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During the 1920s Helmuth Plessner, a key figure of philosophical anthropology, outlined a complex conception of the psyche as an individualized, inner region of reality. Although Plessner did not present his philosophical psychology in a systematic form, its building blocks can be found in The Unity of the Senses, The Limits of Community, and Levels of Organic Life and the Human, among other writings. Moreover, Plessner left a clue as to how these building blocks fit together, which suggests that Plessner viewed his philosophical psychology as structurally analogous to the model of personality outlined in Schelling\u0026amp;#39;s 1809 treatise on human freedom. I propose that Plessner sought to formulate an alternative to both idealism and realism about the psyche that might reconcile the insights motivating these rival positions. Schelling provided Plessner with a workable model for such a reconciliation. After reviewing textual evidence for my hypothesis, I sketch Schelling\u0026amp;#39;s predecessor theory. Based on the Schellingian template, I then reconstruct Plessner\u0026amp;#39;s non-reductively naturalistic theory of the psyche, which aligns the real bodily ground of the psyche with its ideal existence. Highlighting the strengths of Plessner\u0026amp;#39;s philosophical psychology against the foil of Paul Ricoeur\u0026amp;#39;s and John McDowell\u0026amp;#39;s relevant arguments, I argue that the theory reconstructed here deserves contemporary consideration as a plausible contender. –––– NOTE: It was only after publication of this article that I came across an important piece of biographical evidence in support of my claim about the significance of Schelling\u0026amp;#39;s Freiheitsschrift for Plessner\u0026amp;#39;s philosophical psychology. In 1923, Max Scheler claimed to be powerfully impressed by two of his recent readings, namely, Adolf von Harnack’s major study on the second-century Christian heretic Marcion and Schelling’s Freiheitsschrift (Peter Wust, “Schelers Lehre vom Menschen,” Das Neue Reich 9 [1928–29], 138, quoted in Guido Cusinato, “Schelling come precursore dell’antropologia filosofica del Novecento,” Etica \u0026amp;amp; Politica / Ethics \u0026amp;amp; Politics, 9/2 [2010], 64.) Given that Scheler and Plessner were in constant exchange during the relevant period, it seems likely that Plessner’s invocation of Marcion in the concluding sentence of Levels of Organic Life and the Human reflects a familiarity with that author that was mediated by Scheler’s reading of Harnack (the phrase \u0026amp;quot;die selige Fremde\u0026amp;quot; used by Plesner in that context is in fact a verbatim borrowing from Harnack\u0026amp;#39;s Marcion: Das Evangelium vom fremden Gott, Leipzig 1921, p. 225). By the same token, Scheler’s praise for Schelling’s Freiheitsschrift in 1923, along with the textual indications noted in this paper, suggests that the Freiheitsschrift was very much present on Plessner\u0026amp;#39;s intellectual horizon when he referred to “the ur-ground character, or better said un-ground character of the psyche” in The Limits of Community, which was published a year later. (Whether it was Scheler who alerted Plessner to the Freiheitsschrift or the other way around is a moot question.) ---- For the version of record (open access) see https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Márton Dornbach","url":"https://elte.academia.edu/M%C3%A1rtonDornbach"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2024-02-28","dateModified":"2024-09-13","datePublished":"2024-01-01","headline":"Helmuth Plessner's Schellingian Reconciliation of Idealism and Realism About the Psyche","identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"DOI","value":"10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7"},"image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112289689/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Philosophy of Mind","Philosophical Psychology","Philosophical Anthropology","Philosophy of Psychology","German Idealism","Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling","Paul Ricoeur","John McDowell","Realism","Helmuth Plessner","Human Dignity","Mind-body problem","Schelling Freiheitsschrift 1809","The Unconscious","Helmuth Plessner Philosophical Anthropology","Philosophical Roots of Modern Psychology"],"publication":"Human Studies","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"elte"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112289689/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/115535707/Helmuth_Plessners_Schellingian_Reconciliation_of_Idealism_and_Realism_About_the_Psyche"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: 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[{"id":112289689,"identifier":"Attachment_112289689","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":115535707,"created_at":"2024-02-28T02:56:39.550-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-09-13T09:46:12.662-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7","abstract":"While Schelling's anticipation of Freudian psychoanalysis is well established, it has thus far gone unnoticed that Schelling's ideas also proved fruitful in the context of a distinctively philosophical theory of the psyche developed by a younger contemporary of Freud. During the 1920s Helmuth Plessner, a key figure of philosophical anthropology, outlined a complex conception of the psyche as an individualized, inner region of reality. Although Plessner did not present his philosophical psychology in a systematic form, its building blocks can be found in The Unity of the Senses, The