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</a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNU_as_an_operating_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU_as_an_operating_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>GNU as an operating system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-GNU_as_an_operating_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle GNU as an operating system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-GNU_as_an_operating_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_kernels_maintained_by_GNU_and_FSF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_kernels_maintained_by_GNU_and_FSF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>With kernels maintained by GNU and FSF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_kernels_maintained_by_GNU_and_FSF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GNU_Hurd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU_Hurd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>GNU Hurd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU_Hurd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux-libre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux-libre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Linux-libre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux-libre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_non-GNU_kernels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_non-GNU_kernels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>With non-GNU kernels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_non-GNU_kernels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright,_GNU_licenses,_and_stewardship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright,_GNU_licenses,_and_stewardship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Copyright, GNU licenses, and stewardship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright,_GNU_licenses,_and_stewardship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Logo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GNU</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88" title="جنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81" title="গ্নু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্নু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="ГНУ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ГНУ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_(sistema_operativo)" title="GNU (sistema operativo) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="GNU (sistema operativo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82" title="ग्नू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्नू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95_(%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="גנו (מערכת הפעלה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנו (מערכת הפעלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಗ್ನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.gnus." title="la .gnus. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .gnus." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="ГНУ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ГНУ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81" title="ഗ്നു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്നു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88" title="گنوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گنوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82" title="குனூ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குனூ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%82" title="గ్నూ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్నూ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9" title="กนู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กนู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گنو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/GNU" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-meta mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Facebook_pages" hreflang="en"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44571" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Free software collection</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the free software collection. For the animal, see <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Wildebeest</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/GNU_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="GNU (disambiguation)">GNU (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">GNU</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heckert_GNU_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The GNU head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/120px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/250px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnu_hurd_debian_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gnu_hurd_debian_1.png/300px-Gnu_hurd_debian_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gnu_hurd_debian_1.png/450px-Gnu_hurd_debian_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gnu_hurd_debian_1.png/600px-Gnu_hurd_debian_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/Hurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU/Hurd">Debian GNU/Hurd</a> with <a href="/wiki/Xfce4" class="mw-redirect" title="Xfce4">Xfce4</a> and web browser <a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Community</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various languages (notably <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Personal computers, mobile devices, embedded devices, servers, mainframes, supercomputers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Hurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurd">Hurd</a> kernel only) and <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synopsys_ARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Synopsys ARC">ARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfin" title="Blackfin">Blackfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/C6x" class="mw-redirect" title="C6x">C6x</a>, <a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="FR-V">FR-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/H8/300" class="mw-redirect" title="H8/300">H8/300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon" title="Qualcomm Hexagon">Hexagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a>, <a href="/wiki/M68k" class="mw-redirect" title="M68k">m68k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination_META" title="Imagination META">META</a>, <a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IB_ESA/390&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IB ESA/390 (page does not exist)">s390</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%2Bcore" class="mw-redirect" title="S+core">S+core</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/TILE64" title="TILE64">TILE64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicore32" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicore32">Unicore32</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xtensa" class="mw-redirect" title="Xtensa">Xtensa</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a> kernel only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic kernel</a> (GNU <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>, fork of <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GNU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU FDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project#GNU_Free_System_Distribution_Guidelines" title="GNU Project">GNU FSDG</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/home.en.html">gnu.