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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copyright_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Copyright reduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Terminologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_source_and_Free_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source_and_Free_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Open source and Free software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source_and_Free_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux_and_GNU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux_and_GNU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Linux and GNU </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux_and_GNU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Surveillance resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments_about_Jeffrey_Epstein_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_about_Jeffrey_Epstein_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Comments about Jeffrey Epstein scandal </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comments_about_Jeffrey_Epstein_scandal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comments about Jeffrey Epstein scandal subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comments_about_Jeffrey_Epstein_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_FSF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_FSF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Return to FSF </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_FSF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honors and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Selected publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Richard Stallman</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" > 106 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86" title="ريتشارد ستولمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد ستولمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Stolman" title="Riçard Stolman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riçard Stolman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রিচার্ড স্টলম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড স্টলম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рычард Мэцью Столман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Мэцью Столман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рычард Столман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рычард Столман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Столман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Столман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matthew_Stallman" title="Richard Matthew Stallman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Matthew Stallman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Stallman" title="Richard M. Stallman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard M. Stallman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ρίτσαρντ Στόλλμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίτσαρντ Στόλλμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86" title="ریچارد استالمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد استالمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A8%EB%A8%BC" title="리처드 스톨먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 스톨먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ռիչարդ Սթոլման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Սթոլման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड स्टॉलमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिचर्ड स्टॉलमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matthew_Stallman" title="Richard Matthew Stallman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Richard Matthew Stallman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ריצ'רד סטולמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד סטולמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಟಾಲ್ಮನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಟಾಲ್ಮನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ სტოლმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიჩარდ სტოლმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Столлман – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ричард Столлман" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_Stallman" title="Ricardus Stallman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricardus Stallman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_Stalmans" title="Ričards Stalmans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Stalmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Stallman" title="Richard M. Stallman – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard M. Stallman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ritcard._stalman" title="ritcard. stalman – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ritcard. stalman" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matthew_Stallman" title="Richard Matthew Stallman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Matthew Stallman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Сталман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ричард Сталман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="റിച്ചാർഡ്‌ മാത്യൂ സ്റ്റാൾമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിച്ചാർഡ്‌ മാത്യൂ സ്റ്റാൾമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड स्टॉलमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिचर्ड स्टॉलमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86" title="ريتشارد ستولمن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد ستولمن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Столлман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ричард Столлман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Stallman" title="Richard M. Stallman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard M. Stallman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड स्टलम्यान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रिचर्ड स्टलम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचार्ड स्टालम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रिचार्ड स्टालम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="リチャード・ストールマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・ストールマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Stallman" title="Richard M. Stallman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richard M. Stallman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E" title="Столлман, Ричард Мэттью – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Столлман, Ричард Мэттью" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਸਟਾਲਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਸਟਾਲਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رچرڈ سٹالمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ سٹالمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matthew_Stallman" title="Richard Matthew Stallman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Matthew Stallman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E" title="Столлман, Ричард Мэттью – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Столлман, Ричард Мэттью" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचार्ड स्टालमन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रिचार्ड स्टालमन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matthew_Stallman" title="Richard Matthew Stallman – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Richard Matthew Stallman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matthew_Stallman" title="Richard Matthew Stallman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Matthew Stallman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matthew_Stallman" title="Richard Matthew Stallman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Matthew Stallman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%B5%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="ڕیچارد ستۆڵمەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچارد ستۆڵمەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Столман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Столман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Stallman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stallman" redirects here. For the flutist, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stallman" title="Robert Stallman">Robert Stallman</a>. For the speculative fiction author, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lester_Stallman" title="Robert Lester Stallman">Robert Lester Stallman</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Stallman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_Bologna_2024_abc1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stallman smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Richard_Stallman_Bologna_2024_abc1.jpg/250px-Richard_Stallman_Bologna_2024_abc1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Richard_Stallman_Bologna_2024_abc1.jpg/330px-Richard_Stallman_Bologna_2024_abc1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Richard_Stallman_Bologna_2024_abc1.jpg/500px-Richard_Stallman_Bologna_2024_abc1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="2623" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Stallman in 2024</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Matthew Stallman</div> (1953-03-16) March 16, 1953 (age 72) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">rms (RMS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (attended)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Activist</li><li>programmer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EFF_Pioneer_Award" title="EFF Pioneer Award">EFF Pioneer Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ACM_Software_System_Award" title="ACM Software System Award">ACM Software System Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/">stallman.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:RMS%27s_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RMS%27s_Signature.png/250px-RMS%27s_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RMS%27s_Signature.png/330px-RMS%27s_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="234" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Richard Matthew Stallman (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈstɔːlmən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">STAWL-mən</a>; born March 16, 1953), also known by his initials, rms,<a href="#cite_note-initials-1">[1]</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> activist and <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a>. He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software which ensures these freedoms is termed <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. Stallman launched the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) in October 1985,<a href="#cite_note-fsfbio-2">[2]</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a>, and wrote all versions of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to write a <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> composed entirely of free software.<a href="#cite_note-initialgnu-3">[3]</a> With that he also launched the free software movement. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including among others, the GNU Compiler Collection,<a href="#cite_note-gcc-contribs-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RIT-5">[5]</a> and GNU Emacs text editor.<a href="#cite_note-multic-6">[6]</a> Stallman pioneered the concept of <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>, which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify, and distribute free software. He is the main author of <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software licenses</a> which describe those terms, most notably the GNU General Public License (GPL), the most widely used free software license.<a href="#cite_note-wheeler-7">[7]</a> In 1989, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/League_for_Programming_Freedom" title="League for Programming Freedom">League for Programming Freedom</a>. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against <a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (which he refers to as digital restrictions management, calling the more common term misleading), and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users' freedoms. That includes <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">software license agreements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">activation keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">dongles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy restriction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">proprietary formats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executables</a> without <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. In September 2019, Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his <a href="/wiki/Visiting_scholar" title="Visiting scholar">visiting scientist</a> role at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> after making controversial comments about the <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein" title="Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> sex trafficking scandal.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Stallman remained head of the GNU Project, and in 2021 returned to the FSF board of directors and others. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Stallman was born March 16, 1953<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-2-9">[9]</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, to a family of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> heritage.<a href="#cite_note-stallman-jewish-source-1-10">[10]</a> He had a troublesome relationship with his parents and did not feel he had a proper home.<a href="#cite_note-stallman-jewish-source-1-10">[10]</a> He was interested in computers at a young age; when he was a pre-teen at a summer camp, he read manuals for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7094" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7094">IBM 7094</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mgro-11">[11]</a> From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Saturday program for high school students.<a href="#cite_note-mgro-11">[11]</a> He was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> department at <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a>. Although he was interested in mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, his supervising professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist.<a href="#cite_note-freeasinfreedom-chap3-12">[12]</a> His first experience with actual computers was at the <a href="/wiki/IBM_New_York_Scientific_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM New York Scientific Center">IBM New York Scientific Center</a> when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer in 1970 after his senior year of high school, to write a numerical analysis program in <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mgro-11">[11]</a> He completed the task after a couple of weeks ("I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because I despised it as a language compared with other languages") and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a><a href="#cite_note-Berättar-13">[13]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">preprocessor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emac6-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_University_and_MIT">Harvard University and MIT</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Harvard University and MIT">edit</a>]</div> As a first-year student at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in <a href="/wiki/Math_55" title="Math 55">Math 55</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freeasinfreedom-chap4-15">[15]</a> He was happy, "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."<a href="#cite_note-mgro-11">[11]</a> In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Maracke_2019-16">[16]</a> and became a regular in the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker</a> community, where he was usually known by his initials, RMS, which he used in his computer accounts.<a href="#cite_note-initials-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lih2009-17">[17]</a> Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (<a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a>) from Harvard in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Bio-18">[18]</a> He considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left the program to focus on his programming at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_AI_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT AI Laboratory">MIT AI Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mgro-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-emac6-14">[14]</a> While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerry Sussman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-emac6-14">[14]</a> Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI <a href="/wiki/Truth_maintenance_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth maintenance system">truth maintenance system</a>, called dependency-directed backtracking.<a href="#cite_note-AI9-19">[19]</a> The paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in <a href="/wiki/Constraint_satisfaction_problem" title="Constraint satisfaction problem">constraint satisfaction problems</a>. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit">[update]</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.<a href="#cite_note-russell-20">[20]</a> The technique of <a href="/wiki/Constraint_learning" title="Constraint learning">constraint recording</a>, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.<a href="#cite_note-russell-20">[20]</a> As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects like <a href="/wiki/TECO_(text_editor)" title="TECO (text editor)">TECO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">Incompatible Timesharing System</a> (ITS), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> operating system (the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine#Initial_development" title="Lisp machine">CONS</a> of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machines" title="Lisp Machines">Lisp Machines</a>, Inc. (LMI) starting around 1980).<a href="#cite_note-Lih2009-17">[17]</a> He became an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>). When MIT's <a href="/wiki/Project_MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MAC">Laboratory for Computer Science</a> (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20 percent of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_leading_to_GNU">Events leading to GNU</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Events leading to GNU">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hacker culture</a> which Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cringely-22">[22]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Brian_Reid_(computer_scientist)" title="Brian Reid (computer scientist)">Brian Reid</a> in 1979 placed <a href="/wiki/Time_bomb_(software)" title="Time bomb (software)">time bombs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scribe_(markup_language)" title="Scribe (markup language)">Scribe</a> markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it "a crime against humanity".<a href="#cite_note-emac6-14">[14]</a> During an interview in 2008, he clarified that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a crime, not the issue of charging for software.<a href="#cite_note-unplugged-23">[23]</a> Stallman's <a href="/wiki/Texinfo" title="Texinfo">texinfo</a> is a <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a> replacement, loosely based on Scribe;<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-3-24">[24]</a> the original version was finished in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-4-25">[25]</a> In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed <a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_9700" title="Xerox 9700">Xerox 9700</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be able to freely modify the software they use.<a href="#cite_note-freeasinfreedom-Chap1-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a>, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machines" title="Lisp Machines">Lisp Machines, Inc.</a> (LMI) to market <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a>, which he and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Knight_(scientist)" title="Tom Knight (scientist)">Tom Knight</a> designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a>, with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Russ_Noftsker" class="mw-redirect" title="Russ Noftsker">Russ Noftsker</a>, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gosper" title="Bill Gosper">Bill Gosper</a>, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-21">[21]</a> Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.<a href="#cite_note-OpenSources-27">[27]</a> The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Salus-28">[28]</a> He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value, and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-5-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a>, one of the creators of the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source movement">open-source movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-6-30">[30]</a> argues that moral arguments, rather than pragmatic ones, alienate potential allies and hurt the end goal of removing code secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-esr-31">[31]</a> In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Since then, he had remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-7-32">[32]</a> "visiting scientist" in the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-8-33">[33]</a> Until "around 1998", he maintained an office at the Institute that doubled as his legal residence.<a href="#cite_note-Lifestyle-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GNU_project">GNU project</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: GNU project">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div> Stallman announced the plan for the <a href="/wiki/GNU_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU operating system">GNU operating system</a> in September 1983 on several <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> mailing lists and <a href="/wiki/USENET" class="mw-redirect" title="USENET">USENET</a>.<a href="#cite_note-initialgnu-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-newunix-35">[35]</a> He started the project on his own and describes: "As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it."<a href="#cite_note-gnuproject-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Richard_Stallman_00.jpg/250px-Richard_Stallman_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Richard_Stallman_00.jpg/330px-Richard_Stallman_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Richard_Stallman_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL (a <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_User_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux User Group">GLUG</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhash_Engineering_College" title="Netaji Subhash Engineering College">Netaji Subhash Engineering College</a>, Kolkata, India</figcaption></figure> In 1985, Stallman published the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a>, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lih2009-17">[17]</a> The name GNU is a <a href="/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">recursive acronym</a> for "GNU's Not Unix".<a href="#cite_note-Lih2009-17">[17]</a> Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman was the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> nonprofit organization founded in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DuBois-37">[37]</a> Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed. Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">build automator</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_make" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU make">GNU make</a>). The notable omission was a <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. In 1990, members of the GNU project began using Carnegie Mellon's Mach <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> in a project called <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> compliance. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it GNU/Linux. This has been a longstanding <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">naming controversy</a> in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project. Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a><a href="#cite_note-PE-38">[38]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> editor. On <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a>, spawning an <a href="/wiki/Editor_war" title="Editor war">editor war</a>. Stallman's take on this was to <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonize</a> himself as St. IGNUcius of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Emacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Emacs">Church of Emacs</a><a href="#cite_note-Takver-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Church-40">[40]</a> and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">editor of the beast</a>", while "using a free version of vi is not a <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>; it is a <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>".<a href="#cite_note-faif-41">[41]</a> In 1992, developers at <a href="/wiki/Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a> doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fork (software engineering)">forked</a> the software into what would become <a href="/wiki/XEmacs" title="XEmacs">XEmacs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lemacs-42">[42]</a> The technology journalist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Leonard" title="Andrew Leonard">Andrew Leonard</a> has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-leonard-43">[43]</a></blockquote> In 2018, Stallman instituted "Kind Communication Guidelines" for the GNU project to help its mailing list discussions remain constructive while avoiding explicitly promoting diversity.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-9-44">[44]</a> In October 2019, a public statement signed by 33 maintainers of the GNU project asserted that Stallman's behaviour had "undermined a core value of the GNU project: the empowerment of all computer users" and called for "GNU maintainers to collectively decide about the organization of the project".<a href="#cite_note-guix-45">[45]</a> The statement was published soon after Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his "visiting scientist" role at MIT in September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-1-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-explains-why-hes-willing-to-quit-47">[47]</a> In spite of that, Stallman remained head of the GNU project.<a href="#cite_note-phoronix.com-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stallman-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activism">edit</a>]</div> Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Lih2009-17">[17]</a> The speeches he has regularly given are titled The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement,<a href="#cite_note-zagreb-50">[50]</a> The Dangers of Software Patents,<a href="#cite_note-IFSO-51">[51]</a> and Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks.<a href="#cite_note-copyright-and-globalization-52">[52]</a> In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.<a href="#cite_note-gpl3-53">[53]</a> Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (<a href="/wiki/Vrms" title="Vrms">vrms</a>), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a <a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU/Linux">Debian GNU/Linux</a> system, and reports those that are from the non-free tree.<a href="#cite_note-vrms-54">[54]</a> Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian's definition of free software.<a href="#cite_note-debbug-55">[55]</a> In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.<a href="#cite_note-free-encyclopedia-56">[56]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/GNUPedia" class="mw-redirect" title="GNUPedia">GNUPedia</a> was eventually retired in favour of the emerging <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-57">[57]</a> Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a> from its launch<a href="#cite_note-chaveztv-58">[58]</a> but resigned in February 2011, criticizing pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-politics-feb-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NicoBZH_-_Richard_Stallman_(by-sa)_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NicoBZH_-_Richard_Stallman_%28by-sa%29_%2810%29.jpg/220px-NicoBZH_-_Richard_Stallman_%28by-sa%29_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NicoBZH_-_Richard_Stallman_%28by-sa%29_%2810%29.jpg/330px-NicoBZH_-_Richard_Stallman_%28by-sa%29_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NicoBZH_-_Richard_Stallman_%28by-sa%29_%2810%29.jpg/440px-NicoBZH_-_Richard_Stallman_%28by-sa%29_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Stallman giving a speech on "Free Software and Your Freedom" at the biennale du design of Saint-Étienne (2008)</figcaption></figure> In August 2006, at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> to a free software operating system.