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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_Structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Control Structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_Structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_Management_(a.k.a.,_"Job_control")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_Management_(a.k.a.,_"Job_control")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Process Management (a.k.a., "Job control") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_Management_(a.k.a.,_"Job_control")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portability_with_POSIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portability_with_POSIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Portability with POSIX </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portability_with_POSIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brace_Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brace_Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Brace Expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brace_Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configurable_execution_environment(s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configurable_execution_environment(s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Configurable execution environment(s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Configurable_execution_environment(s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shell_and_Session_Startup_Files_(a.k.a.,_"Dot_Files")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell_and_Session_Startup_Files_(a.k.a.,_"Dot_Files")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Shell and Session Startup Files (a.k.a., "Dot Files") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell_and_Session_Startup_Files_(a.k.a.,_"Dot_Files")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy-compatible_Bash_startup_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy-compatible_Bash_startup_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1.1 Legacy-compatible Bash startup example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-compatible_Bash_startup_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_issues_in_Bash_startup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_issues_in_Bash_startup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1.2 Operating system issues in Bash startup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_issues_in_Bash_startup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settings_and_Shell_Options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settings_and_Shell_Options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Settings and Shell Options </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settings_and_Shell_Options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_set_Built-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_set_Built-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2.1 The set Built-in </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_set_Built-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_shopt_Built-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_shopt_Built-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2.2 The shopt Built-in </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_shopt_Built-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programmable_Completion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmable_Completion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Programmable Completion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmable_Completion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_shortcuts_with_Readline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_shortcuts_with_Readline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Keyboard shortcuts with Readline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_shortcuts_with_Readline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Documentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_Vulnerabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_Vulnerabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Security and Vulnerabilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security_and_Vulnerabilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security and Vulnerabilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security_and_Vulnerabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Root_Scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Root_Scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Root Scripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Root_Scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debugging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debugging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Debugging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debugging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deprecated_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deprecated_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Deprecated syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deprecated_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shellshock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shellshock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Shellshock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shellshock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bug_reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bug_reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Bug reporting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bug_reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unix_Shells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix_Shells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Unix Shells </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix_Shells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bash (Unix shell)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4_(%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3)" title="باش (يونكس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باش (يونكس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_(%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2)" title="ব্যাশ (ইউনিক্স শেল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাশ (ইউনিক্স শেল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Shell)" title="Bash (Shell) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bash (Shell)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82_bash" title="Κέλυφος bash – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέλυφος bash" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_Bash" title="پوسته Bash – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوسته Bash" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne-Again_shell" title="Bourne-Again shell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bourne-Again shell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%8B%9C_(%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4_%EC%85%B8)" title="배시 (유닉스 셸) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배시 (유닉스 셸)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(syel_Unix)" title="Bash (syel Unix) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bash (syel Unix)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9" title="באש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_(%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%99%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Баш (Јуникс љуска) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баш (Јуникс љуска)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A" title="แบช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" title="Bash – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bash" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">GNU replacement for the Bourne shell</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Bash</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnu-bash-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gnu-bash-logo.svg/220px-Gnu-bash-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gnu-bash-logo.svg/330px-Gnu-bash-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gnu-bash-logo.svg/440px-Gnu-bash-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="91" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chet Ramey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1989; 35 years ago (8 June 1989)</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">5.2.37<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-b00870191b92885a76e9c7648a047918d2ff84a0-v18-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189248?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 23 September 2024</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=bash.git">git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=bash.git</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189248#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Oracle Solaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">Multilingual (<a href="/wiki/Gettext" title="Gettext">gettext</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell (computing)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Command_language" title="Command language">command language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>v.4.0+: <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_3" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-3.0-or-later</a><a href="#cite_note-license-2">[2]</a></li> <li>v.1.11 - v.3.2: <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_2" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-or-later</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>v.0.99 - v.1.05: <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_1" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-1.0-or-later</a><a href="#cite_note-bashfaq061-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computing</a>, Bash (short for "Bourne Again SHell,")<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">interactive</a> command interpreter and command programming language developed for <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>-like operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Created in 1989<a href="#cite_note-BashBeta-8">[8]</a> by Brian Fox for the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>, it is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> and designed as a 100% <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> alternative for the <a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a> (<code>sh</code>) and other proprietary Unix shells.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Since its inception, Bash has gained widespread adoption and is commonly used as the default <a href="/wiki/Login" title="Login">login</a> shell for numerous <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It holds historical significance as one of the earliest programs ported to Linux by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, alongside the GNU Compiler (<a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It is available on nearly all modern operating systems, making it a versatile tool in various computing environments. As a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> (CLI), Bash operates within a terminal emulator, or <a href="/wiki/Terminal_emulator" title="Terminal emulator">text window</a>, where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a>, facilitating <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>. In keeping with Unix shell conventions, Bash incorporates a rich set of features. The <a href="/wiki/Keyword_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (computer programming)">keywords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)#Dynamic_scoping" title="Scope (computer science)">dynamically scoped</a> variables, and other basic features of the <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">language</a> are all copied from the Bourne shell, (<code>sh</code>). Other features, e.g., history, are copied from the <a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a>, (<code>csh</code>), and the <a href="/wiki/Korn_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Korn Shell">Korn Shell</a>, (<code>ksh</code>). It is a <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-compliant shell with extensions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> While Bash was developed for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems, such as GNU/Linux, it is also available on Android, macOS, Windows, and numerous other current and historical operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> "Although there have been attempts to create specialized shells, the Bourne shell derivatives continue to be the primary shells in use."<a href="#cite_note-developer.ibm.com-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that subsections of this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into articles titled <a href="/wiki/Unix_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix Shell">Unix Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thompson_shell" title="Thompson shell">Thompson shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korn_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Korn shell">Korn shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Talk:Bash (Unix shell)">Discuss</a>) (January 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl> <dt class="vevent">1963 (1963)</dt> <dd class="description">While at MIT developing for the <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System</a> operating system, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a> wrote '<a href="/wiki/RUNCOM" title="RUNCOM">RUNCOM</a>', "a sort of shell driving the execution of command scripts, with argument substitution." He "felt that commands should be usable as building blocks for writing more commands, just like subroutine libraries."<a href="#cite_note-Pouzin,_2000-14">[14]</a> <ul><li>"There was a facility that would execute a bunch of commands stored in a file; it was called <code>runcom</code> for "run commands", and the file began to be called "a runcom". <code>rc</code> in Unix is a fossil from that usage."<a href="#cite_note-Indiana_University,_2009-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1964 (1964)</dt> <dd class="description">Development began on MULTICS at MIT.</dd> <dt class="vevent">1965 (1965)</dt> <dd class="description">April 2, 1965 (1965-04-02): MIT publishes "The SHELL, A Global Tool for Calling and Chaining Procedures in the System," by Louis Pouzin. The paper describes many features found in Bash.<a href="#cite_note-Pouzin,_1965-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a>, a British scientist, had visited MIT about that time, and his macro-generator design appeared to me a very solid base for a command language, in particular the techniques for quoting and passing arguments. Without being invited on the subject, I wrote a paper explaining how the Multics command language could be designed with this objective. And I coined the word "shell" to name it."<a href="#cite_note-Pouzin,_2000-14">[14]</a></blockquote> <ul><li>"It (i.e., the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thompson_Shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thompson Shell (page does not exist)">Thompson Shell</a>) was modeled after the Multics shell, developed in 1965 by American software engineer <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Schroeder" title="Glenda Schroeder">Glenda Schroeder</a>. Schroeder's Multics shell was itself modeled after the RUNCOM program Louis Pouzin showed to the Multics Team.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1968 (1968)</dt> <dd class="description">ALGOL68 was released. The Bourne shell drew from it the concepts of program flow, closed forms (<code>if...fi</code>, <code>case...esac</code>), and completion of substitutions anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-Bourne,_2015-18">[18]</a> These closed forms and the <code>for...done</code> and <code>while...done</code> loop were defined as "Guarded Commands" in 1976 by Dijkstra.<a href="#cite_note-Dijkstra,_1976-19">[19]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">1969 (1969)</dt> <dd class="description">The <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">MULTICS</a> operating system was introduced as a collaboration between MIT, GE and Bell Labs. "It is also the first to have a command processor implemented as ordinary user code – an idea later used in the Unix shell."<a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics Wikipage</a> It was called exec_com or ec.