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未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分辨" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分辨"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>分辨</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分辨-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-度量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#度量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>度量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-度量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漢藏語系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢藏語系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>漢藏語系</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-漢藏語系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关漢藏語系子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-漢藏語系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-漢語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>漢語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藏語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藏語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>藏語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藏語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其它東方語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其它東方語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>其它東方語言</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其它東方語言-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其它東方語言子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其它東方語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-日語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>日語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-東南亞語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#東南亞語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>東南亞語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-東南亞語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印歐語系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印歐語系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>印歐語系</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-印歐語系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关印歐語系子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-印歐語系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-日耳曼語族" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日耳曼語族"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>日耳曼語族</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日耳曼語族-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-羅曼語族" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#羅曼語族"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>羅曼語族</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-羅曼語族-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-斯拉夫語族" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#斯拉夫語族"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>斯拉夫語族</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-斯拉夫語族-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印度－伊朗語族" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印度－伊朗語族"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>印度－伊朗語族</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印度－伊朗語族-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">清濁音</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。29种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemhebbendheid" title="Stemhebbendheid – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stemhebbendheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmhaftigkeit" title="Stimmhaftigkeit – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stimmhaftigkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1" title="جهر – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmhaftigkeit" title="Stimmhaftigkeit – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stimmhaftigkeit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouezh_(yezhoniezh)" title="Mouezh (yezhoniezh) – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mouezh (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zn%C4%9Blost" title="Znělost – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znělost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmhaftigkeit" title="Stimmhaftigkeit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimmhaftigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Voice (phonetics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voz_(fonolog%C3%ADa)" title="Voz (fonología) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Voz (fonología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="واک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voisement" title="Voisement – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voisement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voz_(fonolox%C3%ADa)" title="Voz (fonoloxía) – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Voz (fonoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קוליות הגאים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוליות הגאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="घोष (स्वनविज्ञान) – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घोष (स्वनविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B6ng%C3%A9s_%C3%A9s_z%C3%B6ng%C3%A9tlen_p%C3%A1rok" title="Zöngés és zöngétlen párok – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zöngés és zöngétlen párok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara_(fonetik)" title="Suara (fonetik) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suara (fonetik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ddun" title="Röddun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Röddun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81" title="清濁 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="清濁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%9D%8C%EA%B3%BC_%ED%83%81%EC%9D%8C" title="청음과 탁음 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청음과 탁음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumh%C3%B6bbendjheid" title="Stumhöbbendjheid – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stumhöbbendjheid" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bals%C4%ABgums" title="Balsīgums – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balsīgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara_(fonetik)" title="Suara (fonetik) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suara (fonetik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemhebbend" title="Stemhebbend – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stemhebbend" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAwi%C4%99czno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Dźwięczność – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźwięczność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voz_(fon%C3%A9tica)" title="Voz (fonética) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voz (fonética)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvene%C4%8Dnost" title="Zvenečnost – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvenečnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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.ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語音學">語音學</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="Talk:清濁音">討論頁</a>。<br />另見其他<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要語音學專家關注的頁面">需要語音學專家關注的頁面</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2015年12月20日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%22">"清濁音"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span 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.sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:250px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%AD%A6" title="汉语音韵学">汉语音韵学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #cccccc; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="音節">音節</a>結構</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><table style="margin: auto; text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D" title="声母">声母</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="韻頭">韻頭</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="介音">介音</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E8%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="韻腹">韻腹</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%B0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="韻尾">韻尾</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #f9f;"> </td> <td style="background: #f6f;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D" title="攝">韻攝</a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background: #99f;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #66f;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%BB%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韻部（页面不存在）">韻部</a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #6ff;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="韵母">韵母</a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background: #9f9;"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #6f6;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%BB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韻目（页面不存在）">韻目</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB" class="mw-disambig" title="韻">韻</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background: #ff6;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%BB%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韻類（页面不存在）">韻類</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background: #f66; color: #fff;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%9F%BB" title="小韻">小韻</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><span class="nowrap">聲母：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%9F%B3_(%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB)" title="五音 (音韻)">五音</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">清濁</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三十六字母">三十六字母</a></span></p> <p><span class="nowrap">介音：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%91%BC" title="等呼">等呼</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%91%BC" title="四呼">四呼</a></span></p> <p><span class="nowrap">韻腹：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%A4%96%E8%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="內外轉">內外轉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%94%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="十六攝">十六攝</a></span></p> <p><span class="nowrap">韻尾：<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="陰聲韻">陰聲韻</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="阳声韵">陽聲韻</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="入聲韻">入聲韻</a></span></p> <p><span class="nowrap">聲調：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2" title="四聲">四聲</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%84" title="平仄">平仄</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E4%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="舒促">舒促</a></span></p></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #cccccc; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古音學">古音學</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">－<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="先秦音系">先秦音系</a>－</div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="詩經">詩經</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%9F%B3" title="叶音">叶音</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A7%E8%81%B2" title="諧聲">諧聲</a></span></p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">－<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="漢代音系">漢代音系</a>－</div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E8%BC%95%E8%84%A3%E9%9F%B3" title="古無輕脣音">古無輕脣</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E8%88%8C%E4%B8%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="古無舌上音">古無舌上音</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E6%AD%A3%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="古無正齒音">古無正齒</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E7%84%A1%E9%82%AA%E7%B4%90" title="古音無邪紐">古無邪紐</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%98%E6%97%A5%E6%AD%B8%E6%B3%A5" title="娘日歸泥">娘日歸泥</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%A3" title="喻三歸匣">喻三歸匣</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A" title="喻四歸定">喻四歸定</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E4%BA%8C%E6%AD%B8%E7%B2%BE" title="照二歸精">照二歸精</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%B8%E7%9F%A5" title="照三歸知">照三歸知</a></span></p> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%80" title="音讀">日本漢字音</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3)" title="古音 (日本漢字音)">古音</a></p></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #cccccc; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" title="中古音">今音學</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">－早期：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="魏晉音系">六朝音系</a>－</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%80" title="音讀">日本漢字音</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="吳音">吳音</a></p> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="漢越音">越南漢字音</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="古漢越語">古漢越音</a></p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">－中期：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="隋唐音系">隋唐音系</a>－</div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E8%81%94%E6%B3%95" title="系联法">系聯法</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%B4%90" title="重紐">重紐</a></span></p> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%9B%B8" title="韻書">韻書</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%BB" title="切韻">切韻</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E9%9F%BB" title="廣韻">廣韻</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%B4%E9%9F%BB" title="平水韻">平水韻</a></span></p> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%80" title="音讀">日本漢字音</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="漢音">漢音</a></p> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3" title="朝鮮漢字音">朝鮮漢字音</a></p> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="漢越音">越南漢字音</a></p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">－晚期：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="五代音系">五代音系</a>－</div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%9B%BE" title="韵图">韵图</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E9%8F%A1" title="韻鏡">韻鏡</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E9%9F%B3%E7%95%A5" title="七音略">七音略</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%8C%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="切韵指掌图（页面不存在）">切韵指掌图</a></span></p></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #cccccc; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="近代漢語">近代漢語</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">－<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="早期官话">早期官話</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D#语音" class="mw-redirect" title="早期官话">北音學</a>－</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="宋代音系">宋代音系</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%9E%81%E7%BB%8F%E4%B8%96%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3%E5%94%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BE" title="皇极经世声音唱和图">皇极經世聲音唱和圖</a></p> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="元代音系">元代音系</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%BB" title="蒙古字韻">蒙古字韻</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="中原音韻">中原音韻</a></span></p> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="明清音系">明清音系</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E7%95%A7%E6%98%93%E9%80%9A" title="韻畧易通">韻畧易通</a></p> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%80" title="音讀">日本漢字音</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3" title="唐音">唐音</a></p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">－其它近代音系－</div> <p>近代<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤語</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9F%BB%E6%92%AE%E8%A6%81" title="分韻撮要">分韻撮要</a> </p><p>近代<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩語">閩語</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%99%E9%9F%B3%E5%A6%99%E6%82%9F" title="彙音妙悟">彙音妙悟</a></p></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #cccccc; text-align: center;">記音法</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="直音">直音</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%87" title="反切">反切</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%9B%B8" title="韻書">韻書</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%9B%BE" title="韵图">韵图</a></span></p> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語拼音">漢語拼音</a></span></p></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="Portal:漢字文化圈">Portal:漢字文化圈</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:音韻學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:音韻學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:音韻學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">濁化</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">◌̬</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67735281"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">清化</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">◌̥</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語音學">語音學</a>，發音時<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聲帶">聲帶</a>振動的音稱爲<b>濁音</b>（又稱<b>有聲音</b>，英語：<span lang="en">voiced sound</span>），聲帶不振動的音稱爲<b>清音</b>（又稱<b>無聲音</b>，英語：<span lang="en">voiceless sound</span>）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>（子音）有清有濁，而多數語言的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>（母音）均爲濁音，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="邊音">邊音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">半元音</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="响音">响音</a>通常也是濁音<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有时<b>清浊</b>也表示<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="音系学">音系学</a>概念，<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">例如英语的浊塞音往往在语音学上已经<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8C%96" class="mw-disambig" title="清化">清化</a>，但在音系学上仍属于浊音</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年5月24日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语族</a>多數<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語方言">漢語變體</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="官話">官話</a>裏的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="現代標準官話">現代標準官話</a>，若不計<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語拼音">漢語拼音</a>r<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʐ~ɻ]</span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a>ㄖ）<sup id="cite_ref-voiced_continuant_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voiced_continuant-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，都沒有濁的塞音、塞擦音和擦音。