storage, and usage of LPG.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_22_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.2.3 Government incentives and international collaboration\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p30\"\u003EIncentivizing and supporting investors and stakeholders in the LPG sector can stimulate growth. This may include tax incentives, subsidies, and other measures to encourage production, distribution, and retail investment. Also, international organizations collaborating with other countries with successful LPG programs can provide valuable insights and support for Nigeria’s LPG industry development [\u003Ca href=\"#B33\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E33\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_24_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E6.3 Nigeria’s decade of gas policy 2021\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p31\"\u003ENigeria has been actively pursuing policies related to the oil and gas sector, which includes natural gas. Historically, Nigeria has been a significant player in Africa’s oil and gas industry. With its vast natural gas reserves, the government has developed policies to optimally utilize these resources for economic growth and diversification.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p32\"\u003EIn March 2021, former Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari declared the 2020s as Nigeria’s ‘decade of gas.’ In doing so, Nigeria signaled a renewed focus on gas as the fuel of choice for powering industrial ambitions. In 2022, natural gas demand in Nigeria reached around 12.12 billion standard cubic meters, up from approximately 10.11 billion standard cubic meters in 2021 [\u003Ca href=\"#B34\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In establishing its position as the tenth largest gas reserve country, the decade of gas policy is intended to reduce gas flaring. Gas flaring is a common practice where associated gas is burned off during oil extraction. The policies aim to reduce environmental impact and encourage the capture and utilization of associated gas. The policy also encourages gas infrastructure development in the transportation and distribution through pipelines, gas processing facilities, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p33\"\u003EThe decade of gas policy also aims to increase domestic gas utilization and open the sector for investment and collaboration by promoting the use of natural gas for power generation, industrial processes, and household consumption [\u003Ca href=\"#B35\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E35\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Attracting investment in the gas sector through collaboration with international partners for technology transfer and expertise as an added strategy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p34\"\u003EAnother impact area of the decade of gas policy is robust framework and regulatory compliance. Establishing an improved regulatory framework was crucial for effectively implementing gas policies for licensing, pricing, and environmental standards. Implementing and enforcing clear policies and regulations can opportunities for private sector participation and investment while complying with safety standards and environmental regulations is essential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p35\"\u003EFor the decade of gas as it relates to LPG, integrating LPG into Nigeria’s national and global energy transition strategies requires robust policy and regulatory frameworks like:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_24_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.3.1 Financial incentives\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p36\"\u003ESubsidies, tax incentives and investment guarantees were instrumental to the policy adoption of the LPG subsector. Subsidies will help promote the adoption of LPG and make it more competitive compared to other energy sources. The policy also offers guarantees or insurance mechanisms to attract investments in the LPG sector and mitigate risks for investors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_25_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.3.2 Consumer awareness and education\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p37\"\u003EPublic awareness campaigns and training programs will be vigorously pursued. The policy made provisor for public awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the benefits of LPG, safety measures, and its role in the energy transition. It will also implement training programs for practitioners, businesses, and consumers to enhance understanding and encourage the safe use of LPG.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_26_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E6.3.3 Monitoring and evaluation\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p38\"\u003ERegular assessments and data collection are encouraged. Implement a system for regular assessments of the effectiveness of LPG policies and regulations, with adjustments made to achieve desired outcomes. Also, mechanisms were established for collecting and analyzing data on LPG usage, safety incidents, and market trends to inform policy decisions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_29\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E7. Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p39\"\u003ELPG is a promising alternative for addressing global energy security and reducing carbon dioxide emissions, particularly in rural regions where alternative energy options may be scarce. The production of LPG reduces greenhouse gas emissions by around 20% per unit of energy generated, making it a more environmentally friendly alternative to coal and oil. LPG also contributes to improved air quality and reduced respiratory health complications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p40\"\u003EIn Nigeria and African sub-region, LPG is transported through various means, including ship, rail, tanker trucks, intermodal tanks, cylinder trucks, pipelines, and local gas reticulation systems. However, distribution logistics in Nigeria are challenging due to inadequate facilities, channel draft restrictions, and transportation infrastructure. There is a concerted effort to enhance the infrastructure for LPG to optimize distribution and transportation of LPG, the most cost-effective distribution outlets for LPG transportation are the proposed across African sub-region. Despite significant progress, challenges persist, including infrastructure constraints, pricing fluctuations, and the need for continued regulatory refinement. Environmental considerations and the push for sustainable energy solutions will shape the trajectory of the LPG sector in Nigeria. And African sub-region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":"clean energy,energy transition,renewable energy,optimization,regulatory framework","chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsmmQAC\u002Fa093Y00001d2AU8QAM\u002FFinal-Recent%20Development%20in%20LPG%20Production%2C%20Transportati%20%282024-02-08%2017%3A19%3A28%29.