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>GNU</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/En-gnu.ogg\/En-gnu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-gnu.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/En-gnu.ogg/En-gnu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-gnu.ogg" title="File:En-gnu.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rms-zagreb-talk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an extensive collection of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> (394 packages as of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be used as an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> or can be used in parts with other operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookonopensource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the completed GNU tools led to the family of operating systems popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of GNU is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>'s own General Public License (<a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg/250px-Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg/330px-Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg/500px-Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, founder of the GNU project</figcaption></figure> <p>GNU is also the project within which the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> concept originated. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, the founder of the project, views GNU as a "technical means to a social end".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatedly, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> states in his introduction to the second edition of Stallman's book <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Software,_Free_Society" title="Free Software, Free Society">Free Software, Free Society</a></i> that in it Stallman has written about "the social aspects of software and how Free Software can create community and social justice".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>GNU</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">recursive acronym</a> for "GNU's Not Unix!",<sup id="cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookonopensource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chosen because GNU's design is <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, but differs from <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> by being free software and containing no Unix code.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookonopensource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stallman chose the name by using various plays on words, including the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Gnu" title="The Gnu">The Gnu</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rms-zagreb-talk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 45:30">: 45:30 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of the GNU software was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> while he worked at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>. It was called the GNU Project, and was publicly announced on September 27, 1983, on the net.unix-wizards and net.usoft <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a> by Stallman.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software development began on January 5, 1984, when Stallman quit his job at the Lab so that they could not claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU components as free software.<sup id="cite_ref-intervention_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intervention-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goal was to bring a completely free software operating system into existence. Stallman wanted computer users to be free to study the source code of the software they use, share software with other people, modify the behavior of software, and publish their modified versions of the software. This philosophy was published as the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a> in March 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard Stallman's experience with the <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">Incompatible Timesharing System</a> (ITS),<sup id="cite_ref-intervention_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intervention-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an early operating system written in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> that became obsolete due to discontinuation of <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a>, the computer architecture for which ITS was written, led to a decision that a <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portable</a> system was necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rms-zagreb-talk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 40:52">: 40:52 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opensource2.0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opensource2.0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was thus decided that the development would be started using <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> as system programming languages,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that GNU would be compatible with Unix.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Unix was already a popular <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> operating system. The design of Unix was modular, so it could be reimplemented piece by piece.<sup id="cite_ref-opensource2.0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opensource2.0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the needed software had to be written from scratch, but existing compatible third-party free software components were also used such as the <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system, the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a> microkernel that forms the basis of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Mach" title="GNU Mach">GNU Mach</a> core of <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a> (the official kernel of GNU).<sup id="cite_ref-linuxinterface_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxinterface-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of the aforementioned third-party components, most of GNU has been written by volunteers; some in their spare time, some paid by companies,<sup id="cite_ref-cygnus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cygnus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> educational institutions, and other non-profit organizations. In October 1985, Stallman set up the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF). In the late 1980s and 1990s, the FSF hired software developers to write the software needed for GNU.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As GNU gained prominence, interested businesses began contributing to development or selling GNU software and technical support. The most prominent and successful of these was <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_Solutions" title="Cygnus Solutions">Cygnus Solutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cygnus_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cygnus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now part of <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages">List of GNU packages</a></div> <p>The system's basic components include the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC), the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C library">GNU C library</a> (glibc), and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a> (coreutils),<sup id="cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookonopensource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> (GDB), <a href="/wiki/GNU_Binary_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Binary Utilities">GNU Binary Utilities</a> (binutils),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">GNU Bash</a> shell.