CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>送氣 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"067790b8-bb1d-4819-a3fe-a5bbe28a2d0a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"送氣","wgTitle":"送氣","wgCurRevisionId":82278946,"wgRevisionId":82278946,"wgArticleId":465428,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["所有需要專家關注的頁面","其他需要專家關注的頁面","需要校對的頁面","含有英語的條目","嵌入hAudio微格式的條目","含有印地語的條目","CS1英语来源 (en)","語音學"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"送氣","wgRelevantArticleId":465428,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q320433","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly", "ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/1200px-Vot.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1050"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/800px-Vot.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="700"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/640px-Vot.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="560"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="送氣 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-送氣 rootpage-送氣 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-实验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>实验</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-实验-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关实验子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-实验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-解析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#解析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>解析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-解析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各语音标记系统符號標記" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各语音标记系统符號標記"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>各语音标记系统符號標記</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-各语音标记系统符號標記-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关各语音标记系统符號標記子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-各语音标记系统符號標記-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-国际音标" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际音标"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>国际音标</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国际音标-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-威妥玛拼音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#威妥玛拼音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>威妥玛拼音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-威妥玛拼音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-普通话汉语拼音、耶鲁拼音，粤语粤拼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普通话汉语拼音、耶鲁拼音，粤语粤拼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>普通话汉语拼音、耶鲁拼音，粤语粤拼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普通话汉语拼音、耶鲁拼音，粤语粤拼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英语DJ音标、KK音标等" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英语DJ音标、KK音标等"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>英语DJ音标、KK音标等</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英语DJ音标、KK音标等-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不送气音与送气音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不送气音与送气音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>不送气音与送气音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不送气音与送气音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發聲機制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發聲機制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>發聲機制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發聲機制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各國語言上的標誌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各國語言上的標誌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>各國語言上的標誌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-各國語言上的標誌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>特徵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參閲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參閲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參閲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參閲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">送氣</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。37种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هائية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="মহাপ্রাণ ও অল্পপ্রাণ ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাপ্রাণ ও অল্পপ্রাণ ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hwezhadur_(yezhoniezh)" title="C'hwezhadur (yezhoniezh) – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hwezhadur (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiraci%C3%B3_(fon%C3%A8tica)" title="Aspiració (fonètica) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aspiració (fonètica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADdech" title="Přídech – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přídech" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(fonetik)" title="Aspiration (fonetik) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aspiration (fonetik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(Phonetik)" title="Aspiration (Phonetik) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aspiration (Phonetik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aspirated consonant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiracio" title="Aspiracio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aspiracio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiraci%C3%B3n_(fon%C3%A9tica)" title="Aspiración (fonética) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aspiración (fonética)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiratsioon" title="Aspiratsioon – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aspiratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasperen_(fonetika)" title="Hasperen (fonetika) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hasperen (fonetika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiraatio_(fonetiikka)" title="Aspiraatio (fonetiikka) – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aspiraatio (fonetiikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Aspiration (phonétique) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aspiration (phonétique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirearre_konsonant" title="Aspirearre konsonant – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aspirearre konsonant" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennalaghey_(sheeanaghtys)" title="Ennalaghey (sheeanaghtys) – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ennalaghey (sheeanaghtys)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים מנושפים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים מנושפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="महाप्राण और अल्पप्राण व्यंजन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महाप्राण और अल्पप्राण व्यंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շնչեղ բաղաձայններ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շնչեղ բաղաձայններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirasi_(linguistik)" title="Aspirasi (linguistik) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aspirasi (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirazione_(fonetica)" title="Aspirazione (fonetica) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aspirazione (fonetica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%97%E9%9F%B3" title="有気音 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有気音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ასპირატი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასპირატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EC%9D%8C" title="유기음 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유기음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiracija_(kalbotyra)" title="Aspiracija (kalbotyra) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aspiracija (kalbotyra)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penghembusan (fonetik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiratie_(taalkunde)" title="Aspiratie (taalkunde) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aspiratie (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirasjon" title="Aspirasjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aspirasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przydech" title="Przydech – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przydech" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspira%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Aspiração – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aspiração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Придыхание – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Придыхание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="وسرڳي اکر – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وسرڳي اکر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aspirated consonant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADdych_(fonetika)" title="Prídych (fonetika) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prídych (fonetika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(fonetik)" title="Aspiration (fonetik) – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aspiration (fonetik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Придих – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Придих" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="送氣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q320433#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&oldid=82278946" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&id=82278946&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%2580%2581%25E6%25B0%25A3"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%2580%2581%25E6%25B0%25A3"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q320433" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉相关主题的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="Talk:送氣">討論頁</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="Talk:送氣">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">送氣</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">◌ʰ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA number">IPA編號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">404</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">HTML碼<small>（十進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>&#688;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">Unicode碼<small>（十六進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">U+02B0</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/300px-Vot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/450px-Vot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/600px-Vot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>不同發聲時間的輔音比較：濁音、清不送氣及清送氣音。波顯示聲帶或發聲的運作機制.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>送氣</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Aspiration</span>），<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語音學">語音學</a>概念，指某些<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E7%A4%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="阻礙音">阻礙音</a>在除阻時所伴隨的強烈的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>噴吐。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="实验"><span id=".E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C"></span>实验</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：实验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>爲感知送氣與不送氣音之間的差別，試將一只手或點燃的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A1%E7%83%9B" title="蜡烛">蠟燭</a>置於口前，用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="普通话">普通话</a>說「灘」(/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʰan</span>/)、「單」(/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tan</span>/)兩個字。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="解析"><span id=".E8.A7.A3.E6.9E.90"></span>解析</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：解析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>念「灘」字時，可感受到掌心受到氣流的衝擊或看到燭焰较强地晃动，念「單」字時就无此現象或较弱的气流感。