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsmmQAC\u002Fa093Y00001d2AU8QAM\u002FFinal%20%28xml%29-Recent%20Development%20in%20LPG%20Production%2C%20Transportati%20%282024-02-08%2017%3A19%3A50%29.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F1174960\u002F1730289715-194053396\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1174960","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1174960","cdnMediaBaseUrl":null,"totalDownloads":19,"totalViews":0,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"dateSubmitted":"December 11th 2023","dateReviewed":"December 15th 2023","datePrePublished":"September 10th 2024","datePublished":null,"dateFinished":null,"readingETA":"0","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EThe global transition towards sustainable and clean energy sources has spurred significant interest in utilizing Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a versatile and environmentally friendly energy carrier. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of recent development in the LPG production, transportation, and distribution in Nigeria and African sub-region. It aligns industry practices driving the adoption of LPG as a pivotal component in energy transition. A significant focus will be placed on technological innovations to enhance LPG production, storage, and distribution. Recent developments in LPG extraction methods, such as advanced refining techniques and the integrating of renewable sources in LPG production including biofuel, are discussed. Policy and regulatory frameworks that support the integration of LPG into national and global energy transition strategies like the Petroleum industry act in Nigeria and the decade of gas policy. The present status of LPG production, its separation methods, environmental implication, challenges, and outlook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F1174960","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F1174960","signatures":"Edward Agbai and Edward Aigbedion","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"noAds":0,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"1003050","type":"book","title":"Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Recent Advances and Technologies for Energy Transition","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Recent Advances and Technologies for Energy Transition","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"publishedDate":null,"bookSignature":"Dr.Ing. Lina Montuori and Dr. Manuel Alcázar-Ortega","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsmmQAC\u002F0014954_TrikoderCover%20%282023-01-13%2008%3A17%3A12%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1713449427-583201669\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1713449427-583201669\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1730250105-273284905\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1730250105-273284905\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":null,"isbn":"978-0-85466-580-8","printIsbn":"978-0-85466-581-5","pdfIsbn":"978-0-85466-582-2","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"558274","title":"Dr.Ing.","name":"Lina","middleName":null,"surname":"Montuori","slug":"lina-montuori","fullName":"Lina Montuori"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"570159","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Edward","middleName":null,"surname":"Agbai","fullName":"Edward Agbai","slug":"edward-agbai","email":"edwardagbai@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.123\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null},{"id":"572311","title":"Dr.","name":"Edward","middleName":null,"surname":"Aigbedion","fullName":"Edward Aigbedion","slug":"edward-aigbedion","email":"eddybim99@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F572311\u002F1709651418\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institution":null}],"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Overview of LPG production","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2_2","title":"2.1 Economic benefits LPG production","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_2_3","title":"2.1.1 Job creation","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_3_3","title":"2.1.2 Revenue generation","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_4_3","title":"2.1.3 Diversification of the economy","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_5_3","title":"2.1.4 Energy access and affordability","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_6_3","title":"2.1.5 Foreign exchange savings","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_7_3","title":"2.1.6 Indirect economic impact","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_8_3","title":"2.1.7 Environmental benefits","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_9_3","title":"2.1.8 Infrastructure development","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_11_2","title":"2.2 The environmental implications of LPG production","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_13","title":"3. LPG price watch","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_14","title":"4. Transportation of LPG in Nigeria and West Africa","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_15","title":"5. LPG distribution in Nigeria and African sub-region","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_16","title":"6. Challenges, outlook, and Nigerian decade of gas policy","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_16_2","title":"6.1 Challenges","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_16_3","title":"6.1.1 Infrastructure deficiency and limited domestic production","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_17_3","title":"6.1.2 Safety concerns","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_18_3","title":"6.1.3 Pricing and subsidy issues and lack of regulatory framework","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_20_2","title":"6.2 Outlook","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_20_3","title":"6.2.1 Infrastructure development and diversification of supply sources","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_21_3","title":"6.2.2 Consumer education and awareness","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_22_3","title":"6.2.3 Government incentives and international collaboration","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_24_2","title":"6.3 Nigeria’s decade of gas policy 2021","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_24_3","title":"6.3.1 Financial incentives","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_25_3","title":"6.3.2 Consumer awareness and education","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_26_3","title":"6.3.3 Monitoring and evaluation","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_29","title":"7. Conclusion","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ESapnken FE, Kibong MT, Tamba JG. Analysis of household LPG demand elasticity in Cameroon and policy implications. Heliyon. 