漢語拼音p<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span>（ㄆ）和b<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[p]</span>（ㄅ）均爲清音<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其分別在於<b>次清</b>（<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a></b>；aspirated）與<b>全清</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣"><b>不送氣／平氣／收氣</b></a>；unaspirated），是兩<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位">音位</a>（phoneme）。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁语族">拉丁族</a>语言中，pin的p是全清音，bin的b是全濁（平氣浊）音，以北方<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>及部份南方漢語爲母語的人通常聽不出有什麽區別，但是拉丁語族語言爲母語的人則分得很清楚。反之，他們也無法分辨漢語官話中“波、得、哥”和“坡、特、科”的差別。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「清」、「浊」说法来自传统<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="音韵学">音韵学</a>术语。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分辨"><span id=".E5.88.86.E8.BE.A8"></span>分辨</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：分辨"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>塞音气流由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%A4%E9%98%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="除阻（页面不存在）">除阻</a>气流和跟随气流两部分组成：“不送气”无跟随气流，只有除阻气流；对应的则是有跟随气流——除阻气流之后还有跟随气流。气流也有<a class="mw-selflink selflink">清浊</a>：清音气流[h]，浊音气流为[ɦ]。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>[t]清浊发音对照 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%); line-height:1" class="skin-invert"><div style="margin-left:2em; text-align:right">持阻<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E6%85%8B" title="發聲態">發聲態</a></div><div style="margin-right:2em; text-align:left">除阻气流</div></th> <th>喉开态[t̚]</th> <th>常态浊声[d̚]</th> <th>喉闭态[t̚͡ʔ] </th></tr> <tr> <th>声门内吸气流 </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">内爆音</a>[ɗ]</td> <td>清内爆音[ɗ̥] </td></tr> <tr> <th>声门外呼气流 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="挤喉音">挤喉音</a>[tʼ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>仅肺部<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%A4%E9%98%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="除阻（页面不存在）">除阻</a>气流 </th> <td>清<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣">不送气</a>塞音[t]</td> <td>浊不送气塞音[d]</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>除阻气流＋<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">清跟随气流</a>[h] </th> <td>清<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a>塞音[tʰ]</td> <td>预浊化清送氣塞音[d͡tʰ]</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>除阻气流＋<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁聲門擦音">浊跟随气流</a>[ɦ] </th> <td>预清化<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%A3%B0" title="气声">气声</a>浊送氣塞音[t͡dʱ]</td> <td>气声浊送氣塞音[dʱ]</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="度量"><span id=".E5.BA.A6.E9.87.8F"></span>度量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：度量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/220px-Vot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/330px-Vot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/440px-Vot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>濁塞音、不送氣清音和送氣清音的VOT示意圖</figcaption></figure> <p>常态浊声、清不送气和清送气可以用<a href="/wiki/VOT" class="mw-redirect" title="VOT">濁音起始時間</a>（VOT、voice onset time）来量度，通過比較輔音除阻的時刻與聲帶開始震動的時刻來區分清濁。但是对于其它发声态和气流机制，<a href="/wiki/VOT" class="mw-redirect" title="VOT">VOT</a>有其局限。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="漢藏語系"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E8.97.8F.E8.AA.9E.E7.B3.BB"></span>漢藏語系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：漢藏語系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="漢藏語系">漢藏語系</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="漢語"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：漢語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語聲母">中古漢語聲母</a>分爲四類：<b>全清</b>、<b>次清</b>、<b>全濁</b>、<b>次濁</b>。全清包括幫、端、知、精、心、莊、生、章、書、見、影、曉十一母，次清包括滂、透、澈、清、初、昌、溪七母，全濁包括並、奉、定、澄、從、邪、床、禪、群、匣十母，次濁包括明、泥、來、娘、日、疑、喻八母。按照學術界擬音，則全清包括所有的清不送氣<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>（如[p]）、清不送氣<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a>（如[ts]）和清<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a>（如[h]），次清包括所有的清送氣塞音（如[pʰ]）和清送氣塞擦音（如[tsʰ]），全濁包括所有的濁<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E7%A4%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="阻礙音">阻礙音</a>（塞音、塞擦音和擦音，如[b]、[z]），次濁包括所有的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="響音">響音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8A%E9%80%9A%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邊通音（页面不存在）">邊通音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%9F%B3" title="通音">通音</a>，如[l]）。 </p><p>現代多數漢方言都缺乏濁的塞音、塞擦音和擦音，即中古全濁音。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吳語">吳語</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%B9%98%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老湘語（页面不存在）">老湘語</a>的塞音和塞擦音仍保留全清、次清、全濁三分的特徵。中古全濁聲母在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="官話">官話</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>等方言清化成相應清聲母。官話的塞音和塞擦音依平仄，平聲送氣同次清（如“同”字：中古<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%87" title="反切">定東一開平</a>、擬音/*duŋ/；北京話<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/tʰʊŋ/</span>、拼音tóng），仄聲不送氣如全清（如“洞”字，中古定東一開去、擬音/*duŋ<sup>去</sup>/；北京話<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/tʊŋ/</span>、拼音dòng；“讀”：中古定東一開入、擬音/*duk/；北京話<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/tu/</span>、拼音dú）。全濁聲母在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>也變清，平聲（以及白讀的上聲）變作送氣清音，仄聲變作不送氣清音，不過，粵語還分化了聲調（見下述），全清、次清、全濁三者仍能直接區分，不像官話般混同。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩語">閩語</a>情況複雜，其中<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩南語">閩南語</a>中古的全濁音清化，但中古的鼻音（次濁音）塞化爲鼻濁塞音。如“閩南語”三字的聲母中古漢語本來是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span>，而現在成了<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/b/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/g/</span>。