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large forces arise due to the sloshing in ship ballast tanks. The model considers the inertia forces of the moving bodies, the effects of the surrounding water, the elastic bending of the hull girder of the struck ship, the elasticity of the deformed ship structures and the sloshing effects in partially filled ballast tanks. The study focuses on external dynamics. Internal mechanics, presenting the collision force as a function of penetration, was obtained from experiments. The model was validated with two full-scale collision experiments, one with a significant sloshing effect and the other without it. The comparison of the calculations and the measurements revealed that the model predictions were in good agreement, as the errors at the maximum value of penetration were less than 10%.","publication_date":"2009,,","publication_name":"Marine Structures","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"49956033"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Analytical modelling of ship collision based on full-scale experiments","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [5220855]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49956033,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Analytical modelling of ship collision based on full-scale experiments”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49956033/mini_magick20190130-4662-202b6n.png?1548849590" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Analytical modelling of ship collision based on full-scale experiments</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5220855" href="https://ttu-ee.academia.edu/KristjanTabri"><img alt="Profile image of Kristjan Tabri" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5220855/2299027/2683956/s65_kristjan.tabri.jpg" />Kristjan Tabri</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2009, Marine Structures</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="120867841" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120867841/Dynamics_of_ship_collisions">Dynamics of ship collisions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5220855" href="https://ttu-ee.academia.edu/KristjanTabri">Kristjan Tabri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics of ship collisions","attachmentId":115884334,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120867841/Dynamics_of_ship_collisions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120867841/Dynamics_of_ship_collisions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="2703397" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2703397/Sloshing_interaction_in_ship_collisions_An_experimental_and_numerical_study">Sloshing interaction in ship collisions—An experimental and numerical study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3383799" href="https://aalto-fi.academia.edu/JerzyMatusiak">Jerzy Matusiak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ocean Engineering, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sloshing interaction in ship collisions is studied both experimentally and numerically. The rapid change in ship motions resulting from contact loading in collisions initiates violent sloshing inside partially filled liquid tanks on board. Sloshing affects the collision dynamics and reduces the amount of energy available for structural deformations. An understanding of this interaction phenomenon was obtained by a series of model-scale experiments, in which a striking ship, with two partially filled tanks, collided with an initially motionless struck ship without any liquid on board. The influence on the structural deformation of the fluid mass in the tanks and the velocity of the collision was studied. Numerical simulations of the cases were performed, combining a linear sloshing model with a theoretical collision model. The simulation model was validated with experimental results and good agreement was achieved in the case of medium filling levels in the tanks, while correspondingly the deformation energy was overestimated by up to 10% for shallow filling levels.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sloshing interaction in ship collisions—An experimental and numerical study","attachmentId":50550138,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2703397/Sloshing_interaction_in_ship_collisions_An_experimental_and_numerical_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2703397/Sloshing_interaction_in_ship_collisions_An_experimental_and_numerical_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12088328" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12088328/Development_of_a_Mathematical_Model_for_Analysis_on_Ship_Collision_Dynamics">Development of a Mathematical Model for Analysis on Ship Collision Dynamics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30201989" href="https://buetcse.academia.edu/ZobairAwal">Zobair Ibn Awal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This research work attempts to develop a model for ship to ship collision. The collision model is fundamentally divided into two segments namely, model for simulation before collision and model for simulation after collision. In the first part, mathematical formulations are derived for finding the possibility of a collision, determining the spatial location of collision and identification of the contact points on the ships. In the later part, a mathematical model is developed to study the kinetic energy losses, collision forces and dynamic responses with respect to different variables such as coefficient of restitution, ship speed, angle of attack, location of hitting, added mass for sway force and others. In the model, expressions for collision forces are derived based on changes in linear momentum. By incorporating the collision force into the equation of motion, which is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients, the dynamic responses are calculated for different ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development of a Mathematical Model for Analysis on Ship Collision Dynamics","attachmentId":37407625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12088328/Development_of_a_Mathematical_Model_for_Analysis_on_Ship_Collision_Dynamics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12088328/Development_of_a_Mathematical_Model_for_Analysis_on_Ship_Collision_Dynamics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="15778842" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15778842/Ship_Impact_Study_Analytical_Approaches_and_Finite_Element_Modeling">Ship Impact Study: Analytical Approaches and Finite Element Modeling</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34969706" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PawelWoelke">Pawel Woelke</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35070838" href="https://thorntontomasetti.academia.edu/NajibAbboud">Najib Abboud</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Shock and Vibration, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ship Impact Study: Analytical Approaches and Finite Element Modeling","attachmentId":42894077,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15778842/Ship_Impact_Study_Analytical_Approaches_and_Finite_Element_Modeling","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15778842/Ship_Impact_Study_Analytical_Approaches_and_Finite_Element_Modeling"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="91585033" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91585033/Simulation_of_local_damage_in_ship_to_ship_collision">Simulation of local damage in ship to ship collision</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="216118645" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BogdanRozmarynowski">Bogdan Rozmarynowski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">FNET meeting in Wiesbaden 2001. The paper presents results of numerical simulations of the local behaviour of a struck ship during a collision of two vessels. The struck vessel is a 105400 DWT double hull crude oil carrier, while the striking ship is a 40000 DWT container vessel with a bulbous bow, modelled as a rigid body. The dynamic analysis has been performed using the FE code ABAQUS-Explicit, which allowed to monitor the deformation and damage progression in time, accounting for large plastic strains and including the contact between the ships. To investigate sensitivity of the damage with respect to several parameters, such as : the material model, the friction coefficient for the contact between the vessels and the initial velocity of the striking ship, a number of parametric studies has been carried out.