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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Landscape engineering</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><p><b>Landscape engineering</b> is the application of <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> to shape land and waterscapes. It can also be described as <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">green engineering</a>, but the design professionals best known for landscape engineering are <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architects</a>. Landscape engineering is the interdisciplinary application of <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and other <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a> to the design and creation of <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic" title="Anthropogenic" class="mw-redirect">anthropogenic</a> landscapes. It differs from, but embraces traditional <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation</a>. It includes scientific disciplines: <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a>, <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a>, <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a>, <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a>, <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a>, <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a>, <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a>, and <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_biologist" title="Wildlife biologist">Wildlife Biology</a>. It also draws upon applied sciences: Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences, Engineering <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a>, landscape architecture, and <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical" title="Geotechnical" class="mw-redirect">Geotechnical</a>, and Civil, Agricultural & <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> Engineering.</p> <p>Landscape engineering builds on the engineering strengths of declaring goals, determining initial conditions, iteratively designing, predicting performance based on knowledge of the design, monitoring performance, and adjusting designs to meet the declared goals. It builds on the strengths and history of reclamation practice. Its distinguishing feature is the marriage of landforms, substrates, and vegetation throughout all phases of design and construction, which previously have been kept as separate disciplines.</p> <p>Though landscape engineering embodies all elements of traditional engineering (planning, investigation, design, construction, operation, assessment, research, management, and training), it is focused on three main areas. The first is closure planning – which includes goal setting and design of the landscape as a whole. The second division is landscape design more focused on the design of individual landforms to reliably meet the goals as set out in the closure planning process. Landscape performance assessment is critical to both of these, and is also important for estimating liability and levels of financial assurance. The iterative process of planning, design, and performance assessment by a multidisciplinary team is the basis of landscape engineering.</p> <p>Source: McKenna, G.T., 2002. <i>Sustainable mine reclamation and landscape engineering</i>. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 661p.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landscape_engineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_landscape_materials" title="Hard landscape materials">Hard landscape materials</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> 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href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and<br/> <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a 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href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_nanotechnology" title="Green nanotechnology">Green nanotechnology</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Landscape engineering</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">Business informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_engineering" title="Enterprise engineering">Enterprise engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">Financial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" title="Industrial biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT and communications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_technology" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF_engineering" title="RF engineering" class="mw-redirect">RF engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_technology" title="Visual technology">Visual technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology" class="mw-redirect">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineering" title="Transport engineering" class="mw-redirect">Transport engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Scales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and<br/> concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-technology" title="Low-technology" class="mw-redirect">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicism" title="Technicism">Technicism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoetic" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoethics" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_escalation" title="Technological escalation">Technological escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">Technological fix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" title="Technology lifecycle" class="mw-redirect">Technology lifecycle</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323072002/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li> <li><a 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