閩南語的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>有三組，分別是： </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">pʰ</a></span>－<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a></span>－<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a></span>，如：歹（pháinn）－擺（pái）－䆀（bái）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">kʰ</a></span>－<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a></span>－<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">g</a></span>，如：起（khí）－紀（kí）－語（gí）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">tʰ</a></span>－<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a></span>－<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a></span>，如：天（thinn）－甜（tinn）－離（lī）。台羅拼音的「l」其實是塞音感和/n/一樣弱的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">濁齒齦塞音</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>漢語聲母的清化過程通常也伴隨<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a>分化，以保持原先區別，通常清聲母字變成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B0%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陰調（页面不存在）">陰調</a>而濁聲母字變成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%BD%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陽調（页面不存在）">陽調</a>，然而這現象不一定發生在所有聲調，如標準官話只有平分陰陽，上聲、去聲並無區分。粵語全清、次清歸入陰聲調（陰平、陰上、陰去、上下陰入），全濁歸入陽聲調（陽平、陽上、陽去、陽入），大家仍能直接分辨聲母來自中古漢語的全清、次清或全濁類。 </p><p>另外，多數無清濁對立的方言，在浊音间的語流音變中允許濁不送氣塞音、濁擦音甚至濁送氣塞音出現，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="韓語">韓語</a>也有類似現象。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a>的情況目前尚不明確。有些學者認爲和中古漢語類似，塞音和塞擦音三分，還有人認爲其四分，即清濁各分送氣不送氣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="藏語"><span id=".E8.97.8F.E8.AA.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：藏語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文">藏文</a>（代表9世紀時的藏語發音）和中古漢語類似，也是塞音三分爲送氣和不送氣的清音，以及濁音。現代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="安多方言">安多方言</a>仍然保持這種分別。而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉薩話（页面不存在）">拉薩話</a>等一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="衛藏方言">衛藏方言</a>發生了和漢語官話相當類似的變化：全清和次清聲母保留，成爲陰調，全濁聲母當無<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%8A%A0%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前加字（页面不存在）">前加字</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8A%A0%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上加字（页面不存在）">上加字</a>時送氣，而帶有前加字或上加字時不送氣，並成爲陽調。 </p><p>對比漢語和藏語： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>中古漢語和藏文</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="北京官話">北京官話</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="藏语">藏语</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="衛藏方言">衛藏方言</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吳語">吳語</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="北部吴语">北部吴语</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="安多方言">安多方言</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>全清</td> <td>不送氣清音，平、上聲爲陰調</td> <td>不送氣清音，陰調</td> <td>不送氣清音，陰調</td> <td>不送氣清音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>次清</td> <td>送氣清音，平、上聲爲陰調</td> <td>送氣清音，陰調</td> <td>送氣清音，陰調</td> <td>送氣清音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>全濁</td> <td>清化，平聲送氣，陽調，仄聲不送氣，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%8A%E5%8E%BB" title="濁上變去">上聲先歸入陽去</a>後和陰去合併，入聲變陽平</td> <td>清化，無前、上加字者送氣，有前、上加字者不送氣，均爲陽調</td> <td>濁音，陽調</td> <td>濁音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>次濁</td> <td>仍爲次濁，平聲陽調，上聲同清聲母上聲</td> <td>仍爲次濁，無前、上加字者陽調，有前、上加字者陰調</td> <td>仍爲次濁，陽調（偶爾陰調，稱為「陰次濁」）</td> <td>仍爲次濁 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其它東方語言"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E5.AE.83.E6.9D.B1.E6.96.B9.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>其它東方語言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：其它東方語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日語"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E8.AA.9E"></span>日語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：日語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>的塞音有清濁音之分，而送氣區別並不作爲音位考慮。清塞音和塞擦音，包括か行、た行和ぱ行在詞首弱送氣，而詞中不送氣，並非濁化。日語的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="半浊音">半濁音</a>”pa行實爲清音。日語古代有濁化現象，即複合詞第二個詞詞首若爲清音，可能濁化（依具體詞而定），尤其在之前爲<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" title="ん">撥音</a>時，通常連濁（は行可能濁化成爲ば行，也可能“半濁化”成爲清塞音ぱ行）。 </p><p>日語中的漢語詞，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="吳音">吳音</a>保留<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a>的清濁區別，全清、次清混同。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="漢音">漢音</a>中全濁聲母亦清化，與全清、次清混同，而部分鼻音聲母塞化成爲濁塞音。 </p><p>日語及漢語清濁對照（簡化，不考慮其他變化）： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">中古漢語</td> <td>全清</td> <td>次清</td> <td>全濁</td> <td>次濁 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p、t、k/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/b、d、ɡ/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m、n、ŋ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>標準官話<br />拼音 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p、t、k/</span><br />b、d、g</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/</span><br />p、t、k</td> <td>平聲<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/</span><br />仄聲<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p、t、k/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m、n、ŋ/</span><br />m、n、ng </td></tr> <tr> <td>粵語<br />粵拼 </td> <td>陰聲調<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p、t、k/</span><br />b、d、g </td> <td>陰聲調<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/</span><br />p、t、k </td> <td>陽聲調<br />平上<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/</span><br />去入<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p、t、k/</span></td> <td>陽聲調<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m、n、ŋ/</span><br />m、n、ng </td></tr> <tr> <td>日語吳音</td> <td colspan="2">は、た、か行<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h、t、k/</span> </td> <td>ば、だ、が行<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/b、d、ɡ/</span> </td> <td>ま、な、が行<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m、n、ɡ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>日語漢音</td> <td colspan="3">は、た、か行<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h、t、k/</span> </td> <td>ば、だ、が行<br />或<br />ま、な、が行 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="東南亞語言"><span id=".E6.9D.B1.E5.8D.97.E4.BA.9E.