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Proponents of the technological unemployment concept argue that automation is allowing more productivity with fewer workers.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1980s_computer_worker,_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1980s_computer_worker%2C_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg/220px-1980s_computer_worker%2C_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1980s_computer_worker%2C_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg/330px-1980s_computer_worker%2C_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1980s_computer_worker%2C_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg/440px-1980s_computer_worker%2C_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="565"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1980s_computer_worker,_Centers_for_Disease_Control.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Critics of technological unemployment argue that technology is used by workers and doesn't replace workers on a large scale.</div> </div> </div> Technological unemployment is <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> primarily caused by <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">technological change</a>. Early concern about technological unemployment was exemplified by the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddites</a>, textile workers who feared that <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">automated looms</a> would allow more productivity with fewer workers, leading to mass unemployment. But while automation did lead to textile workers being laid off, new jobs in other industries developed. Due to this shift of labor from automated industries to non-automated industries, technological unemployment has been called the Luddite fallacy.<a href="#cite_note-theeconomist-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brain2003-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ford2009-3">[3]</a> Modern proponents of the technological unemployment concept argue that productivity has been decoupling from employment throughout the 21st century, as increasing numbers of industries are automating simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> They point to studies showing that the job losses are most concentrated in occupations involving routine physical and mental labor, the jobs that are easiest to automate.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The chief insight is that even though it is true that new types of jobs can always develop, the skills of most people may not be adequate to fill many of them. Various ideas on how to bypass this problem exist. In 2014, Pew Research canvassed 1,896 technology professionals and economists and found a split of opinion: 48 percent of respondents believed that new technologies would displace more jobs than they would create by the year 2025, while 52 percent maintained that they would not.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Views">1 Views</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_in_the_Industrial_Revolution">2.1 Early in the Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#During_the_Machine_Age">2.2 During the Machine Age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1950s_to_present">2.3 1950s to present</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Post-market_theories">2.3.1 Post-market theories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Market-based_ideas_.28People.27s_Capitalism.2C_new-market_theories.2C_others.29">2.3.2 Market-based ideas (People's Capitalism, new-market theories, others)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Non-market-based_ideas">2.3.3 Non-market-based ideas</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also">3 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References">4 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Bibliography">5 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Views[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:30%; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div style="margin:0px 2em;"> [If] the Luddite fallacy were true we would all be out of work because productivity has been increasing for two centuries </div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div> <div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;">Alex Tabarrok<a href="#cite_note-Tabarrok-8">[8]</a></div> </div> John Maynard Keynes used the term as early as 1930, warning: "We are being afflicted with a new disease of which some readers may not yet have heard the name, but of which they will hear a great deal in the years to come – namely, technological unemployment. This means unemployment due to our discovery of means of economizing the use of labor outrunning the pace at which we can find new uses for labor. But this is only a temporary phase of maladjustment"<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Economist <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Tabarrok" title="Alex Tabarrok">Alex Tabarrok</a>'s summary of the concept states that "[if] the Luddite fallacy were true we would all be out of work because productivity has been increasing for two centuries".<a href="#cite_note-Tabarrok-8">[8]</a> <div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:30%; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div style="margin:0px 2em;"> [T]here are more sectors losing jobs than creating jobs. And the general-purpose aspect of software technology means that even the industries and jobs that it creates are not forever. </div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div> <div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;">Lawrence Summers<a href="#cite_note-summers-10">[10]</a></div> </div> Former U.S. Treasury Secretary and Harvard economics professor <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> argues that this time will be different: "[T]here are many reasons to think the software revolution will be even more profound than the agricultural revolution. This time around, change will come faster and affect a much larger share of the economy. [...] [T]here are more sectors losing jobs than creating jobs. And the general-purpose aspect of software technology means that even the industries and jobs that it creates are not forever. [...] If current trends continue, it could well be that a generation from now a quarter of middle-aged men will be out of work at any given moment."<a href="#cite_note-summers-10">[10]</a> Labor-displacing technologies can generally be classified under the headings of <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_improvement" title="Process improvement" class="mw-redirect">process improvement</a>. The first two fundamentally involve transferring tasks from humans to machines. The third fundamentally involves the elimination of tasks altogether. The common theme of all three is that tasks are removed from the workforce, decreasing employment. In practice, the categories often overlap: a process improvement can include an automating or mechanizing achievement. The line between mechanization and automation is also subjective, as sometimes mechanization can involve sufficient <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control</a> to be viewed as part of automation. Unemployment due to an increment in productivity generates an expectancy that no new jobs, or not enough new jobs, will arise to fill the void. Variants of this argument persist through the present day, as do counter-arguments to it.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2011-06-22_WSJ-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyons_2011-07-18-12">[12]</a> Average working hours have decreased significantly since the advent of modern efficiency producing technologies and continue to fall as less and less labor is needed to meet demand.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The notion of technological unemployment leading to structural unemployment (and being macroeconomically injurious) is labelled the Luddite fallacy. If a firm's technological innovation results in a reduction of labor inputs, then the firm's cost of production falls, which shifts the firm's supply curve outward and reduces the price of the good (limited by the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand" title="Price elasticity of demand">price elasticity of demand</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>). The widespread adoption of the innovator's technology could lead to <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_entry" title="Market entry" class="mw-redirect">market entry</a> by new firms, partially offsetting the displaced labor, but the main benefit to the innovation is the increase in <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">aggregate demand</a> that results from the price decrease. As long as real prices fall (or real incomes rise), the additional purchasing power gives consumers the ability to purchase more products and services. With technological innovation, these are often products and services new to the consumer, such as better health care or wireless communication devices and services. This increase in aggregate demand leads many economists to believe that technological change, although disruptive of individual careers and particular firms, cannot lead to systemic unemployment, but actually increases employment due to its expansionary effect on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> bases this belief on two assumptions - that machines are used as tools to increase workers' production, and that most workers will be able to operate those machines - and argues that the increase in computerised automation can destroy works in a disruptive way, with the new jobs being out of reach of the capabilities of most workers.<a href="#cite_note-theeconomist-1">[1]</a> Different views have been expressed on the rate of technological progress, with many, such as C. Owen Paepke, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ayres_(scientist)" title="Robert Ayres (scientist)">Robert W. Ayres</a> claiming that it is decelerating and others saying technological change is accelerating.<a href="#cite_note-Paepke-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Other economists contend that the rate of technological change has become so rapid in the area of information and communication technologies (ICT) that the adverse latent effects of productivity on employment may outpace job growth in an economy increasingly reliant on the development of these tertiary and quaternary <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sectors" title="Economic sectors" class="mw-redirect">economic sectors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The technological acceleration argument is counter to the fact that productivity in developed countries has been slowing down for decades.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This has been explained in part by the claim that the remainder of labor and energy to be saved in important economic processes is trivial compared to what has already been saved.<a href="#cite_note-Paepke-17">[17]</a> Examples are agriculture where 98% of the labor has been removed and electrical generation which is approaching thermodynamic limits.<a href="#cite_note-Paepke-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Researchers from the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> have documented a worldwide downwards trend in the share of labor income in the last three decades, in the form of lower wages and benefits with increased inequality across industries, and a rising share going to capital income, beyond what can be explained by recession, and attributed to structural changes in technology, market structures and labor unions.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In principle, technological unemployment may be distinguished from unemployment caused merely by the contraction phases of <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycles</a>. In practice, such differentiation is difficult, owing to the multivariate nature of <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. Like unemployment in general, most technological unemployment is temporary, as unemployed workers eventually find new jobs. For several centuries, the main controversy about technological unemployment has been whether it can ever lead to <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">structural unemployment</a>. <h2>History[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Early in the Industrial Revolution[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early in the Industrial Revolution">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg/220px-BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg" width="220" height="126" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg/330px-BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg/440px-BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="566"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrownManchesterMuralJohnKay.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> John Kay inventor of the Fly Shuttle, by <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a>, depicting the inventor <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay</a> fleeing a mob intent on destroying his mechanical loom</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">Industrial society</a></div> Historical concerns about the effects of automation date back to the very beginning of the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, when a social movement of English <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> machine operators in the early 19th century known as the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddites</a> protested against <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard's automated weaving looms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Luddites destroyed a number of these machines, which they felt threatened their jobs. <blockquote class="templatequote"> The original <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddites" title="Luddites" class="mw-redirect">Luddites</a> were hosiery and lace workers in Nottingham, England in 1811. They smashed knitting machines that embodied new labor-saving technology as a protest against unemployment, publicizing their actions in circulars mysteriously signed, "<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ludd" title="Ned Ludd">King Ludd</a>".<a href="#cite_note-easterly-30">[30]</a> </blockquote> The Luddite events of 1811 were the beginning of humankind's analysis of whether it is possible for technological unemployment to be other than temporary and confined to particular industries and firms. Contrary to the Luddites' fears, technological advancement did not ruin Britain's economy or systemically lower standards of living throughout the following decades of the 19th century. In fact, during the 19th and 20th centuries, the opposite happened, as technology helped Britain to become much less impoverished than before. For this reason, some economists think that the general Luddite premise is fundamentally flawed, and thus they apply the term Luddite fallacy to it. Economist <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Tabarrok" title="Alex Tabarrok">Alex Tabarrok</a> summarises the fallacy as: <blockquote class="templatequote"> If the Luddite fallacy were true we would all be out of work because productivity has been increasing for two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Tabarrok-8">[8]</a> </blockquote> Ronnie Bray writes: <blockquote class="templatequote"> The 'Luddite Fallacy' referred to here fallaciously misdirects the reader's attention away from the major objection and opposition raised by Luddites to the introduction of machines in textile and related industries. All available Luddite literature, usually in the form of popular songs, protest songs, and broadsheets, shows that unemployment, poverty, and starvation were their major concerns. Thus, it is wrong to label them as anti-technology because they were anti-starvation. The difference is not wasted on those that have endured starvation. It is right to say that for the most part they saw power looms, cropping frames, and mechanical knitting frames, as the direct cause of unemployment, which condition led to cessation of income, which led directly to starvation in short time. It cannot be doubted that had mechanisation either maintained or increased the level of employment in the affected industries, that there would have been no uprising on account of mechanisation.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </blockquote> Kevin Binfield, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Conniff" title="Richard Conniff">Richard Conniff</a> wrote that the Luddites were not technophobes. They added that the machines suppressed workers' wages at a time when the Luddites, who were artisans and highly skilled workers relying on their wages to buy food, especially feared famine due to rising food prices. This made the machines the most accessible target for the Luddites' angry expression of that fear.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <h3>During the Machine Age[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During the Machine Age">edit</a>]</h3> As in the preceding century, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">the period from the 1880s to the late 1920s</a> saw no underlying automation-induced structural lack of new economic opportunities for skilled workers given enough time for searching.<a href="#cite_note-Hartness1910pp7-12-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> then caused a tremendous disruption in employment; but the foundational potential for <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a> had not been lost, as would later be shown by the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">post–World War II economic expansion</a> and other <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_miracle_(disambiguation)" title="Economic miracle (disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect">economic miracles</a>. (See: <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stagnation#The_end_of_the_stagnation_in_the_U.S._following_the_Great_Depression" title="Economic stagnation">Economic stagnation#The end of the stagnation in the U.S. following the Great Depression</a>). In the 1930s, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> predicted that a century later there would be a 15-hour work week, as the "<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_problem" title="Economic problem">economic problem</a>" would be replaced by the problem of leisure.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <h3>1950s to present[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950s to present">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial society</a></div> The 1950s and 60s were optimistic economic times in many respects, and during this era many optimists made forecasts similar to Keynes's 1930s discussion of a pending abundance of leisure time. Meanwhile, pessimists questioned the role of labor in such a world and how people would earn a living or occupy their time. During the 1960s, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> did lead to a rise in <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">real income</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> and a decline in the average number of work hours per week; yet, real income and the length of the work week have remained relatively constant in the United States since then, even after the influx of a large number of women into the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes2009-37">[37]</a> Despite the elimination of <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> jobs after World War II via advancing mechanization and automation, employment in the services sector (<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a>) absorbed the displaced labor from the industrial sector (<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a>). For example, many manufacturing jobs left the United States during the 1990s but were offset by a one-time massive increase in <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a> ("IT") jobs at the same time. In some cases, freeing up of the labor force allows more people to enter higher-skilled managerial jobs and technologically-specialized jobs, which are typically higher paying. Works by scholars <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">David F. Noble</a><a href="#cite_note-Noble1984-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a><a href="#cite_note-Rifkin1995-39">[39]</a> are dedicated to study the social history of automation and the potential impact of scientific and technological changes on the economy. They are sometimes mocked with the disparaging label "<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">neo-Luddite</a>".[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <h4>Post-market theories[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-market theories">edit</a>]</h4> Rifkin's <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Work" title="The End of Work">The End of Work</a>, published in 1995, predicted that automation-induced unemployment would begin to be widespread within the following decade due to the sudden and massive development of informational technology. The book focuses mostly on <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, mentioning the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> once in passing and the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> not at all. It calls the new era the "post-market economy",<a href="#cite_note-Rifkin1995-39">[39]</a> although it does not offer details on what should replace the market. Political philosopher <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Caffentzis" title="George Caffentzis">George Caffentzis</a> identified Rifkin as "major participant in the "end of work" discourse of the 1990s" and discounted his argument as "not taking into account the dynamics of employment and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">technological change in the capitalist era</a>". <h4>Market-based ideas (People's Capitalism, new-market theories, others)[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Market-based ideas (People's Capitalism, new-market theories, others)">edit</a>]</h4> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a>, a United States government engineer and pioneering inventor in automation, robotics and other intelligent systems, was concerned for many years about the potential social impact of advanced intelligent systems.<a href="#cite_note-peoplescapbook-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-peoplescap-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Dr. Albus was optimistic about the wealth producing capabilities of intelligent machines but concerned about the elimination of jobs and downward pressure advanced automation placed on human wages and incomes. In his 1976 book titled Peoples' Capitalism: The Economics of the Robot Revolution<a href="#cite_note-peoplescapbook-40">[40]</a> and on his websites,<a href="#cite_note-peoplescap-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Albus lays out a plan to broaden capital ownership to the point where every citizen becomes a capitalist with a substantial income from personal ownership of capital assets. This would achieve an economic system where income from ownership of capital assets would supplement—and eventually supplant—wages and salaries as the primary source of income for the average citizen. Albus believes this would lead to a world of prosperity and opportunity without poverty, war or pollution. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brain" title="Marshall Brain">Marshall Brain</a><a href="#cite_note-Brain2003-2">[2]</a> and Martin Ford,<a href="#cite_note-Ford2009-3">[3]</a> author of the 2009 book The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future are IT engineers who worry that advancing IT will displace workers faster than current economic structures can absorb them back into the economy. Ford presents an argument<a href="#cite_note-Ford2009-3">[3]</a> for why the fear of disruption to employment, although fallacious for two centuries, might nevertheless become valid as the speed of development of new machine technology differs substantially from the past. He compares this to the standard warning in financial prospectuses that "past performance is not a guarantee of future results". Brain and Ford both advocate pursuing some permutation of <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_income" title="Basic income">basic income</a> or <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a>, simply to keep the recirculation of value throughout the economy from stalling due to low employment. Although the earliest variants of these ideas involve direct support from the government, which could tax highly automated companies and use the revenue for both basic income and select reemployment, they have also evolved to include market-based mechanisms, comparable to <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> laws, requiring the private sector to employ humans but leaving the job descriptions to private innovation. In these lines of thinking, it is recognized that the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lump_of_labour_fallacy" title="Lump of labour fallacy">"lump of labour" is a fallacy</a> and that automation can continue to yield ever higher per capita standards of living (both facts being in contrast to what Luddites thought), but also that the kinds of labor involved in newly created job categories may be of types that most people may not be qualified to do. (For example, jobs for highly skilled information technologists, such as robotics engineers or <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_integrator" title="Systems integrator">systems integrators</a>, may be in high demand, but most people will be unable to do them.