2023;\u003Cbold\u003E9\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(6):1-14. DOI: 10.1016\u002Fj.heliyon.2023.e16471\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EShupler M, Mangeni J, Tawiah T, Sang E, Baame M, Anderson de Cuevas R, et al. Modelling of supply and demand-side determinants of liquefied petroleum gas consumption in peri-urban Cameroon, Ghana, and Kenya. Nature Energy. 2021;\u003Cbold\u003E6\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(12):1198-1210\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B3","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B3\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EOmeje I. 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Energy. 2022;\u003Cbold\u003E250\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:123803\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B35","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B35\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EAdewuyi OB, Kiptoo MK, Afolayan AF, Amara T, Alawode OI, Senjyu T. Challenges and prospects of Nigeria’s sustainable energy transition with lessons from other countries’ experiences. Energy Reports. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E6\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:993-1009\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"}],"footnotes":[],"contributors":[{"corresp":"yes","contributorFullName":"Edward Agbai","address":"edwardagbai@gmail.com","affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003ESchool of Entrepreneurship, Emmaneul University, Raleigh, NC, USA\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Edward Aigbedion","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EEmerald Energy Institute, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"}],"corrections":null},"book":{"id":"1003050","type":"book","title":"Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Recent Advances and Technologies for Energy Transition","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Recent Advances and Technologies for Energy Transition","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"publishedDate":null,"bookSignature":"Dr.Ing. Lina Montuori and Dr. Manuel Alcázar-Ortega","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsmmQAC\u002F0014954_TrikoderCover%20%282023-01-13%2008%3A17%3A12%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1713449427-583201669\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1713449427-583201669\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1730250105-273284905\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003050\u002F1730250105-273284905\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":null,"isbn":"978-0-85466-580-8","printIsbn":"978-0-85466-581-5","pdfIsbn":"978-0-85466-582-2","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"558274","title":"Dr.Ing.","name":"Lina","middleName":null,"surname":"Montuori","slug":"lina-montuori","fullName":"Lina Montuori"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"subsereis":null,"subseries":null},"profile":{"item":{"id":"188270","title":"Dr.","name":"Sudipta","middleName":null,"surname":"Chattopadhyay","email":"sudipta_tutun@yahoo.co.in","fullName":"Sudipta Chattopadhyay","slug":"sudipta-chattopadhyay","position":null,"biography":"Dr. Sudipta Chattopadhyay received his BSc degree (Physics Honours) from the University of Calcutta and did BTech, MTech, and PhD degrees from the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta in 1999, 2001, and 2011, respectively. Since then, he has started his independent research in the field of Antenna Engineering. He is currently working as an associate professor and head at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mizoram University (a Central University, Government of India), Mizoram, India. Before joining Mizoram University, he served Siliguri Institute of Technology, West Bengal, India, for 15 years as a faculty member. His area of research includes microwave antennas, microstrip and integrated antennas, defected ground structures, and computer-aided design of patch antennas. He regularly serves as the reviewer of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine; IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters; IET Microwaves, Antennas, & Propagation journal, UK; IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Wiley; International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Cambridge; and also Taylor and Francis journal. He has more than 60 publications in referred international journals and international conferences. He has contributed several chapters in different edited research handbooks and is presently acting as a sole editor in the handbook of Trends in Research on Microstrip Antenna. His research and formulations are cited in different research handbooks as well as in well-known undergraduate text book of Antennas and Wave Propagation by J. D. Kraus et al. fourth edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. In the last 2 years, he has been working as the editorial board member of Wiley journal International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering and Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications. He is listed in Marquis Who’s Who in the World, USA, 26th Edition, 2009 and also listed in 2000 Outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st Century, UK, 2010.","institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F188270\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","totalCites":0,"totalChapterViews":"0","outsideEditionCount":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalEditedBooks":"1","personalWebsiteUrl":null,"twitterURL":null,"linkedinURL":null,"institution":{"name":"Mizoram University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"India"}}},"booksEdited":[{"id":"5833","type":"book","slug":"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas","isPublished":true,"title":"Microstrip Antennas","subtitle":"Trends in Research on","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5833.jpg","abstract":"The progress in modern tiny multifunctional wireless devices has dramatically increased the demand for microstrip antennas in recent years. Furthermore, in the last few years, such microstrip antennas found numerous applications in both the military and the commercial sectors. Therefore, microstrip patch antenna has become a major focus to the researchers in the field of antenna engineering. In this book, some recent advances in microstrip antennas are presented. This book contains mainly three sections. In the first section, some new approaches to modern analytical techniques rather than the conventional cavity model, transmission line model, or spectral domain analysis have been discussed. In the second section of the book, a light has been showered on some new techniques for bandwidth enhancement of microstrip radiators. In the last section of the book, the recent trends in microstrip antenna research have been showcased. Some newfangled application-oriented approach to this field is vividly discussed. The book’s main objective is to facilitate the microstrip antenna researchers for exploring the subject in more vibrant manner and also to revolutionize wireless communications. A sufﬁcient number of topics have been covered, some for the ﬁrst time in a