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>東南亞語言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：東南亞語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>除此之外，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰語">泰語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸語">緬甸語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="高棉語">高棉語</a>等東南亞語言也或多或少有清濁音分別，不過這些語言的清濁音狀況比較複雜，除了清濁音以外，送氣和不送氣的清<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>與清<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a>在某些音位有時也是個別獨立的音素，也就是說，這些語言某些發音部位的塞音實際是三分而非二分。 </p><p>另外，越南語和高棉語僅唇音和齒齦音處有清濁音分別，同時這兩門語言的「濁」唇音與齒齦音實際是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">內爆音</a>，而非一般的濁輔音。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="印歐語系"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E6.AD.90.E8.AA.9E.E7.B3.BB"></span>印歐語系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：印歐語系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日耳曼語族"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E8.80.B3.E6.9B.BC.E8.AA.9E.E6.97.8F"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：日耳曼語族"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a>區分清濁和送气。詞首濁塞音清化，以英语为母语的人通常分不清去掉s的spin和bin的区别，沿用清辅音、浊辅音的名称只是历史原因，詞中詞尾仍有清濁區別。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>和英語類似，也區分清濁音但不对立，而清塞音通常送氣，有辨义作用，大部分均为送气对立语言。s後面的清塞音送氣較隨意，但南部一些方言，如奧地利德語清塞音也傾向不送氣。此外，德語詞尾的濁音字母清化、送气化，如Tag（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰa̙ːkʰ]</span>）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="冰島語">冰島語</a>濁塞音全部清化，此變化類似很多現代漢語族語言（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官話</a>），且拼寫亦類似漢語拼音：在詞首，原清音送氣，原濁音不送氣。雙寫的塞音pp、tt等有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前送氣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Preaspiration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前送氣（页面不存在）">前送氣</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preaspiration" class="extiw" title="en:Preaspiration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Preaspiration</span></a></span>）</span></span>的現象，即<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʰp]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʰt]</span>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">顫音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">邊音</a>也在某些情況清化，例如mb發音爲[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">mp</span>]，而mp發音爲[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m̥p</span>]。濁<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a>則近音化。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a>的清塞音詞首以及詞尾送氣，而s-後及詞中不送氣。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a>情況類似羅曼語族，即清濁對立，清音不送氣。此外，詞尾的濁音聲母清化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="羅曼語族"><span id=".E7.BE.85.E6.9B.BC.E8.AA.9E.E6.97.8F"></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="羅曼語族">羅曼語族</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：羅曼語族"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>分清濁而沒有送氣音，但拼寫<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>借詞時用ph、th、ch來表達原本希臘語的φ /pʰ/、θ /tʰ/、χ /kʰ/，但目前歐洲各國的拉丁語讀音多只有兩套，ph、th、ch有時擦化成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/f/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θ/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/x/</span>，有時和p、t、k混同。 </p><p>現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="羅曼語族">羅曼語族</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利語">意大利語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞語">羅馬尼亞語</a>等）也區分清濁音，但其清塞音不送氣，如ta發音類似標準官話的“搭”而非“他”。對母語沒有濁塞音的人來講，ta和da的發音難以區分。而以上述語言爲母語的人說英語時，也經常帶有將清塞音不送氣化的口音，比如他們說的pig（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɪɡ]</span>）接近漢語口音英語的big（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɪk]</span>）。法語字母r弱化爲<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="小舌">小舌</a>擦音，/pr/、/tr/、/kr/等輔音簇的聽感接近送氣音。意大利語當/p/、/t/、/k/緊接在/r/或/l/之前時送氣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="斯拉夫語族"><span id=".E6.96.AF.E6.8B.89.E5.A4.AB.E8.AA.9E.E6.97.8F"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="斯拉夫語族">斯拉夫語族</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：斯拉夫語族"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a>區分清濁，清音不送氣。詞尾濁音聲母清化。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E4%B8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="辅音丛">輔音叢</a>中向前發生連清或者連濁的變化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="印度－伊朗語族"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E5.BA.A6.EF.BC.8D.E4.BC.8A.E6.9C.97.E8.AA.9E.E6.97.8F"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="印度-伊朗語族">印度－伊朗語族</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：印度－伊朗語族"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>及現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="印度次大陸">印度次大陸</a>的大部分語言的塞音四分，清濁各有送氣和不送氣，如क（ka）、ख（kha）、ग（ga）、घ（gha）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-voiced_continuant-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voiced_continuant_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFDuanmu2007">Duanmu (2007)</a>將這些音標記為濁擦音，而<a href="#CITEREFLeeZee2003">Lee & Zee (2003)</a>與<a href="#CITEREFLin2007">Lin (2007)</a>將這些音標記為近音。</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">朱晓农. 语音学. 北京. 2010-03: 77. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-100-06681-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-100-06681-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-100-06681-5</a>. <q>但在响音的情况中正相反，响音通常都是浊的</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E6%99%93%E5%86%9C&rft.btitle=%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6&rft.date=2010-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-100-06681-5&rft.pages=77&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhi.moe.edu.tw/faqList.jsp?ID=0&ID2=50">常見問答 - 本土語言資源網</a>. mhi.moe.edu.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-06-07</span>]</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%95%8F%E7%AD%94+-+%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%B6%B2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mhi.moe.edu.tw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmhi.moe.edu.tw%2FfaqList.jsp%3FID%3D0%26ID2%3D50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">朱晓农. 语音学. 北京. 2010-03: 81. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-100-06681-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-100-06681-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-100-06681-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E6%99%93%E5%86%9C&rft.btitle=%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6&rft.date=2010-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-100-06681-5&rft.pages=81&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《論廈門話[mb ηg nd]聲母的聲學特性及其他》，胡方（2005）</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ladefoged，Peter & Ian Maddieson（1996）。<i>The sounds of the world’s languages</i>。Oxford：Blackwells。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0631198148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-19814-8</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDuanmu2007" class="citation book">———. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologyofstand0000duan">The Phonology of Standard Chinese</a> 2nd. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=San&rft.aulast=Duanmu&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Standard+Chinese&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphonologyofstand0000duan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeeZee2003" class="citation journal">Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric. Standard Chinese (Beijing). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2003, <b>33</b> (1): 109–112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001208"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Standard+Chinese+%28Beijing%29&rft.au=Zee%2C+Eric&rft.aufirst=Wai-Sum&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=109-112&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001208&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLin2007" class="citation book">Lin, Yen-Hwei. The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Yen-Hwei&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+Chinese&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%AD%A6" title="汉语音韵学">汉语音韵学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="漢字注音史">注音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%95" title="直音法">直音法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%87" title="反切">反切</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="漢語音節結構">音節結構</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D" title="声母">声母</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%9F%B3_(%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB)" title="五音 (音韻)">五音</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">清濁音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="零聲母">零聲母</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="韵母">韵母</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="介音">介音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%91%BC" title="等呼">等呼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%90%88" title="开合">开合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%91%BC" title="四呼">四呼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E8%85%B9" title="韵腹">韵腹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%B0%BE" title="韵尾">韵尾</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B5" title="舒声韵">舒声韵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B5#陰聲韻" title="舒声韵">阴声韵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B5#陽聲韻" title="舒声韵">阳声韵</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2" title="入聲">入聲韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%9F%BB" title="空韻">空韻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2" title="四聲">四聲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%84" title="平仄">平仄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E6%B3%95" title="五度标记法">五度标记法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%88%E6%B3%95" title="發圈法">發圈法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E5%88%A5%E7%BE%A9" title="四聲別義">四聲別義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%99%BD%E5%85%A5" title="高陽入">高陽入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E9%99%B0%E5%85%A5" title="低陰入">低陰入</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="汉语拼音音节列表">汉语拼音音节列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E5%8C%96#汉语兒化韻表" title="兒化">汉语儿化韵表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="古代汉语">古代汉语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="上古音">上古音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">音系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="先秦音系">先秦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="漢代音系">漢代</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%9B%E5%A3%B0" title="古四声">古四声</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E8%BC%95%E8%84%A3%E9%9F%B3" title="古無輕脣音">古無輕唇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E8%88%8C%E4%B8%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="古無舌上音">古無舌上</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E6%AD%A3%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="古無正齒音">古無正齒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E7%84%A1%E9%82%AA%E7%B4%90" title="古音無邪紐">古無邪紐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%98%E6%97%A5%E6%AD%B8%E6%B3%A5" title="娘日歸泥">娘日歸泥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%A3" title="喻三歸匣">喻三歸匣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A" title="喻四歸定">喻四歸定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E4%BA%8C%E6%AD%B8%E7%B2%BE" title="照二歸精">照二歸精</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%B8%E7%9F%A5" title="照三歸知">照三歸知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%9F%B3" title="叶音">叶音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%BF%81%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%B0%BE%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="上古漢語濁輔音韻尾假說">濁輔音韻尾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" title="中古音">中古音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">音系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="魏晉音系">魏晉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="隋唐音系">隋唐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="五代音系">五代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%B4%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="宋代汴洛语音">宋代</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="中古聲母">中古聲母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三十六字母">三十六字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E9%9F%B3" title="切韵音">切韵音