Limits of Community, and Levels of Organic Life and the Human, among other writings. Moreover, Plessner left a clue as to how these building blocks fit together, which suggests that Plessner viewed his philosophical psychology as structurally analogous to the model of personality outlined in Schelling's 1809 treatise on human freedom. I propose that Plessner sought to formulate an alternative to both idealism and realism about the psyche that might reconcile the insights motivating these rival positions. Schelling provided Plessner with a workable model for such a reconciliation. After reviewing textual evidence for my hypothesis, I sketch Schelling's predecessor theory. Based on the Schellingian template, I then reconstruct Plessner's non-reductively naturalistic theory of the psyche, which aligns the real bodily ground of the psyche with its ideal existence. Highlighting the strengths of Plessner's philosophical psychology against the foil of Paul Ricoeur's and John McDowell's relevant arguments, I argue that the theory reconstructed here deserves contemporary consideration as a plausible contender. –––– NOTE: It was only after publication of this article that I came across an important piece of biographical evidence in support of my claim about the significance of Schelling's Freiheitsschrift for Plessner's philosophical psychology. In 1923, Max Scheler claimed to be powerfully impressed by two of his recent readings, namely, Adolf von Harnack’s major study on the second-century Christian heretic Marcion and Schelling’s Freiheitsschrift (Peter Wust, “Schelers Lehre vom Menschen,” Das Neue Reich 9 [1928–29], 138, quoted in Guido Cusinato, “Schelling come precursore dell’antropologia filosofica del Novecento,” Etica \u0026 Politica / Ethics \u0026 Politics, 9/2 [2010], 64.) Given that Scheler and Plessner were in constant exchange during the relevant period, it seems likely that Plessner’s invocation of Marcion in the concluding sentence of Levels of Organic Life and the Human reflects a familiarity with that author that was mediated by Scheler’s reading of Harnack (the phrase \"die selige Fremde\" used by Plesner in that context is in fact a verbatim borrowing from Harnack's Marcion: Das Evangelium vom fremden Gott, Leipzig 1921, p. 225). By the same token, Scheler’s praise for Schelling’s Freiheitsschrift in 1923, along with the textual indications noted in this paper, suggests that the Freiheitsschrift was very much present on Plessner's intellectual horizon when he referred to “the ur-ground character, or better said un-ground character of the psyche” in The Limits of Community, which was published a year later. (Whether it was Scheler who alerted Plessner to the Freiheitsschrift or the other way around is a moot question.)\r\n----\r\nFor the version of record (open access) see https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7","publication_date":"2024,,","publication_name":"Human Studies"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Helmuth Plessner's Schellingian Reconciliation of Idealism and Realism About the Psyche","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [181079651]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":112289689,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Helmuth Plessner's Schellingian Reconciliation of Idealism and Realism About the Psyche”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/112289689/mini_magick20240310-1-zozd34.png?1710097187" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Helmuth Plessner's Schellingian Reconciliation of Idealism and Realism About the Psyche</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="181079651" href="https://elte.academia.edu/M%C3%A1rtonDornbach"><img alt="Profile image of Márton Dornbach" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/181079651/50247140/38254493/s65_m_rton.dornbach.jpg" />Márton Dornbach</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Human Studies</p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">34 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 115535707; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">While Schelling's anticipation of Freudian psychoanalysis is well established, it has thus far gone unnoticed that Schelling's ideas also proved fruitful in the context of a distinctively philosophical theory of the psyche developed by a younger contemporary of Freud. During the 1920s Helmuth Plessner, a key figure of philosophical anthropology, outlined a complex conception of the psyche as an individualized, inner region of reality. Although Plessner did not present his philosophical psychology in a systematic form, its building blocks can be found in The Unity of the Senses, The Limits of Community, and Levels of Organic Life and the Human, among other writings. Moreover, Plessner left a clue as to how these building blocks fit together, which suggests that Plessner viewed his philosophical psychology as structurally analogous to the model of personality outlined in Schelling's 1809 treatise on human freedom. I propose that Plessner sought to formulate an alternative to both idealism and realism about the psyche that might reconcile the insights motivating these rival positions. Schelling provided Plessner with a workable model for such a reconciliation. After reviewing textual evidence for my hypothesis, I sketch Schelling's predecessor theory. Based on the Schellingian template, I then reconstruct Plessner's non-reductively naturalistic theory of the psyche, which aligns the real bodily ground of the psyche with its ideal existence. Highlighting the strengths of Plessner's philosophical psychology against