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查看“︁清濁音”︁的源代码 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">查看“︁清濁音”︁的源代码</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label 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class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%25BF%2581%25E9%259F%25B3%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%25BF%2581%25E9%259F%25B3%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494510" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清濁音</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因,您并无权限去编辑该页面: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>,但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前,IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被Jimmy-abot<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>,而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由:</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具,因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏,<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么?</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理(包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>)工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP,使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏,故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办?</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科,不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器,或是有特殊需要,请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理,那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下,您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置,或已被恶意软件(如病毒)入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题,可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是:<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</b></div> </div> <p>如您对此封禁有疑问或异议,您可以: </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1)); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666 solid); border-radius: 3px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>网站申诉</b>:前往<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp">-{R|https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp}-</a>,如果您没有账户,请选择“无法创建账户”。如果您有账户,请选择“已有账户,但无法编辑”。在页面下方的“IP地址和IPBE”一节,请您选择“检测并提供我的IP地址信息,同时申请IPBE权限”。如果您使用代理/翻墙工具,请确保您开启全局模式,以保证我们获得您的准确IP信息。管理员将手工处理您的请求。</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>邮件申诉</b>:将您的用户名和申诉理由写入电子邮件,发送至 <b><samp>unblock-zh<span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="@"><img alt="@" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/12px-Nospam_at.