<sup id="cite_ref-linuxinterface_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxinterface-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GNU developers have contributed to Linux <a href="/wiki/Port_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (software)">ports</a> of GNU applications and utilities, which are now also widely used on other operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> variants, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many GNU programs have been ported to other operating systems, including <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GNU programs have been shown to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are a total of 467 GNU packages (including decommissioned, 394 excluding) hosted on the official GNU development site.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GNU_as_an_operating_system">GNU as an operating system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: GNU as an operating system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">GNU variants</a></div> <p>In its <a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems#Background" title="History of operating systems">original meaning</a>, and one still common in hardware engineering, the operating system is a basic set of functions to control the hardware and manage things like <a href="/wiki/Task_scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Task scheduler">task scheduling</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>. In modern terminology used by software developers, the collection of these functions is usually referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system kernel">kernel</a>, while an 'operating system' is expected to have a more extensive set of programs. The GNU project maintains two kernels itself, allowing the creation of pure GNU operating systems, but the GNU toolchain is also used with non-GNU kernels. Due to the two different definitions of the term 'operating system', there is an ongoing <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">debate concerning the naming of distributions of GNU packages with a non-GNU kernel</a>. (See below.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_kernels_maintained_by_GNU_and_FSF">With kernels maintained by GNU and FSF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: With kernels maintained by GNU and FSF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parabola12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Parabola12.png/250px-Parabola12.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Parabola12.png/330px-Parabola12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Parabola12.png/500px-Parabola12.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola GNU/Linux-libre</a>, an example of an FSF approved distribution that uses a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_release" title="Rolling release">rolling release</a> model</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GNU_Hurd">GNU Hurd</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: GNU Hurd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original kernel of GNU Project is the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a> (together with the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Mach" title="GNU Mach">GNU Mach</a> microkernel), which was the original focus of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF).<sup id="cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookonopensource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computerworld_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerworld-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hillesley_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillesley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the April 30, 2015 release of the Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 distro,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GNU now provides all required components to assemble an operating system that users can install and use on a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-status_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Hurd kernel is not yet considered production-ready but rather a base for further development and non-critical application usage.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-status_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Linux-libre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, a fork of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> became officially part of the GNU Project in the form of <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>, a variant of Linux with all proprietary components removed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNU Project has endorsed Linux-libre distributions, such as <a href="/wiki/Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola GNU/Linux-libre</a>, <a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Guix System">GNU Guix System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_non-GNU_kernels">With non-GNU kernels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: With non-GNU kernels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trisquel_11.0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trisquel_11.0.png/250px-Trisquel_11.0.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trisquel_11.0.png/330px-Trisquel_11.0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trisquel_11.0.png/500px-Trisquel_11.0.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a>, an example of an <a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU/Linux_distributions_endorsed_by_the_Free_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of GNU/Linux distributions endorsed by the Free Software Foundation">FSF approved distribution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the development status of Hurd, GNU is usually paired with other kernels such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the combination of GNU libraries with external kernels is a GNU operating system with a kernel (e.g. GNU with Linux), because the GNU collection renders the kernel into a usable operating system as understood in modern software development, or whether the kernel is an operating system unto itself with a GNU layer on top (i.e. Linux with GNU), because the kernel can operate a machine without GNU, is a matter of ongoing debate. The FSF maintains that an operating system built using the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> and GNU tools and utilities should be considered a <a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variant of GNU</a>, and promotes the term <i>GNU/Linux</i> for such systems (leading to the <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a>). This view is not exclusive to the FSF.