the foil of Paul Ricoeur's and John McDowell's relevant arguments, I argue that the theory reconstructed here deserves contemporary consideration as a plausible contender. –––– NOTE: It was only after publication of this article that I came across an important piece of biographical evidence in support of my claim about the significance of Schelling's Freiheitsschrift for Plessner's philosophical psychology. In 1923, Max Scheler claimed to be powerfully impressed by two of his recent readings, namely, Adolf von Harnack’s major study on the second-century Christian heretic Marcion and Schelling’s Freiheitsschrift (Peter Wust, “Schelers Lehre vom Menschen,” Das Neue Reich 9 [1928–29], 138, quoted in Guido Cusinato, “Schelling come precursore dell’antropologia filosofica del Novecento,” Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, 9/2 [2010], 64.) Given that Scheler and Plessner were in constant exchange during the relevant period, it seems likely that Plessner’s invocation of Marcion in the concluding sentence of Levels of Organic Life and the Human reflects a familiarity with that author that was mediated by Scheler’s reading of Harnack (the phrase "die selige Fremde" used by Plesner in that context is in fact a verbatim borrowing from Harnack's Marcion: Das Evangelium vom fremden Gott, Leipzig 1921, p. 225). By the same token, Scheler’s praise for Schelling’s Freiheitsschrift in 1923, along with the textual indications noted in this paper, suggests that the Freiheitsschrift was very much present on Plessner's intellectual horizon when he referred to “the ur-ground character, or better said un-ground character of the psyche” in The Limits of Community, which was published a year later. (Whether it was Scheler who alerted Plessner to the Freiheitsschrift or the other way around is a moot question.) ---- For the version of record (open access) see https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09708-7</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":112289689,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/115535707/Helmuth_Plessners_Schellingian_Reconciliation_of_Idealism_and_Realism_About_the_Psyche"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":112289689,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/115535707/Helmuth_Plessners_Schellingian_Reconciliation_of_Idealism_and_Realism_About_the_Psyche"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="115535707" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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An Introduction to Philosophical Anthropology (1928; henceforth: LO) finally fills in a long-lamented gap. An English translation already existed of other important essays by Plessner, such as Laughing and Crying: A Study of the Limits of Human Behaviour (1941; Eng. 1970); The Limits of Community. A Critique of Social Radicalism (1924; Eng. 1999); and more recently (in 2018) of Political Anthropology (originally published in 1931 as Macht und menschliche Natur), but not of this text, which is undoubtedly his masterpiece, besides being a great classic of 1920s German Philosophical Anthropology. While its programmatic intentions and goals are perfectly in line with that constellation of thought—which had Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen as its leading figures—Plessne’s work is highly original. For a set of reasons that I will try to elucidate, it also remains highly relevant today. ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neither vitalist nor mechanist, neither dualist nor idealist: Plessner's third way","attachmentId":81279249,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72295281/Neither_vitalist_nor_mechanist_neither_dualist_nor_idealist_Plessners_third_way","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72295281/Neither_vitalist_nor_mechanist_neither_dualist_nor_idealist_Plessners_third_way"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="50624745" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50624745/Helmuth_Plessner_Philosophische_Anthropologie_G%C3%B6ttinger_Vorlesung_vom_Sommersemester_1961">Helmuth Plessner: Philosophische Anthropologie: Göttinger Vorlesung vom Sommersemester 1961</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="199056129" href="https://eur.academia.edu/JulienKloeg">Julien Kloeg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Phenomenological Reviews, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As an introduction to Plessner’s work, this edition is a great success and a valuable addition, with the qualification of the understated organizing principle of excentric positionality raised above. In a similar vein, it would seem useful to point out (dis)similarities between the content of the lectures and Plessner’s written work more consistently than is the case in the edition. Footnotes of this kind are limited in number and mostly concern Plessner’s introduction on Conditio humana (1961), for which the lecture series served as the “material basis” according to the editors. As it stands, the edition calls out for and has certainly prepared the way for additional scholarly work to make these lectures into an integrated part of Plessner’s oeuvre, albeit with the additional task of taking seriously the specific quality of these lectures qua lectures. They show the capabilities of Plessner during a pivotal time in his life, displaying in particular both his theoretical prowess and his ability to connect philosophical anthropology to the needs of his time. The combination of these aspects of his work, as brought out by this edition, make Plessner an important thinker for his time and ours.