CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics","20150326003127","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1427329887"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Electronics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.25wmf21"/> <link rel="alternate" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Electronics","wgTitle":"Electronics","wgCurRevisionId":653314342,"wgRevisionId":653314342,"wgArticleId":9663,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters","Articles needing additional references from July 2012","All articles needing additional references","Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata","Articles with DMOZ links","Electronics"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Electronics","wgRelevantArticleId":9663,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr"},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPoweredByHHVM":true,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11650"}); }</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});},{},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\"});},{},{},{}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:94007ea073e20ad4a3cdce36b2f2e369 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.imageMetrics.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); }</script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Electronics skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Electronics</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This article is about the technical field of electronics. For personal-use electronic devices, see <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>. For the scientific magazine, see <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_(magazine)" title="Electronics (magazine)">Electronics (magazine)</a>.</div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(July 2012)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/250px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/375px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/500px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">Surface mount</a> electronic components</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Electronics</b> is the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of how to control the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energy" title="Electric energy">electric energy</a>, energy in which the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuit" title="Electrical circuit" class="mw-redirect">electrical circuits</a> that involve <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_component" title="Active component" class="mw-redirect">active electrical components</a> such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a> and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, and associated passive electrical components and interconnection technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuit</a>.</p> <p>The <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear" title="Nonlinear" class="mw-redirect">nonlinear</a> behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible, and electronics is widely used in <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing" title="Information processing">information processing</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>. The ability of electronic devices to act as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switches</a> makes digital information processing possible. Interconnection technologies such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_board" title="Circuit board" class="mw-redirect">circuit boards</a>, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>.</p> <p>Electronics is distinct from <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electrical</a> and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical" title="Electro-mechanical" class="mw-redirect">electro-mechanical</a> science and technology, which deal with the generation, distribution, switching, storage, and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms using <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wires</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motors</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switches</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a>, and other <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_component" title="Passive component" class="mw-redirect">passive components</a>. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest" class="mw-redirect">Lee De Forest</a> of the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a>, which made electrical <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplification</a> of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" title="Receiver (radio)">receivers</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>.</p> <p>Today, most electronic devices use <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> components to perform electron control. The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">solid-state physics</a>, whereas the design and construction of <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuits</a> to solve practical problems come under <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_engineering" title="Electronics engineering" class="mw-redirect">electronics engineering</a>. This article focuses on <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> aspects of electronics.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Branches_of_Electronics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Branches of Electronics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Electronic_devices_and_components"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Electronic devices and components</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History_of_electronic_components"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History of electronic components</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Types_of_circuits"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Types of circuits</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Analog_circuits"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Analog circuits</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Digital_circuits"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Digital circuits</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Heat_dissipation_and_thermal_management"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Heat dissipation and thermal management</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Noise"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Noise</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Electronics_theory"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Electronics theory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Electronics_lab"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Electronics lab</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Computer_aided_design_.28CAD.29"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Computer aided design (CAD)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Construction_methods"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Construction methods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Degradation"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Degradation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Branches_of_Electronics">Branches of Electronics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Branches of Electronics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Electronics has branches as follows:</p> <p>1.<a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></p> <p>2.<a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analogue electronics</a></p> <p>3.<a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></p> <p>4.<a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_electronics" title="Fuzzy electronics">Fuzzy electronics</a></p> <p>5.Circuit Design</p> <p>6.Integrated circuit</p> <p>7.Optoelectronics</p> <p>8.Semiconductor</p> <p>9.Semiconductor device <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electronic_devices_and_components">Electronic devices and components</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electronic devices and components">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann,_from_St._Louis,_Mo.,_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann,_from_St._Louis,_Mo.,_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_Technician" title="Electronics Technician">Electronics Technician</a> performing a voltage check on a power circuit card in the air navigation equipment room aboard the aircraft carrier <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN_72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72)" class="mw-redirect">USS <i>Abraham Lincoln</i> (CVN 72)</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Electronic component</a></div> <p>An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used to affect the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> or their associated fields in a manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver" class="mw-redirect">radio receiver</a>, or <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">oscillator</a>). Components may be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. Some common electronic components are <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, etc. Components are often categorized as active (e.g. transistors and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">thyristors</a>) or <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">passive</a> (e.g. resistors, diodes, inductors and capacitors).