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>) To bypass this problem, the basic income or new markets decouple consumer <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_confidence" title="Consumer confidence">confidence</a> from the traditional labor market, which can suffer from fluctuations in the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycle</a> or (as Ford argues) even potential <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failure</a>. In its place would grow a new labor market insulated from these concerns. In their books The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Against_The_Machine:_How_the_Digital_Revolution_is_Accelerating_Innovation,_Driving_Productivity,_and_Irreversibly_Transforming_Employment_and_the_Economy" title="Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy" class="mw-redirect">Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> professors <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McAfee" title="Andrew McAfee">Andrew McAfee</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Brynjolfsson" title="Erik Brynjolfsson">Erik Brynjolfsson</a> write that the pace of automation has picked up in recent years due to a combination of increasingly clever advanced digital technologies. They write these technologies are making people more innovative, productive and financially richer, both in the short- and long-term, but at the cost of increasing wealth inequality in society. In the authors' view, one of the main <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">in-egalitarian</a> consequences of digital technological developments is its potentially negative impact on well-paid employment. The authors recommend governments consider modifying public education systems to place greater emphasis on teaching creativity and entrepreneurship, increasing investments in infrastructure and basic research, and revising tax policies to reward employers for hiring people and to increase the tax rates on wealthy individuals.<a href="#cite_note-TheMarker-2013-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheMarker-2014-46">[46]</a> The authors advocate for a collaborative partnership between computers and humans as the road to future job creation. "In medicine, law, finance, retailing, manufacturing and even scientific discovery," they write, "the key to winning the race is not to compete against machines but to compete with machines."<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesReview-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salon-Timberg-2011-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salon-Leonard-2014-51">[51]</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Summers" title="Larry Summers" class="mw-redirect">Larry Summers</a> wrote about the "devastating consequences" of robots, 3-D printing, artificial intelligence, and similar technologies for those who perform routine tasks. In his view, "already there are more American men on disability insurance than doing production work in manufacturing. And the trends are all in the wrong direction, particularly for the less skilled, as the capacity of capital embodying artificial intelligence to replace white-collar as well as blue-collar work will increase rapidly in the years ahead." Summers recommends more vigorous cooperative efforts to address the "myriad devices" (e.g. tax havens, bank secrecy, money laundering, and regulatory arbitrage) enabling the holders of great wealth to "avoid paying" income and estate taxes, and to make it more difficult to accumulate great fortunes without requiring "great social contributions" in return, including: more vigorous enforcement of anti-monopoly laws, reductions in "excessive" protection for intellectual property, greater encouragement of profit-sharing schemes that may benefit workers and give them a stake in wealth accumulation, strengthening of collective bargaining arrangements, improvements in corporate governance, strengthening of financial regulation to eliminate subsidies to financial activity, easing of land-use restrictions that may cause the real estate of the rich to keep rising in value, better training for young people and retraining for displaced workers, and increased public and private investment in infrastructure development, e.g. in energy production and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Summers also said he no longer believed automation would always create new jobs. "This isn’t some hypothetical future possibility. This is something that’s emerging before us right now." He added the answer is not to try to stop technological change, "but the answer is not to just suppose that everything’s going to be O.K. because the magic of the market will assure that’s true."<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2014-12-15-53">[53]</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">Michael Spence</a> wrote that "Now comes a ... powerful, wave of digital technology that is replacing labor in increasingly complex tasks. This process of labor substitution and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disintermediation" title="Disintermediation">disintermediation</a> has been underway for some time in service sectors – think of ATMs, online banking, enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, mobile payment systems, and much more. This revolution is spreading to the production of goods, where robots and 3D printing are displacing labor." In his view, the vast majority of the cost of digital technologies comes at the start, in the design of hardware (e.g. sensors) and, more important, in creating the software that enables machines to carry out various tasks. "Once this is achieved, the marginal cost of the hardware is relatively low (and declines as scale rises), and the marginal cost of replicating the software is essentially zero. With a huge potential global market to amortize the upfront fixed costs of design and testing, the incentives to invest [in digital technologies] are compelling." Spence believes that, unlike prior digital technologies, which drove firms to deploy underutilized pools of valuable labor around the world, the motivating force in the current wave of digital technologies "is cost reduction via the replacement of labor." For example, as the cost of 3D printing technology declines, it is "easy to imagine" that production may become "extremely" local and customized. Moreover, production may occur in response to actual demand, not anticipated or forecast demand. "Meanwhile, the impact of robotics ... is not confined to production. Though self-driving cars and drones are the most attention-getting examples, the impact on logistics is no less transformative. Computers and robotic cranes that schedule and move containers around and load ships now control the Port of Singapore, one of the most efficient in the world." Spence believes that labor, no matter how inexpensive, will become a less important asset for growth and employment expansion, with labor-intensive, process-oriented manufacturing becoming less effective, and that re-localization will appear globally. In his view, production will not disappear, but it will be less labor-intensive, and all countries will eventually need to rebuild their growth models around digital technologies and the human capital supporting their deployment and expansion. Spence writes that "the world we are entering is one in which the most powerful global flows will be ideas and digital capital, not goods, services, and traditional capital. Adapting to this will require shifts in mindsets, policies, investments (especially in human capital), and quite possibly models of employment and distribution."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In a talk on four of the most dominant companies in the digital economy, Scott Galloway of the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business" title="New York University Stern School of Business">New York University Stern School of Business</a> said that "the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> economy is going to be outstanding for employment and its going to be terrible for wages."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Ryan Avent, an economics correspondent for <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, reports that one possible solution may be to restore some of the labor market regulations that protected workers in previous decades. However, in Avent's view, this could increase the cost of labor, which could increase firms' interest in substituting labor-saving technologies for workers, potentially canceling out the beneficial effects. Another option may be to improve workers' education. And a third option may be a form of redistribution, by giving workers a share of ownership in the corporation, or by increasing taxes on the owners of capital and distributing the funds to workers.<a href="#cite_note-The-Economist-2013-11-05-56">[56]</a> Google’s co-founder, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>, suggested a four-day workweek, so as technology displaces jobs, more people can find employment.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2014-12-15-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <h4>Non-market-based ideas[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-market-based ideas">edit</a>]</h4> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> wrote that "Technological progress frequently results in more unemployment rather than in an easing of the burden of work for all." He proposed the "establishment of a socialist economy," together with an educational system focused on social goals.<a href="#cite_note-Einstein-59">[59]</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lanchester" title="John Lanchester">John Lanchester</a> wrote that "There is a possible alternative, however, in which ownership and control of robots is disconnected from capital in its current form. The robots liberate most of humanity from work, and everybody benefits from the proceeds: we don’t have to work in factories or go down mines or clean toilets or drive long-distance lorries, but we can choreograph and ... invent things ... It seems to me that the only way that world would work is with alternative forms of ownership ... This alternative future would be the kind of world dreamed of by <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> ... Except with added robots ..."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automate_This" title="Automate This">Automate This</a> (book)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_income_guarantee" title="Basic income guarantee" class="mw-redirect">Basic income guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lump_of_labour_fallacy" title="Lump of labour fallacy">Lump of labour fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)" title="Player Piano (novel)">Player Piano</a> (novel)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_hours" title="Working hours" class="mw-redirect">Working hours</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>References[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-theeconomist-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theeconomist_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theeconomist_1-1">b</a> Babbage Science and technology (2011-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence">"Artificial intelligence: Difference Engine: Luddite legacy"</a>. The Economist. Retrieved 2013-03-28.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Babbage+Science+and+technology&rft.aulast=Babbage+Science+and+technology&rft.btitle=Artificial+intelligence%3A+Difference+Engine%3A+Luddite+legacy&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbabbage%2F2011%2F11%2Fartificial-intelligence&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brain2003-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brain2003_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brain2003_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrain2003">Brain 2003</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ford2009-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ford2009_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ford2009_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ford2009_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFord2009">Ford 2009</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Brynjolfsson" title="Erik Brynjolfsson">Erik Brynjolfsson</a>; <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McAfee" title="Andrew McAfee">Andrew McAfee</a> (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/12/opinion/global/jobs-productivity-and-the-great-decoupling.html">"Jobs, Productivity and the Great Decoupling"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 August 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Jobs%2C+Productivity+and+the+Great+Decoupling&rft.au=Andrew+McAfee&rft.au=Erik+Brynjolfsson&rft.aulast=Erik+Brynjolfsson&rft.date=11+December+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F12%2Fopinion%2Fglobal%2Fjobs-productivity-and-the-great-decoupling.