research handbook. I hope that the book will surely be beneficial for scientists, practicing engineers, and researchers working in the field of microstrip antennas.","editors":[{"id":"188270","title":"Dr.","name":"Sudipta","surname":"Chattopadhyay","slug":"sudipta-chattopadhyay","fullName":"Sudipta Chattopadhyay"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}],"chaptersAuthored":[{"id":"53876","title":"Recent Computer-Aided Design Techniques for Rectangular Microstrip Antenna","slug":"recent-computer-aided-design-techniques-for-rectangular-microstrip-antenna","abstract":"In modern microwave systems, rectangular microstrip patch antennas (RMPAs) are probably the most investigated topics among the planar antennas. There are several methods available in literature, for designing and analyzing such antennas, but most of them are very complex and give only approximate results. In this chapter, we have discussed the most accurate and updated computer-aided design (CAD) formulations related to probe-fed RMPA for computing its fundamental input characteristics (resonant frequency and input impedance) and improving radiation characteristics, i.e. gain and polarization purity (the parameter that signifies how much an RMPA is free from spurious modes). These formulations have evolved in the last decades and have been validated against numerous simulations and measurements. The present CAD formulas for resonant frequency and input impedance can accurately address a wide range of RMPA with patch width to patch length ratio (W\u002FL) from 0.5 to 2.0, a substrate having thickness up to 0.23 λg where λg is the guide wavelength and relative permittivity (εr) ranging over 2.2–10.8. The role of a finite air gap on resonant frequency and gain of an RMPA have also been presented. The chapter will be surely useful to antenna designers to achieve a concrete understanding of the RMPA theory.","signatures":"Sudipta Chattopadhyay and Subhradeep Chakraborty","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"188270","title":"Dr.","name":"Sudipta","surname":"Chattopadhyay","fullName":"Sudipta Chattopadhyay","slug":"sudipta-chattopadhyay","email":"sudipta_tutun@yahoo.co.in"},{"id":"189392","title":"Mr.","name":"Subhradeep","surname":"Chakraborty","fullName":"Subhradeep Chakraborty","slug":"subhradeep-chakraborty","email":"deepc.jpg@gmail.com"}],"book":{"id":"5427","title":"Modern Antenna Systems","slug":"modern-antenna-systems","productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}}],"collaborators":[{"id":"15254","title":"Prof.","name":"Mayumi","surname":"Matsunaga","slug":"mayumi-matsunaga","fullName":"Mayumi Matsunaga","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F15254\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Mayumi Matsunaga, who hails from Fukuoka, Japan, bears B.E., M.E. and D.E. degrees in computer science and communication engineering from Kyushu University, which is located in her native city, and is a member of IEEE. 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Generally, the phytochemical constituents of plants fall into two categories based on their role in basic metabolic processes, namely primary and secondary metabolites. Primary plant metabolites are involved in basic life functions; therefore, they are more or less similar in all living cells. On the other hand, secondary plant metabolites are products of subsidiary pathways as the shikimic acid pathway. In the course of studying, the medicinal effect of herbals is oriented towards the secondary plant metabolites. Secondary plant metabolites played an important role in alleviating several aliments in the traditional medicine and folk uses. In modern medicine, they provided lead compounds for the production of medications for treating various diseases from migraine up to cancer. Secondary plant metabolites are classified according to their chemical structures into various classes. 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Prior research has indicated that chronic inhalation of V\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003EO\u003Csub\u003E5\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E results in cellular and behavioral changes akin to those observed in AD. A total of 40 male Wistar rats were categorized into two control groups and two experimental groups for the study. The experimental inhaled V\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003EO\u003Csub\u003E5\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E for 6 months; after 6 months, two groups (control and exposed) were left in a 6-month recovery phase. All groups were evaluated monthly for 6 or 12 months in a spatial memory test. To measure histological alterations, hippocampus CA1, entorhinal and frontal cortices, amygdala, and subiculum underwent Congo red or argentic Bielschowsky impregnation and were analyzed. Memory results show impairment since the third month. The group left in recovery did not show improvement. Chronic V\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003EO\u003Csub\u003E5\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E inhalation is an AD model that causes irreversible alterations in spatial memory, accumulation of Aβ plaques, accumulation of NFTs, and loss of dendritic spines with no recovery. These alterations are not reversible after 6 months, indicating that the damage increases once the neurodegenerative process is established and the homeostasis is broken. This model characterizes sporadic AD, representing more than 95% of cases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"book":{"id":"1004028","title":"Animal Models in Medical Research","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN4CQAW\u002F0015932_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-29%2016%3A53%3A59%29.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":true,"isPublished":false},"signatures":"Maria Rosa Avila-Costa, Claudia Dorado-Martínez, Enrique Montiel-Flores, José Luis Ordoñez-Librado, Ana Luisa Gutierréz-Valdez, Cesar Alfonso Garcia Caballero, Javier Sanchez-Betancourt, Leonardo Reynoso-Erazo, Rocío Tron-Alvarez, Vianey Rodríguez-Lara, Jesús Espinosa-Villanueva and Patricia Aley-Medina"},{"id":"1197896","title":"Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis for Whom? When?","slug":null,"totalDownloads":0,"totalDimensionsCites":null,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007194","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EDeep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of thrombus seen in the deep leg veins. DVT is a clinical condition that can cause pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism is a significant contributor to the rates of illness and death worldwide. In a healthy state, blood circulation is regulated by procoagulant and anticoagulant factors to prevent the formation of blood clots. However, conditions called Virchow’s triad, whose components are hypercoagulation, venous stasis, and endothelial damage, increase the tendency to DVT if one or more of these components are present. Using prophylaxis is recommended for preventing DVT in patients with predisposing conditions. Prophylaxis reduces morbidity and mortality. Conditions such as immobility, orthopedic surgery, obesity, advanced age, active cancer, and hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of venous thrombosis. Those patients who present with multiple risk factors are identified as being at high risk for DVT and are administered prophylactic anticoagulants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"book":{"id":"1003845","title":"Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN1AQAW\u002F0015749_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-30%2008%3A04%3A07%29.