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/18px-Nospam_at.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/24px-Nospam_at.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span>lists.wikimedia.org</samp></b>。管理员将在收到邮件后考虑您的请求。请注意邮件发送可能会有延时,请勿重复多次发送。</div> <div class="user-show"><b>联络管理员</b>:聯絡<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%B5%E9%82%AE%E8%81%94%E7%B3%BB/Jimmy-abot" title="Special:电邮联系/Jimmy-abot">执行封禁的管理员Jimmy-abot</a>或者其他的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%91%98%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95#在任管理员" title="Wikipedia:管理员名单">管理員</a>,討論這次封禁。如果您希望使用「電郵用戶」功能聯絡管理員,請注意您必须已于您的<a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE" title="Special:参数设置">参数设置</a>中設定了一個有效的電子郵件地址,并且在管理员执行封禁时没有被禁止发送电子邮件。</div></div> <p>您目前的IP地址是8.222.208.146,而該封鎖ID是#566341。請您在所有申訴中註明此IP地址及封鎖ID。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="height: 2em;"></div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>您的IP地址属于已<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">在所有维基媒体基金会维基受到封禁</a>的地址段。</b> <p>封禁执行者是<a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">Jon Kolbert</a>。封禁原因是<i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>。 </p> <ul><li>封禁开始时间:2023年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li> <li>封禁期满时间:2028年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li></ul> <p>您当前的IP地址是8.222.208.146。封禁的地址段是8.222.128.0/17。 </p> 请在进行咨询时提供上面所有详情。如果您认为您受到错误封禁,您可以在<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">禁止公开代理</a>全域方针里找到更多信息和说明。您也可以<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">到元维基发布复查申请</a>讨论该封禁。您还可以给<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">监管员</a><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>队列(<kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>)发送提供上面所有详情的电子邮件。</li></ul><hr /> <p>您可以查看和复制此页面的源代码。 </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{expert|subject=語音學}} {{refimprove|time=2015-12-20T14:35:08+00:00}} {{NoteTA|G1=Languages}} {{音韻學}} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol = ◌̬ }} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol = ◌̥ }} 在[[語音學]],發音時[[聲帶]]振動的音稱爲'''濁音'''(又稱'''有聲音''',{{lang-en|voiced sound}}),聲帶不振動的音稱爲'''清音'''(又稱'''無聲音''',{{lang-en|voiceless sound}})。[[輔音]](子音)有清有濁,而多數語言的[[元音]](母音)均爲濁音,[[鼻音 (辅音)|鼻音]]、[[邊音]]、[[半元音]]等[[响音]]通常也是濁音<ref>{{cite book|author1=朱晓农|title=语音学|date=2010-03|location=北京|isbn=978-7-100-06681-5|page=77|accessdate=2017-12-04|quote=但在响音的情况中正相反,响音通常都是浊的}}</ref>。 