那麼「灘」字的（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="汉语拼音音节列表">汉语拼音</a>）聲母 “t” <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/tʰ/</span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%AF%8D" title="透母">透母</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E3%84%8A" title="ㄊ">ㄊ</a>）就是<b>送氣音</b>，「單」字的聲母 “d” <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E6%AF%8D" title="端母">端母</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E3%84%89" title="ㄉ">ㄉ</a>）則是<b>不送氣音</b>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各语音标记系统符號標記"><span id=".E5.90.84.E8.AF.AD.E9.9F.B3.E6.A0.87.E8.AE.B0.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F.E7.AC.A6.E8.99.9F.E6.A8.99.E8.A8.98"></span>各语音标记系统符號標記</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：各语音标记系统符號標記"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82556584">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Aspiration of final stops and affricates in Eastern Armenian</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-տաք-տակ.ogg">Final aspirated and voiceless velar stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-տաք-տակ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տաք">տաք</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տակ">տակ</a></span> "hot, under"<br /><i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tak’ tak</span></i> <small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[tɑkʰ tɑk]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg" title="File:Hy-ea-այծ-այց.ogg">Final voiceless and aspirated alveolar affricates</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-ea-այծ-այց.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg/Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:այծ">այծ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:այց">այց</a></span> "goat, visit"<br /><i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ayc ayc’</span></i> <small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[ɑjt͡s ɑjt͡sʰ]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-գնացք.ogg">Final aspirated affricate–stop cluster</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-գնացք.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:գնացք">գնացք</a></span> "train"<br /><i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">gnac’k’</span></i> <small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[ɡəˈnɑt͡sʰkʰ]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-աղոթք.ogg">Final aspirated stop–stop cluster</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-աղոթք.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:աղոթք">աղոթք</a></span> "prayer"<br /><i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aġot’k’</span></i> <small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[ɑˈʁɔtʰkʰ]</a></span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><span class="selfreference">播放这些文件有问题？请参见<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">媒體幫助</a>。</span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国际音标"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E9.9F.B3.E6.A0.87"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：国际音标"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>送氣音的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>記號是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="上標">上標</a>的小“h”，即<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[◌ʰ]</span>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="汉语言">漢語言</a>學界傳統上也使用左單引號（形似倒转的逗号），即<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[◌ʻ]</span>，表示送氣。不送氣音一般不加特別的記號，但是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="擴展國際音標">擴展國際音標</a>中也可以用上標形的等號<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[◌⁼]</span>來表記不送氣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="威妥玛拼音"><span id=".E5.A8.81.E5.A6.A5.E7.8E.9B.E6.8B.BC.E9.9F.B3"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥玛拼音</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：威妥玛拼音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所有送气音加左單<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="引號">引號</a>“‘”（<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">U</a>+2018）、右單引號“’”（U+2019）或<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%87%E5%8F%B7" title="撇号">撇號</a>“'”（U+0027）。如“p’”，音即<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普通话汉语拼音、耶鲁拼音，粤语粤拼"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E9.80.9A.E8.AF.9D.E6.B1.89.E8.AF.AD.E6.8B.BC.E9.9F.B3.E3.80.81.E8.80.B6.E9.B2.81.E6.8B.BC.E9.9F.B3.EF.BC.8C.E7.B2.A4.E8.AF.AD.E7.B2.A4.E6.8B.BC"></span>普通话<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="耶魯拼音">、耶鲁拼音</a>，粤语<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案">粤拼</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：普通话汉语拼音、耶鲁拼音，粤语粤拼"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不使用特別記號，而以不同字母表示送氣或不送氣。如漢語拼音以“p”表示送氣音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span>，而以“b”表示不送氣音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[p]</span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英语DJ音标、KK音标等"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E8.AF.ADDJ.E9.9F.B3.E6.A0.87.E3.80.81KK.E9.9F.B3.E6.A0.87.E7.AD.89"></span>英语<a href="/wiki/DJ%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="DJ音標">DJ音标</a>、<a href="/wiki/KK%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="KK音標">KK音标</a>等</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：英语DJ音标、KK音标等"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>无特别标记。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="不送气音与送气音"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E9.80.81.E6.B0.94.E9.9F.B3.E4.B8.8E.E9.80.81.E6.B0.94.E9.9F.B3"></span>不送气音与送气音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：不送气音与送气音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82556584"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Gemination of aspirated consonants in Eastern Armenian</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-Մեքքա.ogg">Double aspirated <i>k’k’</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-Մեքքա.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Մեքքա">Մեքքա</a></span> <i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Mek’k’a</span></i> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecca（页面不存在）">Mecca</a>":<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ˈmekʰkʰa/</span> <small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[ˈmekːʰa]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-կեցցե.ogg">Double aspirated <i>c’c’</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-կեցցե.