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Helmuth Plessner: Philosophische Anthropologie: Göttinger Vorlesung vom Sommersemester 1961","attachmentId":68537092,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50624745/Helmuth_Plessner_Philosophische_Anthropologie_G%C3%B6ttinger_Vorlesung_vom_Sommersemester_1961","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50624745/Helmuth_Plessner_Philosophische_Anthropologie_G%C3%B6ttinger_Vorlesung_vom_Sommersemester_1961"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="10213635" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10213635/Helmuth_Plessners_Philosophy_of_Life">Helmuth Plessner's Philosophy of Life</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1886065" href="https://129nowoursynowskastr.academia.edu/KarolChrobak">Karol Chrobak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Rethinking ‘Nature’ Ripensare la ‘natura’ 2. Authors and Problems/Figure e problemi</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The focus of this paper is Helmuth Plessner’s philosophy of life as presented in his opus magnum "Die Stufen des Organischen und der Mensch" (1928). The special emphasis has been put on the methodological aspect of researching the phenomenon of life, and on the category of positionality, analyzed in both spatial and temporal context. Positionality characterizes a general relation between a living being and the environment. Different forms of positionality determine the whole variety of the world of nature. In the concluding part of the text, a characteristic of three fundamental levels of life have been presented – a plant form, an animal form, and human form – considering the last one as introducing into the issues of philosophical anthropology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Helmuth Plessner's Philosophy of Life","attachmentId":36310030,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10213635/Helmuth_Plessners_Philosophy_of_Life","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10213635/Helmuth_Plessners_Philosophy_of_Life"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="77216360" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77216360/Helmuth_Plessners_Social_and_Political_Thought_in_Light_of_his_Philosophy_of_Life">Helmuth Plessner's Social and Political Thought in Light of his Philosophy of Life</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1886065" href="https://129nowoursynowskastr.academia.edu/KarolChrobak">Karol Chrobak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Diametros, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The essay contains an analysis of selected socio-political ideas of Helmuth Plessner. The basic assumption of this study is the existence of a close categorial relationship between Plessner’s reflections in The Limits of Community (1924) and in Die Stufen des Organischen (1928). As the interpretative key, the author uses one of the pivotal concepts of Plessner’s philosophy of life, namely the category of “border.” Showing the adequacy of this category in relation to Plessner’s social and political concepts, the essay addresses the issue of the individual-society relationship, the question of social roles and their possible deviations, and the problem of political leadership.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Helmuth Plessner's Social and Political Thought in Light of his Philosophy of Life","attachmentId":84639481,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77216360/Helmuth_Plessners_Social_and_Political_Thought_in_Light_of_his_Philosophy_of_Life","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77216360/Helmuth_Plessners_Social_and_Political_Thought_in_Light_of_his_Philosophy_of_Life"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="87618025" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87618025/Critique_of_F_C_S_Schiller_on_the_Human_Person">Critique of F. C. S. Schiller on the Human Person</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3329414" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulGerardHorrigan">Paul Gerard Horrigan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Schiller's immanentist rejection of an immediate knowledge of extra-mental, sensible things in the real, external world (affirmed by metaphysical realism/methodical realism/moderate realism grounded in an act of being [esse as actus essendi] realist metaphysics) in favor of an adherence to an idealistic experientialism 1 formulation of the principle of immanence, has grave, damaging consequences in the area of philosophical anthropology. If the sensist, pan-phenomenalist David Hume (1711-1776) considered the human soul, which he reduces to mind, and which he then identifies with the human person, to be a mere "bundle of perceptions," or "nothing but a heap or collection of different perceptions, united together by certain relations, and supposed though falsely, to be endowed with a perfect simplicity and identity," 2 and if, for John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), the human person, which he also erroneously reduces to mind, is "nothing but a series of our sensations (to which must now be added our internal feelings), as they actually occur, with the addition of infinite possibilities of feeling," 3 "John Stuart Mill considered the mind to be nothing more than a series of conscious states which is aware of itself as a series," 4 and if, in the positivist and nominalist phenomenism of Hippolyte Taine (1828-1893) as regards the human person, "the law of dependency, which unites all the facts of consciousness, explains the feeling of identity which we