有时'''清浊'''也表示[[音系学]]概念,{{來源請求區|例如英语的浊塞音往往在语音学上已经[[清化]],但在音系学上仍属于浊音|time=2023-5-24}}。 [[汉语|汉语族]]多數[[漢語方言|漢語變體]],包括[[官話]]裏的[[現代標準官話]],若不計[[漢語拼音]]r{{IPA|[ʐ~ɻ]}}([[注音符號]]ㄖ){{efn|name="voiced continuant"| {{harvp|Duanmu|2007}}將這些音標記為濁擦音,而{{harvp|Lee|Zee|2003}}與{{harvp|Lin|2007}}將這些音標記為近音。}},都沒有濁的塞音、塞擦音和擦音。漢語拼音p{{IPA|[pʰ]}}(ㄆ)和b{{IPA|[p]}}(ㄅ)均爲清音<ref>{{Cite web |title=常見問答 - 本土語言資源網 |url=https://mhi.moe.edu.tw/faqList.jsp?ID=0&ID2=50 |access-date=2022-06-07 |work=mhi.moe.edu.tw |language=zh-tw}}</ref>,其分別在於'''次清'''('''[[送氣]]''';aspirated)與'''全清'''([[不送氣|'''不送氣/平氣/收氣''']];unaspirated),是兩[[音位]](phoneme)。[[法语]]、[[西班牙语]]等[[拉丁语族|拉丁族]]语言中,pin的p是全清音,bin的b是全濁(平氣浊)音,以北方[[漢語]]及部份南方漢語爲母語的人通常聽不出有什麽區別,但是拉丁語族語言爲母語的人則分得很清楚。反之,他們也無法分辨漢語官話中“波、得、哥”和“坡、特、科”的差別。 == 词源 == 「清」、「浊」说法来自传统[[音韵学]]术语。 ==分辨== 塞音气流由[[除阻]]气流和跟随气流两部分组成:“不送气”无跟随气流,只有除阻气流;对应的则是有跟随气流——除阻气流之后还有跟随气流。气流也有[[清浊音|清浊]]:清音气流[h],浊音气流为[ɦ]。 {| class = "wikitable" |+ [t]清浊发音对照 ! {{diagonal split header|除阻气流|持阻[[發聲態]]}} !!喉开态[t̚]!!常态浊声[d̚]!!喉闭态[t̚͡ʔ] |- !声门内吸气流 |||[[内爆音]][ɗ]||清内爆音[ɗ̥] |- !声门外呼气流 |||||[[挤喉音]][tʼ] |- !仅肺部[[除阻]]气流 |清[[不送气]]塞音[t]||浊不送气塞音[d]|| |- !除阻气流+[[清声门擦音|清跟随气流]][h] |清[[送氣]]塞音[tʰ]||预浊化清送氣塞音[d͡tʰ]|| |- !除阻气流+[[浊声门擦音|浊跟随气流]][ɦ] |预清化[[气声]]浊送氣塞音[t͡dʱ]||气声浊送氣塞音[dʱ]|| |} == 度量 == [[File:Vot.svg|thumb|right|濁塞音、不送氣清音和送氣清音的VOT示意圖]] 常态浊声、清不送气和清送气可以用[[VOT|濁音起始時間]](VOT、voice onset time)来量度,通過比較輔音除阻的時刻與聲帶開始震動的時刻來區分清濁。但是对于其它发声态和气流机制,[[VOT]]有其局限。<ref>{{cite book|author1=朱晓农|title=语音学|date=2010-03|location=北京|isbn=978-7-100-06681-5|page=81|accessdate=2017-12-04}}</ref> ==漢藏語系== {{main|漢藏語系}} ===[[漢語]]=== [[中古漢語聲母]]分爲四類:'''全清'''、'''次清'''、'''全濁'''、'''次濁'''。全清包括幫、端、知、精、心、莊、生、章、書、見、影、曉十一母,次清包括滂、透、澈、清、初、昌、溪七母,全濁包括並、奉、定、澄、從、邪、床、禪、群、匣十母,次濁包括明、泥、來、娘、日、疑、喻八母。按照學術界擬音,則全清包括所有的清不送氣[[塞音]](如[p])、清不送氣[[塞擦音]](如[ts])和清[[擦音]](如[h]),次清包括所有的清送氣塞音(如[pʰ])和清送氣塞擦音(如[tsʰ]),全濁包括所有的濁[[阻礙音]](塞音、塞擦音和擦音,如[b]、[z]),次濁包括所有的[[響音]]([[鼻音 (辅音)|鼻音]]、[[邊通音]]和[[通音]],如[l])。 現代多數漢方言都缺乏濁的塞音、塞擦音和擦音,即中古全濁音。[[吳語]]和[[老湘語]]的塞音和塞擦音仍保留全清、次清、全濁三分的特徵。中古全濁聲母在[[官話]]和[[粵語]]等方言清化成相應清聲母。官話的塞音和塞擦音依平仄,平聲送氣同次清(如“同”字:中古[[反切|定東一開平]]、擬音/*duŋ/;北京話{{IPA|/tʰʊŋ/}}、拼音tóng),仄聲不送氣如全清(如“洞”字,中古定東一開去、擬音/*duŋ<sup>去</sup>/;北京話{{IPA|/tʊŋ/}}、拼音dòng;“讀”:中古定東一開入、擬音/*duk/;北京話{{IPA|/tu/}}、拼音dú)。全濁聲母在[[粵語]]也變清,平聲(以及白讀的上聲)變作送氣清音,仄聲變作不送氣清音,不過,粵語還分化了聲調(見下述),全清、次清、全濁三者仍能直接區分,不像官話般混同。 [[閩語]]情況複雜,其中[[閩南語]]中古的全濁音清化,但中古的鼻音(次濁音)塞化爲鼻濁塞音。如“閩南語”三字的聲母中古漢語本來是{{IPA|/m/}}、{{IPA|/n/}}和{{IPA|/ŋ/}},而現在成了{{IPA|/b/}}、{{IPA|/d/}}和{{IPA|/g/}}。