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=HHq">"Business output and total employment (nonfarm)"</a>. FRED: Federal Reserve Economic Data. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 14 August 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Business+output+and+total+employment+%28nonfarm%29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.stlouisfed.org%2Ffred2%2Fgraph%2F%3Fg%3DHHq&rft.jtitle=FRED%3A+Federal+Reserve+Economic+Data&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Nisen, Max (28 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://qz.com/237833/automation-recessions-a-radical-shift-in-the-shape-of-americas-jobs-market/">"Automation + recessions = a radical shift in the shape of America's jobs market"</a>. Quartz. Retrieved 19 August 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Automation+%2B+recessions+%3D+a+radical+shift+in+the+shape+of+America%27s+jobs+market&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.aulast=Nisen&rft.au=Nisen%2C+Max&rft.date=28+July+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F237833%2Fautomation-recessions-a-radical-shift-in-the-shape-of-americas-jobs-market%2F&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Smith, Aaron; Anderson, Janna (6 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/08/06/future-of-jobs/">"AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs"</a>. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 14 August 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=AI%2C+Robotics%2C+and+the+Future+of+Jobs&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Janna&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Smith%2C+Aaron&rft.date=6+August+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2F2014%2F08%2F06%2Ffuture-of-jobs%2F&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabarrok-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabarrok_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabarrok_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabarrok_8-2">c</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Tabarrok" title="Alex Tabarrok">Tabarrok, Alex</a> (2003-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2003/12/productivity_an.html">"Productivity and unemployment"</a>. Marginal Revolution. Retrieved 2007-03-11.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Productivity+and+unemployment&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.aulast=Tabarrok&rft.au=Tabarrok%2C+Alex&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marginalrevolution.com%2Fmarginalrevolution%2F2003%2F12%2Fproductivity_an.html&rft.jtitle=Marginal+Revolution&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Keynes, John Maynard (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.econ.yale.edu/smith/econ116a/keynes1.pdf">Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rft.au=Keynes%2C+John+Maynard&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.btitle=Economic+Possibilities+for+our++Grandchildren&rft.date=1930&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.yale.edu%2Fsmith%2Fecon116a%2Fkeynes1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-summers-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summers_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-summers_10-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a> (7 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://online.wsj.com/news/article_email/lawrence-h-summers-on-the-economic-challenge-of-the-future-jobs-1404762501-lMyQjAxMTA0MDIwMjEyNDIyWj">"Lawrence H. Summers on the Economic Challenge of the Future: Jobs"</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aulast=Lawrence+H.+Summers&rft.au=Lawrence+H.+Summers&rft.btitle=Lawrence+H.+Summers+on+the+Economic+Challenge+of+the+Future%3A+Jobs&rft.date=7+July+2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_email%2Flawrence-h-summers-on-the-economic-challenge-of-the-future-jobs-1404762501-lMyQjAxMTA0MDIwMjEyNDIyWj&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_2011-06-22_WSJ-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_2011-06-22_WSJ_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2011">Roberts 2011</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons_2011-07-18-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyons_2011-07-18_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyons2011">Lyons 2011</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.work.hours.us">"Hours of Work in U.S. History"</a>. Economic History Association. 2010-02-01.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.btitle=Hours+of+Work+in+U.S.+History&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fwhaples.work.hours.us&rft.pub=Economic+History+Association&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Whaples, Robert (June 1991). "The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences". The Journal of Economic History (Cambridge University Press) 51 (2): 454–457. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022050700039073">10.1017/s0022050700039073</a>. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2122588">2122588</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=The+Shortening+of+the+American+Work+Week%3A+An+Economic+and+Historical+Analysis+of+Its+Context%2C+Causes%2C+and+Consequences&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Whaples&rft.au=Whaples%2C+Robert&rft.date=June+1991&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022050700039073&rft.issue=2&rft.jstor=2122588&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.pages=454-457&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=51" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Jerome, Harry (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5238.pdf">Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Jerome%2C+Harry&rft.aulast=Jerome&rft.btitle=Mechanization+in+Industry%2C+National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.date=1934&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fchapters%2Fc5238.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> N.V. (Nov 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence">"Difference Engine: Luddite legacy"</a>. Babbage (blog) (The Economist).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Difference+Engine%3A+Luddite+legacy&rft.aulast=N.V.&rft.au=N.V.&rft.date=Nov+4%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbabbage%2F2011%2F11%2Fartificial-intelligence&rft.jtitle=Babbage+%28blog%29&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paepke-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paepke_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paepke_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paepke_17-2">c</a> Paepke, C. Owen. The Evolution of Progress: The End of Economic Growth and the Beginning of Human Transformation. New York, Toronto: Random House. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41582-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41582-3">0-679-41582-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=C.+Owen&rft.aulast=Paepke&rft.au=Paepke%2C+C.+Owen&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Progress%3A+The+End+of+Economic+Growth+and+the+Beginning+of+Human+Transformation&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-679-41582-3&rft.place=New+York%2C+Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ayres_(scientist)" title="Robert Ayres (scientist)">Ayres, Robert U.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://books.google.com/?id=maHS2Ta_nIUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=robert+ayres#v=onepage&q&f=false">Turning Point: An End to the Growth Paradigm</a>. 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Dutton Adult. 2011. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525952718" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525952718">978-0525952718</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.btitle=The+Great+Stagnation%3A+How+America+Ate+All+the+Low-Hanging+Fruit+of+Modern+History%2C+Got+Sick%2C+and+Will+%28Eventually%29+Feel+Better&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0525952718&rft.pub=Dutton+Adult&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> R.A. (Nov 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/11/technological-unemployment">"Race against the machine"</a>. Free exchange (blog) (The Economist).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Race+against+the+machine&rft.aulast=R.A.&rft.au=R.A.&rft.date=Nov+9%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Ffreeexchange%2F2011%2F11%2Ftechnological-unemployment&rft.jtitle=Free+exchange+%28blog%29&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://onpoint.wbur.org/2011/11/02/when-machines-do-the-work">"When Machines Do The Work"</a>. On Point with Tom Ashbrook. 90.9 WBUR (Boston NPR). November 2, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=When+Machines+Do+The+Work&rft.date=November+2%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonpoint.wbur.org%2F2011%2F11%2F02%2Fwhen-machines-do-the-work&rft.jtitle=On+Point+with+Tom+Ashbrook&rft.pub=90.9+WBUR+%28Boston+NPR%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://ebusiness.mit.edu/research/Briefs/Brynjolfsson_McAfee_Race_Against_the_Machine.pdf">http://ebusiness.mit.edu/research/Briefs/Brynjolfsson_McAfee_Race_Against_the_Machine.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Kendrick, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.allbusiness.com/finance/262030-1.html">"U.S. Productivity Performance in Perspective, Business Economics, October 1, 1991"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kendrick%2C+John&rft.aulast=Kendrick&rft.btitle=U.S.+Productivity+Performance+in+Perspective%2C+Business+Economics%2C+October+1%2C+1991&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allbusiness.com%2Ffinance%2F262030-1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Field, Alezander J. (2007). "U.S. Economic Growth in the Gilded Age, Journal of Macroeconomics 31". pp. 173–190.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Field%2C+Alezander+J.&rft.aufirst=Alezander+J.&rft.aulast=Field&rft.btitle=U.S.+Economic+Growth+in+the+Gilded+Age%2C+Journal+of+Macroeconomics+31&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=173-190&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Ayres, Rober U; Ayres, Leslie W; Warr, Benjamin (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.iea.org/work/2004/eewp/Ayres-paper3.pdf">"Exergy, Power and Work in the US Economy, 1900-1998"</a>, Working paper (INSEAD's Center for the Management of Environmental Resources (CMER)), retrieved 22 November 2010<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Exergy%2C+Power+and+Work+in+the+US+Economy%2C+1900-1998&rft.au=Ayres%2C+Leslie+W&rft.au=Ayres%2C+Rober+U&rft.aulast=Ayres%2C+Rober+U&rft.au=Warr%2C+Benjamin&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fwork%2F2004%2Feewp%2FAyres-paper3.pdf&rft.jtitle=Working+paper&rft.pub=INSEAD%27s+Center+for+the+Management+of+Environmental+Resources+%28CMER%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> * Subsequently published (March 2003), "Energy, Power and Work in the US Economy, 1900-1998", Energy 28 (3): 219–273, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0360-5442%2802%2900089-0">10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00089-0</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Energy%2C+Power+and+Work+in+the+US+Economy%2C+1900-1998&rft.aulast=Subsequently+published&rft.au=Subsequently+published&rft.date=March+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0360-5442%2802%2900089-0&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Energy&rft.pages=219-273&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=28" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ayres, Robert U; Warr, Benjamin (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://books.google.com/books?id=nLfJKVK9uJsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=robert+ayres&hl=en&ei=leLqTNaeLsTCcY3KoJMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity</a>, Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-182-8">978-1-84844-182-8</a>, retrieved 22 November 2010<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Ayres%2C+Robert+U&rft.aulast=Ayres%2C+Robert+U&rft.au=Warr%2C+Benjamin&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Growth+Engine%3A+How+Energy+and+Work+Drive+Material+Prosperity&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLfJKVK9uJsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Drobert%2Bayres%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DleLqTNaeLsTCcY3KoJMK%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D3%26ved%3D0CC4Q6AEwAg%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-182-8&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK+%26+Northampton%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Bruce Bartlett (June 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/25/labors-declining-share-is-an-international-problem/?