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="等韻學">等韻學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%9B%B8" title="韻書">韻書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="韻圖">韻圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E6%B3%95" title="门法">门法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%9F%BB" title="小韻">小韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E8%81%94%E6%B3%95" title="系联法">系联法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D" title="攝">攝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%B4%E9%9F%BB" title="平水韻">平水韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83" title="十三元">十三元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%B4%90" title="重紐">重紐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%96%87" title="異文">異文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="对音">对音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="洛阳音">洛阳音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%B1%89%E5%AF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="梵汉对音">梵汉对音</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="近代汉语">近古音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">音系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="元代音系">元代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%88%9D%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="明初官话音系">明初</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="明清官話音系">明清</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">現代</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%9B%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="尖团音">尖团音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%BF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="平翹音">平翹音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E5%8C%96" title="兒化">兒化音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B5" title="子变韵">子变韵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%88%86%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="平分阴阳">平分阴阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%8A%E5%8E%BB" title="濁上變去">濁上變去</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%81%E7%B3%BB%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%8C%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="见系声母二等开口字的演变">见开二的演变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="汉语族">汉语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">祖語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="原始漢藏語">原始漢藏語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="原始汉语">原始汉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">現代分支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="現代標準漢語音系">標準音系</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="晋语">晋语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%AF%AD" title="湘语">湘语</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="標準粵語">標準音系</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語">贛語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="贛語方言">方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5" title="贛語的音韻特徵">音韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E8%A9%9E" title="贛語特徵詞">詞彙</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E7%99%BE%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贛語中的古百越語詞列表（页面不存在）">古百越詞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贛語中的古吳語詞列表（页面不存在）">古吳語詞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E6%A5%9A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贛語中的古楚語詞列表（页面不存在）">古楚語詞</a>）</li> <li>歷史（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上古贛語（页面不存在）">上古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="中古贛語">中古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="中世贛語">中世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="近世贛語">近世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="近代贛語">近代</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E3%80%81%E8%B4%9B%E3%80%81%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E6%BA%90%E6%96%BC%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA" title="客、贛、通泰方言源於南朝通語說">南朝通语说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="贛客語支">客贛方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%B4%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="粵贛方言">粵贛方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%96%A9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="吳閩方言">吳閩方言</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">學者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%95" title="钱大昕">钱大昕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89" title="高本汉">高本汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E5%85%83%E4%BB%BB" title="赵元任">赵元任</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%B8%E5%9F%B9" title="罗常培">罗常培</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="王力 (语言学家)">王力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%82" title="李方桂">李方桂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%90%8C%E9%BE%A2" title="董同龢">董同龢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%BC%A0%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3" title="郑张尚芳">郑张尚芳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%82%A6%E6%96%B0" title="丁邦新">丁邦新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%82%9F%E4%BA%91" title="潘悟云">潘悟云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%84" title="陳新雄">陳新雄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%BA%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%81" title="竺家宁">竺家宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91" title="谢尔盖·阿纳托利耶维奇·斯塔罗斯金">斯塔罗斯京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B3" title="白一平">白一平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="沙加尔">沙加尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="蒲立本">蒲立本</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B0%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="从中古汉语到官话的语音演变">从中古汉语到官话的语音演变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B0%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="从中古汉语到吴语的语音演变">从中古汉语到吴语的语音演变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=清濁音&oldid=84037438">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=清濁音&oldid=84037438</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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