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":false},"signatures":"Sidar Şiyar Aydın and Oğuzhan Birdal"},{"id":"1201282","title":"The Expanding Antibiotic Resistance: The Requirement of New Therapeutic Strategy for the Development of New Anti-Infective","slug":null,"totalDownloads":1,"totalDimensionsCites":null,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006935","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EThe spread of infectious diseases has increased, and without a doubt, the incorrect use and excessive use of antibiotics for human consumption, animal husbandry, and agriculture have been effective in the emergence of new infections and increased resistance to antibiotic treatment. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and mutations in microorganisms, are some of the methods used by microorganisms to escape the host’s immune system and develop antibiotic resistance in them. Our strategy for treatment should also be tailored to the adaptations made by microorganisms. We must look for new approaches to deal with pathogenic agents, new methods for treatment, as well as dealing with antibiotic resistance in them. Antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, and bacteriophage therapy in dealing with antibiotic resistance. In this chapter, we highlight the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and new approaches to deal with pathogens, and new methods for treatment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"book":{"id":"1003113","title":"Innate Immunity - New Perspectives and Therapeutic Opportunities","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsnnQAC\u002F0015017_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-29%2016%3A53%3A59%29.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":false},"signatures":"Saeid Besharati"},{"id":"1178320","title":"Perspective Chapter: Ultrasound Techniques for Assessment of Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Cytology","slug":null,"totalDownloads":0,"totalDimensionsCites":null,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006630","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EThe Bethesda class III encompasses around 15% of biopsied nodules and has an estimated malignancy risk ranging from 10% to 30%. Managing this category can be challenging in clinical practice, as nearly 50% have undetermined cytology even after repeated fine needle aspiration biopsy. While molecular testing is expensive and is not widely available, lobectomy is associated with increased morbidity, and therefore, additional evaluation is needed. In the context of grayscale ultrasound criteria, such as hypoechogenicity, irregular margins, and microcalcifications, which are associated with the risk of cancer, Doppler applications, including color Doppler, PW Doppler, spectral Doppler, superb microvascular imaging, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), may be employed to predict malignancy in indeterminate cytology nodules. Additionally, the stiffness of the Bethesda III nodules can be evaluated using elastography, which includes strain and shear-wave elastography. It is noteworthy that malignant lesions are generally stiffer than benign nodules.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"book":{"id":"1003477","title":"Ultrasound - The Next Step in Clinical Evaluation","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010Jz80QAC\u002F0015381_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":false},"signatures":"Luciana Moisa-Luca and Andreea Borlea"},{"id":"1194469","title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in the World","slug":null,"totalDownloads":0,"totalDimensionsCites":null,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007015","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EType 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease. The global prevalence of T1D is estimated to range from 0.8 to 4.6 per 1000 population. In most cases, the prevalence is higher, at 1–1.5 per 1000. In terms of incidence, variations have been noted based on geographical location, ethnicity, diagnostic criteria, birth season, age, and gender. Additionally, disease incidence exhibits differences across specific age groups and between sexes. The prevalence of this condition is higher among children than adults. The highest incidence occurs within the 10–14-year age group, followed by a gradual decline in prevalence as individuals age. In 2021, approximately 6% of adults reported receiving a physician’s diagnosis of diabetes. It is notable that physician-diagnosed diabetes is more prevalent in men (7%) than in women (5%). Furthermore, it is clear that the prevalence of T1D increases with age. In adults under 35, it is 1%. In adults aged 75 and older, it is 16%. There is a growing incidence and prevalence of T1D worldwide. Insulin scarcity and its associated high costs will disproportionately affect underdeveloped and developing nations. Consequently, it becomes imperative for international organizations and individual countries to proactively implement preventive measures in response to these concerning trends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"book":{"id":"1004001","title":"Type 1 Diabetes - Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN3gQAG\u002F0015905_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-29%2016%3A53%3A59%29.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":false},"signatures":"Morteza Ghojazadeh, Majid Mobasseri, Fatemeh Pournaghi Azar and AliReza Lotfi"},{"id":"1198487","title":"Reproductive Landmarks and Lipedema: Lessons to be Learned about Women Hormones throughout Life","slug":null,"totalDownloads":13,"totalDimensionsCites":null,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006956","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003ELipedema is an old disease that just recently is being reconized and causes huge interest. Because it eminently affects women, its pathophysiology has always been related to estradiol. Understanding the mechanisms that start the disease and make it progress throughout life points toward that it is a disease related to women’s reproductive milestones: menarch, pregnancy and menopause. But what is common in women’s reproductive milestones that places them at a greater risk of developing Lipedema? Menarch, pregnancy and menopause are phases of a woman’s life that have little similarity from the hormonal point of view: where in one, the estrogens are high, and in the other, they are low; where in one, the FSH\u002FLH is low, and in another, those levels may be strictly high. The proposal of this chapter also includes the impact of hormonal metabolomics in adipose tissue and adipocyte intracrinology to women’s health throughout her reproductive life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"book":{"id":"1004209","title":"Sex Steroid Hormones - Impact on Reproductive Physiology","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004ioDJIAY\u002F0016113_TrikoderCover%20%282024-03-13%2010%3A22%3A15%29.