<a href="#cite_note-kerala-60">[60]</a> After personal meetings, Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-president-india-61">[61]</a> French 2007 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-stallman-royal-62">[62]</a> and the president of Ecuador <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latin-america-63">[63]</a> Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,<a href="#cite_note-kpoe-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mpaa-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-protest-france-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>. Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from <a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a>, enemy of your freedom" placard at an invited talk given by an ATI compiler architect in the building where Stallman worked, resulting in the police being called.<a href="#cite_note-protest-ati-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> has since acquired ATI and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.<a href="#cite_note-amd-open-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Matthew_Stallman_working_on_his_Lemote_Machine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Richard_Matthew_Stallman_working_on_his_Lemote_Machine.JPG/220px-Richard_Matthew_Stallman_working_on_his_Lemote_Machine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Richard_Matthew_Stallman_working_on_his_Lemote_Machine.JPG/330px-Richard_Matthew_Stallman_working_on_his_Lemote_Machine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Richard_Matthew_Stallman_working_on_his_Lemote_Machine.JPG/440px-Richard_Matthew_Stallman_working_on_his_Lemote_Machine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Stallman using his <a href="/wiki/Lemote" title="Lemote">Lemote</a> machine at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Madras">Indian Institute of Technology Madras</a>, Chennai</figcaption></figure> Stallman has characterized <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> as having a "malign influence" on computing because of Jobs' leadership in guiding Apple to produce <a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">closed platforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jobs-70">[70]</a> According to Stallman, while Jobs was at <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts, one part under GPL and the other part, an <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> preprocessor under a proprietary license. Stallman initially thought this would be legal, but since he also thought it would be "very undesirable for free software", he asked a lawyer for advice. The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be "subterfuges" and would be very harsh toward them, and a judge would ask whether it was "really" one program, rather than how the parts were labeled. Therefore, Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs' plan was not allowed by the GPL, which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective-C front end under GPL.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-14-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> program. Stallman's computer is a refurbished <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">ThinkPad X200</a> with <a href="/wiki/Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a> (a free <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> replacement), and <a href="/wiki/Trisquel_GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisquel GNU/Linux">Trisquel GNU/Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-15-72">[72]</a> Before the ThinkPad X200, Stallman used a Thinkpad T400s with Libreboot and Trisquel GNU/Linux.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-16-73">[73]</a> And before the T400s, Stallman used a ThinkPad X60, and even further back in time, a <a href="/wiki/Lemote" title="Lemote">Lemote</a> Yeeloong <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbook</a> (using the same company's <a href="/wiki/Loongson" title="Loongson">Loongson</a> processor) which he chose because, like the X200, X60 and the T400s, it could run with free software at the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> level, stating "freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer."<a href="#cite_note-usesthis-74">[74]</a> Stallman's Lemote was stolen from him in 2012 while he was in Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-argentina-75">[75]</a> Before Trisquel, Stallman has used the <a href="/wiki/GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a> operating system.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-17-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-18-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_reduction">Copyright reduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Copyright reduction">edit</a>]</div> Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" where he reviews the state of digital rights management (DRM) and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF <a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a> campaign. In the talks, he makes proposals for a "reduced copyright" and suggests a 10-year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors be supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on <a href="/wiki/Cubic_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic root">cubic roots</a> of their popularity to ensure that "fairly successful non-stars" receive a greater share than they do now (compare with <a href="/wiki/Private_copying_levy" title="Private copying levy">private copying levy</a> which is associated with proponents of strong copyright), or a convenient anonymous <a href="/wiki/Micropayment" title="Micropayment">micropayment</a> system for people to support authors directly. He indicates that no form of non-commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation.<a href="#cite_note-tech-help-share-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-elpais-leysinde-79">[79]</a> He has advocated for <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> in a comment on <a href="/wiki/Ley_Sinde" title="Ley Sinde">Ley Sinde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elpais-leysinde-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-dontobey-80">[80]</a> He has reportedly refused to autograph anything bearing a '©' symbol, in line with his views.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Stallman has helped and supported the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> get back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007, following a <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> letter from <a href="/wiki/Universal_Edition" title="Universal Edition">Universal Edition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMSLP-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_M_Stallman_Swathanthra_2014_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Richard_M_Stallman_Swathanthra_2014_kerala.jpg/250px-Richard_M_Stallman_Swathanthra_2014_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Richard_M_Stallman_Swathanthra_2014_kerala.jpg/330px-Richard_M_Stallman_Swathanthra_2014_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Richard_M_Stallman_Swathanthra_2014_kerala.jpg/500px-Richard_M_Stallman_Swathanthra_2014_kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="2722" /></a><figcaption>Stallman at <a href="/wiki/Swatantra_2014" title="Swatantra 2014">Swatantra 2014</a>, a conference organized by <a href="/wiki/ICFOSS" title="ICFOSS">ICFOSS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Stallman mentions the dangers some <a href="/wiki/E-books" class="mw-redirect" title="E-books">e-books</a> bring compared to paper books, with the example of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a> <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> that prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book. He says that such e-books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Read" title="The Right to Read">The Right to Read</a>" provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">end-user license agreements</a> that accompany e-books.<a href="#cite_note-elpais-leysinde-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMSLP-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-ebook-83">[83]</a> He discourages the use of several storage technologies such as <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray</a> video discs because the content of such media is encrypted. He considers manufacturers' use of encryption on non-secret data (<a href="/wiki/User_operation_prohibition" title="User operation prohibition">to force the user to view certain promotional material</a>) as a conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-19-84">[84]</a> Stallman recognized the <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_copy_protection_rootkit_scandal" title="Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal">Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal</a> to be a criminal act by Sony and supports a general boycott of <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment_America_v._George_Hotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz">legal actions against George Hotz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sony-85">[85]</a> Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a> because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chromeos-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-nochrome-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-boston-review-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-examples-89">[89]</a> He denies being an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> despite his wariness of some legislation and the fact that he has "advocated strongly for user privacy and his own view of software freedom".<a href="#cite_note-pro-state_gland-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminologies">Terminologies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terminologies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_by_gisleh_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Richard_Stallman_by_gisleh_01.jpg/250px-Richard_Stallman_by_gisleh_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Richard_Stallman_by_gisleh_01.jpg/330px-Richard_Stallman_by_gisleh_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Richard_Stallman_by_gisleh_01.jpg/500px-Richard_Stallman_by_gisleh_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Stallman, in costume as St. IGNUcius, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> consisting of the platter of an old <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a><a href="#cite_note-Church-40">[40]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir, Tunisia</a>, 2012)</figcaption></figure> Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He asks people to say free software and GNU/Linux, and to avoid the terms intellectual property and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright infringement of software">piracy</a> (in relation to copying not approved by the publisher). One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agrees to use his terminology throughout the article.<a href="#cite_note-wired-91">[91]</a> Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, and other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar.<a href="#cite_note-torino-92">[92]</a> He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues, writing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas–a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.<a href="#cite_note-mirage-93">[93]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_source_and_Free_software">Open source and Free software</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Open source and Free software">edit</a>]</div> His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source community">open-source communities</a>. After initially accepting the concept,<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-23-94">[94]</a> Stallman rejects a common <a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">alternative term</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-free-open-95">[95]</a> He wrote, "Free software is a political movement; open source is a development model."<a href="#cite_note-words-to-avoid-open-96">[96]</a> Thus, he believes that the use of the term will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.<a href="#cite_note-why-open-97">[97]</a> Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are software libre and unfettered software, but free software is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> or non-free software rather than <a href="/wiki/Closed-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source software">closed-source software</a>, when referring to software that is not free software. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux_and_GNU">Linux and GNU</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Linux and GNU">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></div> Stallman asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡnuː slæʃ ˈlɪnəks/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GNOO SLASH LIN-əks</a>, be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the kernel Linux. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer".<a href="#cite_note-linux_gnu-98">[98]</a> He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux.<a href="#cite_note-in-a-name-99">[99]</a> Starting around 2003, he began also using the term GNU+Linux, which he pronounces <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡnuː plʌs ˈlɪnəks/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GNOO PLUS LIN-əks</a>, to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase GNU/Linux as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡnuː ˈlɪnəks/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GNOO LIN-əks</a>, which would erroneously imply that the kernel Linux is maintained by the GNU project.<a href="#cite_note-rms-kernel-trap-interview-100">[100]</a> The creator of Linux, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, has publicly said that he objects to modification of the name and that the rename "is their [the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software foundation">FSF</a>] confusion not ours".<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-26-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance_resistance">Surveillance resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surveillance resistance">edit</a>]</div> Stallman professes admiration for <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a><a href="#cite_note-Silicon_2011-102">[102]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-21-103">[103]</a> He has spoken against government and corporate surveillance on many occasions.