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:կեցցե">կեցցե</a></span> <i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kec’c’e</span></i> "long live!":<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ketsʰˈtsʰe/</span> <small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[keˈtːsʰe]</a></span></div></div></div></div> </div> <p><b>在毫无气流的情况下无法发出<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a></b>，而不使用肺部气流<b>只能</b>发出<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="非肺部气流音">非肺部气流音</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="搭嘴音">搭嘴音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="挤喉音">挤喉音</a>。因此，“不送气”之一称呼<b>存在误导性，发音时仍会有少量气流喷出</b>。塞音气流由两部分组成：除阻气流和跟随气流。“不送气”只有除阻气流。“送气”则是除阻气流之后还有跟随气流。气流可分<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清浊</a>。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>[t]清浊发音对照 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%); line-height:1" class="skin-invert"><div style="margin-left:2em; text-align:right">持阻<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E6%85%8B" title="發聲態">發聲態</a></div><div style="margin-right:2em; text-align:left">除阻气流</div></th> <th>喉开态[t̚]</th> <th>常态浊声[d̚]</th> <th>喉闭态[t̚͡ʔ] </th></tr> <tr> <th>声门内吸气流 </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">内爆音</a>[ɗ]</td> <td>清内爆音[ɗ̥] </td></tr> <tr> <th>声门外呼气流 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="挤喉音">挤喉音</a>[tʼ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>仅肺部除阻气流 </th> <td>清不送气塞音[t]</td> <td>浊不送气塞音[d]</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>除阻气流＋<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">清跟随气流</a>[h] </th> <td>清送氣塞音[tʰ]</td> <td>预浊化清送氣塞音[d͡tʰ]</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>除阻气流＋浊跟随气流[ɦ] </th> <td>预清化<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%A3%B0" title="气声">气声</a>浊送氣塞音[t͡dʱ]</td> <td>气声浊送氣塞音[dʱ]</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發聲機制"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E8.81.B2.E6.A9.9F.E5.88.B6"></span>發聲機制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：發聲機制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82556584"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Aspiration and voicing of stops in American English</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg" title="File:En-us-pin spin bin nip nib.ogg">Labial stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg/En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i>pin</i> with aspirated <i>p</i>,<br /><i>spin</i> with unaspirated <i>p</i>,<br /><i>bin</i> with partially voiced <i>b</i>,<br /><i>nip</i> with unaspirated <i>p</i>,<br /><i>nib</i> with partially voiced <i>b</i>:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pʰɪˑn spɪˑn bɪˑn nɪp nɪˑb]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-distend_distaste.ogg" title="File:En-us-distend distaste.ogg">Aspiration alternation in single-stem and compound word</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="En-us-distend_distaste.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-us-distend_distaste.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-us-distend_distaste.ogg/En-us-distend_distaste.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i>distend</i> with unaspirated <i>t</i>,<br /><i>distaste</i> (<i>dis-taste</i>) with aspirated <i>t</i>:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dɨˈstɛnd dɨsˈtʰeɪst]</span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><span class="selfreference">播放这些文件有问题？请参见<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">媒體幫助</a>。</span></div> </div> <p>清音的送氣是由聲帶張開後於輔音除阻所造成。有一個簡單的方法，即通過測量輔音的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="發聲起始時間">VOT</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>長度來確定聲帶開閉的時機，因為在聲帶閉合之前後續的元音是發不出來的。但是，送氣輔音的後面不一定連接著元音或其他的有聲音，好比在東部<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞美尼亞語">亞美尼亞語</a>中，連位於詞尾的輔音也有送氣與不送氣的對立。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各國語言上的標誌"><span id=".E5.90.84.E5.9C.8B.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E6.A8.99.E8.AA.8C"></span>各國語言上的標誌</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：各國語言上的標誌"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82556584"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Aspirated stops and fricatives in Mandarin Chinese</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-dan4.ogg" title="File:Zh-dan4.ogg">Unaspirated <i>t</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Zh-dan4.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Zh-dan4.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Zh-dan4.ogg/Zh-dan4.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="zh-Latn" title="ISO 7098 中文罗马字母拼写法（汉语拼音）" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">dàn</span> <small></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:普通话国际音标">[tân]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-tan4.ogg" title="File:Zh-tan4.ogg">Aspirated <i>t</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Zh-tan4.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Zh-tan4.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Zh-tan4.ogg/Zh-tan4.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="zh-Latn" title="ISO 7098 中文罗马字母拼写法（汉语拼音）" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tàn</span> <small></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:普通话国际音标">[tʰân]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-zao3.ogg" title="File:Zh-zao3.ogg">Unaspirated <i>ts</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Zh-zao3.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Zh-zao3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Zh-zao3.ogg/Zh-zao3.