have, and it constitutes the self or personality. The substantial self or the spiritual soul thus vanishes, for Taine, for it is but a pure abstraction or a simple, common name obtained by the customary process. Nothing corresponds to it in reality, except the ordered and unified series of our psychic events," 5 in the idealistic experientialism-pragmatic humanism of Ferdinand Canning Scott (F. C. S.) Schiller (1864-1937), the human person, which he reduces to</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Critique of F. C. S. Schiller on the Human Person","attachmentId":91778160,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87618025/Critique_of_F_C_S_Schiller_on_the_Human_Person","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87618025/Critique_of_F_C_S_Schiller_on_the_Human_Person"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="20680716" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20680716/The_center_on_the_outside_Helmuth_Plessners_Philosophical_Anthropology">The center on the outside. Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="163723" href="https://uni-freiburg.academia.edu/httpwwwsoziologieunifreiburgdePersonenessbach">Wolfgang Essbach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Paper presented at the International symposium in honor of Helmuth Plessner at the hundredst anniversary of his birthday: The ontogenetic and historical development of mind. Werner-Reimers-Stiftung, Bad Homburg, from Nov. 4 to 7 1992. (Translated from the German by Doris Jones and Jeremy Gaines) In deutscher Sprache: Wolfgang Eßbach, Der Mittelpunkt außerhalb. Helmuth Plessners Philosophische Anthropologie. In: Günter Dux und Ulrich Wenzel (Hrsg.): Der Prozeß der Geistesgeschichte Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1994; 15-44. Neuausgabe in: Wolfgang Eßbach, Die Gesellschaft der Dinge, Menschen, Götter, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag 2011 S.25-50.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The center on the outside. Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology.","attachmentId":41501725,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20680716/The_center_on_the_outside_Helmuth_Plessners_Philosophical_Anthropology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20680716/The_center_on_the_outside_Helmuth_Plessners_Philosophical_Anthropology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="40211372" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40211372/The_Centered_Reality_Helmuth_Plessner_s_Anti_Naturalistic_Approach">The Centered Reality. Helmuth Plessner’s Anti-Naturalistic Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="216180" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/alicepugliese">alice pugliese</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dialogue and Universalism, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Centered Reality. Helmuth Plessner’s Anti-Naturalistic Approach","attachmentId":60438246,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40211372/The_Centered_Reality_Helmuth_Plessner_s_Anti_Naturalistic_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40211372/The_Centered_Reality_Helmuth_Plessner_s_Anti_Naturalistic_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="68455190" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68455190/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand_on_Max_Scheler_as_Philosopher_and_Personality">Dietrich von Hildebrand on Max Scheler as Philosopher and Personality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25139756" href="https://avemaria.academia.edu/MariaFedoryka">Maria Fedoryka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Dietrich von Hildebrand, a close friend of Max Scheler since 1907, wrote this assessment of Scheler’s personality and philosophical style in 1928, just months after Scheler’s death. (Dietrich von Hildebrand, “Max Scheler als Personlichkeit,” Hochland 26, no. 1 [1928/29]: 70—80.) He explores the extraordinarily rich lived contact with being out of which Scheler philosophized. At the same time he acknowledges the lack of philosophical rigor in many of Scheler’s analyses. He brings out the restlessness of Scheler’s mind and person that resulted from a one-sided passion for coming to know things; Scheler was not able to dwell with things or persons once he had come to know them. Von Hildebrand also explores the relation of Scheler’s thought to Catholicism and offers an interpretation of Scheler’s abandonment of Catholicism in his last years.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dietrich von Hildebrand on Max Scheler as Philosopher and Personality","attachmentId":104708259,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68455190/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand_on_Max_Scheler_as_Philosopher_and_Personality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68455190/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand_on_Max_Scheler_as_Philosopher_and_Personality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="5349305" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5349305/Freedom_and_Pluralism_in_Schellings_Critique_of_Fichtes_Jena_Wissenschaftslehre_Idealistic_Studies_2014_">Freedom and Pluralism in Schelling's Critique of Fichte's Jena Wissenschaftslehre (Idealistic Studies, 2014)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2875267" href="https://royalholloway.academia.edu/GAnthonyBruno">G. Anthony Bruno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Schelling tends to be either over-assimilated or under-assimilated with the highest ambitions of German idealism. A prominent