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-22-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stallman_2013_Surveillance-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stallman_2018_Safe-106">[106]</a> He refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">tracking devices</a>",<a href="#cite_note-gpl3-22june-107">[107]</a> refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software.<a href="#cite_note-infoweek-108">[108]</a> He also avoids using a key card to enter his office building<a href="#cite_note-shaggygod-109">[109]</a> since key card systems track each location and time that someone enters the building using a card. He usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer. Instead, he uses GNU Womb's grab-url-from-mail utility, an email-based proxy which downloads the webpage content and then emails it to the user.<a href="#cite_note-stallman-computing-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-strawmen-111">[111]</a> More recently, he said that he accesses all websites via <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a>, except for Wikipedia (which generally disallows editing from Tor unless users have an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SchuesslerInterview-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchuesslerNewspaper-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comments_about_Jeffrey_Epstein_scandal">Comments about Jeffrey Epstein scandal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comments about Jeffrey Epstein scandal">edit</a>]</div> In September 2019, it was learned that <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein" title="Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> had made donations to MIT, and in the wake of this, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> director <a href="/wiki/Joi_Ito" title="Joi Ito">Joi Ito</a> resigned. An internal MIT <a href="/wiki/CSAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CSAIL">CSAIL</a> <a href="/wiki/Listserv" class="mw-redirect" title="Listserv">listserv</a> mailing list thread was started to protest the coverup of MIT's connections to Epstein.<a href="#cite_note-Ongweso_2019-114">[114]</a> In the thread, discussion had turned to deceased MIT professor <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, who was named by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Giuffre" title="Virginia Giuffre">Virginia Giuffre</a> as one of the people that Epstein had forced her to have sex with.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Giuffre, a minor at the time, had been caught in Epstein's underage sex trafficking ring.<a href="#cite_note-Ongweso_2019-114">[114]</a> In response to a comment saying that Minsky "is accused of assaulting one of Epstein's victims", Stallman objected to the inaccurate wording. Minsky was not accused of "assault", and from the victims' testimonies it was not clear whether Minsky had committed "assault", and Stallman argued that "the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing. Assuming she was being coerced by Epstein, he would have had every reason to conceal that from most of his associates".<a href="#cite_note-Lee_2019-116">[116]</a> When challenged by other members of the mailing list, he added "It is morally absurd to define 'rape' in a way that depends on minor details such as <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_by_country" title="Age of consent by country">which country it was in</a> or whether the victim was <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">18 years old or 17</a>", holding that it was not relevant to the harm that was done to the victim.<a href="#cite_note-Ongweso_2019-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee_2019-116">[116]</a> Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role saying "We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex–by Epstein. She was being harmed."<a href="#cite_note-Bekiempis_2019-117">[117]</a> Stallman's comments along with a compilation of accusations against him<a href="#cite_note-Gano_2019_Appendix-118">[118]</a> were published via <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a> by Selam Gano, who called for him to be removed from MIT.<a href="#cite_note-Svrluga_2019-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gano_2019-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a> published a copy of the email chain on September 13, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Ongweso_2019-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Svrluga_2019-119">[119]</a> Stallman's writings from 2013 and earlier related to underage sex and child pornography laws resurfaced, increasing the controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_2019-116">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Tied to his comments regarding Minsky it led to several calling for Stallman's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-Svrluga_2019-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ongweso_2019-114">[114]</a> During the backlash to Stallman's comments regarding the Epstein case, Stallman received criticism for previous writings advocating for the <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">legalization of child pornography</a> and pedophilia. In September 2006, Stallman had written, "I am skeptical of the claim that voluntarily [sic] pedophilia harms children. The arguments that it causes harm seem to be based on cases which aren't voluntary, which are then stretched by parents who are horrified by the idea that their little baby is maturing."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On September 14, 2019, Stallman acknowledged that since the time of his past writings, he had learned that there were problems with underage sex, writing on his blog: "Through personal conversations in recent years, I've learned to understand how sex with a child can harm <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per#Pronoun" class="extiw" title="wikt:per">per</a> psychologically. This changed my mind about the matter: I think adults should not do that."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Engadget_2019-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> On September 16, 2019, Stallman announced his resignation from both MIT and FSF, "due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations".<a href="#cite_note-Levy2019-126">[126]</a> In a post on his website, Stallman asserted that his posts to the email lists were not to defend Epstein, stating "Nothing could be further from the truth. I've called him a 'serial rapist', and said he deserved to be imprisoned. But many people now believe I defended him—and other inaccurate claims—and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said. I'm sorry for that hurt. I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding."<a href="#cite_note-Lee_2019-116">[116]</a> In 2021, he apologized for tone-deafly failing "to acknowledge as context the injustice that Epstein did to women or the pain that caused".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_FSF">Return to FSF</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to FSF">edit</a>]</div> In March 2021, at <a href="/wiki/LibrePlanet" title="LibrePlanet">LibrePlanet2021</a>, Stallman announced his return to the FSF board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[128]</a> Shortly thereafter, an open letter was published on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> asking for Stallman's removal, along with the entire FSF board of directors, with the support of prominent <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> organizations including <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Foundation" title="GNOME Foundation">GNOME</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>. The letter includes a list of accusations against Stallman.<a href="#cite_note-OL_1-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brodkin_2021-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tor_2021-131">[131]</a> In response, an open letter asking for the FSF to retain Stallman was also published, arguing that Stallman's statements were mischaracterized, misunderstood and that they need to be interpreted in context.<a href="#cite_note-OL_2-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varghese_2021_2-133">[133]</a> The FSF board on April 12 made a statement re-affirming its decision to bring back Richard Stallman.<a href="#cite_note-FSF_2021_1-134">[134]</a> After that Stallman issued a statement explaining his poor social skills and apologizing.<a href="#cite_note-FSF_2021_2-135">[135]</a> Multiple organizations criticized, defunded, and/or cut ties with the FSF<a href="#cite_note-OL_3-136">[136]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Salter_2021-137">[137]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Free Software Foundation Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FSF_2021_3-138">[138]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Software_Freedom_Conservancy" title="Software Freedom Conservancy">Software Freedom Conservancy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Conserv_2021-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Suse_1-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suse_2-141">[141]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">OSI</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OSI-142">[142]</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Document_Foundation" title="The Document Foundation">Document Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DocFound_2021-143">[143]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">EFF</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OBrien_2021-144">[144]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">Tor Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tor_2-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> declined to issue a statement after a community vote on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-Varghese_2-146">[146]</a> However, the FSF claims that had relatively little financial impact, as it has said direct financial support from corporations accounted for less than 3% of its revenue in the most recent fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-FSF_FAQ-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Stallman lives in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a> and moved there after living in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Lifestyle-34">[34]</a> He speaks English, French, Spanish and some Indonesian.<a href="#cite_note-Lifestyle-34">[34]</a> He has said that he is "an <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_United_States" title="Atheism in the United States">atheist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> ancestry"<a href="#cite_note-stallman-jewish-source-1-10">[10]</a> and often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".<a href="#cite_note-freeasinfreedom-chap4-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Proulx-148">[148]</a> He denies having <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger</a>'s, but has sometimes speculated whether he could have a "shadow"<a href="#cite_note-Brody_1997-149">[149]</a> version of it.<a href="#cite_note-stallman-jewish-source-1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FF_CH5-150">[150]</a> He says he is <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">childfree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stallman,_Why_It_Is_(2012)-151">[151]</a> Stallman has written a collection of <a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">filk music</a> and parody songs.<a href="#cite_note-doggerel-152">[152]</a> In September 2023, while giving his keynote presentation at the GNU 40th anniversary event, Stallman revealed he had been diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Follicular_lymphoma" title="Follicular lymphoma">follicular lymphoma</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, and said that his prognosis was good and he hopes to be around for years to come.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> He later stated he was in remission.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards"> Honors and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honors and awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1986: Honorary lifetime membership of the <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology" title="Chalmers University of Technology">Chalmers University of Technology</a> Computer Society<a href="#cite_note-CUT-157">[157]</a></li> <li>1990: Exceptional merit award <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> ("genius grant")<a href="#cite_note-macfound-158">[158]</a></li> <li>1990: The Association for Computing Machinery's <a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">Grace Murray Hopper Award</a> "For pioneering work in the development of the extensible editor EMACS (Editing Macros)"<a href="#cite_note-acmawards-159">[159]</a></li> <li>1996: Honorary doctorate from Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Technology">Royal Institute of Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-Hedersdoktorer-160">[160]</a></li> <li>1998: Electronic Frontier Foundation's <a href="/wiki/EFF_Pioneer_Award" title="EFF Pioneer Award">Pioneer Award</a><a href="#cite_note-pioneer-161">[161]</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Rubinsky_Memorial_Award" title="Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award">Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award</a><a href="#cite_note-ahref-162">[162]</a></li> <li>2001: The Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award for Social/Economic Well-Being (武田研究奨励賞)<a href="#cite_note-takeda-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-takeda-mit-2001-10-17-164">[164]</a></li> <li>2001: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a><a href="#cite_note-glasgow-165">[165]</a></li> <li>2002: US <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> membership "for starting the GNU project, which produced influential, non-proprietary software tools, and for founding the free software movement"<a href="#cite_note-NAE-166">[166]</a></li> <li>2003: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a><a href="#cite_note-VUB-167">[167]</a></li> <li>2004: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Salta" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Salta">Universidad Nacional de Salta</a><a href="#cite_note-UNSA-168">[168]</a></li> <li>2004: Honorary professorship