閩南語的[[塞音]]有三組,分別是: * {{IPA link|p|pʰ}}-{{IPA link|p}}-{{IPA link|b}},如:歹(pháinn)-擺(pái)-䆀(bái)。 * {{IPA link|k|kʰ}}-{{IPA link|k}}-{{IPA link|g}},如:起(khí)-紀(kí)-語(gí)。 * {{IPA link|t|tʰ}}-{{IPA link|t}}-{{IPA link|d}},如:天(thinn)-甜(tinn)-離(lī)。台羅拼音的「l」其實是塞音感和/n/一樣弱的[[濁齒齦塞音]]。<ref>《論廈門話[mb ηg nd]聲母的聲學特性及其他》,胡方(2005)</ref> <!--閩南語如說錯請修正--> <!--上面的例子是用台灣中部的腔調發音,如果有更通用、更棒的例子請幫忙更改!--> <!-- 閩南語的全濁音、鼻音特徵仍存在。濁音例子在文中三組塞音中已有呈現,鼻音例舉:奈、泥、鳥(文讀)。或許有些字已清化,但仍存在大量全濁音聲母,如此敘述怕有誤會完全消失的可能性。 --> 漢語聲母的清化過程通常也伴隨[[聲調]]分化,以保持原先區別,通常清聲母字變成[[陰調]]而濁聲母字變成[[陽調]],然而這現象不一定發生在所有聲調,如標準官話只有平分陰陽,上聲、去聲並無區分。粵語全清、次清歸入陰聲調(陰平、陰上、陰去、上下陰入),全濁歸入陽聲調(陽平、陽上、陽去、陽入),大家仍能直接分辨聲母來自中古漢語的全清、次清或全濁類。 另外,多數無清濁對立的方言,在浊音间的語流音變中允許濁不送氣塞音、濁擦音甚至濁送氣塞音出現,[[韓語]]也有類似現象。 [[上古漢語]]的情況目前尚不明確。有些學者認爲和中古漢語類似,塞音和塞擦音三分,還有人認爲其四分,即清濁各分送氣不送氣。 ===[[藏語]]=== [[藏文]](代表9世紀時的藏語發音)和中古漢語類似,也是塞音三分爲送氣和不送氣的清音,以及濁音。現代的[[安多方言]]仍然保持這種分別。而[[拉薩話]]等一些[[衛藏方言]]發生了和漢語官話相當類似的變化:全清和次清聲母保留,成爲陰調,全濁聲母當無[[前加字]]或[[上加字]]時送氣,而帶有前加字或上加字時不送氣,並成爲陽調。 對比漢語和藏語: {| class="wikitable" !中古漢語和藏文||[[官话]]—[[北京官話]]||[[藏语]]—[[衛藏方言]]||[[吳語]]—[[北部吴语]]||[[藏語]]—[[安多方言]] |- |全清||不送氣清音,平、上聲爲陰調||不送氣清音,陰調||不送氣清音,陰調||不送氣清音 |- |次清||送氣清音,平、上聲爲陰調||送氣清音,陰調||送氣清音,陰調||送氣清音 |- |全濁||清化,平聲送氣,陽調,仄聲不送氣,[[濁上變去|上聲先歸入陽去]]後和陰去合併,入聲變陽平||清化,無前、上加字者送氣,有前、上加字者不送氣,均爲陽調||濁音,陽調||濁音 |- |次濁||仍爲次濁,平聲陽調,上聲同清聲母上聲||仍爲次濁,無前、上加字者陽調,有前、上加字者陰調||仍爲次濁,陽調(偶爾陰調,稱為「陰次濁」)||仍爲次濁 |} ==其它東方語言== ===日語=== [[日語]]的塞音有清濁音之分,而送氣區別並不作爲音位考慮。清塞音和塞擦音,包括か行、た行和ぱ行在詞首弱送氣,而詞中不送氣,並非濁化。日語的“[[半濁音]]”pa行實爲清音。日語古代有濁化現象,即複合詞第二個詞詞首若爲清音,可能濁化(依具體詞而定),尤其在之前爲[[ん|撥音]]時,通常連濁(は行可能濁化成爲ば行,也可能“半濁化”成爲清塞音ぱ行)。 日語中的漢語詞,[[吳音]]保留[[中古漢語]]的清濁區別,全清、次清混同。而[[漢音]]中全濁聲母亦清化,與全清、次清混同,而部分鼻音聲母塞化成爲濁塞音。 日語及漢語清濁對照(簡化,不考慮其他變化): {|class=wikitable |rowspan=2|中古漢語||全清||次清||全濁||次濁 |- |{{IPA|/p、t、k/}}||{{IPA|/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/}}||{{IPA|/b、d、ɡ/}}||{{IPA|/m、n、ŋ/}} |- |標準官話<br>拼音 |{{IPA|/p、t、k/}}<br>b、d、g||{{IPA|/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/}}<br>p、t、k||平聲{{IPA|/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/}}<br>仄聲{{IPA|/p、t、k/}}||{{IPA|/m、n、ŋ/}}<br>m、n、ng |- |粵語<br>粵拼 |陰聲調<br>{{IPA|/p、t、k/}}<br>b、d、g |陰聲調<br>{{IPA|/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/}}<br>p、t、k |陽聲調<br>平上{{IPA|/pʰ、tʰ、kʰ/}}<br>去入{{IPA|/p、t、k/}}||陽聲調<br>{{IPA|/m、n、ŋ/}}<br>m、n、ng |- |日語吳音||colspan=2|は、た、か行<br>{{IPA|/h、t、k/}} |ば、だ、が行<br>{{IPA|/b、d、ɡ/}} |ま、な、が行<br>{{IPA|/m、n、ɡ/}} |- |日語漢音||colspan=3|は、た、か行<br>{{IPA|/h、t、k/}} |ば、だ、が行<br>或<br>ま、な、が行 |} ===東南亞語言=== 除此之外,[[泰語]]、[[緬甸語]]、[[越南語]]和[[高棉語]]等東南亞語言也或多或少有清濁音分別,不過這些語言的清濁音狀況比較複雜,除了清濁音以外,送氣和不送氣的清[[塞音]]與清[[塞擦音]]在某些音位有時也是個別獨立的音素,也就是說,這些語言某些發音部位的塞音實際是三分而非二分。 