</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_electronic_components">History of electronic components</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of electronic components">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_electrical_and_electronic_engineering" title="Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering">Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering</a></div> <p><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (Thermionic valves) were one of the earliest electronic components. They were almost solely responsible for the electronics revolution of the first half of the Twentieth Century. They took electronics from parlor tricks and gave us radio, television, phonographs, radar, long distance telephony and much more. They played a leading role in the field of microwave and high power transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Okamura1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okamura1994-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Since that time, solid state devices have all but completely taken over. Vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_RF_amplifier" title="Valve RF amplifier">high power RF amplifiers</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tubes</a>, specialist audio equipment, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_amplifiers" title="Guitar amplifiers" class="mw-redirect">guitar amplifiers</a> and some <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">microwave devices</a>.</p> <p>In April 1955 the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_608" title="IBM 608">IBM 608</a> was the first IBM product to use transistor circuits without any vacuum tubes and is believed to be the world's first all-transistorized calculator to be manufactured for the commercial market.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The 608 contained more than 3,000 <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>. <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr." class="mw-redirect">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a> ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. From that time on transistors were almost exclusively used for computer logic and peripherals.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_circuits">Types of circuits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of circuits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Circuits and components can be divided into two groups: analog and digital. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Analog_circuits">Analog circuits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Analog circuits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_electronics" title="Analog electronics" class="mw-redirect">Analog electronics</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HitachiJ100A.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/220px-HitachiJ100A.jpg" width="220" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/330px-HitachiJ100A.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/440px-HitachiJ100A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="768"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HitachiJ100A.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Hitachi J100 adjustable frequency drive chassis</div> </div> </div> <p>Most <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> electronic appliances, such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuits" title="Analog circuits" class="mw-redirect">Analog circuits</a> use a continuous range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.</p> <p>The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.</p> <p>Analog circuits are sometimes called <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit" title="Linear circuit">linear circuits</a> although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators.</p> <p>One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal" rather than analog or digital.</p> <p>Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switch</a> having essentially two levels of output. In fact, many digital circuits are actually implemented as variations of analog circuits similar to this example—after all, all aspects of the real physical world are essentially analog, so digital effects are only realized by constraining analog behavior.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Digital_circuits">Digital circuits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital circuits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></div> <p>Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic" title="Boolean logic" class="mw-redirect">Boolean algebra</a>, and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled "0" and "1". Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use the reverse definition ("0" is "High") or are current based. Quite often the logic designer may reverse these definitions from one circuit to the next as he sees fit to facilitate his design. The definition of the levels as "0" or "1" is arbitrary.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_computer" title="Ternary computer">Ternary</a> (with three states) logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computers</a>, electronic <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">clocks</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controllers</a> (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> circuits. <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processors</a> are another example.</p> <p>Building blocks:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">Flip-flops</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Registers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitt_trigger" title="Schmitt trigger">Schmitt triggers</a></li> </ul> <p>Highly integrated devices:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontrollers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">Application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA)</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Heat_dissipation_and_thermal_management">Heat dissipation and thermal management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heat dissipation and thermal management">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_electronic_devices_and_systems" title="Thermal management of electronic devices and systems">Thermal management of electronic devices and systems</a></div> <p><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a> generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Heat dissipation is mostly achieved by passive conduction/convection. Means to achieve greater dissipation include <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a> and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_fan" title="Mechanical fan">fans</a> for air cooling, and other forms of <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cooling" title="Computer cooling">computer cooling</a> such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">water cooling</a>. These techniques use <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction" title="Heat conduction" class="mw-redirect">conduction</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> of heat energy.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Noise">Noise</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Noise">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_noise" title="Electronic noise" class="mw-redirect">Electronic noise</a></div> <p>Electronic noise is defined<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise may be electromagnetically or thermally generated, which can be decreased by lowering the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a> of the circuit. Other types of noise, such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_noise" title="Shot noise">shot noise</a> cannot be removed as they are due to limitations in physical properties.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electronics_theory">Electronics theory</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electronics theory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_methods_in_electronics" title="Mathematical methods in electronics">Mathematical methods in electronics</a></div> <p>Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis.</p> <p>Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(circuits)" title="Node (circuits)">node</a> or the current through a certain <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)" title="Path (graph theory)">branch</a> of a <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(mathematics)" title="Graph (mathematics)">network</a>. A common analytical tool for this is the <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPICE" title="SPICE">SPICE</a> circuit simulator.</p> <p>Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a> theory.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electronics_lab">Electronics lab</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electronics lab">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit_simulation" title="Electronic circuit simulation">Electronic circuit simulation</a></div> <p>Due to the complex nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is an important part of the development of electronic devices. These experiments are used to test or verify the engineer’s design and detect errors. Historically, electronics labs have consisted of electronics devices and equipment located in a physical space, although in more recent years the trend has been towards electronics lab simulation software, such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CircuitLogix" title="CircuitLogix">CircuitLogix</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisim" title="Multisim" class="mw-redirect">Multisim</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSpice" title="PSpice" class="mw-redirect">PSpice</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Computer_aided_design_.28CAD.29">Computer aided design (CAD)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Computer aided design (CAD)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></div> <p>Today's electronics engineers have the ability to <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">design</a> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">circuits</a> using premanufactured building blocks such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supplies</a>, <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> (i.e. semiconductor devices, such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>), and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a> software programs include <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">schematic capture</a> programs and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> design programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Multisim, Cadence (<a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORCAD" title="ORCAD" class="mw-redirect">ORCAD</a>), <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAGLE_(program)" title="EAGLE (program)">EAGLE</a> PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteus), gEDA, KiCad and many others.