from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Engineering" title="National University of Engineering">Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú</a><a href="#cite_note-UNI-169">[169]</a></li> <li>2007: Honorary professorship from the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_University" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University">Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University</a><a href="#cite_note-UIGV-170">[170]</a></li> <li>2007: First Premio Internacional Extremadura al Conocimiento Libre<a href="#cite_note-20minutos-171">[171]</a></li> <li>2007: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Los_Angeles_de_Chimbote" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote">Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLO-33-172">[172]</a></li> <li>2007: Honorary doctorate, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a><a href="#cite_note-unipv-173">[173]</a></li> <li>2008: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Trujillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Trujillo">Universidad Nacional de Trujillo</a>, in Peru<a href="#cite_note-Cebe_1-174">[174]</a></li> <li>2009: Honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead University</a><a href="#cite_note-Lakehead-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agora-176">[176]</a></li> <li>2011: Honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="National University of Córdoba">National University of Córdoba</a><a href="#cite_note-UNC-177">[177]</a></li> <li>2012: Honorary professorship from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo_University" title="César Vallejo University">Universidad César Vallejo de Trujillo</a> in Peru<a href="#cite_note-Cebe_2-178">[178]</a></li> <li>2012: Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Latinoamericana Cima de Tacna in Peru<a href="#cite_note-Biography-179">[179]</a></li> <li>2012: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_Jos%C3%A9_Faustino_S%C3%A1nchez_Carri%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universidad José Faustino Sánchez Carrión (page does not exist)">Universidad José Faustino Sánchez Carrión</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Jos%C3%A9_Faustino_S%C3%A1nchez_Carri%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión">es</a>], in Peru<a href="#cite_note-Biography-179">[179]</a></li> <li>2014: Honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a> in Montréal<a href="#cite_note-Concordia-180">[180]</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/ACM_Software_System_Award" title="ACM Software System Award">ACM Software System Award</a> "For the development and leadership of GCC"<a href="#cite_note-acmawards-159">[159]</a></li> <li>2016: Honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a><a href="#cite_note-UPMC-181">[181]</a></li> <li>2016: Social Medicine award from <a href="/wiki/GNU_Solidario" title="GNU Solidario">GNU Solidario</a><a href="#cite_note-gnuhealthcon2016-182">[182]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected publications">edit</a>]</div> Manuals <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard M. (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EMACS%3A+The+Extensible%2C+Customizable%2C+Self-Documenting+Display+Editor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=MIT+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory+publication&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/">GNU Emacs Manual</a>. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882114-85-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-882114-85-X"><bdi>1-882114-85-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GNU+Emacs+Manual&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=GNU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-882114-85-X&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Fmanual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard M.; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/">GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation</a>. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882114-83-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-882114-83-3"><bdi>1-882114-83-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GNU+Make%3A+A+Program+for+Directed+Compilation&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=GNU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-882114-83-3&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=McGrath%2C+Roland&rft.au=Smith%2C+Paul+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fmake%2Fmanual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman2023" class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard (2023). GNU C Language Introduction and Reference Manual. <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GNU+C+Language+Introduction+and+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=GNU&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Selected essays <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard M. (2015). <a href="/wiki/Free_Software,_Free_Society" title="Free Software, Free Society">Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</a> (Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9831592-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9831592-5-4"><bdi>978-0-9831592-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Software%2C+Free+Society%3A+Selected+Essays+of+Richard+M.+Stallman&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=GNU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9831592-5-4&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/40px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/60px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9882_Stallman" class="mw-redirect" title="9882 Stallman">9882 Stallman</a>, a minor planet named after Richard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_as_in_Freedom" title="Free as in Freedom">Free as in Freedom</a>, a biography by Sam Williams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Street" title="Free Software Street">Free Software Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-initials-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-initials_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-initials_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/biographies.html#humorousbio">"Humorous Bio"</a>. Richard Stallman's 1983 biography. First edition of "The Hacker's Dictionary". Retrieved November 20, 2008. <q>'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Stallman%27s+1983+biography&rft.atitle=Humorous+Bio&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstallman.org%2Fbiographies.html%23humorousbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsfbio-2"><a href="#cite_ref-fsfbio_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman2011" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard M. (March 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/">"The Free Software Foundation Management"</a>. Free Software Foundation. Richard M. Stallman, President. Retrieved July 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Free+Software+Foundation+Management&rft.pages=Richard+M.+Stallman%2C+President&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Fabout%2Fleadership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-initialgnu-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-initialgnu_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-initialgnu_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman1983" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard M. (September 27, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html">"Initial GNU announcement"</a>. Retrieved November 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Initial+GNU+announcement&rft.date=1983-09-27&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Finitial-announcement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gcc-contribs-4"><a href="#cite_ref-gcc-contribs_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Contributors.html">"Contributors (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))"</a>. gcc.gnu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcc.gnu.org&rft.atitle=Contributors+%28Using+the+GNU+Compiler+Collection+%28GCC%29%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcc.gnu.org%2Fonlinedocs%2Fgcc%2FContributors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIT-5"><a href="#cite_ref-RIT_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.html">"Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"</a>. gnu.org. October 30, 1986. Retrieved September 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnu.org&rft.atitle=Richard+Stallman+lecture+at+the+Royal+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Sweden&rft.date=1986-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fstallman-kth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-multic-6"><a href="#cite_ref-multic_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1996" class="citation web cs1">Greenberg, Bernard S. 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O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4"><bdi>0-596-00287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+as+in+Freedom%3A+Richard+Stallman%27s+Crusade+for+Free+Software&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-596-00287-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> Chapter 3. 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New York, N.Y: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100051-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100051-0"><bdi>978-0-14-100051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hackers%3A+heroes+of+the+computer+revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.edition=Updated+afterword&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100051-0&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cringely-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Cringely_22-0">^</a> Robert X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/cringely/nerdtv/shows/#4">Cringely's interview with Brewster Kahle</a>, around the 46th minute </li> <li id="cite_note-unplugged-23"><a href="#cite_ref-unplugged_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629211002/http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/12068_3737586_3/Richard-Stallman-Live-and-Unplugged.htm">"Richard Stallman, Live and Unplugged"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/12068_3737586_3/Richard-Stallman-Live-and-Unplugged.htm">the original</a> on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2014. <q>Q: You once said "the prospect of charging money for software was a crime against humanity". Do you still believe this? A: Well, I was not distinguishing the two meanings of free.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Stallman%2C+Live+and+Unplugged&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datamation.com%2Fosrc%2Farticle.php%2F12068_3737586_3%2FRichard-Stallman-Live-and-Unplugged.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLO-3-24"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLO-3_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo">"Texinfo – GNU Documentation System – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)"</a>. Gnu.org. February 19, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texinfo+%E2%80%93+GNU+Documentation+System+%E2%80%93+GNU+Project+%E2%80%93+Free+Software+Foundation+%28FSF%29&rft.pub=Gnu.org&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Ftexinfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLO-4-25"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLO-4_25-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt">Gnu Status</a>, by Richard M. Stallman. 5. Documentation system. I now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert a file of texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file. 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O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4"><bdi>0-596-00287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+as+in+Freedom%3A+Richard+Stallman%27s+Crusade+for+Free+Software&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-596-00287-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreeasinfreedomr00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> Chapter 1. Available under the <a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a> in both the initial <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/ch01.html">O'Reilly edition</a> (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faifzilla.org/ch01.html">FAIFzilla edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092801/http://www.faifzilla.org/ch01.html">Archived</a> October 9, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved September 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Free+software+pioneer+Stallman+reveals+cancer+diagnosis&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft.aulast=Proven&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F09%2F29%2Frichard_stallman_cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/">"Richard Stallman's Personal Page"</a>. stallman.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226141403/https://stallman.org/">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023. <q>Richard Stallman has cancer. Fortunately it is slow-growing and manageable follicular lymphoma, so he will probably live many more years nonetheless.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stallman.org&rft.atitle=Richard+Stallman%27s+Personal+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstallman.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/">"Richard Stallman's Personal Page"</a>. stallman.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250218075312/https://stallman.org/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2025. Retrieved February 18, 2025. <q>Richard Stallman has cancer. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu.ar/seccion/novedades/2011/agosto/honoris-causa-para-richard-stallman-el-guru-del-software-libre">the original</a> on October 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+University+of+C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.atitle=Honoris+Causa+para+Richard+Stallman%2C+el+gur%C3%BA+del+software+libre&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu.ar%2Fseccion%2Fnovedades%2F2011%2Fagosto%2Fhonoris-causa-para-richard-stallman-el-guru-del-software-libre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cebe_2-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Cebe_2_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cebexpo.net/richard-stallman/">"Richard Stallman"</a>. CEBE: Central European Bitcoin Expo. March 30, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEBE%3A+Central+European+Bitcoin+Expo&rft.atitle=Richard+Stallman&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcebexpo.net%2Frichard-stallman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/biographies.html">"Biography"</a>. stallman.org. Retrieved September 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stallman.org&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstallman.org%2Fbiographies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concordia-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Concordia_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordia.ca/content/shared/en/news/main/stories/2014/10/01/concordia-awardshonorarydoctoratestoaquebecbusinessleaderaninter.html">"Concordia awards 3 new honorary doctorates"</a>. www.concordia.