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="zh-Latn" title="ISO 7098 中文罗马字母拼写法（汉语拼音）" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">zǎo</span> <small></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:普通话国际音标">[tsɑʊ̀]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg" title="File:Zh-cǎo.ogg">Aspirated <i>ts</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Zh-cǎo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg/Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="zh-Latn" title="ISO 7098 中文罗马字母拼写法（汉语拼音）" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">cǎo</span> <small></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:普通话国际音标">[tsʰɑʊ̀]</a></span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><span class="selfreference">播放这些文件有问题？请参见<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">媒體幫助</a>。</span></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82556584"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" title="File:Hi-टाल ठाल डाल ढाल.ogg">Retroflex stops in Hindi</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Hi-टाल_ठाल_डाल_ढाल.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hi">टाल, ठाल, डाल</span>, <span lang="hi"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2#印地语" class="extiw" title="wikt:ढाल">ढाल</a></span> <i>ṭāl ṭhāl ḍāl ḍhāl</i> "postpone, wood shop, branch, shield" <small></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%88%87%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:印地語與烏爾都語國際音標">[ʈal ʈʰal ɖal ɖʱal]</a></span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><span class="selfreference">播放此文件有问题？请参见<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">媒體幫助</a>。</span></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82556584"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Voicing and aspiration in Eastern Armenian stops and affricates</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-դուր-տուր-թուր.ogg">Dental stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-դուր-տուր-թուր.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:դուր">դուր</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տուր">տուր</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թուր">թուր</a></span><br />"chisel, give!, sword"<br /><i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">dur, tur, t’ur</span></i><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dʊr tʊr tʰʊr]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-թագ-թակ-թաք.ogg">Final voiced, voiceless, and aspirated velar stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-թագ-թակ-թաք.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թագ">թագ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թակ">թակ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թաք">թաք</a></span><br />"crown, mallet, only"<br /><i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">t’ag t’ak t’ak’</span></i>:<br /><small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[tʰɑg tʰɑk tʰɑkʰ]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-ձախ-ծախ-ցախ.ogg">Dental affricates</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-ձախ-ծախ-ցախ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ձախ">ձախ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ծախ">ծախ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ցախ">ցախ</a></span><br />"left-hand, sale, brushwood"<br /><i><span lang="hy-Latn" title="ISO 9985 亚美尼亚语" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">jax çax c’ax</span></i>:<br /><small>：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[dzɑχ tsɑχ tsʰɑχ]</a>]</span></div></div></div></div> </div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>如果位於詞首或后无其他塞音，通常是送氣音，例如在<i><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/zh/pen">pen</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240108115323/https://zh.wiktionary.org/zh/pen">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>（筆），<i><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ten" class="extiw" title="wikt:ten">ten</a></i>（十），<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/can" class="extiw" title="wikt:can">can</a>（可以；罐子）中。但是清浊只是，送气与否没有区别语义的意义，也就是說這些塞音在其他位置，比如塞音前（如 <i>kept</i> 中“p”不送气）或以「s」開頭的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E4%B8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="辅音丛">輔音叢</a>裏（如 <i>spun</i>, <i>stun</i>, <i>skim</i>中的「p、t、k」），往往以不送氣清音的變體出現，但截取“spin”的后半部分“pin”，以英语为母语的人很容易听成不送气浊音“bin”。 </p><p>在德語方言<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒曼尼语">阿勒曼尼语</a>中既有不送氣的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[p⁼ t⁼ k⁼]</span> 又有送氣的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pʰ tʰ kʰ]</span>，後者通常被看作輔音叢——即應將<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰ</span>寫作ph，視為兩個音。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥語">丹麥語</a>和多數南部德語方言中雖然「<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="強輔音與弱輔音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fortis and lenis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E5%BC%B1%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="強輔音與弱輔音（页面不存在）">弱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" class="extiw" title="en:Fortis and lenis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fortis and lenis</span></a></span>）</span></span>」輔音出於歷史原因以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><b d g></span>來記寫，但是它們與相對映的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortis%E5%92%8Clenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortis和lenis（页面不存在）">強</a>音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><p t k></span>，之間的區別主要體現在不送氣與送氣上，清濁的差別是次要的。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="冰島語">冰島語</a>的「前送氣」音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʰp ʰt ʰk]</span>，亦有學者將其解釋成輔音叢。 </p><p>送氣有強度的差別。亞美尼亞語和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>的送氣音其持續時間與英語的送氣塞音相當，不送氣音則類似<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜语">朝鲜语</a>有一套強度介於亞美尼亞語和粵語的送氣與不送氣之間的弱送氣音，另有一套持續時間超過此二者的強送氣音。（詳<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="發聲起始時間">VOT</a>）舊式的IPA以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ ʻ ]</span>作為弱送氣音的標記，現已廢棄。強送氣音沒有特定符號，但是可以用雙寫 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʰ]</span> 來表示，因此朝鲜语的強弱送氣可以用形如*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kʰʰ]</span> vs. *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kʻ ]</span>的對立來表記。不過，參照VOT的具體數值，新近已統一將朝鲜语的這組對立音改以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span> vs.