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, one of the biggest and oldest Linux distributions, refers to itself as <i>Debian GNU/Linux</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright,_GNU_licenses,_and_stewardship"><span id="Copyright.2C_GNU_licenses.2C_and_stewardship"></span>Copyright, GNU licenses, and stewardship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Copyright, GNU licenses, and stewardship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GNU Project recommends that contributors assign the copyright for GNU packages to the Free Software Foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the Free Software Foundation considers it acceptable to release small changes to an existing project to the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is not required; package maintainers may retain copyright to the GNU packages they maintain, though since only the copyright holder may enforce the license used (such as the GNU GPL), the copyright holder in this case enforces it rather than the Free Software Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the development of needed software, Stallman wrote a license called the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (first called Emacs General Public License), with the goal to guarantee users freedom to share and change free software.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stallman wrote this license after his experience with <a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> and a program called UniPress, over a controversy around software code use in the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-twobits_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twobits-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the 80s, each GNU package had its own license: the Emacs General Public License, the GCC General Public License, etc. In 1989, FSF published a single license they could use for all their software, and which could be used by non-GNU projects: the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL).<sup id="cite_ref-twobits_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twobits-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This license is now used by most of GNU software, as well as a large number of free software programs that are not part of the GNU Project; it also historically has been the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software license</a> (though recently challenged by the <a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gives all recipients of a program the right to run, copy, modify and distribute it, while forbidding them from imposing further restrictions on any copies they distribute. This idea is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL), then known as the Library General Public License, was written for the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a> to allow it to be linked with proprietary software.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1991 also saw the release of version 2 of the GNU GPL. The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (FDL), for documentation, followed in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GPL and LGPL were revised to version 3 in 2007, adding clauses to protect users against hardware restrictions that prevent users from running modified software on their own devices.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides GNU's packages, the GNU Project's licenses can<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are used by many unrelated projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, often used with GNU software. A majority of free software such as the X Window System,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is licensed under <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software license">permissive free software licenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logo">Logo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Logo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_gnu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Official_gnu.svg/120px-Official_gnu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Official_gnu.svg/250px-Official_gnu.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>The original GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa</figcaption></figure> <p>The logo for GNU is a <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">gnu</a> head. Originally drawn by Etienne Suvasa, a bolder and simpler version designed by Aurelio Heckert is now preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in GNU software and in printed and electronic documentation for the GNU Project, and is also used in Free Software Foundation materials. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnu-30-banner-without-background.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gnu-30-banner-without-background.svg/120px-Gnu-30-banner-without-background.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gnu-30-banner-without-background.svg/180px-Gnu-30-banner-without-background.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gnu-30-banner-without-background.svg/240px-Gnu-30-banner-without-background.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption>30th anniversary logo</figcaption></figure> <p>There was also a modified version of the official logo. It was created by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> in September 2013 in order to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computing_mascots" title="List of computing mascots">List of computing mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computing_mascots" title="Category:Computing mascots">Category:Computing mascots</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/">"GNU Licenses"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+Licenses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">"GNU FSDG"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+FSDG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fdistros%2Ffree-system-distribution-guidelines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/">"What is GNU?"</a>. <i>The GNU Operating System</i>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>. September 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The name 'GNU' is a <a href="/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">recursive acronym</a> for 'GNU's Not Unix'; it is pronounced <i>g-noo</i>, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the <i>g</i> and the <i>n</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+GNU+Operating+System&rft.atitle=What+is+GNU%3F&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rms-zagreb-talk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman2006" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> (March 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjesec.ffzg.hr/~dpavlin/stallman2006/free_software_movement_and_the_future_of_freedom_zagreb_09_march_2006.ogg"><i>The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom</i></a>. Zagreb, Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Free Software Foundation Europe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Software+Movement+and+the+Future+of+Freedom&rft.place=Zagreb%2C+Croatia&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation+Europe&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjesec.ffzg.hr%2F~dpavlin%2Fstallman2006%2Ffree_software_movement_and_the_future_of_freedom_zagreb_09_march_2006.ogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html">"Software – GNU Project"</a>. <i>GNU Project</i>. Free Software Foundation, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Project&rft.atitle=Software+%E2%80%93+GNU+Project&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fsoftware.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbookonopensource-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbookonopensource_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._AmantStill2007" class="citation book cs1">St. Amant, Kirk; Still, Brian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKHuvgEACAAJ"><i>Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives</i></a>. Information Science Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140999-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59140999-1"><bdi>978-1-59140999-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028442948">1028442948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Research+on+Open+Source+Software%3A+Technological%2C+Economic%2C+and+Social+Perspectives&rft.pub=Information+Science+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028442948&rft.isbn=978-1-59140999-1&rft.aulast=St.