_r=0">"Labor’s Declining Share Is an International Problem"</a>. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 9 September 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Labor%E2%80%99s+Declining+Share+Is+an+International+Problem&rft.au=Bruce+Bartlett&rft.aulast=Bruce+Bartlett&rft.date=June+25%2C+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F25%2Flabors-declining-share-is-an-international-problem%2F%3F_r%3D0&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm">"The Luddites"</a>. Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-28.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.btitle=The+Luddites&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FPRluddites.htm&rft.pub=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-easterly-30"><a href="#cite_ref-easterly_30-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">Easterly, William</a> (2001). The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 53–54. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-55042-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-55042-3">0-262-55042-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Easterly%2C+William&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Easterly&rft.btitle=The+Elusive+Quest+for+Growth%3A+Economists%27+Adventures+and+Misadventures+in+the+Tropics&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-55042-3&rft.pages=53-54&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Bray, Ronnie. Luddite Spring — The Huddersfield Luddite Uprising of 1811-1812.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Bray%2C+Ronnie&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.btitle=Luddite+Spring%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+The+Huddersfield+Luddite+Uprising+of+1811-1812&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Binfield, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://books.google.com/books?id=NG6ABlDQ10MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Writings of the Luddites</a>. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801876125" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8018-7612-5</a></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Conniff" title="Richard Conniff">Conniff, Richard</a> (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-the-luddites-really-fought-against-264412/?no-ist">What the Luddites Really Fought Against</a>. "The label now has many meanings, but when the group protested 200 years ago, technology wasn't really the enemy." <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian magazine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Harford" title="Tim Harford">Harford, Tim</a> (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f1b39a64-c762-11e4-8e1f-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3UMmaXyDq">Man v machine (again)</a>. "The Luddite anxiety has been dormant for many years but has recently enjoyed a resurgence." <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times Magazine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Hartness1910pp7-12-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartness1910pp7-12_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartness1910">Hartness 1910</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://books.google.com/books?id=LLY5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 7–12</a></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Elliott, Larry (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/sep/01/economics">"Economics: Whatever happened to Keynes' 15-hour working week?"</a>. <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (London). Retrieved 17 April 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Economics%3A+Whatever+happened+to+Keynes%27+15-hour+working+week%3F&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Larry&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.date=1+September+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2008%2Fsep%2F01%2Feconomics&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes2009-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes2009_37-0">^</a> Hayes B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.5436,y.2009,no.1,content.true,page.4,css.print/issue.aspx">Automation on the Job</a>. American Scientist.</li> <li id="cite_note-Noble1984-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Noble1984_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoble1984">Noble 1984</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rifkin1995-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rifkin1995_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rifkin1995_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRifkin1995">Rifkin 1995</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-peoplescapbook-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peoplescapbook_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peoplescapbook_40-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.peoplescapitalism.org/book/PeoplesCapitalismBook.pdf">Peoples' Capitalism: The Economics of the Robot Revolution</a> (free download)</li> <li id="cite_note-peoplescap-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peoplescap_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peoplescap_41-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.peoplescapitalism.org/">People's Capitalism main website</a></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.james-albus.org/docs/CV_10_29_10.pdf">Curriculum Vitae</a></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.james-albus.org/">"Dr. James Albus"</a>. James-albus.org. Retrieved 2013-03-28.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.btitle=Dr.+James+Albus&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.james-albus.org&rft.pub=James-albus.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCvwCcEP74Q">The Four Horsemen: Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google -- Who Wins/Loses</a>, a talk by Scott Galloway at the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Life_Design" title="Digital Life Design">Digital Life Design</a> (DLD) 2015 Annual Conference. Posted on the official You Tube Channel of DLD</li> <li id="cite_note-TheMarker-2013-45"><a href="#cite_ref-TheMarker-2013_45-0">^</a> Ascher Schechter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.themarker.com/markerweek/1.2154726">After the Working Class, Technology is Eliminating the Middle Class</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheMarker" title="TheMarker">TheMarker</a>, 2013.01.11. Quotations and citations in this Wikipedia article are based on the translation from Hebrew to English of the TheMarker article.</li> <li id="cite_note-TheMarker-2014-46"><a href="#cite_ref-TheMarker-2014_46-0">^</a> Ascher Schechter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.themarker.com/magazine/1.2284024">Are You Ready for the Age of the Smart Machines?</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheMarker" title="TheMarker">TheMarker</a>, 2014.04.26. Quotations and citations in this Wikipedia article are based on the translation from Hebrew to English of the TheMarker article.</li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimesReview-47"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesReview_47-0">^</a> Steve Lohr, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/technology/economists-see-more-jobs-for-machines-not-people.html">More Jobs Predicted for Machines, Not People</a>, book review in <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 2011.10.23</li> <li id="cite_note-TechCrunch-48"><a href="#cite_ref-TechCrunch_48-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://techcrunch.com/2011/11/15/keen-on-how-the-internet-is-making-us-both-richer-and-more-unequal-tctv/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Techcrunch+%28TechCrunch%29">Keen On How The Internet Is Making Us Both Richer and More Unequal (TCTV)</a>, interview with <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McAfee" title="Andrew McAfee">Andrew McAfee</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Brynjolfsson" title="Erik Brynjolfsson">Erik Brynjolfsson</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>, 2011.11.15</li> <li id="cite_note-BusinessInsider-49"><a href="#cite_ref-BusinessInsider_49-0">^</a> JILL KRASNY, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.businessinsider.com/mit-professors-the-99-should-shake-their-fists-at-the-tech-boom-2011-11">MIT Professors: The 99% Should Shake Their Fists At The Tech Boom</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>, 2011.11.25</li> <li id="cite_note-Salon-Timberg-2011-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Salon-Timberg-2011_50-0">^</a> Scott Timberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.salon.com/2011/12/18/the_clerk_rip/">The Clerk, RIP</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)" title="Salon (website)">Salon.com</a>, 2011.12.18</li> <li id="cite_note-Salon-Leonard-2014-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Salon-Leonard-2014_51-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Leonard" title="Andrew Leonard">Andrew Leonard</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.salon.com/2014/01/17/robots_are_stealing_your_job_how_technology_threatens_to_wipe_out_the_middle_class/">Robots are stealing your job: How technology threatens to wipe out the middle class</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)" title="Salon (website)">Salon.com</a>, 2014.01.17</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Larry Summers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.democracyjournal.org/32/the-inequality-puzzle.php?page=all">The Inequality Puzzle</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy:_A_Journal_of_Ideas" title="Democracy: A Journal of Ideas" class="mw-redirect">Democracy: A Journal of Ideas</a>, Issue #32, Spring 2014</li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-2014-12-15-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-2014-12-15_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-2014-12-15_53-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/16/upshot/as-robots-grow-smarter-american-workers-struggle-to-keep-up.html?_r=0&abt=0002&abg=0">As Robots Grow Smarter, American Workers Struggle to Keep Up</a> (2014-12-15), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Michael Spence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/michael-spence-describes-an-era-in-which-developing-countries-can-no-longer-rely-on-vast-numbers-of-cheap-workers">Labor’s Digital Displacement</a> (2014-05-22), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCvwCcEP74Q">The Four Horsemen: Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google -- Who Wins/Loses</a>, a talk by Scott Galloway at the <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Life_Design" title="Digital Life Design">Digital Life Design</a> (DLD) 2015 Annual Conference. Posted on the official You Tube Channel of DLD</li> <li id="cite_note-The-Economist-2013-11-05-56"><a href="#cite_ref-The-Economist-2013-11-05_56-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/11/labours-declining-share">Labour's Declining Share - A Spectre to Worry About?</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, 2013.11.05</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Larry Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdnp_7atZ0M">discusses his views on the socio-economic effects of advanced intelligent systems</a> and how advanced digital technologies can be used to create abundance (as described in <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance:_The_Future_Is_Better_Than_You_Think" title="Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think">Peter Diamandis' book</a>), provide for people's needs, shorten the workweek, and mitigate any potential detrimental effects of technological unemployment. 2014-07-03. Discussion with <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a>. Starting at about 13:00 into the video. The audience is composed of the CEOs of the portfolio companies of <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosla_Ventures" title="Khosla Ventures">Khosla Ventures</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3173f19e-5fbc-11e4-8c27-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3HwhuzzJU">FT interview with Google co-founder and CEO Larry Page</a> (2014-10-31), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Times" title="The Financial Times" class="mw-redirect">The Financial Times</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Einstein_59-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein, Albert</a> (May 1949, republished May 1998 and May 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism">Why Socialism?