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.concordia.ca&rft.atitle=Concordia+awards+3+new+honorary+doctorates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordia.ca%2Fcontent%2Fshared%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fmain%2Fstories%2F2014%2F10%2F01%2Fconcordia-awardshonorarydoctoratestoaquebecbusinessleaderaninter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPMC-181"><a href="#cite_ref-UPMC_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upmc.fr/en/university/history_and_famous_people/doctors_honoris_causa/the_dhc_ceremony_at_the_sorbonne/the_2016_dhc.html">"Cérémonie des docteurs honoris causa 2016"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie+des+docteurs+honoris+causa+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upmc.fr%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fhistory_and_famous_people%2Fdoctors_honoris_causa%2Fthe_dhc_ceremony_at_the_sorbonne%2Fthe_2016_dhc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnuhealthcon2016-182"><a href="#cite_ref-gnuhealthcon2016_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208001924/http://www.gnuhealthcon.org/2016-las_palmas/awards.html">"GNU Health CON 2016 – I International GNU Health Conference"</a>. www.gnuhealthcon.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnuhealthcon.org/2016-las_palmas/awards.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnuhealthcon.org&rft.atitle=GNU+Health+CON+2016+%E2%80%93+I+International+GNU+Health+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnuhealthcon.org%2F2016-las_palmas%2Fawards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Stallman" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Richard Stallman <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Richard+Stallman&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Richard+Stallman">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Richard+Stallman&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Richard Stallman <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Richard+Stallman&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Richard+Stallman">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Richard+Stallman&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallmansupport.org/">In Support of Richard Stallman</a>, a website which advocates for Stallman.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1128476/">Richard Stallman</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/771">Works by Richard Stallman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%20Matthew%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stallman%2C%20R%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20Matthew%20Stallman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20Stallman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20Matthew%20Stallman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Matthew%20Stallman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%20Matthew%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stallman%2C%20R%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stallman%2C%20R%2E%20Matthew%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20Stallman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20Matthew%20Stallman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20Stallman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20Matthew%20Stallman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Stallman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%20Matthew%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20Stallman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stallman%2C%20Richard%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Richard Stallman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">Essays on the Philosophy of the GNU Project</a>, almost all written by Stallman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/doc/fsfs3-hardcover.pdf">Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman 3rd edition, free pdf book</a>, written by Stallman</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Richard Stallman at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" class="extiw" title="c:Richard Stallman">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Richard_Stallman" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Richard Stallman">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" class="extiw" title="q:Richard Stallman">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Matthew_Stallman" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Richard Matthew Stallman">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_Stallman" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Richard Stallman">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GNU" title="Template:GNU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GNU" title="Template talk:GNU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GNU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GNU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GNU_Project62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" 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style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">GNU R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">Guix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li> <li>Nagarjuna G.</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px&#124;Emacs_Emacs361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EmacsNavbox" title="Template:EmacsNavbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EmacsNavbox" title="Template talk:EmacsNavbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EmacsNavbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EmacsNavbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px&#124;Emacs_Emacs361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:EmacsIcon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emacs"><img alt="Emacs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/EmacsIcon.svg/17px-EmacsIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/EmacsIcon.svg/26px-EmacsIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/EmacsIcon.svg/34px-EmacsIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XEmacs" title="XEmacs">XEmacs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemacs" title="Freemacs">Freemacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EINE" class="mw-redirect" title="EINE">EINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosling_Emacs" title="Gosling Emacs">Gosling Emacs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mocklisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocklisp">Mocklisp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_(text_editor)" title="Hemlock (text editor)">Hemlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOVE" title="JOVE">JOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mg_(text_editor)" title="Mg (text editor)">mg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroEMACS" title="MicroEMACS">MicroEMACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINCE" title="MINCE">MINCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multics_Emacs" title="Multics Emacs">Multics Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Writer" title="Perfect Writer">Perfect Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vile_(text_editor)" title="Vile (text editor)">vile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZWEI" class="mw-redirect" title="ZWEI">ZWEI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emacs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GNU/Emacs Logo"><img alt="GNU/Emacs Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emacs-logo.svg/90px-Emacs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emacs-logo.svg/135px-Emacs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emacs-logo.svg/180px-Emacs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="217" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUCTeX" title="AUCTeX">AUCTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dired" title="Dired">Dired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnet_(video_game)" title="Dunnet (video game)">Dunnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs_Speaks_Statistics" title="Emacs Speaks Statistics">Emacs Speaks Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacspeak" title="Emacspeak">Emacspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMMS_(media_player)" title="EMMS (media player)">EMMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERC_(software)" title="ERC (software)">ERC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnus" title="Gnus">Gnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magit" title="Magit">Magit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org-mode" title="Org-mode">Org-mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planner_(program)" title="Planner (program)">Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rcirc" title="Rcirc">rcirc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RefTeX" title="RefTeX">RefTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIME" title="SLIME">SLIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m#In_Emacs" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MULE" title="MULE">MULE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multics_Emacs" title="Multics Emacs">Honeywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Writer" title="Perfect Writer">Perfect Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_of_the_Unicorn" title="Mark of the Unicorn">Mark of the Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Writer" title="Perfect Writer">Thorn EMI Computer Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosling_Emacs" title="Gosling Emacs">UniPress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vile_(text_editor)" title="Vile (text editor)">Thomas Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vile_(text_editor)" title="Vile (text editor)">Paul Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hall_(computer_programmer)" title="Jim Hall (computer programmer)">Jim Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">Joris van der Hoeven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Murphy_(computer_scientist)" title="Daniel Murphy (computer scientist)">Daniel Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Nelson" title="Russ Nelson">Russ Nelson</a></li> <li>David Reitter</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociated_press" title="Dissociated press">Dissociated press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editor_war" title="Editor war">Editor war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacemacs" title="Spacemacs">Spacemacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_Emacs" title="Doom Emacs">Doom Emacs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emacs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emacs">Emacs on Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Emacs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Emacs">Emacs on Wikiquotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lisp_programming880" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lisp_programming_language" title="Template:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lisp_programming_language" title="Template talk:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lisp_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lisp_programming880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Automatic storage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-expression" title="M-expression">M-expressions</a> (deprecated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">Read–eval–print loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree data structure">Tree data structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonLoops" title="CommonLoops">CommonLoops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standardized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Bear Common Lisp">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a> (ABCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a> (CMUCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corman_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Corman Common Lisp">Corman Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Common_Lisp" title="GNU Common Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a> (GCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocl" title="Mocl">Mocl</a></li> <li>Movitz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a> (SBCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Symbolics Common Lisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language" title="History of the Scheme programming language">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigloo" title="Bigloo">Bigloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit_(scheme_implementation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit (scheme implementation)">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp" title="Game Oriented Assembly Lisp">Game Oriented Assembly Lisp</a> (GOAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Ikarus (Scheme implementation)">Ikarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScheme" title="JScheme">JScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Kawa (Scheme implementation)">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">MIT/GNU Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiLisp" title="MultiLisp">MultiLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_(programming_language)" title="Pico (programming language)">Pico</a></li> <li>Pocket Scheme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> (<a href="/wiki/Racket_features" title="Racket features">features</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCM_(Scheme_implementation)" title="SCM (Scheme implementation)">SCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIOD" title="SIOD">SIOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_(programming_language)" title="T (programming