+Amant&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft.au=Still%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKHuvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html">"GNU Manifesto"</a>. <i>GNU project</i>. FSF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+project&rft.atitle=GNU+Manifesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fmanifesto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2001" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, Eric (February 1, 2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym"><i>The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary</i></a></span>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym/page/10">10</a>–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-59600108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-59600108-7"><bdi>978-0-59600108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedral+%26+the+Bazaar%3A+Musings+on+Linux+and+Open+Source+by+an+Accidental+Revolutionary&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-59600108-7&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcathedralbaz00raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/ch01s02.en.html">"1.2. What is GNU/Linux?"</a>. <i>www.debian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.debian.org&rft.atitle=1.2.+What+is+GNU%2FLinux%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Freleases%2Fstable%2Famd64%2Fch01s02.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman1986" class="citation cs2">Stallman, Richard (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.html">"KTH"</a>, <i>Philosophy</i> (speech), GNU, Stockholm, Sweden: FSF</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KTH&rft.btitle=Philosophy&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sweden&rft.series=GNU&rft.pub=FSF&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fstallman-kth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallmanGay2009" class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard M.; Gay, Joshua (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openisbn.com/isbn/9781441436856/"><i>Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays Of Richard M. Stallman</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441436856" title="Special:BookSources/9781441436856"><bdi>9781441436856</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Software%2C+Free+Society%3A+Selected+Essays+Of+Richard+M.+Stallman&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=9781441436856&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Gay%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openisbn.com%2Fisbn%2F9781441436856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/GNU%27s+Not+Unix">"GNU's Not Unix"</a>. The free dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU%27s+Not+Unix&rft.pub=The+free+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FGNU%2527s%2BNot%2BUnix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/">"The GNU Operating system"</a>. <i>GNU project</i>. FSF<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=new+UNIX+implementation&rft.pub=net.unix-wizards&rft.date=1983-09-27&rft_id=news%3A771%40mit-eddie.UUCP%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.unix-wizards%2Fmsg%2F4dadd63a976019d7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intervention-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intervention_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intervention_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmevikBogostUlmer2012" class="citation book cs1">Holmevik, Jan Rune; Bogost, Ian; Ulmer, Gregory (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXC6H8lRjlUC"><i>Inter/vention: Free Play in the Age of Electracy</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01705-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01705-3"><bdi>978-0-262-01705-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inter%2Fvention%3A+Free+Play+in+the+Age+of+Electracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012-03&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01705-3&rft.aulast=Holmevik&rft.aufirst=Jan+Rune&rft.au=Bogost%2C+Ian&rft.au=Ulmer%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXC6H8lRjlUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> (March 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.math.utah.edu/ftp/pub/tex/bib/toc/dr-dobbs-1980.html#10(3):March:1985">"The {GNU} Manifesto"</a>. <i>Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal+of+Software+Tools&rft.atitle=The+%7BGNU%7D+Manifesto&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1985-03&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.utah.edu%2Fftp%2Fpub%2Ftex%2Fbib%2Ftoc%2Fdr-dobbs-1980.html%2310%283%29%3AMarch%3A1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opensource2.0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opensource2.0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opensource2.0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiBonaStoneCooper2005" class="citation book cs1">DiBona, Chris; Stone, Mark; Cooper, Danese (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensources2.000diborich"><i>Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution</i></a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensources2.000diborich/page/n79">38</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596008024" title="Special:BookSources/9780596008024"><bdi>9780596008024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Sources+2.0%3A+The+Continuing+Evolution&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2005-10&rft.isbn=9780596008024&rft.aulast=DiBona&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Stone%2C+Mark&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Danese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopensources2.000diborich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laurel.datsi.fi.upm.es/~ssoo/IG/download/timeline.html">"Timeline of GNU/Linux and Unix"</a>. <q>Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+GNU%2FLinux+and+Unix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaurel.datsi.fi.upm.es%2F~ssoo%2FIG%2Fdownload%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeebach2008" class="citation book cs1">Seebach, Peter (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53zaxy423xcC"><i>Beginning Portable Shell Scripting: From Novice to Professional (Expert's Voice in Open Source)</i></a>. Apress. pp. <span class="nowrap">177–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781430210436" title="Special:BookSources/9781430210436"><bdi>9781430210436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Portable+Shell+Scripting%3A+From+Novice+to+Professional+%28Expert%27s+Voice+in+Open+Source%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2008-11&rft.isbn=9781430210436&rft.aulast=Seebach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53zaxy423xcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linuxinterface-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linuxinterface_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linuxinterface_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerrisk2010" class="citation book cs1">Kerrisk, Michael (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ps2SH727eCIC"><i>The Linux Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook</i></a>. No Starch Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593272203" title="Special:BookSources/9781593272203"><bdi>9781593272203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linux+Programming+Interface%3A+A+Linux+and+UNIX+System+Programming+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2010-10&rft.isbn=9781593272203&rft.aulast=Kerrisk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPs2SH727eCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cygnus-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cygnus_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cygnus_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823"><i>Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</i></a>. 