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":false},"signatures":"Juliana Bicca"}],"onlineFirstChaptersTotal":450},"preDownload":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"subscriptionForm":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"aboutIntechopen":{},"privacyPolicy":{},"cookiePolicy":{},"recruitmentPrivacyNotice":{},"peerReviewing":{},"howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks":{},"sponsorshipBooks":{"sponsorshipBooks":[],"offset":0,"limit":8,"total":null},"allSeries":{"pteSeriesList":[],"lsSeriesList":[],"hsSeriesList":[],"sshSeriesList":[],"testimonialsList":[]},"series":{"item":{"id":"27","title":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.107192","issn":"3033-361X","scope":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\tToday, since molecular science on structural causes of oncological pathologies and their molecular treatments are developing at an unbelievable rate, the primary medical cause of death in the twenty-first century will be cardiovascular disease. Neither pandemics that threaten all humanity nor deterioration in the ecosystem will be able to change this fact. Especially, this century seems poised to witness an incredible struggle against atherosclerotic disease, which develops in the arterial walls and results in narrowing and occlusion of the arterial lumen. In addition to this disease, there has been an increasing prevalence of heart rhythm problems, deterioration of heart valves due to aging, and heart failure. Serious vascular pathologies such as stenosis and occlusion, dissection and rupture, and aneurysmal enlargement are also major concerns. Medical and invasive treatment methods may work to save human lives, but they will never provide a real solution. All kinds of medical, technological, and genetic engineering developments obtained in these processes have not yet been sufficient to alleviate or eliminate cardiovascular disease.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\tThis book series, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, includes three topics. The first, Cardiovascular Diseases and Health, reviews important cardiovascular diseases and the developments in their prognosis. The second topic, Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, illuminates the abnormal functioning of the cardiac conduction system, which is caused by all heart pathologies and negatively affects prognosis. The third topic in this series, Cardiovascular Surgery, details treatment for cardiovascular pathologies and how to regulate normal physiological functions with percutaneous or extracorporeal interventions.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F27.jpg","latestPublicationDate":"November 21st, 2024","hasOnlineFirst":true,"numberOfPublishedBooks":6,"editor":{"id":"155565","title":"Prof.","name":"Kaan","middleName":null,"surname":"Kırali","slug":"kaan-kirali","fullName":"Kaan Kırali","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F155565\u002F1710406622\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"After completing his studies at the Medicine Faculty of Istanbul University in 1990, Prof. Kaan Kırali fulfilled his mandatory medical service and commenced his residency training at Koşuyolu Heart and Research Hospital in 1992. Following five years of assistant education, he pursued further training in England and the USA in 1998. Specializing in laparoscopic and minimally invasive cardiac surgery, he earned the titles of consultant cardiovascular surgeon in 1998, Assistant Professor in 1999, Associate Professor in 2002, and Chief in 2005 at the same hospital.\r\n\r\nProf. Kırali also developed an interest in preventive medicine, obtaining an MSc in Public Health from Istanbul University in 2000. Over the past two decades, he has concentrated his scientific pursuits on cardiovascular repairs requiring specialized experience. With his expertise in coronary artery surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery, valve repair, and aortic root surgery, he has established new methods for awake coronary bypass revascularization, a new surgical approach for AVR during first and re-operations, aortic valve-sparing procedure, and radiofrequency ablation. Notably, he pioneered awake complete coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with bilateral internal mammary arteries (BIMA) and played a crucial role in advancing aortic root surgery with a new aortotomy incision, simplifying aortic valve interventions.\r\n\r\nSince the year 2000, Prof. Kırali has expanded his interests to heart transplantation, and in recent years, to left ventricular assist devices. He has served as the head of the transplantation department since 2015 and currently continues his work as the director of Koşuyolu High Specialization Education and Research Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. In his prolific career, he has authored numerous papers in SCI journals, contributed to various book chapters, and served as an editor and reviewer for multiple academic journals. Additionally, he has edited several international books in the field of cardiovascular medicine.","institutionString":"Koşuyolu High Specialization Education and Research Hospital, Turkey","institution":null},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null},"subseries":{},"overviewPageOFChapters":[],"overviewPagePublishedBooks":[],"openForSubmissionBooks":{},"onlineFirstChapters":{},"subseriesFiltersForOFChapters":[],"publishedBooks":{},"subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks":[],"publicationYearFilters":[],"authors":{"paginationCount":263,"paginationItems":[{"id":"440429","title":"Dr.","name":"Ahmed","middleName":null,"surname":"Hussein","slug":"ahmed-hussein","fullName":"Ahmed Hussein","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F440429\u002F1721805500\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Ahmed Hussein MD, MS, PhD., MRCP (UK), CCDS-A, CEPS, FHRS \r\n\r\nAssociate Professor of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida\r\n\r\nI completed my cardiovascular medicine training in Egypt in 2002 and pursued cardiac electrophysiology fellowship training at Manchester Heart Center, Manchester, United Kingdom, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.\r\n\r\nI also completed a PhD degree program in cardiac electrophysiology from the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. I have several publications in some of the outstanding cardiac electrophysiology journals and am a reviewer in several cardiology journals.\r\n\r\nI am currently working at the University of Florida Hospital in Gainesville, Florida, where I perform cardiac electrophysiology ablation procedures and cardiac rhythm device implantations.