<a href="#cite_note-Multicians,_Unix-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Multics_History,_info_segment_on_exec_com-21">[21]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">1971 (1971)</dt> <dd class="description">"Ken Thompson (of Bell Labs) developed the first shell for UNIX called the 'V6 shell'." Its sole purpose was to serve as an interactive shell. It supported external commands called <code>glob</code>, for pattern matching, and <code>if</code>, for conditional expressions. "The shell introduced a compact syntax for redirection (<code><</code> <code>></code> and <code>>></code>) and piping (<code>|</code> or <code>^</code>) that has survived into modern shells. You can also find support for invoking sequential commands (with <code>;</code>) and asynchronous commands (with <code>&</code>)."<a href="#cite_note-developer.ibm.com-13">[13]</a> It also incorporated a goto command. "However, the Thompson shell was still distributed with the system as <code>osh</code>."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">1972 (1972)</dt> <dd class="description">Pipelines were introduced in Unix.<a href="#cite_note-Bourne,_2015-18">[18]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">1973 (1973)</dt> <dd class="description">UNIX, originally written by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Brian Kernighan among others, was released by AT&T (wikipedia UNIX page).</dd> <dt class="vevent">1975 (1975)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>"PWB Mashey shell started mid 1975."<a href="#cite_note-Bourne,_2015-18">[18]</a></li> <li>September 1975 (1975-09): <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> released the VT52, which "provided a screen of 24 rows and 80 columns of text and supported all 95 ASCII characters, as well as... bi-directional scrolling" and, unlike its predecessor the VT50, lower case support (<a href="/wiki/VT52" title="VT52">VT52</a>).</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1977 (1977)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>The American National Standard Code for Information Interchange, or "ASCII," is published by the National Institute of Science and Technology, or "NIST,"as FIPS PUB 1-2.<a href="#cite_note-NIST,_ASCII_Publication,_PDF_c1977-23">[23]</a> The ASCII character set is still with us today as a core component of writing portable shell scripts.</li> <li>"The Bourne shell was introduced.... Created by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Labs for V7 UNIX, [it] remains a useful shell today (in some cases, as the default root shell)." "Bourne introduced control flows, loops, and variables into scripts, providing a more functional language to interact with the operating system (both interactively and noninteractively). The shell also permitted you to use shell scripts as filters, providing integrated support for handling signals, but lacked the ability to define functions. Finally, it incorporated a number of features we use today, including command substitution (using back quotes) and HERE documents to embed preserved string literals within a script."<a href="#cite_note-developer.ibm.com-13">[13]</a> It used the -eq, -ne, -lt style of test operators</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">Korn Shell</a> was introduced at around the same time as was the Bourne shell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> - Initial Release.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It included Bash at some later point.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1978 (1978)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a> - Initial release. Created by Bill Joy while he was at Berkeley, and released with 2BSD. "A useful feature introduced by Bill Joy in the C shell was command history. This feature maintained a history of the previously executed commands and allowed the user to review and easily select previous commands to execute. For example, typing the command history would show the previously executed commands. The up and down arrow keys could be used to select a command, or the previous command could be executed using !!. It's also possible to refer to arguments of the prior command; for example, !* refers to all arguments of the prior command, where !$ refers to the last argument of the prior command."<a href="#cite_note-developer.ibm.com-13">[13]</a> "csh, tcsh, zsh, ash, and scsh are all released under the BSD or a BSD-like license."</li> <li>August 1978 (1978-08): <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a>.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1983 (1983)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>The TENEX C shell "introduced file name and command completion in addition to command-line editing features. The <a href="/wiki/Tcsh" title="Tcsh">tcsh</a> was developed by Ken Greer at Carnegie Mellon University."<a href="#cite_note-developer.ibm.com-13">[13]</a> The shebang, or hashbang symbol was available in tcsh. Also, positional parameters as the argv array including argv[1], the $0 shell variable as argv[0], the Count of Indices parameter expansion $#var, the -d and -x operators of a testing syntax regarding directory and executability tests, respectively, the ! negate symbol, a looping construct in the foreach command, the set, echo and exit commands, variable assignment and arithmetic contexts "@ count = $count + 1", and familiar double quoting rules.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_NetWare" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell NetWare">Novell NetWare</a> - Initial release. It included Bash at some later point.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1984 (1984)</dt> <dd class="description">"The IEEE POSIX work started in 1984 as an outgrowth of work initiated in the /usr/group organization to build a standard on the two variations of UNIX at the time - version 6 and BSD (Berkeley)."<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_Impact-25">[25]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">1986 (1986)</dt> <dd class="description">The documents which would become known as "POSIX" started out as a trial use standard by the IEEE. By some it is considered a de facto standard.<a href="#cite_note-Usenix_';login:'_Feb_2007-26">[26]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">1988 (1988)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>January 10, 1988 (1988-01-10): <a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(computer_programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Fox (computer programmer)">Brian Fox</a> began <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">coding</a> Bash<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> became dissatisfied with the lack of progress being made by a prior developer.<a href="#cite_note-GNUBSD-28">[28]</a> Stallman and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> considered a free shell that could run existing shell scripts so strategic to a completely free system built from BSD and GNU code that this was one of the few projects they funded themselves. Fox undertook the work as an employee of FSF.<a href="#cite_note-GNUBSD-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>"The first version of the IEEE Std 1003 was published in 1988 with the reference 'IEEE IX'," but these standards would not specify requirements for a "command interpreter," or "Shell and Utilities," until later. "At the suggestion of Richard Stallman, this was changed to POSIX for 'portable operating system interface'."<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_Impact-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-stallman.org_posix-30">[30]</a> The POSIX "interface enables application writers to write portable applications — it was developed with that goal in mind."<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_Backgrounder-31">[31]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1989 (1989)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>May 30, 1989 (1989-05-30): Kenneth Almquist's ash shell - Initial release.<a href="#cite_note-Mascheck,_Ash_Variants-32">[32]</a></li> <li>June 8, 1989 (1989-06-08): Fox released Bash as a beta, version 0.99.<a href="#cite_note-BashBeta-8">[8]</a> The license was GPL-1.0-or-later. "In addition to supporting backward-compatibility for scripting, Bash has incorporated features from the Korn and C shells. You'll find command history, command-line editing, a directory stack (pushd and popd), many useful environment variables, command completion, and more."<a href="#cite_note-Evolution_of_shells_in_Linux-33">[33]</a> Eventually it supported "regular expressions (similar to Perl), and associative arrays."</li> <li>Microsoft/IBM <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> via the <a href="/wiki/DJGPP" title="DJGPP">DJGPP</a> project - Initial release.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1992 (1992)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>POSIX.2: Shell and Utilities (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992) was published.</li> <li>Brian Fox remained the primary maintainer until sometime between mid-1992<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and mid-1994.<a href="#cite_note-Bourne_shell_grammar-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> His responsibility was then transitioned to another early contributor, Chet Ramey.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Since then, Bash has become the most popular default interactive shell among the major GNU/Linux distributions, such as <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a>, as well as among their derivatives and competitors.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1992 (1992)</dt> <dd class="description">"The first eight entries in (POSIX) Portable Character Set are defined in the ISO/IEC 6429:1992 standard." They are null, alert, backspace, tab, carriage-return, newline, vertical-tab and form-feed.<a href="#cite_note-Portable_Character_Set-40">[40]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">1994 (1994)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>January 26, 1994 (1994-01-26): Debian - initial release. Bash is the default interactive and non-interactive shell.<a href="#cite_note-Debian_Wiki:_Shell-41">[41]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1995 (1995)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a> - Initial release.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> - Initial release.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes,_A_Desktop_Alternative-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1996 (1996)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>December 31, 1996 (1996-12-31): Chet Ramey released bash 2.0. The license was GPL-2.0-or-later.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1997 (1997)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>June 5, 1997 (1997-06-05): Bash 2.01 is released.</li> <li>Almquist shell, ash, ported from NetBSD to Debian by Herbert Xu.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1998 (1998)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>April 18, 1998 (1998-04-18): Bash 2.02 is released.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinGW" title="MinGW">MinGW</a> (32-bit) - Initial release.</li> <li>A group of Standards Committees from the IEEE, the Open Group and the ISO/IEC began working on the Single UNIX Specification v 3; they together became known as the Austin Group. A Technical Standard for Shell and Utilities was created in The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6, which is itself a part of the Single UNIX Specification v 3.<a href="#cite_note-Single_UNIX_Specification_v_3_-_Overview-44">[44]</a> A focus of their work was to "collect into a single document" practices which had been proven to work in industry and academia while making "minimal changes to existing application code."<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_Backgrounder-31">[31]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">1999 (1999)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>February 19, 1999 (1999-02-19): Bash 2.03 is released.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2000 (2000)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>March 21, 2000 (2000-03-21): Bash 2.04 is released.</li> <li>The Korn shell is released as open source under the Common Public License.</li> <li>"The rest of the characters" in the POSIX Portable Character Set "are defined in the ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 standard." They comprise the remainder of the characters on a U.S. qwerty keyboard from <space> to <tilde>.<a href="#cite_note-Portable_Character_Set-40">[40]</a></li> <li>BeOS - Final release</li> <li>Darwin OS - Initial release. Bash is one of the available shells.<a href="#cite_note-Evolution_of_shells_in_Linux-33">[33]</a></li> <li>September 14, 2000 (2000-09-14): Bug-bash mailing list exists.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2001 (2001)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>April 9, 2001 (2001-04-09): Bash 2.05 released.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>A POSIX-2001 Standard is published which includes a "Commands and Utilities" section. The Austin Group and the Single Unix Specification is involved.<a href="#cite_note-Single_UNIX_Specification_v_3_-_Overview-44">[44]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2002 (2002)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>September 2002 (2002-09): In Debian, version 0.4.1 of ash was renamed to dash.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2003 (2003)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>Bash became the default shell on Apple's operating systems (i.e., MacOS) starting with OS X 10.3 Panther.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> It was available on OS X 10.2 Jaguar as well where the default shell was tcsh.</li> <li>A POSIX-2003 Shell and Utilities standard is published by the IEEE. "This is a component product standard for the mandatory shell and utilities related functionality;" a POSIX Certification Program exists.<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_FAQ_v_1.18-49">[49]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2004 (2004)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>July 27, 2004 (2004-07-27): Bash 3.0 is released.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li>POSIX-2004 is published.<a href="#cite_note-POSIX-2004-51">[51]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2005 (2005)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>December 9, 2005 (2005-12-09): Bash 3.1 is released.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingw-w64" title="Mingw-w64">Mingw-w64</a> — Initial release.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2006 (2006)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>October 12, 2006 (2006-10-12): Bash 3.2 released.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The license was GPL-2.0-or-later.</li> <li>Ubuntu adopts dash as its default shell.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent"> 2008 (2008) </dt> <dd class="description">POSIX-2008 is released by the IEEE. "This standard defines a standard source level interface to the shell and utility functionality required by application programs, including shell scripts."<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_FAQ_v_1.18-49">[49]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent"> 2009 (2009) </dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>February 20, 2009 (2009-02-20): Bash 4.0 is released<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Its license is GPL-3.0-or-later.</li> <li>Novell Netware - final release</li> <li>September 14, 2009 (2009-09-14): <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku (operating system)</a> - Initial release.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> "Haiku's interface to the shell, by default," is bash.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> As of September 13, 2024, Haiku remains in beta.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent"> 2010 (2010) </dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>January 2, 2010 (2010-01-02): Bash 4.1 is released.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent"> 2011 (2011) </dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>February 6, 2011 (2011-02-06): Debian Lenny is released with Bash as its default interactive shell, and dash as its default non-interactive shell.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>February 14, 2011 (2011-02-14): Bash 4.2 is released.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent"> 2012 (2012) </dt> <dd class="description">On <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> 11, "the default user shell is the Bourne-again (bash) shell."