另外,越南語和高棉語僅唇音和齒齦音處有清濁音分別,同時這兩門語言的「濁」唇音與齒齦音實際是[[內爆音]],而非一般的濁輔音。 ==印歐語系== {{main|印歐語系}} ===[[日耳曼語族]]=== [[英語]]的[[塞音]]、[[塞擦音]]和[[擦音]]區分清濁和送气。詞首濁塞音清化,以英语为母语的人通常分不清去掉s的spin和bin的区别,沿用清辅音、浊辅音的名称只是历史原因,詞中詞尾仍有清濁區別。 [[德語]]和英語類似,也區分清濁音但不对立,而清塞音通常送氣,有辨义作用,大部分均为送气对立语言。s後面的清塞音送氣較隨意,但南部一些方言,如奧地利德語清塞音也傾向不送氣。此外,德語詞尾的濁音字母清化、送气化,如Tag({{IPA|[tʰa̙ːkʰ]}})。 [[冰島語]]濁塞音全部清化,此變化類似很多現代漢語族語言(如[[官话|官話]]),且拼寫亦類似漢語拼音:在詞首,原清音送氣,原濁音不送氣。雙寫的塞音pp、tt等有{{link-en|前送氣|Preaspiration}}的現象,即{{IPA|[ʰp]}}、{{IPA|[ʰt]}}。[[颤音 (语音学)|顫音]]、[[鼻音 (辅音)|鼻音]]及[[边音|邊音]]也在某些情況清化,例如mb發音爲[{{IPA|mp}}],而mp發音爲[{{IPA|m&#x0325;p}}]。濁[[擦音]]則近音化。 [[瑞典語]]的清塞音詞首以及詞尾送氣,而s-後及詞中不送氣。 [[荷蘭語]]情況類似羅曼語族,即清濁對立,清音不送氣。此外,詞尾的濁音聲母清化。 ===[[羅曼語族]]=== [[拉丁語]]分清濁而沒有送氣音,但拼寫[[希臘語]]借詞時用ph、th、ch來表達原本希臘語的φ /pʰ/、θ /tʰ/、χ /kʰ/,但目前歐洲各國的拉丁語讀音多只有兩套,ph、th、ch有時擦化成{{IPA|/f/}}、{{IPA|/θ/}}、{{IPA|/x/}},有時和p、t、k混同。 現代[[羅曼語族]](包括[[法語]]、[[意大利語]]、[[西班牙語]]、[[葡萄牙語]]、[[羅馬尼亞語]]等)也區分清濁音,但其清塞音不送氣,如ta發音類似標準官話的“搭”而非“他”。對母語沒有濁塞音的人來講,ta和da的發音難以區分。而以上述語言爲母語的人說英語時,也經常帶有將清塞音不送氣化的口音,比如他們說的pig({{IPA|[pɪɡ]}})接近漢語口音英語的big({{IPA|[pɪk]}})。法語字母r弱化爲[[小舌]]擦音,/pr/、/tr/、/kr/等輔音簇的聽感接近送氣音。意大利語當/p/、/t/、/k/緊接在/r/或/l/之前時送氣。 ===[[斯拉夫語族]]=== [[俄語]]區分清濁,清音不送氣。詞尾濁音聲母清化。[[輔音叢]]中向前發生連清或者連濁的變化。 ===[[印度-伊朗語族|印度-伊朗語族]]=== [[梵語]]及現代[[印度次大陸]]的大部分語言的塞音四分,清濁各有送氣和不送氣,如क(ka)、ख(kha)、ग(ga)、घ(gha)。 ==註釋== {{notelist}} {{Reflist}} ==參考文獻== {{refbegin}} * Ladefoged,Peter & Ian Maddieson(1996)。''The sounds of the world’s languages''。Oxford:Blackwells。ISBN 0-631-19814-8 * {{cite book |given = San |surname = Duanmu |author-mask = 3 |title = The Phonology of Standard Chinese |url = https://archive.org/details/phonologyofstand0000duan |edition = 2nd |location = Oxford |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2007 |ref = harv }} * {{cite journal |surname1 = Lee |given1 = Wai-Sum |surname2 = Zee |given2 = Eric |year = 2003 |title = Standard Chinese (Beijing) |journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume = 33 |issue = 1 |pages = 109–112 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001208 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |given = Yen-Hwei |surname = Lin |title = The Sounds of Chinese |location = Cambridge |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2007 |ref = harv }} {{refend}} {{wikibook|國際音標/清濁輔音}} {{漢語音韻學}} [[category:語音學]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>本页<a 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