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Florida","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"578001","title":"Dr.","name":"Cristian Orlando","middleName":null,"surname":"Porras Bueno","slug":"cristian-orlando-porras-bueno","fullName":"Cristian Orlando Porras Bueno","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F578001\u002F1730101809\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Cardiology fellow at the Pontifical Xavierian University and BMJ case reports journal peer reviewer. I've had experience and interest in research and publications in cardiology, haematology, and other subspecialties of internal medicine.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Pontifical Xavierian University","country":{"name":"Colombia"}}},{"id":"549330","title":"Dr.","name":"Antonio","middleName":null,"surname":"Nenna","slug":"antonio-nenna","fullName":"Antonio Nenna","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F549330\u002F1718777403\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Università Campus Bio-Medico","country":{"name":"Italy"}}},{"id":"508493","title":"Dr.","name":"Russell E.","middleName":null,"surname":"Peterson","slug":"russell-e.-peterson","fullName":"Russell E. Peterson","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F508493\u002F1721209561\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Russell Peterson (REP) received his graduate physiology training under C. J. Lambertsen, MD, head of the Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA. During this period, Dr. Lambertsen and Dr. James M. Clark were engaged in groundbreaking research on oxygen tolerance. Dr. Peterson’s exposure to this latter research enabled him to incorporate oxygen dose parameters into routine and contingency dive procedures he developed over his career. This experience also provided him with insight into using elevated oxygen levels in a variety of new therapeutic situations. Consequently, when Dr. Peterson and his frequent collaborator, Michael W. Allen, were challenged with hyperbaric medical dogma conflicting with their experience in new applications, they set out to understand the reasons for this disparity.","institutionString":"Microbaric® Oxygen Systems (MBOS) , NEMO Therapeutics","institution":null},{"id":"586999","title":"M.D.","name":"Mustafa","middleName":null,"surname":"Kaplangoray","slug":"mustafa-kaplangoray","fullName":"Mustafa Kaplangoray","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F586999\u002F1715660435\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":"Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Faculty of Medicine Department of Cardiology","institution":null},{"id":"514320","title":"Prof.","name":"Ernest","middleName":"A.","surname":"Adeghate","slug":"ernest-adeghate","fullName":"Ernest Adeghate","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F514320\u002F1724219653\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Prof Dr. Adeghate obtained his MD from Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary and his PhD and DSc from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He has a Master of Family Medicine degree from Monash University, Australia. Dr. Adeghate is a professor of Anatomy at the College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates and a past Chairperson of the Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Priority Group, United Arab Emirates University. His research interest is in the field of experimental diabetes and has published more than 200 full-length articles in peer-reviewed journals, 15 book chapters, 116 abstracts and attended over 72 scientific conferences. He edited a book entitled 'Diabetes Mellitus & its Complications: Molecular Mechanisms, Epidemiology & Clinical Medicine” which was published in 2006 by Wiley & Sons. He is the Editor in Chief of The Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"United Arab Emirates University","country":{"name":"United Arab Emirates"}}},{"id":"192448","title":"Dr.","name":"Takashi","middleName":null,"surname":"Murashita","slug":"takashi-murashita","fullName":"Takashi Murashita","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F192448\u002F1718777397\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Takashi Murashita, MD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. Dr. Murashita received his MD from Kyoto University Medical School, in Japan. His main interest is cardiac surgery, and he is a member of the Society of Thoracic Surgery, Eastern Cardiothoracic Surgical Society, and Asian Society for Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. He has published 53 papers in peer-reviewed journals and 10 book chapters in open-access journals. He has been a member of editorial boards for 2 medical journals, and a member of ad-hoc manuscript reviewers for 16 medical journals.","institutionString":"University of Missouri","institution":{"name":"University of Missouri","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"592599","title":"Dr.","name":"Radu","middleName":null,"surname":"Darciuc","slug":"radu-darciuc","fullName":"Radu Darciuc","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F592599\u002F1713135978\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"In 2004 I graduated „Nicolae Testemitanu” State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova.\n\nIn 2007 graduated the residency training in Internal Disease at the same university and in 2009 the cardiology training.\n\nFrom 2009 till 2012 I was an assistant professor at Cardiology Department, led by profesor Valeriu Revenco, at „Nicolae Testemitanu” State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova.\n\nI was passionate by the electrophysiology field for years but with the help of my colleague Rajin Choudhury, from the early 2014 my interest was definitely caught by the that field and I started additional trainings in various centers from Belgium, Turkey, Slovakia and Hungary.\n\n\nFrom 2013 I am working in Medpark International Hospital in Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.\n\nFrom 2015 we started the ablation program in Medpark International Hospital, led by professor Erdem Diker from Ankara, Turkey.\nDuring years, we also collaborated with very experienced professors as Basri Amasyalı, Alper Canbay and Osman Can Yontar.\n\nAt the moment, together with my colleague Irina Boiciuc, we perform implantation of the pacemakers, ICDs, CRTDs and also lead extractions in our center.\nFrom 2018 perform cryoballoon ablation of the atrial fibrillation and from 2024 do complex procedures with 3D mapping.","institutionString":"Medpark International Hospital (Chisinau, Republic of Moldova)","institution":null},{"id":"477804","title":"Dr.","name":"Brisha","middleName":null,"surname":"Best","slug":"brisha-best","fullName":"Brisha Best","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F477804\u002F1713420994\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"68531","title":"Dr.","name":"P. Syamasundar","middleName":null,"surname":"Rao","slug":"p.