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent"> 2013 (2013) </dt> <dd class="description">POSIX-2013 is released by the IEEE.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></dd> <dt class="vevent">2014 (2014)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27): Bash 4.3 is released.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>8 September 2014 (2014-09-08): <a href="/wiki/Shellshock_(software_bug)" title="Shellshock (software bug)">Shellshock (software bug)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitre,_CVE-2014-6271-64">[64]</a> Patches to fix the bugs were made available soon after the bugs were identified.<a href="#cite_note-Bug-bash,_Bash_3.0_Official_Patch_1-65">[65]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2015 (2015)</dt> <dd class="description"><a href="/wiki/Termux" title="Termux">Termux</a> and other terminal emulation applications provide availability of Bash on <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>.</dd> <dt class="vevent">2016 (2016)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26): <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> Insider Preview Build 14332 supports installation of Bash on Ubuntu in the newly released <a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Windows_10_Insider_Preview_Build_14332-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>POSIX-2016 is released by the IEEE.<a href="#cite_note-POSIX-2016-68">[68]</a></li> <li>September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15): Bash 4.4 is released.</li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2017 (2017)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>A new version of the POSIX Standard is released.<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_FAQ_v_1.18-49">[49]</a></li> <li>Some other current operating systems which carry Bash include and <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2018 (2018)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31): The IEEE published the POSIX 2017 Standard.<a href="#cite_note-POSIX-2018-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Apple packaged Bash as their default interactive shell through until macOS Mojave (c.2018). However, for explicit licensing reasons with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">Catalina</a><a href="#cite_note-scriptingosx.com,_Moving_to_Zsh-71">[71]</a> (c.2019), Apple replaced its default shell, Bash version 3.2 (c.2006), with <a href="/wiki/Z_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Shell">Z Shell</a> version 5.7 (c.2019).<a href="#cite_note-Apple_Support_-_Use_zsh_as_the_default_shell_on_your_Mac-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verge_-_Apple_replaces_bash_with_zsh...-73">[73]</a> "The bash binary bundled with macOS has been stuck on version 3.2 for a long time now. bash v4 was released in 2009 and bash v5 in January 2019. The reason Apple has not switched to these newer versions is that they are licensed with GPL v3. bash v3 is still GPL v2."<a href="#cite_note-scriptingosx.com,_Moving_to_Zsh-71">[71]</a> Zsh uses a more permissive license.<a href="#cite_note-The_Next_Web_-_Why_Does_MacOS_Catalina_Use_zsh...-74">[74]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2019 (2019)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>January 7, 2019 (2019-01-07): Bash 5.0 is released.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2020 (2020)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>With release 2020.4, Kali Linux switched to zsh as its default shell for desktop images, but its ARM, containers, NetHunter and WSL images still use Bash.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>December 7, 2020 (2020-12-07): Bash 5.1 is released.<a href="#cite_note-Bash-5.1_release_available-77">[77]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2022 (2022)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>September 26, 2022 (2022-09-26): Bash 5.2 is released.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>"At this point, 2022, a significant number of POSIX compatible or influenced systems exist in servers, cloud computing centers, high performance computers, Apple systems (initially BSD variations), and many cell phone systems. The number of devices measuring into the billions."<a href="#cite_note-POSIX_Impact-25">[25]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2023 (2023)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>September 18, 2023 (2023-09-18): <a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a> v 2.0.0 is released for <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Github:_WSL_2.0.0-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Install_WSL_on_Windows_11-80">[80]</a></li></ul></dd> <dt class="vevent">2024 (2024)</dt> <dd class="description"> <ul><li>June 14, 2024 (2024-06-14): POSIX-2024 is published by the IEEE.</li></ul></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Short_Descriptions">List of Short Descriptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of Short Descriptions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (January 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command processor</a>, Bash operates within a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_emulator" title="Terminal emulator">text window</a> where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a>, facilitating <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>. In keeping with <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a> conventions, Bash incorporates a rich set of features, including: <ul><li>A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/index.html">User Manual</a> provided by the GNU Project, also available at <code>info bash</code>, and a technical manual available at <code>man bash</code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">Invocation</a> as a... <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactivity" title="Interactivity">Interactive</a> shell,</li> <li>Non-interactive shell, or</li> <li>Login shell;</li></ul></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_status" title="Exit status">Exit status</a> codes;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control structures</a> for <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Condition testing</a>, <ul><li><code>if</code>, <code>case</code>, <code>select</code>,</li> <li>logical AND (<code>&&</code>) and OR (<code>||</code>), and</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteration" title="Iteration">Iteration</a>: <ul><li><code>for</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>until</code> loops, and</li> <li>Arithmetic C-style loop: <code>for ((</code>;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Syntaxes for Boolean testing of file attributes, string and integer values, etc.: <ul><li>Traditional <code>test</code> command,</li> <li>Traditional single bracket test: <code>[</code>,</li> <li>Modern double bracket test: <code> [[ ... ]]</code>, which includes advanced features: <ul><li>Extended <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> and extglob matching</li> <li>Lexicographic sorting with <code><</code> and <code>></code>;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipelines</a>: <code>|</code>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_process" title="Child process">Subshells</a>: <code>( ... )</code>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(IPC)" title="Signal (IPC)">Signaling</a> as a means of <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> using the <code>trap</code> builtin;</li> <li>Asynchronous execution, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Job_(computing)" title="Job (computing)">Jobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)" title="Job control (Unix)">job control</a>: <ul><li><code>job_spec &</code> where <code>job_spec</code> can be one of: <ul><li>A full commandline: <code><command_name> <options> <operands> <arguments> &</code>, or</li> <li>A job control identifier as denoted by a leading percent symbol: <code>%1 &</code>;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>A shell <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portability</a> mode where command lines can be interpreted in conformance with the <a href="/wiki/POSIX_terminal_interface" title="POSIX terminal interface">POSIX</a> standard;</li> <li>Command parsing: <ul><li>Comments are ignored: <ul><li>Bourne-style <code>#</code> hashtag comments, and</li> <li>Thompson-style <code>:</code> colon comments;</li></ul></li> <li>Commands are parsed one line at a time: <ul><li>Control structures are honored, and</li> <li>Backslash <code>\</code> escapes are also honored at the ends of lines;</li></ul></li> <li>Split into words (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">word splitting</a>) according to <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">quoting</a> rules, <ul><li>Including ANSI-C quoting <code>$'...'</code>;</li></ul></li> <li>Seven kinds of expansions are performed in the following order on the resulting string: <ul><li>(Step 1) Brace expansion <code>kernel{-headers}</code>,</li> <li>(Step 2) Tilde expansion <code>~</code>,</li> <li>(Step 3) In a left-to-right fashion: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">Parameter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variable</a> expansion <code>$foo</code> or <code>${bar}</code>, including <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)#Dynamic_scoping" title="Scope (computer science)">Dynamically scoped</a> variables,</li> <li>Indexed <a href="/wiki/Array_(data_type)" title="Array (data type)">arrays</a> of unlimited size,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative arrays</a> via <code>declare -A</code>, and</li> <li>Expansion syntaxes which can perform some tasks more quickly than external utilities, including, among others: <ul><li>Pattern Substitution <ul><li><code>${foo//x/y}</code> for <code>sed 's/x/y/g'</code>,</li></ul></li> <li>Remove Matching Prefix or Suffix Pattern <ul><li><code>${bar##[a-zA-Z0-9]*}</code> for <code>cut -c8-</code>,</li></ul></li> <li>Print Array Keys <ul><li><code>${!array[@]}</code>, and</li></ul></li> <li>Display Error if Null or Unset <ul><li><code>${var:?error message}</code>,</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_substitution" title="Command substitution">Command substitution</a>: <code>$( ... )</code>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_substitution" title="Process substitution">Process substitution</a>, <code><()</code> or <code>>()</code>, when a system supports it:</li> <li>Arithmetic expansion, <code>(( ... ))</code> or <code>$(( ... ))</code>, including <ul><li>Integer <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a> in any <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">base</a> from two to sixty-four, although</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Floating-point arithmetic</a> is not available from within the shell itself (for this functionality, see current versions of <a href="/wiki/Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)"><code>bc</code></a> and <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK"><code>awk</code></a>, among others),</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>(Step 4) <a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">Word splitting</a> (again),</li> <li>(Step 5) Pathname expansion, i.e., shell-style <a href="/wiki/Glob_(programming)" title="Glob (programming)">globbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> using <code>*</code>, <code>?</code>, <code>[...]</code>, and <ul><li>(Although they can be used in conjunction, the use of brackets in pattern matching, <code>[...]</code>, and the use of brackets in the testing commands, <code>[</code> and <code> [[ ... ]]</code>, are each one different things.)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">Quote</a> removal;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redirection_(computing)" title="Redirection (computing)">Redirections</a> of Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error <a href="/wiki/Standard_streams" title="Standard streams">data streams</a> are performed, including <ul><li>File writing, <code>></code>, and appending, <code>>></code>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">Here documents</a>, <code><<</code>,</li> <li>Here strings, <code><<<</code>, which allow parameters to be used as input, and</li> <li>A redirection operator, <code>>|</code>, which can force overwriting of a file when a shell's "noclobber" setting is enabled;</li></ul></li> <li>Command name lookup is performed, in the following order: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">Commands</a> internal to the <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">Shell aliases</a>,</li> <li>Shell reserved words,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">Shell functions</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell built-in commands</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>Commands external to the shell: <ul><li>Separate <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a>-style programs such as <a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls"><code>ls</code></a> or <a href="/wiki/Ln_(Unix)" title="Ln (Unix)"><code>ln</code></a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell scripts</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">files</a> containing executable commands. (Shell scripts do not require compilation before execution and, when certain requirements are met, can be invoked as commands by using their filename.)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The resulting string is executed as a command.</li></ul></li></ul> Bash also offers... <ul><li>Configurable execution environment(s):<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <ul><li>Shell and <a href="/wiki/Session_(computer_science)" title="Session (computer science)">session</a> startup files such as <code>~/.bashrc</code> and <code>~/.profile</code> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Hidden_file_and_hidden_directory" title="Hidden file and hidden directory">dotfiles</a>);</li> <li>Settings (<code>set</code> <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">built-in</a>) and shell options (<code>shopt</code> <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">built-in</a>) which alter shell behavior;</li></ul></li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>;</li> <li>With interactive invocation only, <ul><li>Unlimited size <a href="/wiki/Command_history" title="Command history">command history</a>,</li> <li>A directory stack (see <code>pushd</code> and <code>popd</code> built-ins),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_completion" title="Command-line completion">Tab completion</a>,</li> <li>Configurable <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command_prompt" title="Command-line interface">prompts</a>, and</li> <li>Command line editing with <a href="/wiki/GNU_Readline" title="GNU Readline">GNU readline</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>Lightweight <a href="/wiki/Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)">logging</a> for <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> purposes (xtrace), and other lightweight debugging options (errexit, noexec, nounset, pipefail, etc.);</li> <li>Shell <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">compatibility modes</a>: bash 5.1 can operate as if it were bash 4.2, etc.;</li> <li>Various Built-In Commands: <ul><li><code>cd</code></li> <li><code>pwd</code></li></ul></li> <li>Documentation: <ul><li>A built-in <code>help</code> command.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man page</a>, and</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Info_(Unix)" title="Info (Unix)">info page</a> which is the same as the GNU manual;</li></ul></li> <li>Informal avenues of support via: <ul><li>IRC at libera.chat #bash</li> <li>Mailing lists at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Discussion">General Discussion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General Discussion">edit</a>]</div> The Bash <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> syntax is a <a href="/wiki/Superset" class="mw-redirect" title="Superset">superset</a> of the Bourne shell command syntax. Bash supports <a href="/wiki/Brace_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace expansion">brace expansion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Command_line_completion" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line completion">command line completion</a> (Programmable Completion),<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> basic debugging<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signal_(IPC)" title="Signal (IPC)">signal handling</a> (using <code>trap</code>) since bash 2.05a<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> among other features. Bash can execute the vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne shell scripts stumbling into fringe syntax behavior interpreted differently in Bash or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Bash builtin, etc. Bash command syntax includes ideas drawn from the <a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">Korn Shell</a> (ksh) and the <a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a> (csh) such as command line editing, <a href="/wiki/Command_history" title="Command history">command history</a> (<code>history</code> command),<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> the directory stack, the <code>$RANDOM</code> and <code>$PPID</code> variables, and POSIX <a href="/wiki/Command_substitution" title="Command substitution">command substitution</a> syntax <code>$(...)