reading sees him as an absolute idealist who successfully systematizes philosophy. An equally prominent reading sees his chief contribution as a skeptical attack on Hegelian systematicity. Both readings are incomplete: Schelling is neither simply a systematizer nor an anti-systematizer. On the one hand, he contributes to the idealist project from its inception, inspiring both Fichte’s identification of critique with doctrine and Hegel’s speculative reconception of critique. On the other hand, his view takes many turns, all of which concern how a system is even possible after Kant. In this, Schelling remains critical of the German idealist project. But his is an internal critique, one with a deep stake in the outcome. I will argue that we cannot grasp Schelling’s critique unless we trace it—earlier than scholars do—to the “Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism” of 1795/96. Written at the outset of his career, this text marks the beginning of Schelling’s engagement with the problem of systematicity, namely, that our power of judgment makes the task of deriving a system of conditions from a first principle necessary while that capacity’s finitude makes this task impossible. Save for Schelling’s identity philosophy, a phase that tempts scholars to peg him as an absolute idealist, his life-long critique of idealism seeks to articulate the intractability of this problem. My conceptual aim is to reconstruct this critique from Schelling’s objection in the “Letters” to Fichte’s view that the system of idealism or ‘Wissenschaftslehre’ is unrivalled by Spinozism. I will interpret his objection as charging Fichte with misrepresenting what it is to live a system of philosophy, viz., what it is for one’s system to be commensurate with one’s finitude. In offering this interpretation, my historical aim will be to provide the context for understanding Schelling’s Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom of 1809, widely—though falsely—thought to constitute his initial attack on the idealist project. In §1, I unpack the seed of Schelling’s critique of Fichte from the “Anti-critique”, a piece published at the time of the “Letters” in which he suggests the Wissenschaftslehre is incapable of refuting Spinozism. In §2, I reconstruct Schelling’s argument for this from the “Letters”, showing why he thinks the Wissenschaftslehre cannot exclude Spinozism. My reconstruction relies on the form of systematicity, my term for Schelling’s criterion that the power of judgment must posit a first principle from which it must then derive a system. Under this criterion, judgment seeks what it cannot secure since it is a finite power—hence, the problem of systematicity. The form of systematicity, then, is a problematic form: it assigns a task we cannot complete. Schelling’s insight is that a system’s liveability depends on its incompleteness. A system can only be its susceptibility to the limitations of our finitude. In §3, I show this insight drives Schelling’s claim in the Freiheitsschrift that a system’s ground is contingent because it is human. My interpretation gives a more complex reading of Schelling than those that cast him as simply brazen or skeptical, presenting him as an internal critic of German idealism who is committed, despite vacillations, to systematicity within the bounds of human finitude.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Freedom and Pluralism in Schelling's Critique of Fichte's Jena Wissenschaftslehre (Idealistic Studies, 2014)","attachmentId":54039682,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5349305/Freedom_and_Pluralism_in_Schellings_Critique_of_Fichtes_Jena_Wissenschaftslehre_Idealistic_Studies_2014_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5349305/Freedom_and_Pluralism_in_Schellings_Critique_of_Fichtes_Jena_Wissenschaftslehre_Idealistic_Studies_2014_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="28746861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28746861/Schelling_and_Naturphilosophie_Comparative_and_Continental_Philosophy_Guest_Editors_Preface">Schelling and Naturphilosophie: Comparative and Continental Philosophy Guest Editors' Preface</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6238342" href="https://memphis.academia.edu/JamesBahoh">James Bahoh</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="280655" href="https://villanova.academia.edu/DaveMesing">Dave Mesing</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Schelling and Naturphilosophie: Comparative and Continental Philosophy Guest Editors' Preface","attachmentId":49159209,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28746861/Schelling_and_Naturphilosophie_Comparative_and_Continental_Philosophy_Guest_Editors_Preface","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28746861/Schelling_and_Naturphilosophie_Comparative_and_Continental_Philosophy_Guest_Editors_Preface"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112289689,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112289689,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_112289689" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="65007304" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65007304/The_Conspiracy_of_Life_Meditations_on_Schelling_and_His_Time">The Conspiracy of Life: Meditations on Schelling and His Time</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31560747" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JasonWirth">Jason M Wirth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Continental Philosophy Review, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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