-syamasundar-rao","fullName":"P. Syamasundar Rao","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F68531\u002F1708465144\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. P. Syamasundar Rao, MD, DCH, FAAP, FACC, FSCAI, is a Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and Emeritus Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, USA. He received his medical degree from Andhra Medical College, India, and subsequently received post-graduate training both in India and the United States before joining the faculty at the Medical College of Georgia, USA, in 1972. His subsequent positions were Chairman of Pediatrics at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia; Professor and Director of the Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; and Professor and Director of the Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA. He has authored 430 papers, 16 monographs\u002Fbooks, and 150 book chapters. Dr. Rao is a recipient of several honors and awards.","institutionString":"University of Texas at Houston McGovern Medical School","institution":{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"455931","title":"Dr.","name":"Chawannuch","middleName":null,"surname":"Ruaengsri","slug":"chawannuch-ruaengsri","fullName":"Chawannuch Ruaengsri","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F455931\u002F1713420989\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Chawannuch Ruaengsri is a Clinical Assistant Professor, at the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, at Stanford University, USA. She spent almost 4 years in a postdoctoral position working in the arrhythmia surgery lab at Washington University in St. Louis under Professor Ralph Damiano, who developed the Cox-Maze IV procedure that made the operation easier, less invasive and remains the gold standard for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. During her research career, Dr. Ruaengsri developed a controllable, reversible mitral regurgitation model using a modified ventriculoatrial shunt and used this model to characterize the structural, electrical, and mechanical remodeling of the atria.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Stanford University","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"563843","title":"Dr.","name":"Daniel M.","middleName":null,"surname":"Bethencourt","slug":"daniel-m.-bethencourt","fullName":"Daniel M. Bethencourt","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F563843\u002F1713421002\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Daniel M. Bethencourt, M.D. is a graduate of MIT and Yale Medical School. He completed General Surgery Residency at the University of Texas, Houston and Cardiothoracic Surgery at UCLA. He is certified by the American Board of Surgeons and the American Board of Thoracic Surgery.\r\n\r\nDr. Bethencourt has specialized in minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Since 1996 he has performed Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacements, Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass, DaVinci Robotic-Assisted Mitral Valve Repair, and Robotic Atrial Fibrillation ablations. He initiated and led the Robotic Cardiac Surgery Program at Long Beach and Orange Coast Memorial Medical Centers 2006 - 2018, completing over 1,100 Da Vinci cardiac procedures. In October 2021 Dr Bethencourt was appointed Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery, Division Cardiothoracic Surgery at Stanford University.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"418019","title":"Dr.","name":"Yasuhiro","middleName":null,"surname":"Shudo","slug":"yasuhiro-shudo","fullName":"Yasuhiro Shudo","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F418019\u002F1729755136\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Stanford University","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"200199","title":"Dr.","name":"Zesergio","middleName":null,"surname":"Melo","slug":"zesergio-melo","fullName":"Zesergio Melo","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F200199\u002F1721202662\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Zesergio Melo, from Colombia, holds a BSc in Bacteriology from Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia, and a Ph.D. in Biochemical Sciences from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), specializing in renal salt transport mechanisms. He completed a postdoc at the Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, focusing on prolactin variants. He has worked with the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. With more than thirty scientific publications to his credit, Dr. Melo has received awards including the Statal Research Award in Organ and Tissue Donation, Procurement, and Transplantation, the Meritorious Research Award, and the Young Researcher Award. He supervises several theses and leads his research on the regulatory mechanisms of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.","institutionString":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","institution":null},{"id":"284629","title":"Dr.","name":"Norihide","middleName":null,"surname":"Fukushima","slug":"norihide-fukushima","fullName":"Norihide Fukushima","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F284629\u002F1718873056\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Norihide Fukushima is a Professor and President of Senri Kinran University Graduate School of Nursing, Japan, a Visiting Director at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, and a Recruit Professor at the Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. After graduating from Osaka University Medical School, Dr. Fukushima finished clinical training in the 1st Department of Surgery, Osaka University Hospital, and obtained his Ph.D. in Prolonged Cardiac Immerse Storage in 1992. Dr. Fukushima worked at Loma Linda University, USA as a research and clinical fellow from 1991 to 1994. His team performed the first heart transplantation in Japan in 1999. He and his colleagues revised the Transplant Act in 2010 to increase deceased organ donation and heart transplantation in Japan. He has been working to develop therapeutic strategies for advanced heart failure, such as mechanical circulatory support and medical care.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Senri Kinran University","country":{"name":"Japan"}}},{"id":"308082","title":"Dr.","name":"Robbert","middleName":null,"surname":"Bipat","slug":"robbert-bipat","fullName":"Robbert Bipat","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F308082\u002F1721202641\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Anton de Kom University of Suriname","country":{"name":"Suriname"}}},{"id":"589961","title":"Prof.","name":"Daniel","middleName":"L.","surname":"Beckles","slug":"daniel-beckles","fullName":"Daniel Beckles","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F589961\u002F1724014907\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Beckles was Director of Minimally Invasive Cardiac and Thoracic surgery at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Surgical Director of Heart Transplantation at Baylor Scott and White Health in Central Texas, and an adjunct Clinical Professor at Texas A&M University. He specializes in minimally invasive and robotic cardiac and thoracic surgery and performs Convergent Hybrid Atrial Fibrillation Ablations. 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