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[k]</span> 的形式表記。 </p><p>送氣的強度也會因<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">發音部位</a>的不同而變化。比如，西班牙語的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p t k/</span>，其VOT長度分別爲5、10和30毫秒，英語的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p t k/</span>則爲60、70和80毫秒。朝鲜语的弱送氣音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p t k/</span>VOT分別爲20、25和50毫秒，強送氣的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pʰ tʰ kʰ/</span>分別爲90、95、125毫秒。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徵"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：特徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「送氣」一詞及其符號有時也可用於限定濁塞音的發音類型，如<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dʰ]</span>。然而「送氣濁音」通常也稱作<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%9F%B3" title="呼吸音">呼吸音或咕噥音</a>。因其發音的機理與送氣清音不同，爲消除歧義，有些語言學家傾向於使用上標 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʱ]</span> 來表記呼吸音。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VOT 英文全稱爲 Voice Onset Time，中文翻譯雜沓不堪：「嗓音起始時間」「濁音起始時間」「發聲起始時間」「聲帶震動起始時間」「帶聲的起始時間」等等，五花八門莫衷一是。而且對本詞而言中文文獻中譯名的使用反不及字母縮略名爲廣。故此，僅具VOT以避分歧。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P., "Variations and universals in VOT". In <i>Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages V: UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics</i> vol. 95. 1997.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Cho, Taehong; Ladefoged, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447099900943">Variation and universals in VOT: evidence from 18 languages</a>. Journal of Phonetics. 1999-04-01, <b>27</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-4470"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0095-4470</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjpho.1999.0094"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0094</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&rft.atitle=Variation+and+universals+in+VOT%3A+evidence+from+18+languages&rft.au=Ladefoged%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Taehong&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0095-4470&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.volume=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0095447099900943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjpho.1999.0094&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Lisker, Leigh; Abramson, Arthur S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830">A Cross-Language Study of Voicing in Initial Stops: Acoustical Measurements</a>. WORD. 1964-01, <b>20</b> (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7956"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0043-7956</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1964.11659830"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&rft.atitle=A+Cross-Language+Study+of+Voicing+in+Initial+Stops%3A+Acoustical+Measurements&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Arthur+S.&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft.aulast=Lisker&rft.date=1964-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0043-7956&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.volume=20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1964.11659830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1964.11659830&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Чирикба В.А. Аспекты фонологической типологии. Москва, "Наука", 1991.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參閲"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E9.96.B2"></span>參閲</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參閲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="發聲起始時間">發聲起始時間</a>（發聲起始時間）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E6%85%8B" title="發聲態">發聲態</a>（Phonation）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣">不送氣</a>（不送氣清輔音；Tenuis consonant）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清濁音</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=送氣&oldid=82278946">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=送氣&oldid=82278946</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:語音學">語音學</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:所有需要專家關注的頁面">所有需要專家關注的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:其他需要專家關注的頁面">其他需要專家關注的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要校對的頁面">需要校對的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5hAudio%E5%BE%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:嵌入hAudio微格式的條目">嵌入hAudio微格式的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有印地語的條目">含有印地語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年4月15日 (星期一) 09:52。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rmmbn","wgBackendResponseTime":261,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.562","walltime":"0.994","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3370,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":60407,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2442,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":49096,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 591.490 1 -total"," 30.56% 180.756 6 Template:Listen"," 18.84% 111.430 1 Template:Expert"," 18.00% 106.444 1 Template:Lang-en"," 15.72% 92.969 1 Template:Infobox_IPA"," 15.32% 90.604 1 Template:Infobox_IPA/core1"," 14.93% 88.327 1 Template:Infobox_IPA/core2"," 13.93% 82.387 1 Template:Infobox"," 13.64% 80.708 2 Template:Ambox"," 7.78% 46.043 18 Template:Wikt-lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.255","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16900865,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7c479b968-f9twn","timestamp":"20241116015950","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u9001\u6c23","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q320433","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q320433","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-12-29T13:25:35Z","dateModified":"2024-04-15T09:52:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/Vot.svg","headline":"\u8a9e\u97f3\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9664\u963b\u6642\u7684\u7a7a\u6c23\u5674\u5410"}</script> </body> </html>