</a>, Vol. 1, No. 1, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lanchester" title="John Lanchester">Lanchester, John</a> (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n05/john-lanchester/the-robots-are-coming">The Robots Are Coming</a>, Vol. 37, No. 5, pages 3-8, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></li> </ol> </div> <h2>Bibliography[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li>Bajaj, Vikas (2009-11-04), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/should-india-worry-about-jobs/">"Should India worry about jobs?"</a>, Economix: Explaining the Science of Everyday Life (New York, New York, US: New York Times), retrieved 2010-12-12. The CEO of Infosys talks about long-term perspectives.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Should+India+worry+about+jobs%3F&rft.au=Bajaj%2C+Vikas&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft.aulast=Bajaj&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F04%2Fshould-india-worry-about-jobs%2F&rft.jtitle=Economix%3A+Explaining+the+Science+of+Everyday+Life&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brain" title="Marshall Brain">Brain, Marshall</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://marshallbrain.com/robotic-nation.htm">Robotic Nation</a>, Raleigh, North Carolina, US: Marshall Brain. (e-book available free online.)<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Brain%2C+Marshall&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.btitle=Robotic+Nation&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarshallbrain.com%2Frobotic-nation.htm&rft.place=Raleigh%2C+North+Carolina%2C+US&rft.pub=Marshall+Brain&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Ford, Martin R. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.thelightsinthetunnel.com/">The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future</a>, Acculant Publishing, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448659814" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448659814">978-1448659814</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.thelightsinthetunnel.com/">e-book available free online</a>.)<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&rft.au=Ford%2C+Martin+R.&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.btitle=The+Lights+in+the+Tunnel%3A+Automation%2C+Accelerating+Technology+and+the+Economy+of+the+Future&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelightsinthetunnel.com&rft.isbn=978-1448659814&rft.pub=Acculant+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Foroohar, Rana (2010-03-18), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.newsweek.com/2010/03/18/growing-green-jobs.html">"Green Technology Won't Create Jobs"</a>, Newsweek, retrieved 2010-12-12<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Green+Technology+Won%27t+Create+Jobs&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft.au=Foroohar%2C+Rana&rft.aulast=Foroohar&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2010%2F03%2F18%2Fgrowing-green-jobs.html&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hartness" title="James Hartness">Hartness, James</a> (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://books.google.com/?id=LLY5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover">Hartness flat turret lathe manual: a hand book for operators</a>, Springfield, Vermont, US and London, UK: Jones & Lamson Machine Company, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49472727">49472727</a>. (e-book available free online.)<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Hartness%2C+James&rft.aulast=Hartness&rft.btitle=Hartness+flat+turret+lathe+manual%3A+a+hand+book+for+operators&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DLLY5AAAAMAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49472727&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Vermont%2C+US+and+London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Lamson+Machine+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Herbert, Bob (2009-09-15), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.allbusiness.com/economy-economic-indicators/economic-conditions-recession/12963754-1.html">"The hole in the economic recovery"</a>, LexisNexis. One of many news articles focused on intractably high unemployment rates and containing the phrase "yet another jobless recovery".<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=The+hole+in+the+economic+recovery&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Herbert%2C+Bob&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allbusiness.com%2Feconomy-economic-indicators%2Feconomic-conditions-recession%2F12963754-1.html&rft.jtitle=LexisNexis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Hounshell" title="David A. Hounshell">Hounshell, David A.</a> (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8">978-0-8018-2975-8</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://lccn.loc.gov/83016269">83016269</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Hounshell%2C+David+A.&rft.aulast=Hounshell&rft.btitle=From+the+American+System+to+Mass+Production%2C+1800-1932%3A+The+Development+of+Manufacturing+Technology+in+the+United+States&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2975-8&rft.lccn=83016269&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lyons" title="Daniel Lyons">Lyons, Daniel</a> (18 July 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.newsweek.com/2011/07/17/the-threat-of-automation-robots-threaten-american-jobs.html">"Who Needs Humans?: As if American workers don't have it rough enough, with unemployment skyrocketing and jobs moving overseas, now there's another threat: robots"</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> 158 (4): 28<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Who+Needs+Humans%3F%3A+As+if+American+workers+don%27t+have+it+rough+enough%2C+with+unemployment+skyrocketing+and+jobs+moving+overseas%2C+now+there%27s+another+threat%3A+robots&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Daniel&rft.date=18+July+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2011%2F07%2F17%2Fthe-threat-of-automation-robots-threaten-american-jobs.html&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.pages=28&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=158" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call" title="The Morning Call">Morning Call</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.mcall.com/news/specials/bethsteel/all-bethsteel-c0p1,0,4389048.story?coll=all-bethsteel-nav">"Forging America: The History of Bethlehem Steel"</a>, Morning Call Supplement (Allentown, Pennsylvania, US: The Morning Call). (e-book available free online.)<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Forging+America%3A+The+History+of+Bethlehem+Steel&rft.aulast=Morning+Call&rft.au=Morning+Call&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcall.com%2Fnews%2Fspecials%2Fbethsteel%2Fall-bethsteel-c0p1%2C0%2C4389048.story%3Fcoll%3Dall-bethsteel-nav&rft.jtitle=Morning+Call+Supplement&rft.place=Allentown%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+US&rft.pub=The+Morning+Call&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Neher, Juliann (2010-11-22), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-22/warren-buffett-tells-abc-rich-people-should-pay-higher-taxes.html">"Warren Buffett Tells ABC Rich People Should Pay Higher Taxes"</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek" class="mw-redirect">Bloomberg Businessweek</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Warren+Buffett+Tells+ABC+Rich+People+Should+Pay+Higher+Taxes&rft.aufirst=Juliann&rft.aulast=Neher&rft.au=Neher%2C+Juliann&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2010-11-22%2Fwarren-buffett-tells-abc-rich-people-should-pay-higher-taxes.html&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">Noble, David F.</a> (1984), Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation, New York, New York, USA: Knopf, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51262-4">978-0-394-51262-4</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://lccn.loc.gov/83048867">83048867</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.au=Noble%2C+David+F.&rft.btitle=Forces+of+Production%3A+A+Social+History+of+Industrial+Automation&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-394-51262-4&rft.lccn=83048867&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pub=Knopf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">Noble, David F.</a> (1993), Progress Without People: In Defence of Luddism, Chicago, Illinois, US: Charles H. Kerr, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88286-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88286-218-7">978-0-88286-218-7</a>. Republished in 1995 as Progress Without People: New Technology, Unemployment, and the Message of Resistance, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Between the Lines Press, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781896357010" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-896357-01-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.au=Noble%2C+David+F.&rft.btitle=Progress+Without+People%3A+In+Defence+of+Luddism&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-88286-218-7&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois%2C+US&rft.pub=Charles+H.+Kerr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Rifkin, Jeremy</a> (1995), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Work" title="The End of Work">The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era</a>, New York, New York, US: Tarcher–G.P. Putnam's Sons, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87477-779-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87477-779-6">978-0-87477-779-6</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.aulast=Rifkin&rft.au=Rifkin%2C+Jeremy&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Work%3A+The+Decline+of+the+Global+Labor+Force+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Post-Market+Era&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87477-779-6&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=Tarcher%E2%80%93G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Roberts_(economist)" title="Russell Roberts (economist)" class="mw-redirect">Roberts, Russell</a> (2011-06-22), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304070104576399704275939640.html">"Obama vs. ATMs: Why technology doesn't destroy jobs [Op/Ed]"</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Obama+vs.+ATMs%3A+Why+technology+doesn%27t+destroy+jobs+%5BOp%2FEd%5D&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Russell&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304070104576399704275939640.html&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Tutelian, Louise (2010-11-22), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://finance.yahoo.com/career-work/article/111385/disappearing-jobs-high-paying-careers-with-no-future">"Disappearing Jobs: High-Paying Careers With No Future"</a>, Yahoo Finance, retrieved 2010-12-12<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.atitle=Disappearing+Jobs%3A+High-Paying+Careers+With+No+Future&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft.aulast=Tutelian&rft.au=Tutelian%2C+Louise&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fcareer-work%2Farticle%2F111385%2Fdisappearing-jobs-high-paying-careers-with-no-future&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> </div> <h2>Further reading[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li>Ramtin, Ramin (1991), Capitalism and Automation: Revolution in Technology and Capitalist Breakdown, London, UK and Concord, Massachusetts, US: Pluto Press, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0370-3">978-0-7453-0370-3</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.aufirst=Ramin&rft.aulast=Ramtin&rft.au=Ramtin%2C+Ramin&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Automation%3A+Revolution+in+Technology+and+Capitalist+Breakdown&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0370-3&rft.place=London%2C+UK+and+Concord%2C+Massachusetts%2C+US&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Scott, Ellis L.; Bolz, Roger W.; University of Georgia; Reliance Electric Company (1969), Automation and Society, Athens, Georgia, US: Center for the Study of Automation and Society<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Bolz%2C+Roger+W.&rft.aufirst=Ellis+L.&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.au=Reliance+Electric+Company&rft.au=Scott%2C+Ellis+L.&rft.au=University+of+Georgia&rft.btitle=Automation+and+Society&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia%2C+US&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Automation+and+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Ayres, Robert U. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://books.google.com/books?id=maHS2Ta_nIUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=turning+point+robert+ayres&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A8FeT--XCIbMtgezx9iXBw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=turning%20point%20robert%20ayres&f=false">Turning Point: an End to the Growth Paradigm</a>. London: Earthscan Publications.