</code>. When a user presses the <a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">tab key</a> within an interactive command-shell, Bash automatically uses <a href="/wiki/Command_line_completion" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line completion">command line completion</a>, since beta version 2.04,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Bash command-line completion system is very flexible and customizable, and is often packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks. Bash's syntax has many extensions lacking in the Bourne shell. Bash can perform integer calculations ("arithmetic evaluation") without spawning external processes. It uses the <code>((...))</code> command and the <code>$((...))</code> variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies <a href="/wiki/Redirection_(computing)" title="Redirection (computing)">I/O redirection</a>. For example, it can redirect <a href="/wiki/Standard_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard out">standard output</a> (stdout) and <a href="/wiki/Standard_error_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard error stream">standard error</a> (stderr) at the same time using the <code>&></code> operator. This is simpler to type than the Bourne shell equivalent '<code>command > file 2>&1</code>'. Bash supports <a href="/wiki/Process_substitution" title="Process substitution">process substitution</a> using the <code><(command)</code> and <code>>(command)</code>syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a command where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through /proc/fd/ unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary <a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">named pipes</a> where necessary). When using the 'function' keyword, Bash function declarations are not compatible with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the same problem when using 'function'), but Bash accepts the same function declaration syntax as the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these and other differences, Bash shell scripts are rarely runnable under the Bourne or Korn shell interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in mind, which is becoming less common as Linux becomes more widespread. But in POSIX mode, Bash conforms with POSIX more closely.<a href="#cite_note-GNUBASHREF-90">[90]</a> Bash supports <a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">here documents</a>. Since version 2.05b Bash can redirect <a href="/wiki/Stdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stdin">standard input</a> (stdin) from a "here string" using the <code><<<</code> operator. Bash 3.0 supports in-process <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> matching using a syntax reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In February 2009,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Bash 4.0 introduced support for <a href="/wiki/Associative_arrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Associative arrays">associative arrays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bashfaq061-4">[4]</a> Associative array indices are strings, in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> They can be used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash 4 also switches its license to <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_3" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-3.0-or-later</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_Structures">Control Structures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Control Structures">edit</a>]</div> Bash supplies "conditional execution" command separators that make execution of a command contingent on the <a href="/wiki/Exit_status" title="Exit status">exit code</a> set by a precedent command. For example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>cd "$SOMEWHERE" && ./do_something || echo "An error occurred" >&2 </pre></div> Where <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">./do_something</code> is only executed if the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> (change directory) command was "successful" (returned an exit status of zero) and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">echo</code> command would only be executed if either the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cd</code> or the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">./do_something</code> command return an "error" (non-zero exit status). For all commands the exit status is stored in the special variable <code>$?</code>. Bash also supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">if ...;then ...;else ...;fi</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">case $VARIABLE in $pattern)...;;$other_pattern)...;; esac</code> forms of conditional command evaluation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_Management_(a.k.a.,_"Job_control")">Process Management (a.k.a., "Job control")</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Process Management (a.k.a., "Job control")">edit</a>]</div> The Bash shell has two modes of execution for commands: batch (asynchronous), and concurrent (synchronous). To execute commands in batch mode (i.e., in sequence) they must be separated by the character ";", or on separate lines: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>command1; command2 command3 </pre></div> In this example, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed, and when command2 has completed, command3 will execute. A <a href="/wiki/Background_process" title="Background process">background execution</a> of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and process will be executed in background while immediately returning control to the shell and allowing continued execution of commands. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>command1 & </pre></div> Or to have a concurrent execution of command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Bash shell in the following way: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>command1 & command2 </pre></div> In this case command1 is executed in the background & symbol, returning immediately control to the shell that executes command2 in the foreground. A process can be stopped and control returned to bash by typing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">z</kbd> while the process is running in the foreground.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> A list of all processes, both in the background and stopped, can be achieved by running <code>jobs</code>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ jobs [1]- Running command1 & [2]+ Stopped command2 </pre></div> In the output, the number in brackets refers to the job id. The plus sign signifies the default process for <code>bg</code> and <code>fg</code>. The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the <a href="/wiki/Process_state" title="Process state">process state</a>. The last string is the command that started the process. The state of a process can be changed using various commands. The <code>fg</code> command brings a process to the foreground, while <code>bg</code> sets a stopped process running in the background. <code>bg</code> and <code>fg</code> can take a job id as their first argument, to specify the process to act on. Without one, they use the default process, identified by a plus sign in the output of <code>jobs</code>. The <code><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></code> command can be used to end a process prematurely, by sending it a <a href="/wiki/Signal_(IPC)" title="Signal (IPC)">signal</a>. The job id must be specified after a percent sign: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>kill %1 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portability_with_POSIX">Portability with POSIX</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Portability with POSIX">edit</a>]</div> Invoking Bash with the <code>--posix</code> option or stating <code>set -o posix</code> in a script causes Bash to conform very closely with the <a href="/wiki/Posix#POSIX.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Posix">POSIX 1003.2 standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tldp-96">[96]</a> Bash shell scripts intended for <a href="/wiki/Portability_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portability (computer science)">portability</a> should take into account at least the POSIX shell standard. Some bash features not found in POSIX are:<a href="#cite_note-tldp-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-deb-97">[97]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Certain extended invocation options</li> <li>Brace expansion</li> <li>Arrays and associative arrays</li> <li>The double bracket <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[[...]]</code> extended test construct and its regex matching</li> <li>The double-parentheses arithmetic-evaluation construct (only <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(( ... ))</code>; <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">$(( ... ))</code> is POSIX)</li> <li>Certain string-manipulation operations in parameter expansion</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">local</code> for scoped variables</li> <li>Process substitution</li> <li>Bash-specific builtins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocess" title="Coprocess">Coprocesses</a></li> <li>$EPOCHSECONDS and $EPOCHREALTIME variables<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> </div> If a piece of code uses such a feature, it is called a "bashism" – a problem for portable use. Debian's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">checkbashisms</code> and Vidar Holen's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">shellcheck</code> can be used to make sure that a script does not contain these parts.<a href="#cite_note-checkbashisms,_ManKier_man_page-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-shellcheck,_ManKier_man_page-100">[100]</a> The list varies depending on the actual target shell: Debian's policy allows some extensions in their scripts (as they are in the <a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell#Dash" title="Almquist shell">dash</a> shell),<a href="#cite_note-deb-97">[97]</a> while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, like <a href="/wiki/Autoconf" title="Autoconf">autoconf</a>'s <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">configure</code>, are even more limited in the features they can use.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brace_Expansion">Brace Expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brace Expansion">edit</a>]</div> Brace expansion, also called alternation, is a feature copied from the <a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a>. It generates a set of alternative combinations. Generated results need not exist as files. The results of each expanded string are not sorted and left to right order is preserved: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ echo a{p,c,d,b}e ape ace ade abe $ echo {a,b,c}{d,e,f} ad ae af bd be bf cd ce cf </pre></div> Users should not use brace expansions in portable shell scripts, because the <a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a> does not produce the same output. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ # bash shell $/bin/bash -c 'echo a{p,c,d,b}e' ape ace ade abe $ # A traditional shell does not produce the same output $ /bin/sh -c 'echo a{p,c,d,b}e' a{p,c,d,b}e </pre></div> When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, and then the resulting wildcards are substituted normally. Hence, a listing of JPEG and PNG images in the current directory could be obtained using: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>ls *.{jpg,jpeg,png} # expands to *.jpg *.jpeg *.png - after which, # the wildcards are processed echo *.{png,jp{e,}g} # echo just shows the expansions - # and braces in braces are possible. </pre></div> In addition to alternation, brace expansion can be used for sequential ranges between two integers or characters separated by double dots. Newer versions of Bash allow a third integer to specify the increment. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ echo {1..10} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 $ echo {01..10} 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 $ echo file{1..4}.txt file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt $ echo {a..e} a b c d e $ echo {1..10..3} 1 4 7 10 $ echo {a..j..3} a d g j </pre></div> When brace expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.K.A. parameter expansion and parameter substitution) the variable expansion is performed after the brace expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the use of the <code>eval</code> built-in, thus: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ start=1; end=10 $ echo {$start..$end} # fails to expand due to the evaluation order {1..10} $ eval echo {$start..$end} # variable expansion occurs then resulting string is evaluated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Configurable_execution_environment(s)">Configurable execution environment(s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Configurable execution environment(s)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shell_and_Session_Startup_Files_(a.k.a.,_"Dot_Files")">Shell and Session Startup Files (a.k.a., "Dot Files")</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shell and Session Startup Files (a.k.a., "Dot Files")">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>. (January 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hidden_file_and_hidden_directory#Unix_and_Unix-like_environments" title="Hidden file and hidden directory">dot files</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Unlike Bash shell scripts, dot files do typically have neither the execute permission enabled nor an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_directive" title="Interpreter directive">interpreter directive</a> like <code>#!/bin/bash</code>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legacy-compatible_Bash_startup_example">Legacy-compatible Bash startup example</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy-compatible Bash startup example">edit</a>]</div> The example <code>~/.bash_profile</code> below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the <code>~/.bashrc</code> and <code>~/.bash_login</code>. The <code>[ -r filename ] && cmd</code> is a <a href="/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation" title="Short-circuit evaluation">short-circuit evaluation</a> that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the part after the <code>&&</code> if it is not. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[ -r ~/.profile ] && . ~/.profile # set up environment, once, Bourne-sh syntax only if [ -n "$PS1" ] ; then # are we interactive? [ -r ~/.bashrc ] && . ~/.bashrc # tty/prompt/function setup for interactive shells [ -r ~/.bash_login ] && . ~/.bash_login # any at-login tasks for login shell only fi # End of "if" block </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Operating_system_issues_in_Bash_startup">Operating system issues in Bash startup</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operating system issues in Bash startup">edit</a>]</div> Some versions of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> contain Bash system startup scripts, generally under the <code>/etc</code> directory. Bash executes these files as part of its standard initialization, but other startup files can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have issues, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the <a href="/wiki/X_window_system" class="mw-redirect" title="X window system">X window system</a> may also do surprising things with the user's Bash startup scripts in an attempt to set up user-environment variables before launching the <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window manager</a>. These issues can often be addressed using a <code>~/.xsession</code> or <code>~/.xprofile</code> file to read the <code>~/.profile</code> — which provides the environment variables that Bash shell windows spawned from the window manager need, such as <a href="/wiki/Xterm" title="Xterm">xterm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnome Terminal">Gnome Terminal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Settings_and_Shell_Options">Settings and Shell Options</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Settings and Shell Options">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_set_Built-in">The <code>set</code> Built-in</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The set Built-in">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Xtrace: [ <code>set -x</code> | <code>set -o xtrace</code> ]</li></ul> The shell's primary means of debugging. Both xtrace and verbose can be turned off at the same time with the command <code>set -</code>. <ul><li>Verbose: [ <code>set -v</code> | <code>set -o verbose</code> ]</li></ul> Prints a command to the terminal as Bash reads it. Bash reads constructs all at once, such as compound commands which include if-fi and case-esac blocks. If a <code>set -v</code> is included within a compound command, then "verbose" will be enabled the next time Bash reads code as input, ie, after the end of the currently executing construct.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Both xtrace and verbose can be turned off at the same time with the command <code>set -</code>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_shopt_Built-in">The <code>shopt</code> Built-in</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The shopt Built-in">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>expand-aliases</li></ul> On by default in interactive shells. Some developers discourage its use in scripts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmable_Completion">Programmable Completion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Programmable Completion">edit</a>]</div> Bash supports programmable <a href="/wiki/Command-line_completion" title="Command-line completion">completion</a> via built-in <code>complete</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">compopt</code>, and <code>compgen</code> commands.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The feature has been available since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.e. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames.<a href="#cite_note-:1-107">[107]</a> The <code>complete</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">compopt</code> two commands specify how arguments of some available commands or options are going to be listed in the <a href="/wiki/Readline" class="mw-redirect" title="Readline">readline</a> input. As of version 5.1 completion of the command or the option is usually activated by the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Tab ↹</kbd> keystroke after typing its name.<a href="#cite_note-:1-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_shortcuts_with_Readline">Keyboard shortcuts with Readline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Keyboard shortcuts with Readline">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GNU_Readline" title="GNU Readline">GNU Readline</a></div> Bash uses <a href="/wiki/GNU_Readline" title="GNU Readline">GNU Readline</a> to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default ( <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> ) key bindings. <a href="/wiki/Vi-binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Vi-binding">Vi-bindings</a> can be enabled by running <code>set -o vi</code>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Documentation">edit</a>]</div> As the standard upon which bash is based, the POSIX Standard, or IEEE Std 1003.1,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> et seq, is especially informative. The Linux "man page"<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> is intended to be the authoritative explanatory technical document for the understanding of how <code>bash</code> operates. It is usually available by running <code>man bash</code>. The GNU <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/index.html">manual</a> is sometimes considered more user-friendly for reading. "You may also find information about Bash by running <code>info bash</code> ... or by looking at <code>/usr/share/doc/bash/</code>, <code>/usr/local/share/doc/bash/</code>, or similar directories on your system. A brief summary is available by running <code>bash --help</code>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[112]</a> " If a user invoke RUNCOM without any arguments it prints some instructions on how to use it and stops, returning the user to the supervisor's (system's) command line.(<a href="/wiki/RUNCOM" title="RUNCOM">RUNCOM</a>)" On modern Linuxes, information on shell built-in commands can be found by executing <code>help</code>, <code>help [built-in name]</code> or <code>man builtins</code> at a terminal prompt where bash is installed. Some commands, such as <code>echo</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>kill</code>, <code>printf</code>, <code>test</code> or <code>true</code>, depending on your system and on your locally installed version of bash, can refer to either a shell built-in or a system binary executable file. When one of these command name collisions occurs, bash will by default execute a given command line using the shell built-in. Specifying a binary executable's absolute path (i.e., <code>/bin/printf</code>) is one way of ensuring that the shell uses a system binary. This name collision issue also effects any "help summaries" viewed with <code>kill --help</code> and <code>/bin/kill --help</code>. Shell built-ins and system binary executable files of the same name often have differing options. "The project maintainer also has a Bash page which includes Frequently Asked Questions",<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[112]</a> this FAQ is current as of bash version 5.1 and is no longer updated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_and_Vulnerabilities">Security and Vulnerabilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Security and Vulnerabilities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Root_Scripts">Root Scripts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Root Scripts">edit</a>]</div> Running any shell scripts as the root user has, for years, been widely criticized as poor security practice. One commonly given reason is that, when a script is executed as root, the negative effects of any bugs in a script would be magnified by root's elevated privileges. One common example: a script contains the command, <code>rm -rf ${dir}/</code>, but the variable <code>$dir</code> is left undefined. In Linux, if the script was executed by a regular user, the shell would attempt to execute the command <code>rm -rf /</code> as a regular user, and the command would fail. However, if the script was executed by the root user, then the command would likely succeed and the filesystem would be erased. It is recommended to use <code>sudo</code> on a per-command basis instead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debugging">Debugging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Debugging">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: smaller;"> <caption>Bash features which can be useful during debugging. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">Feature </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2">POSIX 2024 </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2">Description </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2">Bash ver. </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Grammar type </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Formal name </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Syntax </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Parameter Expansions</td> <td>Indicate Null or Unset </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${parameter:?[word]}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">"Where the expansion of [word], perhaps an error message or a line number, is written to STDERR and the shell exits with a non-zero exit code." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Parameters</td> <td>Exit Status </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"$?"</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">"Expands to the shortest representation of the decimal exit status." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Parameters</td> <td>PID of Invoked Shell </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"$$"</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">"Expands to the shortest representation of the decimal process ID of the invoked shell." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Built-In Utility</td> <td>set :: xtrace </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set -x</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">The shell's primary means of debugging. It "writes to standard error a trace for each command after it expands the command and before it executes it." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Built-In Utility</td> <td>set :: verbose </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set -v</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">"Writes its input to standard error as it is read." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Built-In Utility</td> <td>set :: pipefail </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set -o pipefail</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">"Derive the exit status of a pipeline from the exit statuses of all of the commands in the pipeline, not just the last (rightmost) command." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Built-In Utility</td> <td>set :: nounset </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set -u</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">When enabled, will cause the shell to exit with an error message when it encounters an unset variable expansion. Its use has a number of counter-intuitive pitfalls. </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Built-In Utility</td> <td>set :: errexit </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set -e</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">ErrExit, is a setting that, when enabled, will, under certain very specific conditions, cause the shell to exit without an error message whenever the shell receives a non-zero exit code. Its use is somewhat controversial, to the extent that any somewhat obscure computer program can be considered controversial. Adherents claim that ErrExit provides an assurance of verifiability in situations where shell scripts "must not fail." However, opponents claim that its use is unreliable, deceptively simple, highly counter-intuitive, rife with gotchas and pitfalls, and in essence "security theater." Numerous developers of Bash have strongly discouraged the use of this particular setting. </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Special Built-In Utility</td> <td>trap :: EXIT </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">trap '[arg]' EXIT</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">"If a [sigspec] (signal specifier) is 0 or EXIT, [arg] is executed when the shell exits." If [arg] contains expansions, then [arg] should be in single quotes. </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Utility</td> <td>printf </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">printf '<%s>\n' "${var}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td align="left">A means of reliably printing the contents of a variable. </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>BASHPID </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${BASHPID}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"Expands to the process ID of the current bash process."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>BASH_ARGC </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${BASH_ARGC[@]}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bash execution call stack."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>BASH_ARGV </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${BASH_ARGV[@]}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash execution call stack."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>BASH_LINENO </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${BASH_LINENO[@]}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>BASH_REMATCH </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${BASH_REMATCH[@]}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"An array variable whose members are assigned by the =~ binary operator to the [[ conditional command."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>BASH_SOURCE </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${BASH_SOURCE}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the corresponding shell function names in the FUNCNAME array variable are defined."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>BASH_XTRACEFD </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${BASH_XTRACEFD}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash will write the trace output generated when ‘set -x’ is enabled to that file descriptor."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>EPOCHREALTIME </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${EPOCHREALTIME}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see time(3)) as a floating point value with micro-second granularity."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>FUNCNAME </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${FUNCNAME[@]}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>LINENO </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${LINENO}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal number representing the current sequential line number (starting with 1) within a script or function."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>PIPESTATUS </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${PIPESTATUS[@]}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"An array variable containing a list of exit status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command)."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>PPID </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${PPID}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"The process ID of the shell's parent."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bash Variables</td> <td>PS4 </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"${PS4}"</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"The value of this parameter is expanded as with PS1 and the value is printed before each command bash displays during an execution trace."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Shell Builtin</td> <td>set :: restricted </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set -r</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">Restricted mode is intended to improve the security of an individual shell instance from a malicious human with physical access to a machine. As threat models have changed, it has become less commonly used now than it once was. </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Shell Builtin</td> <td>shopt :: extdebug </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">shopt -s extdebug</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"Behavior intended for use by debuggers." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Shell Builtin</td> <td>trap :: DEBUG </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">trap '[arg]' DEBUG</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed before" certain kinds of commands. </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Shell Builtin</td> <td>trap :: ERR </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">trap '[arg]' ERR</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"If a sigspec is ERR, the command arg is executed whenever..." certain kinds of commands "return a non-zero exit status," subject to similar restrictions as with ErrExit. </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Shell Builtin</td> <td>trap :: RETURN </td> <td align="left"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">trap '[arg]' RETURN</code> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td align="left">"If a sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or source builtins finishes executing." </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Shell features specified by <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>: <ul><li>Parameter Expansions:<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>Special Parameters:<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Bash_Manual,_3.4.2_Special_Parameters-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-POSIX_2024,_2.5.2_Special_Parameters-129">[129]</a></li> <li>Special Built-In Utility <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set</code>:<a href="#cite_note-the_set-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-bash(1),_SHELL_BUILTIN_COMMANDS-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Special Built-In Utility <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">trap [-lp] [arg] [sigspec …]</code>:<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Bash_Manual,_4.1_Bourne_Shell_Builtins:_trap-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-bash(1),_SHELL_BUILTIN_COMMANDS-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Utility <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">printf</code>: a means of reliably printing the contents of a variable:</li></ul></li> <li>Bash features not specified by POSIX: <ul><li>Bash Variables:<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Bash_Manual,_5.2_Bash_Variables-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-bash(1):_Shell_Variables-134">[134]</a></li> <li>Shell Builtin <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set</code>:<a href="#cite_note-the_set-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-bash(1),_SHELL_BUILTIN_COMMANDS-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Shell Builtin <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">shopt</code>:<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Bash_Manual,_4.3.2_The_Shopt_Builtin-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-bash(1),_SHELL_BUILTIN_COMMANDS-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Shell Builtin <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">trap [-lp] [arg] [sigspec …]</code>:<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Bash_Manual,_4.1_Bourne_Shell_Builtins:_trap-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-bash(1),_SHELL_BUILTIN_COMMANDS-131">[131]</a> While POSIX does specify certain uses of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">trap</code> builtin, the following signal specs are Bash extensions.</li></ul></li> <li>Third party debugging utilities: <ul><li>ShellCheck: Shell script analysis tool;<a href="#cite_note-ShellCheck-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-shellcheck,_ManKier_man_page-100">[100]</a></li> <li>devscripts-checkbashisms: Check whether a /bin/sh script contains any common bash-specific constructs;<a href="#cite_note-Package:_devscripts:_scripts_to_make_the_life_of_a_Debian_Package_maintainer_easier-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-checkbashisms,_ManKier_man_page-99">[99]</a></li> <li>kcov: Code coverage tool without special compilation options;<a href="#cite_note-Kcov_-_code_coverage-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Bashdb: The Bash symbolic debugger.<a href="#cite_note-Debugging_with_the_BASH_debugger-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Documentation_of_Project_Homepage-140">[140]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> With the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:?</code> parameter expansion, an unset or null variable can halt a script. <ul><li>ex.sh <dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#!/bin/bash bar="foo is not defined" echo "${foo:?$bar}" echo this message doesn't print </pre></div></dd> <dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ ./ex.sh ./ex.sh: line 3: foo: foo is not defined </pre></div></dd></dl></li></ul> Reliably printing the contents of an array that contains spaces and newlines first in a portable syntax, and then the same thing in Bash. Note that in Bash, the number of spaces before the newline is made clear. <dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ # In POSIX shell: $ array=( "a " " b" " > c " ) $ printf ',%s,\n' "${array[@]}" ,a , , b, , c , </pre></div></dd> <dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># In Bash: declare -p array declare -a array=([0]="a " [1]=" b" [2]=$' \n c ') </pre></div></dd></dl> Printing an error message when there's a problem. <ul><li>error.sh <dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if ! lsblk | grep sdb then echo Error, line $LINENO fi </pre></div></dd> <dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ ./error.sh Error, line 130 </pre></div></dd></dl></li></ul> Using <a href="/wiki/Xtrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Xtrace">xtrace</a>. If errexit had been enabled, then <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">echo quux</code> would not have been executed. <ul><li>test.sh <dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#!/bin/bash set -x foo=bar; echo $foo false echo quux </pre></div></dd> <dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ ./test.sh + foo=bar + echo bar bar + false + echo quux quux </pre></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deprecated_syntax">Deprecated syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Deprecated syntax">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Back-tick style command substitutions: <code>`...`</code> is deprecated in favor of <code>$(...)</code>;</li> <li>Use of -a or -o in <code>test</code>/<code>[</code>/<code>[[</code> commands, <ul><li>for example, <code>[ -r ./file -a ! -l ./file ]</code> is deprecated in favor of <code>[ -r ./file ] && ! [ -l ./file ]</code>;</li></ul></li> <li>Use of the arithmetic syntax <code>$[...]</code> is deprecated in favor of <code>$((...))</code> or <code>((...))</code>, as appropriate;</li> <li>Use of <code>^</code> as a pipeline is deprecated in favor of <code>|</code>;</li> <li>Any uses of <code>expr</code> or <code>let</code>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shellshock">Shellshock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shellshock">edit</a>]</div> In September 2014, a <a href="/wiki/Security_bug" title="Security bug">security bug</a> was discovered<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> in the program. It was dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Shellshock_(software_bug)" title="Shellshock (software bug)">Shellshock</a>." Public disclosure quickly led to a range of <a href="/wiki/Attack_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack (computing)">attacks</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TR-20140924-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140925-NP-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZDN-20140929-144">[144]</a> Exploitation of the vulnerability could enable <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">arbitrary code execution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> scripts executable by certain versions of Bash. The bug involved how Bash passed function definitions to subshells through <a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The bug had been present in the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> since August 1989 (version 1.03)<a href="#cite_note-Seclists-20141004-146">[146]</a> and was patched in September 2014 (version 4.3). Patches to fix the bugs were made available soon after the bugs were identified. Upgrading to a current version is strongly advised. It was assigned the <a href="/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures" title="Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures">Common Vulnerability</a> identifiers CVE-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-6271">2014-6271</a>, CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-6277">2014-6277</a> and CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169">2014-7169</a>, among others. Under CVSS Metrics 2.x and 3.x, the bug is regarded as "high" and "critical," respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bug_reporting">Bug reporting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bug reporting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"bashbug" redirects here. For the widely reported September 2014 bug found in Bash, see <a href="/wiki/Shellshock_(software_bug)" title="Shellshock (software bug)">Shellshock (software bug)</a>.</div> An external command called bashbug reports Bash shell bugs. When the command is invoked, it brings up the user's default editor with a form to fill in. The form is mailed to the Bash maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses).<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_command_shells" title="Comparison of command shells">Comparison of command shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multics#Commands" title="Multics">Multics § Commands</a>, exec_com: the first command processor.<a href="#cite_note-Multics_History,_info_segment_on_exec_com-21">[21]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unix_Shells">Unix Shells</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Unix Shells">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell"> Almquist shell (ash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell"> Bourne shell (sh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell"> C shell (csh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell#dash" title="Almquist shell">Debian-Almquist Shell (dash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(Unix_shell)" title="Fish (Unix shell)">Fish shell: Friendly Interactive Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shell" title="Google Shell"> Google Shell (goosh)</a> - a UNIX-like front-end for Google Search.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">Korn shell (ksh)</a>, of which there are numerous variations.</li> <li>nsh - "A command-line shell like fish, but POSIX compatible;" available on Arch.<a href="#cite_note-Arch_Linux,_Command-line_shell-149">[149]</a></li> <li>osh - "Oil Shell is a Bash-compatible UNIX command-line shell;" available on Arch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWB_shell" title="PWB shell">Mashey or Programmer's Workbench shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qshell" title="Qshell"> Qshell for IBM i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rc_(Unix_shell)" title="Rc (Unix shell)"> rc from Plan 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNCOM" title="RUNCOM">RUNCOM</a></li> <li>rush - Restricted User Shell, available on Debian.<a href="#cite_note-Debian_Wiki:_Shell-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" title="Stand-alone shell"> Stand-alone shell (sash)</a></li> <li>scsh - The Scheme Shell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tcsh" title="Tcsh">TENEX C shell (tcsh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_shell" title="Thompson shell"> Thompson shell (tsh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a></li> <li>yash - Yet Another Shell, aims "to be the most POSIX-compliant shell in the world;" available on Arch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_shell" title="Z shell"> Z shell (zsh)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPouzin1965" class="citation web cs1">Pouzin, Louis (2 April 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.csail.mit.edu/saltzer/Multics/Multics-Documents/MDN/MDN-4.pdf">"The SHELL: A Global Tool for Calling and Chaining Procedures in the System"</a> (PDF). mit.edu. MIT. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mit.edu&rft.atitle=The+SHELL%3A+A+Global+Tool+for+Calling+and+Chaining+Procedures+in+the+System&rft.date=1965-04-02&rft.aulast=Pouzin&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.csail.mit.edu%2Fsaltzer%2FMultics%2FMultics-Documents%2FMDN%2FMDN-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2003" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Neal (2003). <a href="/wiki/In_the_Beginning..._Was_the_Command_Line" title="In the Beginning... Was the Command Line">In the Beginning... Was the Command Line</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0380815937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0380815937"><bdi>978-0380815937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning...+Was+the+Command+Line&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0380815937&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/l-linux-shells/">"Evolution of shells in Linux"</a>. ibm.com. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibm.com&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+shells+in+Linux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.ibm.com%2Ftutorials%2Fl-linux-shells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decal.ocf.berkeley.edu/labs/scripting/">"Scripting Reference :: Scripting with the Bourne-Again Shell (Bash)"</a>. berkeley.edu. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Scripting+Reference+%3A%3A+Scripting+with+the+Bourne-Again+Shell+%28Bash%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecal.ocf.berkeley.edu%2Flabs%2Fscripting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.eecs.berkeley.edu/faq/unix/">"IRIS :: Instructional & Research Information Systems :: FAQ: Unix :: About UNIX Shells"</a>. berkeley.edu. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=IRIS+%3A%3A+Instructional+%26+Research+Information+Systems+%3A%3A+FAQ%3A+Unix+%3A%3A+About+UNIX+Shells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.eecs.berkeley.edu%2Ffaq%2Funix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-the-bash/1565923472/ch01s03.html">"Learning the Bash Shell, 2e"</a>. Retrieved 14 January 2025. <q>This book describes the latest release of bash 2.0 (version 2.01, dated June 1997).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+the+Bash+Shell%2C+2e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Flearning-the-bash%2F1565923472%2Fch01s03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/OpenSource/Conceptual/ShellScripting/Introduction/Introduction.html">"Apple Developer, Documentation Archive, Shell Style Guide"</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2025. <q>Copyright © 2003, 2014 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. ... Updated: 2014-03-10</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Developer%2C+Documentation+Archive%2C+Shell+Style+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flibrary%2Farchive%2Fdocumentation%2FOpenSource%2FConceptual%2FShellScripting%2FIntroduction%2FIntroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://google.github.io/styleguide/shellguide.html">"Google, Shell Style Guide"</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google%2C+Shell+Style+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.github.io%2Fstyleguide%2Fshellguide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash_(Unix_shell)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-b00870191b92885a76e9c7648a047918d2ff84a0-v18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-b00870191b92885a76e9c7648a047918d2ff84a0-v18_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/">"Index of /gnu/bash"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 April 2014. <q>Bash is free software, distributed under the terms of the [GNU] General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License (or any later version).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=README+file&rft.au=GNU+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fbash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015233550/http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bin/old/bash-1.11/">"bash-1.11"</a>. oldlinux.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bin/old/bash-1.11/">the original</a> on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021. <q>See test.c for GPL-2.0-or-later</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldlinux.org&rft.atitle=bash-1.11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldlinux.org%2FLinux.old%2Fbin%2Fold%2Fbash-1.11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bashfaq061-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bashfaq061_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bashfaq061_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/061">"BashFAQ/061 - Greg's Wiki"</a>. mywiki.wooledge.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302212811/https://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/061">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. 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Free Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424064815/https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. <q>"Bourne Again Shell" is a play on the name Bourne Shell, which was the usual shell on Unix.