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Simulation of local damage in ship to ship collision","attachmentId":94831297,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91585033/Simulation_of_local_damage_in_ship_to_ship_collision","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91585033/Simulation_of_local_damage_in_ship_to_ship_collision"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="4294354" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4294354/Model_scale_experiments_of_symmetric_ship_collisions">Model-scale experiments of symmetric ship collisions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5220855" href="https://ttu-ee.academia.edu/KristjanTabri">Kristjan Tabri</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Model-scale experiments of symmetric ship collisions","attachmentId":31758915,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4294354/Model_scale_experiments_of_symmetric_ship_collisions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4294354/Model_scale_experiments_of_symmetric_ship_collisions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="72014094" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72014094/Effects_of_a_deformable_striking_ships_bow_on_the_structural_crashworthiness_in_ship_ship_collisions">Effects of a deformable striking ship's bow on the structural crashworthiness in ship–ship collisions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68459092" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeomPaik">Jeom Paik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ships and Offshore Structures</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of a deformable striking ship's bow on the structural crashworthiness in ship–ship collisions","attachmentId":81116964,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72014094/Effects_of_a_deformable_striking_ships_bow_on_the_structural_crashworthiness_in_ship_ship_collisions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72014094/Effects_of_a_deformable_striking_ships_bow_on_the_structural_crashworthiness_in_ship_ship_collisions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="78889447" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78889447/A_comparison_of_methods_for_evaluating_structure_during_ship_collisions">A comparison of methods for evaluating structure during ship collisions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="162617415" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JDaidola">John Daidola</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1996</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A comparison is provided of the results of various methods for evaluating structure during a ship-to-ship collision. The baseline vessel utilized in the analyses is a 67.4 meter in length displacement hull struck by an identical vessel traveling at speeds ranging from 10 to 30 knots. The structural response of the struck vessel and motion of both the struck and striking vessels are assessed by finite element analysis. These same results are then compared to predictions utilizing the {open_quotes}Tanker Structural Analysis for Minor Collisions{close_quotes} (TSAMC) Method, the Minorsky Method, the Haywood Collision Process, and comparison to full-scale tests. Consideration is given to the nature of structural deformation, absorbed energy, penetration, rigid body motion, and virtual mass affecting the hydrodynamic response. Insights are provided with regard to the calibration of the finite element model which was achievable through utilizing the more empirical analyses and the extent ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A comparison of methods for evaluating structure during ship collisions","attachmentId":85774352,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78889447/A_comparison_of_methods_for_evaluating_structure_during_ship_collisions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78889447/A_comparison_of_methods_for_evaluating_structure_during_ship_collisions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="59801994" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59801994/Dynamics_Finite_Element_for_Ship_Damage_Collision_Analysis">Dynamics Finite Element for Ship Damage Collision Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="152503181" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WasisDwiAryawan">Wasis Dwi Aryawan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IPTEK Journal of Proceedings Series</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics Finite Element for Ship Damage Collision Analysis","attachmentId":73536781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59801994/Dynamics_Finite_Element_for_Ship_Damage_Collision_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59801994/Dynamics_Finite_Element_for_Ship_Damage_Collision_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="90986940" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90986940/Simulating_the_collision_response_of_ship_side_structures_A_failure_criteria_benchmark_study">Simulating the collision response of ship side structures: A failure criteria benchmark study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="245862088" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoepBroekhuijsen">Joep Broekhuijsen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International shipbuilding progress, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Simulations of the collision response of three different ship side structures are performed using the finite element method. The aim is to obtain a force-penetration curve based on the inner mechanics without considering outer dynamics. Respective structures were previously tested in large scale under the right angle ship-ship collision with a bulbous bow and these experiments were used to validate the simulations. The analysis focus is to determine the influence on the collision results from different failure criteria including the mesh size sensitivity. This paper applies the Germanischer Lloyd (GL) criterion based on thru thickness plastic strain, the criterion based on studies of Peschmann and the Rice-Tracey and Crockcroft-Latham (RTCL) criterion. The comparison of results attained here with the experimental results brings an insight into the sensitivity of the failure criteria. The final conclusion of this work is the performance of the studied failure criteria and further gui...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Simulating the collision response of ship side structures: A failure criteria benchmark study","attachmentId":94399553,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90986940/Simulating_the_collision_response_of_ship_side_structures_A_failure_criteria_benchmark_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90986940/Simulating_the_collision_response_of_ship_side_structures_A_failure_criteria_benchmark_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49956033,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49956033,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49956033" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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Besnier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International conference on …, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"External dynamics of ship-submarine collision","attachmentId":66759918,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47846461/External_dynamics_of_ship_submarine_collision","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47846461/External_dynamics_of_ship_submarine_collision"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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