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnological+unemployment&rft.au=Ayres%2C+Robert+U.&rft.aufirst=Robert+U.&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.btitle=Turning+Point%3A+an+End+to+the+Growth+Paradigm&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaHS2Ta_nIUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dturning%2Bpoint%2Brobert%2Bayres%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DA8FeT--XCIbMtgezx9iXBw%26ved%3D0CDgQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dturning%2520point%2520robert%2520ayres%26f%3Dfalse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Earthscan+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> <h2>External links[<a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_unemployment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> <div style="clear:both;">Find more about Technological unemployment at Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automation" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></a></td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automation" class="extiw" title="wikt:automation">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automation" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automation">Media</a> from Commons</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technological_unemployment" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technological_unemployment" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Technological unemployment">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technological_unemployment" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technological_unemployment" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Technological unemployment">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a> (July 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdnp_7atZ0M">discuss their views on the socio-economic effects of advanced intelligent systems</a> and how advanced digital technologies may be used to create abundance (as described in <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance:_The_Future_Is_Better_Than_You_Think" title="Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think">Peter Diamandis' book</a>), provide for people's needs, shorten the workweek, and mitigate any potential detrimental effects of technological unemployment. Starting at about 11:30 into the video. The audience is composed of the CEOs of the portfolio companies of <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosla_Ventures" title="Khosla Ventures">Khosla Ventures</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.nber.org/papers/w20941">Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement</a>, Seth Benzell, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a>, Guillermo LaGarda, and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>.   <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBER" title="NBER" class="mw-redirect">NBER</a> Working Paper No. 20941, February 2015.   <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.infoworld.com/article/2885973/application-development/watch-out-coders-a-robot-may-take-your-job-too.html">Some of the key aspects of the paper explained in lay terms</a>, Bill Snyder, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. "Absent appropriate fiscal policy that redistributes from winners to losers, smart machines can mean long-term misery for all," the authors conclude.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/apr/02/how-robots-algorithms-are-taking-over/?insrc=wai">How Robots & Algorithms Are Taking Over</a>, Sue Halpern (April 2015), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" title="New York Review of Books" class="mw-redirect">New York Review of Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2014/7/2/technology/australias-middle-class-about-get-minced">Now machines are taking middle class jobs</a> (July 2014), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Spectator" title="Business Spectator">Business Spectator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2014/s4014292.htm">Could robots replace nearly half of us in the workforce?</a> (2014-05-28), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/01/what-jobs-will-the-robots-take/283239/">What Jobs Will the Robots Take?</a> (2014-01-23), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/05/robots-artificial-intelligence-jobs-automation">Welcome, Robot Overlords. Please Don't Fire Us?</a> (2013-05-01), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.salon.com/2014/07/23/will_automation_take_our_jobs_partner/">The uncertainty of our high-tech future - are computers taking our jobs?</a> (2014-07-23), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/https://medium.com/message/failing-the-third-machine-age-1883e647ba74">On caregiver robots and jobs</a> (2014-07-22), Zeynep Tufekci, <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science#iSchool" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Information and Library Science">UNC iSchool</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.salon.com/2014/08/06/are_our_jobs_doomed_report_shows_the_potentially_devastating_effects_of_robots_on_the_job_market/">Are our jobs doomed? Report shows the potentially devastating effects of robots on the job market</a> (2014-08-06), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/530696/how-human-robot-teamwork-will-upend-manufacturing/">How Human-Robot Teamwork Will Upend Manufacturing</a> (2014-09-16), <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Employment" title="Template talk:Employment">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Employment&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces">Aspects of workplaces</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Template:Corporate titles">Corporate titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organized_labor_navbox" title="Template:Organized labor navbox" class="mw-redirect">Organized labor</a></li> </ul> </div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Classifications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_employment_(Australia)" title="Casual employment (Australia)">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time" title="Full-time">Full-time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-time" title="Part-time" class="mw-redirect">Part-time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">Self-employed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_contractor" title="Independent contractor">Independent contractor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure" title="Tenure">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour" class="mw-redirect">Wage labour</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Hiring</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_for_employment" title="Application for employment">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">Background check</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_letter" title="Cover letter">Cover letter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">Curriculum Vitæ (CV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-recruitment" title="E-recruitment">e-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_counsellor" title="Employment counsellor">Employment counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_search" title="Executive search">Executive search</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_programme" title="Induction programme">Induction programme</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_fair" title="Job fair">Job fair</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">Job hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_interview" title="Job interview">Job interview</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overqualification" title="Overqualification">Overqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">Onboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality-Job_Fit_Theory" title="Personality-Job Fit Theory" class="mw-redirect">Personality-Job Fit Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person-environment_fit" title="Person-environment fit" class="mw-redirect">Person-environment fit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommendation_letter" title="Recommendation letter">Reference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">Résumé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Roles</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_education" title="Cooperative education">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee" title="Employee" class="mw-redirect">Employee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employer" title="Employer" class="mw-redirect">Employer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(role)" title="Job (role)" class="mw-redirect">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerary" title="Numerary">Numerary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permatemp" title="Permatemp">Permatemp</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernumerary" title="Supernumerary">Supernumerary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteer</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Worker class</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold-collar_worker" title="Gold-collar worker">Gold-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career" title="Career">Career</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">Avocation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_assessment" title="Career assessment">Career assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">Career counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_development" title="Career development">Career development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_professional_development" title="Continuing professional development">Continuing professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">Employability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_training" title="Induction training">Induction training</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_Professional_Development" title="Initial Professional Development">Initial Professional Development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensure" title="Licensure">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">Lifelong learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice-based_professional_learning" title="Practice-based professional learning">Practice-based professional learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">Reflective practice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraining" title="Retraining">Retraining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Mentorship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradesman" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Attendance</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_break" title="Career break">Career break</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">Furlough</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">Gap year</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">Leave of absence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_service_leave" title="Long service leave">Long service leave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_call,_no_show" title="No call, no show">No call, no show</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">Schedules</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-day_week" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_overtime" title="Retroactive overtime">Retroactive overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommuting" title="Telecommuting">Telecommuting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">Workweek and weekend</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages and salaries</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_bracket" title="Income bracket">Income bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">World</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_in_Europe_by_monthly_average_wage" title="List of countries in Europe by monthly average wage" class="mw-redirect">Europe</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_in_Canada" title="List of minimum wages in Canada" class="mw-redirect">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance" title="Minimum Wage Ordinance">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_minimum_wage" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._minimum_wages" title="List of U.S. minimum wages" class="mw-redirect">USA</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Progressive wage</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Singapore</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_rate" title="Overtime rate">Overtime rate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance-related pay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">Salary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_benefit" title="Employee