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_methods">Construction methods</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Construction methods">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_packaging" title="Electronic packaging">Electronic packaging</a></div> <p>Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, early electronics often used <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_construction" title="Point-to-point construction">point to point wiring</a> with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board#.22Cordwood.22_construction" title="Printed circuit board">Cordwood construction</a> and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_wrap" title="Wire wrap">wire wrap</a> were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-4" title="FR-4">FR4</a>, or the cheaper (and less hard-wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper (<a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRBP" title="SRBP" class="mw-redirect">SRBP</a>, also known as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) - characterised by its brown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive</a> (RoHS) and <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive</a> (WEEE), which went into force in July 2006.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Degradation">Degradation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Degradation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasberry_crazy_ant" title="Rasberry crazy ant">Rasberry crazy ants</a> have been known to consume the insides of electrical wiring, and nest inside of electronics; they prefer <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> to <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> currents. This behavior is not well understood by scientists. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="metadata mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Book icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"> <ul style="font-weight: bold"> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:An_introduction_to_electronics" title="Book:An introduction to electronics">Book: An introduction to electronics</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_engineering_technology" title="Electronics engineering technology" class="mw-redirect">Electronics engineering technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_electronics_articles" title="Index of electronics articles">Index of electronics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mechanical,_electrical_and_electronic_equipment_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue" class="mw-redirect">List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://technofreck.wordpress.com/2009/06/26/branches-of-electronics/">http://technofreck.wordpress.com/2009/06/26/branches-of-electronics/</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Okamura1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okamura1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Sōgo Okamura (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://books.google.com/books?id=VHFyngmO95YC&pg=PR4"><i>History of Electron Tubes</i></a>. IOS Press. p. 5. <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5199-145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5199-145-1">978-90-5199-145-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronics&rft.aulast=S%C5%8Dgo+Okamura&rft.au=S%C5%8Dgo+Okamura&rft.btitle=History+of+Electron+Tubes&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHFyngmO95YC%26pg%3DPR4&rft.isbn=978-90-5199-145-1&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFBashe1986" class="citation book">Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986). <i>IBM's Early Computers</i>. MIT. p. 386.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronics&rft.au=Bashe%2C+Charles+J.&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft.aulast=Bashe&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+Early+Computers&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=MIT&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFPughJohnsonPalmer1991" class="citation book">Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). <i>IBM's 360 and early 370 systems</i>. MIT Press. p. 34. <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-16123-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-16123-0">0-262-16123-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronics&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyle+R.&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.au=Palmer%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Emerson+W.&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+360+and+early+370+systems&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-16123-0&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471428060" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-42806-0</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Andrew R Hickey (May 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/207800337/crazy-ant-invasion-frying-computer-equipment.htm">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Crazy' Ant Invasion Frying Computer Equipment"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronics&rft.au=Andrew+R+Hickey&rft.aulast=Andrew+R+Hickey&rft.btitle=%27Crazy%27+Ant+Invasion+Frying+Computer+Equipment&rft.date=May+15%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crn.com%2Fnews%2Fcomponents-peripherals%2F207800337%2Fcrazy-ant-invasion-frying-computer-equipment.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><i>The Art of Electronics</i> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521370950" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-37095-0</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Electronics">Electronics</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electronics">Electronics</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Electronics/">Electronics</a> at <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://www.phy.davidson.edu/instrumentation/NEETS.htm">Navy 1998 Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)</a></li> <li>DOE 1998 Electrical Science, Fundamentals Handbook, 4 vols. <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_1.pdf">Vol. 1, Basic Electrical Theory, Basic DC Theory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_2.pdf">Vol. 2, DC Circuits, Batteries, Generators, Motors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_3.pdf">Vol. 3, Basic AC Theory, Basic AC Reactive Components, Basic AC Power, Basic AC Generators</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_4.pdf">Vol. 4, AC Motors, Transformers, Test Instruments & Measuring Devices, Electrical Distribution Systems</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technology" title="Template:Technology"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technology" title="Template talk:Technology"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science" title="Outline of applied science">Outline of applied science</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Fields</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">GURT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture" title="ICT in agriculture">ICT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_science" title="Healthcare science" class="mw-redirect">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technology" title="Medical technology" class="mw-redirect">Medical technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">Reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and<br/> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade_engineering" title="Facade engineering">Facade engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">Educational software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education" title="Digital technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">Digital technologies in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" title="Information and communication technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">ICT in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_technology_on_the_educational_system" title="Impact of technology on the educational system" class="mw-redirect">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_learning" title="Multimedia learning" class="mw-redirect">Multimedia learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" title="Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_education" title="Virtual education" class="mw-redirect">Virtual education</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_technology" title="Energy technology">Energy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_energy_technology" title="Soft energy technology">Soft energy technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" title="Clean coal technology">Clean coal technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_nanotechnology" title="Green nanotechnology">Green nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_engineering" title="Landscape engineering">Landscape engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">Business informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_engineering" title="Enterprise engineering">Enterprise engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">Financial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" title="Industrial biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT and communications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_technology" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF_engineering" title="RF engineering" class="mw-redirect">RF engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_technology" title="Visual technology">Visual technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology" class="mw-redirect">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineering" title="Transport engineering" class="mw-redirect">Transport engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Electronics</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Scales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and<br/> concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-technology" title="Low-technology" class="mw-redirect">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicism" title="Technicism">Technicism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoetic" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoethics" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_escalation" title="Technological escalation">Technological escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">Technological fix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" title="Technology lifecycle" class="mw-redirect">Technology lifecycle</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle" title="Technology adoption lifecycle">Technology adoption lifecycle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoromanticism" title="Technoromanticism">Technoromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:High-technology_business_districts" title="Category:High-technology business districts">High-technology business districts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technologies" title="List of technologies">List of technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_technology" title="Platform technology">Platform technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">Technology dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_by_country" title="Category:Science and technology by country">Science and technology by country</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields" title="STEM fields">STEM fields</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-STEM" title="Pre-STEM">Pre-STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">women</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_fields" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_alignment" title="Technology alignment">Technology alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_brokering" title="Technology brokering" class="mw-redirect">Technology brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_companies" title="Category:Technology companies">Technology companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_demonstration" title="Technology demonstration">Technology demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology education</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technical_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Technical universities and colleges">Technical universities and colleges</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_evangelist" title="Technology evangelist">Technology evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_fusion" title="Technology fusion">Technology fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology governance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_integration" title="Technology integration">Technology integration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_museum" title="Technology museum">Technology museum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_shock" title="Technology shock">Technology shock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_strategy" title="Technology strategy">Technology strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoself" title="Technoself">Technoself</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosexual" title="Technosexual">Technosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terotechnology" title="Terotechnology">Terotechnology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <b><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Technology" title="Book:Technology">Book</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology" title="Category:Technology">Category</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Technology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Portal</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" title="Wikiquote page" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Technology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Technology">Wikiquotes</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&oldid=653314342">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&oldid=653314342</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronics" title="Category:Electronics">Electronics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_cite_templates_with_deprecated_parameters" title="Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters">Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2012">Articles needing additional references from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_with_local_link_same_as_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata">Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DMOZ_links" title="Category:Articles with DMOZ links">Articles with DMOZ links</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electronics&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electronics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></span></li> <li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronics" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <h3 id="p-variants-label"><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics">Read</a></span></li> <li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"><span>More</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://shop.wikimedia.org/" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikipedia store</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label"> <h3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Electronics" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Electronics" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&oldid=653314342" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> <li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Electronics&id=653314342" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Electronics">Create a book</a></li> <li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Electronics&oldid=653314342&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إلكترونيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইলেকট্রনিক্স – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronek" title="Elektronek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B2nica" title="Electrònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroneg" title="Electroneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonika" title="Elektroonika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτρονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectronique" title="Électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroanika" title="Elektroanika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletroniche" title="Eletroniche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreonaic" title="Leictreonaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%89%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="일렉트로닉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրոնիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeindat%C3%A6kni" title="Rafeindatækni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronica" title="Elettronica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אלקטרוניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innallangialerineq" title="Innallangialerineq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტრონიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwonik" title="Elektwonik – Haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron%C3%AEk" title="Elektronîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikoriam-boanaratra" title="Haikoriam-boanaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विजाणूशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Eiletrónica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Электроник – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="電子工学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="الیکٹرونکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BC%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniks" title="Elektroniks – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Eletrônica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%C4%83" title="Electronică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ऋणाणुशास्त्र – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alittr%C3%B2nica" title="Alittrònica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئەلەکترۆنیک – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktronika" title="Éléktronika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniikka" title="Elektroniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னணுவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برقیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89" title="ئېلېكترون ئىلمى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitronega" title="Elitronega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Điện tử học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrooniga" title="Elektrooniga – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfeppal" title="Mbëjfeppal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="עלעקטראניק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81on%C3%ADn%C3%A1" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́oníná – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruon%C4%97ka" title="Alektruonėka – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 24 March 2015, at 15:02.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronics&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127/http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf21/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf21/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326003127im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf21/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.jQuery && jQuery.ready();/*]]>*/</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["ext.cite","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.wikiEditor.init","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.imageMetrics.loader","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents.statsd","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage"],null,true); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=site\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgHostname":"mw1091"}); }</script> </body> </html>