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January 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-582-3"><bdi>978-1-56592-582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Sources%3A+Voices+from+the+Open+Source+Revolution&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-582-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781565925823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuxmannDiefenbachHess2012" class="citation book cs1">Buxmann, Peter; Diefenbach, Heiner; Hess, Thomas (September 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LlCnYt2snHYC"><i>The Software Industry</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642315091" title="Special:BookSources/9783642315091"><bdi>9783642315091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Software+Industry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-09-30&rft.isbn=9783642315091&rft.aulast=Buxmann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Diefenbach%2C+Heiner&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLlCnYt2snHYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50maN7VmpusC"><i>Practical UNIX and Internet Security, 3rd Edition</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCC+%26+GNU+Toolchains+%E2%80%93+AMD&rft.pub=Developer.amd.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.amd.com%2Ftools-and-sdks%2Farchive%2Fgcc-and-gnu-toolchains-for-amd-platforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthewStones2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, Neil; Stones, Richard (April 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuzDziOMeMC">"The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation"</a>. <i>Beginning Linux Programming</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118058619" title="Special:BookSources/9781118058619"><bdi>9781118058619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+GNU+Project+and+the+Free+Software+Foundation&rft.btitle=Beginning+Linux+Programming&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft.isbn=9781118058619&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Stones%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvuzDziOMeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoweStamelosSamoladas2007" class="citation book cs1">Sowe, Sulayman K; Stamelos, Ioannis G; Samoladas, Ioannis M (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MhTb9X4aYgC"><i>Emerging Free and Open Source Software Practices</i></a>. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. <span class="nowrap">262–</span>264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599042107" title="Special:BookSources/9781599042107"><bdi>9781599042107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Free+and+Open+Source+Software+Practices&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.pub=Idea+Group+Inc+%28IGI%29&rft.date=2007-05&rft.isbn=9781599042107&rft.aulast=Sowe&rft.aufirst=Sulayman+K&rft.au=Stamelos%2C+Ioannis+G&rft.au=Samoladas%2C+Ioannis+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7MhTb9X4aYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211040818/https://www.buzzle.com/articles/linux-history-and-introduction.html">"Linux: History and Introduction"</a>. Buzzle.com. August 25, 1991. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux%3A+History+and+Introduction&rft.pub=Buzzle.com&rft.date=1991-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Farticles%2Flinux-history-and-introduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCune2000" class="citation book cs1">McCune, Mike (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SM3PEH9gagC"><i>Integrating Linux and Windows</i></a>. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130306708" title="Special:BookSources/9780130306708"><bdi>9780130306708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrating+Linux+and+Windows&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Professional&rft.date=2000-12&rft.isbn=9780130306708&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SM3PEH9gagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSobellSeebach2005" class="citation book cs1">Sobell, Mark G; Seebach, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9K8KEQic5sC"><i>A Practical Guide To Unix For Mac Os X Users</i></a>. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780131863330" title="Special:BookSources/9780131863330"><bdi>9780131863330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+To+Unix+For+Mac+Os+X+Users&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Professional&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780131863330&rft.aulast=Sobell&rft.aufirst=Mark+G&rft.au=Seebach%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9K8KEQic5sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps">Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services</a> – October 1995 – Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~blbowers/fuzz-2001.pdf">"An Inquiry into the Stability and Reliability of UNIX Utilities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091222035742/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~blbowers/fuzz-2001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Stability+and+Reliability+of+UNIX+Utilities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.cs.wisc.edu%2F~blbowers%2Ffuzz-2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html">"Software – GNU Project"</a>. Free Software Foundation, Inc. January 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+%E2%80%93+GNU+Project&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation%2C+Inc&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fsoftware.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerworld-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerworld_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9131178/Opinion_The_top_10_operating_system_stinkers">Opinion: The top 10 operating system stinkers</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>, April 9, 2009: "... after more than 25 years in development, GNU remains incomplete: its kernel, Hurd, has never really made it out of the starting blocks. ... Almost no one has actually been able to use the OS; it's really more a set of ideas than an operating system."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillesley-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillesley_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillesley2010" class="citation cs2">Hillesley, Richard (June 30, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise-1030942.html">"GNU HURD: Altered visions and lost promise"</a>, <i>The H</i> (online ed.), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise-1030942.html?page=3">3</a>, <q>Nearly twenty years later the HURD has still to reach maturity, and has never achieved production quality. ... Some of us are still wishing and hoping for the real deal, a GNU operating system with a GNU kernel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+H&rft.atitle=GNU+HURD%3A+Altered+visions+and+lost+promise&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft.aulast=Hillesley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-online.com%2Fopen%2Ffeatures%2FGNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise-1030942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLessig2001" class="citation book cs1">Lessig, Lawrence (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureo_les_2001_00_1645"><i>The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World</i></a></span>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureo_les_2001_00_1645/page/54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50578-2"><bdi>978-0-375-50578-2</bdi></a>. <q>He had mixed all of the ingredients needed for an operating system to function, but he was missing the core.