benefit">Benefits</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_care" title="Day care">Day care</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-home_vehicle" title="Take-home vehicle">Take-home vehicle</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Safety and health</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_noise" title="Industrial noise">Industrial noise</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_clothing" title="Protective clothing" class="mw-redirect">Protective clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational disease</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injury</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">Work accident</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">Occupational fatality</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_phobia" title="Workplace phobia">Workplace phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Workplace wellness</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women" title="Equal pay for women" class="mw-redirect">Equal pay for women</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Infractions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_abuse" title="Corporate abuse" class="mw-redirect">Corporate abuse</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">Corporate behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">Control fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_corporate_scandals" title="List of corporate scandals" class="mw-redirect">Corporate scandals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_handbook" title="Employee handbook">Employee handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Willingness</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead-end_job" title="Dead-end job">Dead-end job</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_careerism" title="Extreme careerism">Extreme careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Organizational commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Bonded labor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_system" title="Truck system">Truck system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfree_labour" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_aversion" title="Work aversion">Work aversion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_balance" title="Work–life balance">Work–life balance</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downshifting" title="Downshifting">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment" class="mw-redirect">Termination</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">At-will employment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">Dismissal</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banishment_room" title="Banishment room">Banishment room</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_dismissal" title="Constructive dismissal">Constructive dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">Wrongful dismissal</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_exit_management" title="Employee exit management">Employee exit management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_interview" title="Exit interview">Exit interview</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">Layoff</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice_period" title="Notice period">Notice period</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_slip_(employment)" title="Pink slip (employment)">Pink slip</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">Resignation</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_resignation" title="Letter of resignation">Letter of resignation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement age</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severance_package" title="Severance package">Severance package</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">Golden handshake</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_parachute" title="Golden parachute">Golden parachute</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry#Barriers_to_entry_for_individuals_into_the_job_market" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)" title="Depression (economics)">Depression</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discouraged_worker" title="Discouraged worker">Discouraged worker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictional_unemployment" title="Frictional unemployment">Frictional unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession" title="Job losses caused by the Great Recession">Great Recession job losses</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recessions" title="List of recessions" class="mw-redirect">List of recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession-proof_job" title="Recession-proof job">Recession-proof job</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_unemployment" title="Types of unemployment" class="mw-redirect">Types of unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_Convention" title="Unemployment Convention" class="mw-redirect">Unemployment Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_extension" title="Unemployment extension">Unemployment extension</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" title="Unemployment insurance" class="mw-redirect">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">Unemployment rates</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employment_rate" title="List of countries by employment rate">Employment rates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">Structural unemployment</a></li> <li>Technological unemployment</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_curve" title="Wage curve">Wage curve</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technology" title="Template:Technology">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technology" title="Template talk:Technology">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science" title="Outline of applied science">Outline of applied science</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Fields</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">GURT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture" title="ICT in agriculture">ICT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_science" title="Healthcare science" class="mw-redirect">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technology" title="Medical technology" class="mw-redirect">Medical technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">Reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade_engineering" title="Facade engineering">Facade engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">Educational software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education" title="Digital technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">Digital technologies in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" title="Information and communication technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">ICT in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_technology_on_the_educational_system" title="Impact of technology on the educational system" class="mw-redirect">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_learning" title="Multimedia learning" class="mw-redirect">Multimedia learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" title="Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_education" title="Virtual education" class="mw-redirect">Virtual education</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_technology" title="Energy technology">Energy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_energy_technology" title="Soft energy technology">Soft energy technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" title="Clean coal technology">Clean coal technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_nanotechnology" title="Green nanotechnology">Green nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_engineering" title="Landscape engineering">Landscape engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">Business informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_engineering" title="Enterprise engineering">Enterprise engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">Financial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" title="Industrial biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT and communications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_technology" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF_engineering" title="RF engineering" class="mw-redirect">RF engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_technology" title="Visual technology">Visual technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology" class="mw-redirect">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineering" title="Transport engineering" class="mw-redirect">Transport engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Scales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-technology" title="Low-technology" class="mw-redirect">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicism" title="Technicism">Technicism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoetic" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoethics" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_escalation" title="Technological escalation">Technological escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">Technological fix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li> <li>Technological unemployment</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" title="Technology lifecycle" class="mw-redirect">Technology lifecycle</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle" title="Technology adoption lifecycle">Technology adoption lifecycle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoromanticism" title="Technoromanticism">Technoromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:High-technology_business_districts" title="Category:High-technology business districts">High-technology business districts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technologies" title="List of technologies">List of technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_technology" title="Platform technology">Platform technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">Technology dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_by_country" title="Category:Science and technology by country">Science and technology by country</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields" title="STEM fields">STEM fields</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-STEM" title="Pre-STEM">Pre-STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">women</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_fields" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_alignment" title="Technology alignment">Technology alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_brokering" title="Technology brokering" class="mw-redirect">Technology brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_companies" title="Category:Technology companies">Technology companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_demonstration" title="Technology demonstration">Technology demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology education</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technical_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Technical universities and colleges">Technical universities and colleges</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_evangelist" title="Technology evangelist">Technology evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_fusion" title="Technology fusion">Technology fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology governance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_integration" title="Technology integration">Technology integration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_museum" title="Technology museum">Technology museum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_shock" title="Technology shock">Technology shock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_strategy" title="Technology strategy">Technology strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoself" title="Technoself">Technoself</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosexual" title="Technosexual">Technosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terotechnology" title="Terotechnology">Terotechnology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Technology" title="Book:Technology">Book</a></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150326024337/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology" title="Category:Technology">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326024337im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" 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