language)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TinyScheme" title="TinyScheme">TinyScheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unstandardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCBLogo" title="UCBLogo">UCBLogo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> (POP-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-2" title="POP-2">POP-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(programming_language)" title="Arc (programming language)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_LISP" title="BBN LISP">BBN LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Dylan" title="Apple Dylan">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dylan_programming_language" title="History of the Dylan programming language">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy_(programming_language)" title="Hy (programming language)">Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/*Lisp" title="*Lisp">*Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="LeLisp">LeLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LFE_(programming_language)" title="LFE (programming language)">LFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISP_2" title="LISP 2">LISP 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lispkit_Lisp" title="Lispkit Lisp">Lispkit Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDL_(programming_language)" title="MDL (programming language)">MDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLisp" title="MLisp">MLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIL_(programming_language)" title="NIL (programming language)">NIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Picolisp">Picolisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Standard_Lisp" title="Portable Standard Lisp">Portable Standard Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_(programming_language)" title="RPL (programming language)">RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Lisp" title="S-1 Lisp">S-1 Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_SKILL" title="Cadence SKILL">SKILL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetalisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetalisp">Zetalisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)#Operating_systems" title="Lisp (programming language)">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scsh" title="Scsh">Scsh</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community of practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_Requests_for_Implementation" title="Scheme Requests for Implementation">Scheme Requests for Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_HyperSpec" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3J13" title="X3J13">X3J13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_the_Language" title="Common Lisp the Language">Common Lisp the Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a> (HTDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Lisp" title="On Lisp">On Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Common_Lisp" title="Practical Common Lisp">Practical Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> (SICP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curriculum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_(software_company)" title="Harlequin (software company)">Harlequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanalys" title="Xanalys">Xanalys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Berkeley" title="Edmund Berkeley">Edmund Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clinger_(computer_scientist)" title="William Clinger (computer scientist)">William Clinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Kent_Dybvig" title="R. Kent Dybvig">R. Kent Dybvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robert Bruce Findler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a></li> <li>Timothy P. Hart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hodes" title="Louis Hodes">Louis Hodes</a></li> <li>Mike Levin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Luckham" title="David Luckham">David Luckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Park_(computer_scientist)" title="David Park (computer scientist)">David Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenspun%27s_tenth_rule" title="Greenspun's tenth rule">10th rule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Sussman">Julie Sussman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_Bollay" title="Denison Bollay">Denison Bollay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lisp-family_programming_languages" title="List of Lisp-family programming languages">List</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/20px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/40px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Lisp_programming_language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Subject:Lisp programming language">Books</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lisp (programming language)">Commons</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Category:Lisp (programming language)">Category</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lisp_programming_language_family" title="Category:Lisp programming language family">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Contributors_to_the_Linux_operating_system268" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux_people" title="Template:Linux people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linux_people" title="Template talk:Linux people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linux people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contributors_to_the_Linux_operating_system268" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux operating system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card" title="Rémy Card">Rémy Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Alan Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kerrisk" title="Michael Kerrisk">Michael Kerrisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Packard" title="Keith Packard">Keith Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Sharp" title="Sage Sharp">Sage Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ts%27o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Weil" title="Sage Weil">Sage Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Michael Tiemann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Designer" title="Solar Designer">Solar Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Duval" title="Gaël Duval">Gaël Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ewing" title="Marc Ewing">Marc Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(computer_programmer)" title="Peter MacDonald (computer programmer)">Peter MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Ian Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Robbins_(computer_programmer)" title="Daniel Robbins (computer programmer)">Daniel Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Silber" title="Jane Silber">Jane Silber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Volkerding" title="Patrick Volkerding">Patrick Volkerding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Young_(businessman)" title="Bob Young (businessman)">Bob Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothee_Besset" title="Timothee Besset">Timothee Besset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Ettrich" title="Matthias Ettrich">Matthias Ettrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Fourdan" title="Olivier Fourdan">Olivier Fourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galassi" title="Mark Galassi">Mark Galassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gettys" title="Jim Gettys">Jim Gettys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_C._Gordon" title="Ryan C. Gordon">Ryan C. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hoyer" title="Harald Hoyer">Harald Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza" title="Miguel de Icaza">Miguel de Icaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havoc_Pennington" title="Havoc Pennington">Havoc Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Poettering" title="Lennart Poettering">Lennart Poettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Sievers" title="Kay Sievers">Kay Sievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Taylor_(game_programmer)" title="Dave Taylor (game programmer)">Dave Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Waugh" title="Jeff Waugh">Jeff Waugh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Aurora" title="Valerie Aurora">Valerie Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Benjamin" title="Donna Benjamin">Donna Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Coar" title="Ken Coar">Ken Coar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gardiner" title="Mary Gardiner">Mary Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)" title="Jon Hall (programmer)">Jon Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pia_Andrews" title="Pia Andrews">Pia Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jono_Bacon" title="Jono Bacon">Jono Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Bergelt" title="Keith Bergelt">Keith Bergelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Jones" title="Pamela Jones">Pamela Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Randal" title="Allison Randal">Allison Randal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Sandler" title="Karen Sandler">Karen Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Sifry" title="Dave Sifry">Dave Sifry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Villa" title="Luis Villa">Luis Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/12px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/19px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/25px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information, and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award_recipients40" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hopper_winners" title="Template:Hopper winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hopper_winners" title="Template talk:Hopper winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hopper_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hopper winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award_recipients40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">Grace Murray Hopper Award</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Knuth</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Dirksen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Cress" title="Paul H. Cress">Cress</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Breed</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Lathwell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Moore</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Baird" title="George N. Baird">Baird</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Scherr" title="Allan L. Scherr">Scherr</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Shortliffe" title="Edward H. Shortliffe">Shortliffe</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Kurzweil</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Wozniak</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Metcalfe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Bricklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel S. Bricklin">Bricklin</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reid_(computer_scientist)" title="Brian Reid (computer scientist)">Reid</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Ingalls" title="Dan Ingalls">Ingalls</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Green" title="Cordell Green">Green</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Joy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ousterhout" title="John Ousterhout">Ousterhout</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Steele</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Hillis" title="Danny Hillis">Hillis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stallman</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng-hsiung_Hsu" title="Feng-hsiung Hsu">Hsu</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen-mei_Hwu" title="Wen-mei Hwu">Hwu</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Kavraki</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Necula" title="George Necula">Necula</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishnan_Srikant" title="Ramakrishnan Srikant">Srikant</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Keckler" title="Stephen W. Keckler">Keckler</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Rexford" title="Jennifer Rexford">Rexford</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Reingold" title="Omer Reingold">Reingold</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Klein" title="Dan Klein">Klein</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Paxson" title="Vern Paxson">Paxson</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_Engler" title="Dawson Engler">Engler</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Roughgarden" title="Tim Roughgarden">Roughgarden</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Gentry_(computer_scientist)" title="Craig Gentry (computer scientist)">Gentry</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_von_Ahn" title="Luis von Ahn">Ahn</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Casado" title="Martin Casado">Casado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dina_Katabi" title="Dina Katabi">Katabi</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Felipe_Felzenszwalb" title="Pedro Felipe Felzenszwalb">Felzenszwalb</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Ratnasamy" title="Sylvia Ratnasamy">Ratnasamy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Waters" title="Brent Waters">Waters</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Heer</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Randles" title="Amanda Randles">Randles</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinos_Daskalakis" title="Constantinos Daskalakis">Daskalakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Freedman" title="Michael J. Freedman">Freedman</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria-Florina_Balcan" title="Maria-Florina Balcan">Balcan</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shyamnath_Gollakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shyamnath Gollakota (page does not exist)">Gollakota</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raluca_Ada_Popa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raluca Ada Popa (page does not exist)">Popa</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Alizadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Alizadeh (page does not exist)">Alizadeh</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prateek_Mittal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prateek Mittal (page does not exist)">Mittal</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_Hall_of_Fame80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Internet Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Internet Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_Hall_of_Fame80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pioneers80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pioneers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Cohen_(computer_scientist)" title="Danny Cohen (computer scientist)">Danny Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Elizabeth J. Feinler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Herzfeld" title="Charles M. Herzfeld">Charles Herzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Farber" title="David J. Farber">David Farber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Frank_(network_engineer)" title="Howard Frank (network engineer)">Howard Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchana_Kanchanasut" title="Kanchana Kanchanasut">Kanchana Kanchanasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Bob Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Murai" title="Jun Murai">Jun Murai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Neggers" title="Kees Neggers">Kees Neggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_Quaynor" title="Nii Quaynor">Nii Quaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ricart" title="Glenn Ricart">Glenn Ricart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolff" title="Stephen Wolff">Stephen Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Zorn" title="Werner Zorn">Werner Zorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrada" title="Susan Estrada">Susan Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Heart" title="Frank Heart">Frank Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Jennings_(Internet_pioneer)" title="Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)">Dennis Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Nordhagen_(physicist)" title="Rolf Nordhagen (physicist)">Rolf Nordhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global_connectors80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Global connectors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Bush_(scientist)" title="Randy Bush (scientist)">Randy Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilnam_Chon" title="Kilnam Chon">Kilnam Chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hafkin" title="Nancy Hafkin">Nancy Hafkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Huston_(scientist)" title="Geoff Huston (scientist)">Geoff Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Karrenberg" title="Daniel Karrenberg">Daniel Karrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Takahashi_(Internet)" title="Toru Takahashi (Internet)">Toru Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tin_Wee" title="Tan Tin Wee">Tan Tin Wee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Banks" title="Karen Banks">Karen Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gihan_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gihan Dias (page does not exist)">Gihan Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anriette_Esterhuysen" title="Anriette Esterhuysen">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Goldstein_(NSF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Goldstein (NSF) (page does not exist)">Steve Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teus_Hagen" title="Teus Hagen">Teus Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Holz" title="Ida Holz">Ida Holz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiheng" title="Hu Qiheng">Qiheng Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruhisa_Ishida" title="Haruhisa Ishida">Haruhisa Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Leiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Leiner (page does not exist)">Barry Leiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sadowsky" title="George Sadowsky">George Sadowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Davies_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Davies (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">Dai Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi_Getschko" title="Demi Getschko">Demi Getschko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaki_Hirabaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaki Hirabaru (page does not exist)">Masaki Hirabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Huizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Huizer (page does not exist)">Erik Huizer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Huter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Huter (page does not exist)">Steve Huter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Induruwa" title="Abhaya Induruwa">Abhaya Induruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_Muthoni" title="Dorcas Muthoni">Dorcas Muthoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabir_Pun" title="Mahabir Pun">Mahabir Pun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srinivasan_Ramani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srinivasan Ramani (page does not exist)">Srinivasan Ramani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(internet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Roberts (internet) (page does not exist)">Michael Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Segal_(computer_scientist)" title="Ben Segal (computer scientist)">Ben Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Van_Houweling" title="Douglas Van Houweling">Douglas Van Houweling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Bukhalid" title="Nabil Bukhalid">Nabil Bukhalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Fuchs" title="Ira Fuchs">Ira Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigeki_Goto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeki Goto (page does not exist)">Shigeki Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jensen_(internet_pioneer)" title="Mike Jensen (internet pioneer)">Mike Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermanno_Pietrosemoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermanno Pietrosemoli (page does not exist)">Ermanno Pietrosemoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Takahashi" title="Tadao Takahashi">Tadao Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Utreras" title="Florencio Utreras">Florencio Utreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jianping" title="Wu Jianping">Wu Jianping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Innovators80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Innovators</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson" title="Van Jacobson">Van Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Landweber" title="Lawrence Landweber">Lawrence Landweber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris" title="Paul Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Newmark" title="Craig Newmark">Craig Newmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zimmermann" title="Phil Zimmermann">Phil Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow" title="John Perry Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fl%C3%BCckiger" title="François Flückiger">François Flückiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(network_security)" title="Stephen Kent (network security)">Stephen Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Eklund_L%C3%B6winder" title="Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder">Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Schulzrinne" title="Henning Schulzrinne">Henning Schulzrinne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bina" title="Eric Bina">Eric Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cioffi" title="John Cioffi">John Cioffi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hualin_Qian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hualin Qian (page does not exist)">Hualin Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Akkerhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Akkerhuis (page does not exist)">Jaap Akkerhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Andres" title="Yvonne Andres">Yvonne Marie Andres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Emtage" title="Alan Emtage">Alan Emtage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Krol" title="Ed Krol">Ed Krol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_LaQuey_Parker" title="Tracy LaQuey Parker">Tracy LaQuey Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Partridge" title="Craig Partridge">Craig Partridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inductees_since_201980" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees since 2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiel_Akplogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiel Akplogan (page does not exist)">Adiel Akplogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Claffy" title="KC Claffy">Kimberly Claffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Comer" title="Douglas Comer">Douglas Comer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elise_Gerich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elise Gerich (page does not exist)">Elise Gerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Irving" title="Larry Irving">Larry Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Lynch" title="Daniel C. Lynch">Dan Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Armour_Polly" title="Jean Armour Polly">Jean Armour Polly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Soriano_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Soriano (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">José Soriano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Stanton_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Stanton (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Michael Stanton</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stanton" class="extiw" title="pt:Michael Stanton">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Wierenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas Wierenga (page does not exist)">Klaas Wierenga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suguru_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suguru Yamaguchi (page does not exist)">Suguru Yamaguchi</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E8%8B%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:山口英">ja</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Afonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Afonso (page does not exist)">Carlos Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Blokzijl" title="Rob Blokzijl">Rob Blokzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Werner Braun (page does not exist)">Hans-Werner Braun</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Braun" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Werner Braun">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frode_Greisen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frode Greisen (page does not exist)">Frode Greisen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gruntorad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gruntorad (page does not exist)">Jan Gruntorad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Hahn (page does not exist)">Saul Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hubbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hubbard (page does not exist)">Kim Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Ibarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Ibarra (page does not exist)">Rafael Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xing_Li_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xing Li (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Xing Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvar_G._Lundh" title="Yngvar G. Lundh">Yngvar Lundh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky" title="Dan Kaminsky">Dan Kaminsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DaeYoung_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DaeYoung Kim (page does not exist)">DaeYoung Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Klingenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Klingenstein (page does not exist)">Kenneth Klingenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Pisanty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alejandro Pisanty (page does not exist)">Alejandro Pisanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Rekhter" title="Yakov Rekhter">Yakov Rekhter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Smith_(network_engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Smith (network engineer) (page does not exist)">Philip Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liane_Tarouco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liane Tarouco (page does not exist)">Liane Tarouco</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_Margarida_Rockenbach_Tarouco" class="extiw" title="pt:Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Travers (page does not exist)">Virginia Travers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Varghese" title="George Varghese">George Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixia_Zhang" title="Lixia Zhang">Lixia Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_Bhushan" title="Abhay Bhushan">Abhay Bhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Breeden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Breeden (page does not exist)">Laura Breeden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Moura_Campos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Moura Campos (page does not exist)">Ivan Moura Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Cisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Cisler (page does not exist)">Steve Cisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Eckersley_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Eckersley (computer scientist)">Peter Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Richard_Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Richard Glaser (page does not exist)">Hartmut Richard Glaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_S._Lam" title="Simon S. Lam">Simon S. Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schrader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Schrader (page does not exist)">William Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_T%C3%A9ramond_Peralta" title="Guy de Téramond Peralta">Guy de Téramond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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