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+GNU+Project&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft.au=Richard+Stallman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fthegnuproject.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGattol2011" class="citation web cs1">Gattol, Markus (13 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309092607/http://www.markus-gattol.name/ws/bash.html">"Bourne-again Shell"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 March 2011. <q>The name is a pun on the name of the Bourne shell (sh), an early and important Unix shell written by Stephen Bourne and distributed with Version 7 Unix circa 1978, and the concept of being "born again".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bourne-again+Shell&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft.aulast=Gattol&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markus-gattol.name%2Fws%2Fbash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/latest?topic=shells-bourne-shell">"Bourne shell"</a>. ibm.com. Retrieved 19 May 2024. <q>The Bourne shell is an interactive command interpreter and command programming language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibm.com&rft.atitle=Bourne+shell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdocs%2Fen%2Faix%2Flatest%3Ftopic%3Dshells-bourne-shell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BashBeta-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BashBeta_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BashBeta_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Fox_(forwarded_by_Leonard_H._Tower_Jr.)1989" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Brian Fox (forwarded by Leonard H. 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Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bash+is+in+beta+release%21&rft.pub=gnu.announce&rft.date=1989-06-08&rft.au=Brian+Fox+%28forwarded+by+Leonard+H.+Tower+Jr.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fgnu.announce%2Fmsg%2Fa509f48ffb298c35%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/about-gnu.html">"GNU in a Nutshell"</a>. gnu.org. Retrieved 19 May 2024. <q>The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnu.org&rft.atitle=GNU+in+a+Nutshell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fabout-gnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsf.org/">"Free Software Foundation — working together for free software — Front Page"</a>. fsf.org. Retrieved 19 May 2024. <q>The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fsf.org&rft.atitle=Free+Software+Foundation+%E2%80%94+working+together+for+free+software+%E2%80%94+Front+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/software.en.html">"GNU Software"</a>. gnu.org. Retrieved 19 May 2024. <q>GNU is an operating system which is 100% free software.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnu.org&rft.atitle=GNU+Software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fsoftware.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull7.html#SEC3">"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 7, June, 1989 :: GNU's Who"</a>. gnu.org. Retrieved 19 May 2024. <q>Brian Fox has now completed GNU's version of sh, called BASH, the `Bourne Again SHell'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnu.org&rft.atitle=GNU%27s+Bulletin%2C+vol.+1+no.+7%2C+June%2C+1989+%3A%3A+GNU%27s+Who&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fbulletins%2Fbull7.html%23SEC3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Naomi (30 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706103704/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/222764/a-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell/?pp=2&fp=16&fpid=1">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 March 2011. <q>When Richard Stallman decided to create a full replacement for the then-encumbered Unix systems, he knew that he would eventually have to have replacements for all of the common utilities, especially the standard shell, and those replacements would have to have acceptable licensing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+A-Z+of+Programming+Languages%3A+BASH%2FBourne-Again+Shell&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com.au%2Farticle%2F222764%2Fa-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell%2F%3Fpp%3D2%26fp%3D16%26fpid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a-z.readthedocs.io/en/latest/bash.html">"readthedocs.io"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=readthedocs.io&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fa-z.readthedocs.io%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fbash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.computerworld.com.au/article/222764/a-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell/">"computerworld.com.au"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=computerworld.com.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.computerworld.com.au%2Farticle%2F222764%2Fa-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cse.sc.edu/~mgv/csce330f16/pres/az.pdf">"University of South Carolina"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+South+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcse.sc.edu%2F~mgv%2Fcsce330f16%2Fpres%2Faz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1991" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus Benedict (August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">"comp.os.minix"</a>. Retrieved 6 September 2009. <q>I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=comp.os.minix&rft.date=1991-08&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fmsg%2Fb813d52cbc5a044b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901171316/ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/FAQ">"Bash FAQ, version 4.14"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/FAQ">the original</a> on September 1, 2018. 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Indiana University. 5 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kb.iu.edu/data/abnd.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Unix%2C+what+do+some+obscurely+named+commands+stand+for%3F&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkb.iu.edu%2Fdata%2Fabnd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/pub/au/2933">"Vicki Brown, Bio"</a>. O'Reilly Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vicki+Brown%2C+Bio&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fpub%2Fau%2F2933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pouzin,_1965-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Pouzin,_1965_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.csail.mit.edu/saltzer/Multics/Multics-Documents/MDN/MDN-4.pdf">"The SHELL, A Global Tool for Calling and Chaining Procedures in the System"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+SHELL%2C+A+Global+Tool+for+Calling+and+Chaining+Procedures+in+the+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.csail.mit.edu%2Fsaltzer%2FMultics%2FMultics-Documents%2FMDN%2FMDN-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourne,_2015-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne,_2015_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne,_2015_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne,_2015_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsdcan.org/2015/schedule/events/612.en.html">"BSDCan 2015, The Technical BSD Conference"</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BSDCan+2015%2C+The+Technical+BSD+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsdcan.org%2F2015%2Fschedule%2Fevents%2F612.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_R._Bourne2015" class="citation web cs1">Stephen R. Bourne (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsdcan.org/2015/schedule/attachments/306_srbBSDCan2015.pdf">"Early days of Unix and design of sh"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Installing+the+new+GNU+packages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fp%2Fgnv%2Fwiki%2FInstallingGNVPackages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POSIX_Impact-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_Impact_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_Impact_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_Impact_25-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jimisaak/posix-impact">POSIX Impact</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Usenix_';login:'_Feb_2007-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Usenix_';login:'_Feb_2007_26-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/bodinfo/login0207.html">Usenix ';login:' Feb 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Fox1996" class="citation cs2">Brian Fox (29 August 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-1.14.7.tar.gz">shell.c</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928193215/http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-1.14.7.tar.gz">archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018, retrieved 1 November 2010, <q>Birthdate: Sunday, January 10th, 1988. Initial author: Brian Fox</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=shell.c&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=1996-08-29&rft.au=Brian+Fox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fbash%2Fbash-1.14.7.tar.gz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNUBSD-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GNUBSD_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNUBSD_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stallman_(forwarded_with_comments_by_Chet_Ramey)1988" class="citation newsgroup cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> (forwarded with comments by Chet Ramey) (10 February 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/g/comp.unix.questions/c/iNjWwkyroR8/m/yedr9yDWSuQJ">"GNU + BSD = ?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.unix.questions">comp.unix.questions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:2362@mandrill.CWRU.Edu">2362@mandrill.CWRU.Edu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228023030/https://groups.google.com/g/comp.unix.questions/c/iNjWwkyroR8/m/yedr9yDWSuQJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021. <q>For a year and a half, the GNU shell was "just about done". The author made repeated promises to deliver what he had done, and never kept them. Finally I could no longer believe he would ever deliver anything. So Foundation staff member Brian Fox is now implementing an imitation of the Bourne shell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+%2B+BSD+%3D+%3F&rft.pub=comp.unix.questions&rft.date=1988-02-10&rft_id=news%3A2362%40mandrill.CWRU.Edu%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Richard+Stallman+%28forwarded+with+comments+by+Chet+Ramey%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fg%2Fcomp.unix.questions%2Fc%2FiNjWwkyroR8%2Fm%2Fyedr9yDWSuQJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stallman2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> (3 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html">"About the GNU Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424064815/https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011. <q>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. ... We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that goal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+GNU+Project&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft.au=Richard+Stallman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fthegnuproject.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stallman.org_posix-30"><a href="#cite_ref-stallman.org_posix_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/articles/posix.html">stallman.org POSIX</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-POSIX_Backgrounder-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_Backgrounder_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_Backgrounder_31-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/backgrounder.html">POSIX Backgrounder</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mascheck,_Ash_Variants-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Mascheck,_Ash_Variants_32-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/ash/">Mascheck, Ash Variants</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evolution_of_shells_in_Linux-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_of_shells_in_Linux_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_of_shells_in_Linux_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/l-linux-shells/">"Evolution of shells in Linux"</a>. 9 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+shells+in+Linux&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.ibm.com%2Ftutorials%2Fl-linux-shells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFlen_(g...@prep.ai.mit.edu)1993" class="citation newsgroup cs1">len (g...@prep.ai.mit.edu) (20 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/gnu.misc.discuss/msg/4f42c739cd7e8bd8">"January 1993 GNU's Bulletin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:gnu.announce">gnu.announce</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:gnusenet930421bulletin@prep.ai.mit.edu">gnusenet930421bulletin@prep.ai.mit.edu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302213455/https://groups.google.com/forum/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=January+1993+GNU%27s+Bulletin&rft.pub=gnu.announce&rft.date=1993-04-20&rft_id=news%3Agnusenet930421bulletin%40prep.ai.mit.edu%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=len+%28g...%40prep.ai.mit.edu%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fgnu.misc.discuss%2Fmsg%2F4f42c739cd7e8bd8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourne_shell_grammar-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourne_shell_grammar_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamey1994" class="citation web cs1">Ramey, Chet (1 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2800#N0xa50890.0xb46380">"Bash - the GNU shell (Reflections and Lessons Learned)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205082152/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2800">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=Bash+-+the+GNU+shell+%28Reflections+and+Lessons+Learned%29&rft.date=1994-08-01&rft.aulast=Ramey&rft.aufirst=Chet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F2800%23N0xa50890.0xb46380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChet_Ramey2010" class="citation cs2">Chet Ramey (31 October 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/40556434/2010-10-31-Chet-Ramey-Early-Bash-Dates">Dates in your Computerworld interview</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720124341/http://www.scribd.com/doc/40556434/2010-10-31-Chet-Ramey-Early-Bash-Dates">archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2012, retrieved 31 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dates+in+your+Computerworld+interview&rft.date=2010-10-31&rft.au=Chet+Ramey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F40556434%2F2010-10-31-Chet-Ramey-Early-Bash-Dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Naomi (30 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108230747/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/222764/">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>. 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Technology Infrastructure Services. <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Technology+Infrastructure+Services&rft.atitle=The+GNU+Bourne-Again+Shell&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.aulast=Ramey&rft.aufirst=Chet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftiswww.case.edu%2Fphp%2Fchet%2Fbash%2Fbashtop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChet_Ramey1989" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Chet Ramey (12 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/gnu.bash.bug/msg/1fc7b688f5d44438?hl=en">"Bash 0.99 fixes & improvements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:gnu.bash.bug">gnu.bash.bug</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110194014/http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.bash.bug/msg/1fc7b688f5d44438?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bash+0.99+fixes+%26+improvements&rft.pub=gnu.bash.bug&rft.date=1989-06-12&rft.au=Chet+Ramey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fgnu.bash.bug%2Fmsg%2F1fc7b688f5d44438%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChet_Ramey1989" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Chet Ramey (24 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/gnu.bash.bug/msg/072a03645663caea?hl=en">"Some bash-1.02 fixes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:gnu.bash.bug">gnu.bash.bug</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110194034/http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.bash.bug/msg/072a03645663caea?