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Ideas%3A+The+Fate+of+the+Commons+in+a+Connected+World&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50578-2&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureo_les_2001_00_1645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Debian-GNU-Hurd-2015">"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 Released – Phoronix"</a>. <i>www.phoronix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phoronix.com&rft.atitle=Debian+GNU%2FHurd+2015+Released+%E2%80%93+Phoronix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DDebian-GNU-Hurd-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2015/04/msg00047.html">"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 released!"</a>. <i>lists.debian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lists.debian.org&rft.atitle=Debian+GNU%2FHurd+2015+released%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.debian.org%2Fdebian-hurd%2F2015%2F04%2Fmsg00047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-status-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-status_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd/status.html">"status"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=status&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fhurd%2Fhurd%2Fstatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">"Debian – Debian GNU/Hurd"</a>. <i>www.debian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2008</span>. <q>RMS's idea (which I have heard first-hand) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+is+a+GNU+system+and+the+DWARF+support&rft.pub=comp.os.linux.misc&rft.date=1994-09-08&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux.misc%2Fmsg%2F1241a2919efc4bc3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProffitt2012" class="citation web cs1">Proffitt, Brian (July 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itworld.com/it-managementstrategy/285750/debian-gnulinux-seeks-alignment-free-software-foundation">"Debian GNU/Linux seeks alignment with Free Software Foundation"</a>. <i>ITworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2018</span>. <q>GNU is an operating system that offers a set of free open source programs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CCM&rft.atitle=GNU+Operating+System+%E2%80%93+CCM+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccm.net%2Ffaq%2F478-gnu-operating-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnom_Technology" class="citation web cs1">Snom Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044219/https://www.snom.com/footer/source-code-gpl-open-source/">"Source Code & GPL Open Source"</a>. <i>www.snom.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux", they are more accurately called "GNU/Linux systems".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.snom.com&rft.atitle=Source+Code+%26+GPL+Open+Source&rft.au=Snom+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snom.com%2Ffooter%2Fsource-code-gpl-open-source%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/basic-defs.en.html#whatisdebian">"Chapter 1. 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Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41597893-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41597893-4"><bdi>978-0-41597893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decoding+Liberation%3A+The+Promise+of+Free+and+Open+Source+Software&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-08&rft.isbn=978-0-41597893-4&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft.au=Dexter%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7ppFih2mSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/bsdl-gpl/origins-lgpl.html"><i>The origins of Linux and the LGPL</i></a>, Free BSD</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Linux+and+the+LGPL&rft.pub=Free+BSD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fdoc%2Fen_US.ISO8859-1%2Farticles%2Fbsdl-gpl%2Forigins-lgpl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanGabriel2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Ron; Gabriel, Richard P (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2VElII9QeakC"><i>Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as Business Strategy</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860889-4"><bdi>978-1-55860889-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+Happens+Elsewhere%3A+Open+Source+as+Business+Strategy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2005-04&rft.isbn=978-1-55860889-4&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Gabriel%2C+Richard+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2VElII9QeakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Roderick W (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmfFsdIAejkC">"Free Software and the GPL"</a>. <i>Linux Essentials</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11819739-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11819739-4"><bdi>978-1-11819739-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Free+Software+and+the+GPL&rft.btitle=Linux+Essentials&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-11819739-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roderick+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmfFsdIAejkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#DoesUsingTheGPLForAProgramMakeItGNUSoftware">"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"</a>. <i>Gnu project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Permissive+vs.+copyleft+open+source+licenses+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1245665%2Fworldwide-permissive-copyleft-open-source-licenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/graphics/agnuhead.html">"A GNU Head"</a>. Free Software Foundation (FSF). July 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+30th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br />layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GNU_Project62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GNU" title="Template:GNU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GNU" title="Template talk:GNU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GNU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GNU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GNU_Project62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">linking exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPL_font_exception" title="GPL font exception">font exception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAT_Modified_General_Public_License" title="GNAT Modified General Public License">GNAT Modified General Public License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GNU</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">GNU R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">Guix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li> <li>Nagarjuna G.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" 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