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2012. 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Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Availability+of+bash+1.05&rft.pub=gnu.bash.bug&rft.date=1990-03-02&rft.au=Brian+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fgnu.bash.bug%2Fmsg%2Fe6112ccc8866e2f4%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBresnahanBlum2015" class="citation book cs1">Bresnahan, Christine; Blum, Richard (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2P3zBgAAQBAJ&q=%22most+popular%22+linux+shell&pg=PA5">CompTIA Linux+ Powered by Linux Professional Institute Study Guide: Exam LX0-103 and Exam LX0-104</a> (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02122-3"><bdi>978-1-119-02122-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302212409/https://books.google.com/books?id=2P3zBgAAQBAJ&q=%22most+popular%22+linux+shell&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2016. <q>In Linux, most users run bash because it is the most popular shell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CompTIA+Linux%2B+Powered+by+Linux+Professional+Institute+Study+Guide%3A+Exam+LX0-103+and+Exam+LX0-104&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=978-1-119-02122-3&rft.aulast=Bresnahan&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Blum%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2P3zBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522most%2Bpopular%2522%2Blinux%2Bshell%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaneshJang2006" class="citation book cs1">Danesh, Arman; Jang, Michael (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIjrVYbZmUAC&q=bash+most+popular+unix+shell&pg=PA363">Mastering Linux</a>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7821-5277-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7821-5277-7"><bdi>978-0-7821-5277-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302212410/https://books.google.com/books?id=tIjrVYbZmUAC&q=bash+most+popular+unix+shell&pg=PA363">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2016. <q>The Bourne Again Shell (bash) is the most common shell installed with Linux distributions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Linux&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7821-5277-7&rft.aulast=Danesh&rft.aufirst=Arman&rft.au=Jang%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIjrVYbZmUAC%26q%3Dbash%2Bmost%2Bpopular%2Bunix%2Bshell%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portable_Character_Set-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portable_Character_Set_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portable_Character_Set_40-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap06.html">Portable Character Set</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debian_Wiki:_Shell-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debian_Wiki:_Shell_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debian_Wiki:_Shell_41-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/Shell">Debian Wiki: Shell</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes,_A_Desktop_Alternative-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes,_A_Desktop_Alternative_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/1999/01/25/feat.html">"A desktop alternative"</a>. Forbes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+desktop+alternative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F1999%2F01%2F25%2Ffeat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://testou.free.fr/www.beatjapan.org/mirror/www.be.com/documentation/user_docs/app_a_commandline.html">"Appendix A: Using the BeOS Command Line Shell"</a>. testou.free.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=testou.free.fr&rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3A+Using+the+BeOS+Command+Line+Shell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftestou.free.fr%2Fwww.beatjapan.org%2Fmirror%2Fwww.be.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fuser_docs%2Fapp_a_commandline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Single_UNIX_Specification_v_3_-_Overview-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Single_UNIX_Specification_v_3_-_Overview_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Single_UNIX_Specification_v_3_-_Overview_44-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unix.org/version3/overview.html">Single UNIX Specification v 3 - Overview</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2000-09/msg00000.html">Bug-bash, oldest email at lists.gnu.org: Re: Line-Edit mode is lost...</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2001-04/msg00047.html">Bug-bash, Bash-2.05 available for FTP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Essential_Mac_OS_X_Panther_Server_Admini/zrI-U0KWj3cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bash&pg=PA189&printsec=frontcover">Essential Mac OS S Panther Server Administration, pg. 189</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster-JohnsonWelchAnderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Foster-Johnson, Eric; Welch, John C.; Anderson, Micah (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwIRERUpQPEC&q=bash+most+popular+unix+shell&pg=PA6">Beginning Shell Scripting</a>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9791-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9791-6"><bdi>978-0-7645-9791-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302212410/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwIRERUpQPEC&q=bash+most+popular+unix+shell&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2016. <q>Bash is by far the most popular shell and forms the default shell on Linux and Mac OSX systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Shell+Scripting&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-9791-6&rft.aulast=Foster-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Welch%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Micah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwIRERUpQPEC%26q%3Dbash%2Bmost%2Bpopular%2Bunix%2Bshell%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POSIX_FAQ_v_1.18-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_FAQ_v_1.18_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_FAQ_v_1.18_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POSIX_FAQ_v_1.18_49-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/posix_faq.html">POSIX FAQ v 1.18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2004-07/msg00255.html">Bug-bash, Bash-3.0 available for FTP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-POSIX-2004-51"><a href="#cite_ref-POSIX-2004_51-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/">POSIX-2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2005-12/msg00018.html">Bug-bash, Bash-3.1 released</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2006-10/msg00057.html">Bug-bash, Bash-3.2 available for FTP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2009-02/msg00164.html">"Bug-bash, Bash-4.0 available for FTP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bug-bash%2C+Bash-4.0+available+for+FTP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fbug-bash%2F2009-02%2Fmsg00164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haiku-os.org/news/2009-09-13_haiku_project_announces_availability_haiku_r1alpha_1">"Haiku Project Announces Availability of Haiku R1/Alpha 1"</a>. Haiku Project. 14 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haiku+Project&rft.atitle=Haiku+Project+Announces+Availability+of+Haiku+R1%2FAlpha+1&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haiku-os.org%2Fnews%2F2009-09-13_haiku_project_announces_availability_haiku_r1alpha_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haiku-os.org/docs/userguide/en/applications/terminal.html">"Haiku User Guide: Terminal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiku+User+Guide%3A+Terminal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haiku-os.org%2Fdocs%2Fuserguide%2Fen%2Fapplications%2Fterminal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haiku-os.org/get-haiku/r1beta5/">"Get Haiku!"</a>. Haiku Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haiku+Project&rft.atitle=Get+Haiku%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haiku-os.org%2Fget-haiku%2Fr1beta5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2010-01/msg00000.html">"Bug-bash, Bash-4.1 available for FTP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bug-bash%2C+Bash-4.1+available+for+FTP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fbug-bash%2F2010-01%2Fmsg00000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/Shell">""Debian Wiki: Shell""</a>. <q>Dash lacks many of the features one would expect in an interactive shell, which allows it to be faster and more memory efficient than Bash.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Debian+Wiki%3A+Shell%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.debian.org%2FShell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2011-02/msg00134.html">"Bug-bash, Bash-4.2 available for FTP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bug-bash%2C+Bash-4.2+available+for+FTP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fbug-bash%2F2011-02%2Fmsg00134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/E24456/userenv-1.html">"User Environment Feature Changes"</a>. Oracle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144748/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/E24456/userenv-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+Environment+Feature+Changes&rft.pub=Oracle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fcd%2FE23824_01%2Fhtml%2FE24456%2Fuserenv-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2013edition/">"POSIX-2013"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POSIX-2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.opengroup.org%2Fonlinepubs%2F9699919799.2013edition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2014-02/msg00081.html">Bug-bash, Bash-4.3 available for FTP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitre,_CVE-2014-6271-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitre,_CVE-2014-6271_64-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=cve-2014-6271">Mitre, CVE-2014-6271</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bug-bash,_Bash_3.0_Official_Patch_1-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Bug-bash,_Bash_3.0_Official_Patch_1_65-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2004-09/msg00083.html">Bug-bash, Bash 3.0 Official Patch 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windows_10_Insider_Preview_Build_14332-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Windows_10_Insider_Preview_Build_14332_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2016/04/26/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14332/">Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14332</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windowscentral.com/how-install-bash-shell-command-line-windows-10">"How to install Bash shell command-line tool on Windows 10"</a>. 28 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120213017/http://www.windowscentral.com/how-install-bash-shell-command-line-windows-10">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+install+Bash+shell+command-line+tool+on+Windows+10&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windowscentral.com%2Fhow-install-bash-shell-command-line-windows-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/BashOnWindows/issues/107">"Missing source code - GPL compliance? · Issue #107 · Microsoft/WSL"</a>. GitHub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924163108/https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/issues/107">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Missing+source+code+-+GPL+compliance%3F+%C2%B7+Issue+%23107+%C2%B7+Microsoft%2FWSL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FMicrosoft%2FBashOnWindows%2Fissues%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softpedia.com/get/System/System-Miscellaneous/GNU-Bash.shtml">"GNU Bash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Softpedia" title="Softpedia">Softpedia</a>. SoftNews. 23 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004857/http://www.softpedia.com/get/System/System-Miscellaneous/GNU-Bash.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Softpedia&rft.atitle=GNU+Bash&rft.date=2010-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.softpedia.com%2Fget%2FSystem%2FSystem-Miscellaneous%2FGNU-Bash.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-POSIX-2016-68"><a href="#cite_ref-POSIX-2016_68-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2016edition/">POSIX-2016</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcanoae.com/wiki/arcaos/compatibility-subsystems/">"Compatibility Subsystems"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923001119/https://www.arcanoae.com/wiki/arcaos/compatibility-subsystems/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compatibility+Subsystems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanoae.com%2Fwiki%2Farcaos%2Fcompatibility-subsystems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POSIX-2018-70"><a href="#cite_ref-POSIX-2018_70-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2018edition/">POSIX-2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-scriptingosx.com,_Moving_to_Zsh-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scriptingosx.com,_Moving_to_Zsh_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scriptingosx.com,_Moving_to_Zsh_71-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptingosx.com/2019/06/moving-to-zsh/?form=MG0AV3">scriptingosx.com, Moving to Zsh</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple_Support_-_Use_zsh_as_the_default_shell_on_your_Mac-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Apple_Support_-_Use_zsh_as_the_default_shell_on_your_Mac_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208050">"Apple Support - Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202143802/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208050">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Support+-+Use+zsh+as+the+default+shell+on+your+Mac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fen-us%2FHT208050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABash+%28Unix+shell%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verge_-_Apple_replaces_bash_with_zsh...-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Verge_-_Apple_replaces_bash_with_zsh..._73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarren2019" class="citation web cs1">Warren, Tom (4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/4/18651872/apple-macos-catalina-zsh-bash-shell-replacement-features">"Apple replaces bash with zsh as the default shell in macOS Catalina"</a>. 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title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">GNU R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">Guix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li> <li>Nagarjuna G.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_shells49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix_shells" title="Template:Unix shells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix_shells" title="Template talk:Unix shells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix_shells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix shells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_shells49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">Almquist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">csh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(Unix_shell)" title="Fish (Unix shell)">fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_C_shell" title="Hamilton C shell">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWB_shell" title="PWB shell">PWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qshell" title="Qshell">Qshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rc_(Unix_shell)" title="Rc (Unix shell)">rc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" title="Stand-alone shell">sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tcsh" title="Tcsh">tcsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_shell" title="Thompson shell">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wish_(Unix_shell)" title="Wish (Unix shell)">Wish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_shell" title="Z shell">Zsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_command_shells" title="Comparison of command shells">Comparison of command shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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