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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" title="Naar de hoofdpagina gaan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hoofdpagina</span></a></li><li id="n-zoekartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/24_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="de vrije encyclopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-nl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Zoeken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Zoeken</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="De lettergrootte, breedte en kleur van de pagina wijzigen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uiterlijk" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uiterlijk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl" class=""><span>Doneren</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Protisten&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Protisten&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Protisten&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Protisten&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indeling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indeling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Indeling-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomonada_en_Parabasala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomonada_en_Parabasala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diplomonada en Parabasala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomonada_en_Parabasala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euglenozoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euglenozoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Euglenozoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euglenozoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alveolata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alveolata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alveolata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alveolata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stramenopila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stramenopila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stramenopila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stramenopila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voetnoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voetnoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voetnoten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voetnoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protisten</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 114 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protis" title="Protis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Protis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Protisten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D" title="प्रोटिस्ट् – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोटिस्ट्" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طلائعيات – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طلائعيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طلائعيات – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طلائعيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="প্ৰটিষ্টা – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰটিষ্টা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0btidail%C9%99r" title="İbtidailər – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbtidailər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="پروتیستلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتیستلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Протистар – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Протистар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Protist" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist%C4%81" title="Protistā – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Protistā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Пратысты – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратысты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Пратысты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратысты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Протисти – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протисти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="প্রোটিস্ট – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটিস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Protisti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protists" title="Protists – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protists" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شانشینی پێشەنگییەکان – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی پێشەنگییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist%C3%A9" title="Protisté – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protisté" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Protist" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protister" title="Protister – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protister" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protisten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Πρώτιστα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτιστα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protist" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistoj" title="Protistoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protistoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistid" title="Protistid – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Protistid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisto" title="Protisto – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protisto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آغازیان – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آغازیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkueli%C3%B6t" title="Alkueliöt – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkueliöt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistiq" title="Protistiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Protistiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurdiarten" title="Uurdiarten – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uurdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3taisteach" title="Prótaisteach – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótaisteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistas" title="Protistas – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protistas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פרוטיסטים – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטיסטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रजीव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रजीव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Protist" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoktisti" title="Protoktisti – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protoktisti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwotis" title="Pwotis – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwotis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protiszt%C3%A1k" title="Protiszták – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Protiszták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisto" title="Protisto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Protisto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protiste" title="Protiste – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Protiste" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisto" title="Protisto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protisto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumverur" title="Frumverur – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumverur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原生生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotis" title="Pruotis – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pruotis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პროტისტები – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტისტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Споралылар – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Споралылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೊಟಿಸ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೊಟಿಸ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%83%9D%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="원생생물 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원생생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Protist" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protisten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistai" title="Protistai – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protistai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protisti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Протисти – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протисти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="പ്രോട്ടിസ്റ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടിസ്റ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Протист – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протист" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protis" title="Protis – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="မူလသက်ရှိ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မူလသက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Napolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Napolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Protisten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistar" title="Protistar – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Protistar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoktister" title="Protoktister – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protoktister" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirootistaa" title="Pirootistaa – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pirootistaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪਰੋਟਿਸਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰੋਟਿਸਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisty" title="Protisty – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protisty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="پروٹسٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹسٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27ulla_kawsaykuq" title="Ch'ulla kawsaykuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'ulla kawsaykuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protiste" title="Protiste – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Protiste" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Протисты – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протисты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Протистар – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Протистар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protisti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රෝටිස්ටා රාජධානිය – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටිස්ටා රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protisti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotista" title="Brotista – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Brotista" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Протисти – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протисти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protister" title="Protister – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protister" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="அதிநுண்ணுயிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அதிநுண்ணுயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE" title="ప్రోటిస్టా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రోటిస్టా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Оғозиён – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оғозиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โพรทิสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพรทิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CA%BBamo%CA%BBuimu%CA%BBa" title="Meʻamoʻuimuʻa – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Meʻamoʻuimuʻa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistler" title="Protistler – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protistler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Протистлар – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Протистлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Протисти – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протисти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="یک خلوی عضویہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یک خلوی عضویہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistad" title="Protistad – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Protistad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_nguy%C3%AAn_sinh" title="Sinh vật nguyên sinh – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật nguyên sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Protista" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原生生物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="פראטיסטן – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטיסטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原生生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-seng_seng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Goân-seng seng-bu̍t – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-seng seng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原生生物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Protisten" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergaven"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protisten"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protisten"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Protisten" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Protisten" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&oldid=67504589" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Protisten&id=67504589&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DProtisten%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DProtisten%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Protisten"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Protisten&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protista" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Protista" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10892" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:khaki; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;"><big>Protisten</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">Fossiel</a> voorkomen: <br /><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozo%C3%AFcum" title="Paleoproterozoïcum">Paleoproterozoïcum</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <a href="/wiki/Holoceen" title="Holoceen">heden</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Protist_collage_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Protisten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Protist_collage_2.jpg/266px-Protist_collage_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Protist_collage_2.jpg/399px-Protist_collage_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Protist_collage_2.jpg/532px-Protist_collage_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: khaki; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomische indeling</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">Domein</a>:</td><td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryota</a> (Eukaryoten)</td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: khaki; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">Rijk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center"><b>Protista</b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a></small><small>, 1866</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: khaki; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">Supergroepen</a><br />Onderverdelingen <i>zonder rang</i><sup id="cite_ref-Adl2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> (roodwieren)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusozoa" title="Apusozoa">Apusozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vele andere;<br />classificatie varieert</b></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: khaki; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;" colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="2"><small><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protista" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Protista">Afbeeldingen</a> op</small> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="2"><small><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Protista" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Protista">Protisten</a> op</small> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/15px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/30px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: khaki; color:inherit;" colspan="2"> <table style="margin:0 auto;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Een <b>protist</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eencellig_organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Eencellig organisme">eencellig organisme</a>, dat niet behoort tot het rijk van de <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a>. De protisten vormen geen <a href="/wiki/Monofyletische_groep" title="Monofyletische groep">natuurlijke groep</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maar worden, net als de <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Ongewervelden" title="Ongewervelden">ongewervelden</a>, gemakshalve samengevat onder een verzamelterm. De soortenrijkdom van de protisten is erg groot.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bekende groepen protisten zijn <a href="/wiki/Amoebe" title="Amoebe">amoeben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">ciliaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">diatomeeën</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterschimmels" title="Waterschimmels">oömyceten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminiferen</a>. </p><p>In sommige verouderde <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomische</a> <a href="/wiki/Classificatiesysteem" title="Classificatiesysteem">classificatiesystemen</a>, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">vijf-rijkenverdeling</a> van <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harding_Whittaker" title="Robert Harding Whittaker">Robert Whittaker</a> uit 1969, werden de protisten ondergebracht in een apart rijk: de <i>Protista</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levensvormen die van dit rijk deel uitmaken worden gedefinieerd als "eencellige organismen, al dan niet levend in een <a href="/wiki/Kolonie_(biologie)" title="Kolonie (biologie)">kolonie</a>, en hun rechtstreekse meercellige verwanten."<sup id="cite_ref-whitaker5kingdoms_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitaker5kingdoms-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protisten vertonen zeer uiteenlopende <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscycli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motiliteit" title="Motiliteit">wijzen van voortbewegen</a> en cellulaire bouw.<sup id="cite_ref-Simonite2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonite2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-4051-4157-3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-4051-4157-3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In het classificatiesysteem van <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a> is de term 'protist' voorbehouden aan <a href="/wiki/Micro-organisme" title="Micro-organisme">microscopische organismen</a>, en wordt de naam <i>Protoctista</i> toegepast op een rijk waarvan ook grotere meercellige eukaryoten deel uitmaken, zoals <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">bruinwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a> en <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">slijmzwammen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De term 'protist' wordt daarnaast in bredere zin gebruikt en slaat dan op macroscopische organismen die niet passen in de traditionele rijkenverdelingen. </p><p>De termen 'protisten' en 'Protoctista' zijn in de moderne cladistiek in onbruik geraakt, omdat ze geen correct beeld geven van evolutionaire verwantschappen. Toch worden de termen vaak nog informeel gebruikt als een verzamelterm voor eencellige, eukaryote <a href="/wiki/Micro-organisme" title="Micro-organisme">micro-organismen</a>. Zo kan het woord '<a href="/wiki/Pathogeen" title="Pathogeen">pathogene</a> protist' elk ziekteverwekkend micro-organisme betekenen, zolang het geen <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacterie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">metazoa</a> is.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toen het taxon Protista voor het eerst werd onderscheiden, omvatte het al het leven dat noch dier, noch plant was (schimmels werden toen nog tot de planten gerekend), en omvatte dus al het niet meercellig leven. Sommige problematische <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellige organismen</a> werden soms ook tot de protisten gerekend. Het duurde niet lang voor men een onderscheid ging maken tussen protisten en <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">moneren</a>. De moneren werden later gesplitst in de <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacteriën</a> en <i><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">Virussen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Viro%C3%AFden" class="mw-redirect" title="Viroïden">viroïden</a> zijn geen cellen en worden volgens de huidige definitie niet tot de protisten, noch tot het <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a> gerekend. </p><p>De protisten waren de verzameling van alle <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryotische</a> organismen, die niet ondergebracht konden worden binnen de <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Fungi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Plantae</a>. Tegenwoordig is een indeling in <a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">supergroepen</a> meer gangbaar geworden. Hierin zijn de protisten als groep verdwenen en de soorten zijn verspreid over alle supergroepen. De schimmels en de dieren komen nu samen met de <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">amoeben</a>, die eencellig zijn, in de supergroep <a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a>. </p><p>Een recent schematisch overzicht met domeinen en supergroepen: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;line-height:110%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a><br />(1735)<br />2 <a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">rijken</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a><br />(1894)<br />3 rijken </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harding_Whittaker" title="Robert Harding Whittaker">Whittaker</a><br />(1969)<br />5 rijken </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a><br />(1977)<br />6 rijken </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a><br />(1990)<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3 <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a> (1998)<br />2 domeinen en<br />6 rijken </th> <th colspan="2">Keeling (2004)<br />3 domeinen en<br />5 <a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">supergroepen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#E0D0B0"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eucarya</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#E0D0B0"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#E0D0B0"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#DAC4DA"><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="palegreen"><a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Vegetabilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="palegreen"><a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E8DB98"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="palegreen"><a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="palegreen"><a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="palegreen"><a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#C0ddA0"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="khaki"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="khaki"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCE0AF"><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="bgcolor:white;color:gray;"><i>niet<br />behandeld</i> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="khaki"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E8DB98"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td bgcolor="silver"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="silver"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteria</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="silver"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Eubacteri%C3%ABn" title="Eubacteriën">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteria</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteria</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In de moderne <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">cladistiek</a> bestaat geen equivalent van de groep 'Protista' of 'Protoctista', omdat dit termen zijn die verwijzen naar parafyletische groepen die de hele <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetische_stamboom" title="Fylogenetische stamboom">stamboom van het leven</a> overspannen. Er zijn verschillende <i>supergroepen</i> die gerekend kunnen worden tot de protisten, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (met alle planten en veel algen), <a href="/wiki/SAR-clade" title="SAR-clade">SAR-clade</a> (met protozoa en sommige algen), <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> (diverse groep eencelligen) en <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> (waaronder de dieren en schimmels).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In alle supergroepen komen protisten voor; de meeste supergroepen bevatten zelfs uitsluitend protisten.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voeding">Voeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voeding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voeding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veel protisten zijn <a href="/wiki/Heterotroof" title="Heterotroof">heterotroof</a> (voeding met organische stoffen). Veel protisten kunnen opgeloste <a href="/wiki/Organische_chemie" title="Organische chemie">organische</a> stoffen over het hele celoppervlak opnemen, vooral de <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasitaire</a> eencelligen. Een dergelijke voedingswijze noemt men saprozoïsch. </p><p>Echte voedingsorganellen komen voor bij de zich holozoïsch voedende soorten; deze nemen hele organismen of dode delen in hun voedselvacuolen op. Men kan hier vaak spreken van een <a href="/wiki/Celmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Celmond">celmond</a> (cytostoom). </p><p>Bij de <a href="/wiki/Wortelpotigen" title="Wortelpotigen">wortelpotigen</a> wordt het voedsel door schijnvoetjes omhuld. Er kan hier op elke plaats van de celmembraan door middel van <a href="/wiki/Fagocytose" title="Fagocytose">fagocytose</a> een voedselvacuole gevormd worden. In de voedselvacuole vindt de vertering plaats. </p><p>Daarnaast zijn er veel <a href="/wiki/Fotoautotroof" title="Fotoautotroof">fotoautotrofe</a> soorten onder de protisten. Enkele groepen <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a>, die vroeger, en soms nu nog, tot de planten werden gerekend, hebben bladgroen en zijn fotoautotroof (voeding uitsluitend met anorganische stoffen). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indeling">Indeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Indeling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De indeling van de protisten verandert nog steeds. In nieuwe indelingen worden <a href="/wiki/Monofyletische_groep" title="Monofyletische groep">monofyletische</a> groepen gevormd op basis van <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">moleculaire biologie</a>. Van de drie takken vermoedt men dat uit hun afstammelingen respectievelijk de <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a> zijn ontstaan. Dit feit – dat sommige van haar afstammelingen tot een andere <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> worden gerekend – maakt de classificatie <a href="/wiki/Parafyletische_groep" title="Parafyletische groep">parafyletisch</a>. Zij wordt bijgevolg in de moderne <a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">systematiek</a> niet meer gebruikt; de protisten zijn verdeeld over verschillende <a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">supergroepen</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): </p> <table class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56498116">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:20px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li.lastline{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul{margin-left:-1px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Supergroep <i><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></i> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)"><i>Animalia</i> = <i>Metazoa</i> = Dieren</a>, sommige eencellig <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellata" title="Choanoflagellata">Choanoflagellata</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Overige stammen zijn meercellig.</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <i><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Schimmels</a>, sommige eencellig, veelal meercellig.</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <i><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Amoebe" title="Amoebe">Amoeben</a> <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizopoda">Rhizopoda</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Wortelpotigen" title="Wortelpotigen">Wortelpotigen</a></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Myxomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxomycota">Myxomycota</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Plasmodiale_slijmzwammen" title="Plasmodiale slijmzwammen">Plasmodiale slijmzwammen</a></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Dictyostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictyostela">Dictyostela</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Cellulaire_slijmzwammen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulaire slijmzwammen">Cellulaire slijmzwammen</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> ? Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Apusozoa" title="Apusozoa">Apusozoa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Supergroep <i><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a></i> <ul><li>Rijk <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euexcavata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euexcavata (de pagina bestaat niet)">Euexcavata</a></i> <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpediemonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpediemonada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Carpediemonada</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakobada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakobada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jakobada</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eophyringa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eophyringa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Eophyringa</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metamonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metamonada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Metamonada</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabasala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parabasala (de pagina bestaat niet)">Parabasala</a></i></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discicristatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discicristatae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Discicristatae</a></i> <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Euglenoida" title="Euglenoida">Euglenoida</a></i>= <i><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplonemida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplonemida (de pagina bestaat niet)">Diplonemida</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetoplasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetoplasta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kinetoplasta</a></i> = <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetoplastida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetoplastida (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kinetoplastida</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterolobosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterolobosa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Heterolobosa</a></i> = <i>Amoeboflagellata</i> = <i>Schizopyrenida</i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudociliata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudociliata (de pagina bestaat niet)">Pseudociliata</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Supergroep <a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> <ul><li>Rijk <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryomonadae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukaryomonadae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Eukaryomonadae</a></i> = <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacrobia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hacrobia</a></i> <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptomonadae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptomonadae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cryptomonadae</a></i> = <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cryptophyta</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a></i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Haptomonadae" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptomonadae">Haptomonadae</a></i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Prymnesiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Prymnesiophyta">Prymnesiophyta</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrohelomonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrohelomonada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Centrohelomonada</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Rijk <i><a href="/wiki/Heterokontae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokontae">Heterokontae</a></i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Stramenopila" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopila">Stramenopila</a></i> <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opalinida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opalinida (de pagina bestaat niet)">Opalinida</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinthulomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labyrinthulomorpha (de pagina bestaat niet)">Labyrinthulomorpha</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicosoecida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicosoecida (de pagina bestaat niet)">Bicosoecida</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Oomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycota">Oomycota</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Waterschimmels" title="Waterschimmels">Waterschimmels</a></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrysophyta</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Actinophryida" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinophryida">Actinophryida</a> </i>=<i> <a href="/wiki/Heliozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliozoa">Heliozoa</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Zonnediertjes" title="Zonnediertjes">zonnediertjes</a></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphidiophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphidiophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Raphidiophyta</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Xanthophyta</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eustigmatophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eustigmatophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Eustigmatophyta</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Phaeophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyta">Phaeophyta</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Bruinwieren</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillariophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacillariophyta">Bacillariophyta</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">Diatomeeën</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alveolata">Alveolatae</a></i> <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a></i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Dinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinophyta">Dinophyta</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten">Dinoflagellaten</a></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></i> ~ <i><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliata</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Sporozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporozoa">Sporozoa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Supergroep <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></i> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercozoae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercozoae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cercozoae</a></i> <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercomonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercomonada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cercomonada</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorarachniophyta" title="Chlorarachniophyta">Chlorarachniophyta</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phytomyxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phytomyxa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Phytomyxa</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Granuloreticulosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Granuloreticulosa">Granuloreticulosa</a></i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></i></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplosporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplosporidia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Haplosporidia</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></i> = <a href="/wiki/Stralendiertjes" title="Stralendiertjes">Stralendiertjes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Supergroep <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Primoplantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Primoplantae">Primoplantae</a></i>, sommige eencellig <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Rhodoplantae" title="Rhodoplantae">Rhodoplantae</a>, veelal meercellig</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (planten s.l.) met <a href="/wiki/Chlorobionta" title="Chlorobionta">Chlorobionta</a> (groene algen) en <a href="/wiki/Streptobionta" title="Streptobionta">Streptobionta</a>, veelal meercellig</li></ul></li></ul> </li></div> <p>Opmerking: Er zijn ook andere indelingen mogelijk. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomonada_en_Parabasala">Diplomonada en Parabasala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Diplomonada en Parabasala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Diplomonada en Parabasala"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protisten uit de stammen Diplomonada en Parabasala hebben geen <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a>, en hun <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> hebben geen <a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a>, er vindt geen <a href="/wiki/Oxidatieve_fosforylering" title="Oxidatieve fosforylering">oxidatieve fosforylering</a> plaats en <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymen</a> die nodig zijn voor de <a href="/wiki/Citroenzuurcyclus" title="Citroenzuurcyclus">citroenzuurcyclus</a> ontbreken. De meeste soorten leven in <a href="/wiki/Anaeroob" title="Anaeroob">anaerobe</a> omstandigheden. </p><p><i>Diplomonada</i> hebben twee gelijkvormige <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkernen</a> en meerdere <a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">flagellen</a>. Een bekend voorbeeld van een diplomonadum is de parasiet <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a></i>, bij mensen de veroorzaker van <a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">giardiasis</a>. </p><p><i>Parabasala</i> bevat ook de soort <i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" title="Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a></i>, een bewoner van de <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>. De <i>T. vaginalis</i> kan <a href="/wiki/Infectie" title="Infectie">infecties</a> veroorzaken die <a href="/wiki/Seksueel_overdraagbare_aandoening" title="Seksueel overdraagbare aandoening">seksueel overdraagbaar</a> zijn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Euglenozoa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Euglenozoa"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Euglenozoa</i> worden gekenmerkt door een <a href="/wiki/Kristallijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristallijn">kristallijn</a> staafje in hun <a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">flagellen</a>. Deze groep is erg gevarieerd. De meest bestudeerde groepen zijn de <i>Kinetoplastida</i> en de <i>Euglenozoa</i>. </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetoplastida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetoplastida (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kinetoplastida</a></i> hebben een groot mitochondrion dat een grote DNA-structuur bevat die een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetoplast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetoplast (de pagina bestaat niet)">kinetoplast</a> wordt genoemd. Deze groep omvat niet alleen protisten die leven van <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryoten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zee" title="Zee">zee</a> en andere vochtige <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">ecosystemen</a>, maar ook soorten die <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasiteren</a> op dieren, <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a> en op andere protisten. Kinetoplastiden van het <a href="/wiki/Geslacht_(biologie)" title="Geslacht (biologie)">geslacht</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomen" title="Trypanosomen">Trypanosoma</a></i> veroorzaken bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Slaapziekte" title="Slaapziekte">slaapziekte</a>, een ziekte die overgebracht wordt door de Afrikaanse <a href="/wiki/Tseetseevlieg" title="Tseetseevlieg">tseetseevlieg</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Ziekte_van_Chagas" title="Ziekte van Chagas">ziekte van Chagas</a> wordt ook veroorzaakt door protisten uit dit geslacht. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Euglenoida" title="Euglenoida">Euglenozoa</a></i> hebben een of twee <a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">flagellen</a>. Wat ook kenmerkend is voor deze groep is de aanwezigheid van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramylon (de pagina bestaat niet)">paramylon</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Polymeer" title="Polymeer">polymeer</a> van <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>. Een voorbeeld is het <i><a href="/wiki/Euglena" title="Euglena">Euglena</a></i>. Dit organisme is vaak te vinden in poelwater, bekeken onder de <a href="/wiki/Microscoop" title="Microscoop">microscoop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alveolata">Alveolata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Alveolata" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Alveolata"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Alveolata</i> zijn te herkennen aan <a href="/wiki/Membraan" title="Membraan">membraan</a>-omringde zakjes net onder het <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">celmembraan</a>: de <a href="/wiki/Alveolen" title="Alveolen">alveoli</a>. De functie van deze zakjes is nog onbekend. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten">Dinoflagellaten</a></i> zijn aanwezig in <a href="/wiki/Fytoplankton" title="Fytoplankton">fytoplankton</a> en worden gekenmerkt door hun flagellen, die zo zijn geplaatst dat de dinoflagellata draaien als ze door het water bewegen. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></i> of <i>Sporozoa</i> zijn parasieten bij dieren, en sommige daarvan veroorzaken ernstige ziekten. Ze worden gekenmerkt door een complex dat gespecialiseerde <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organellen</a> bevat om <a href="/wiki/Gastheer_(biologie)" title="Gastheer (biologie)">gastheercellen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Weefsel_(biologie)" title="Weefsel (biologie)">weefsels</a> binnen te dringen: de apex. Tot deze groep behoort ook <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_(eencellige)" title="Plasmodium (eencellige)">Plasmodium</a></i>, de parasiet die <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> veroorzaakt. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></i> of <i>Ciliata</i> worden zo genoemd om hun gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Trilhaar" title="Trilhaar">cilia</a> om te bewegen en te eten. De <i>Ciliata</i> hebben 2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kern_(biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kern (biologie) (de pagina bestaat niet)">kernen</a>: een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micronucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micronucleus (de pagina bestaat niet)">micronucleus</a> en een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macronucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macronucleus (de pagina bestaat niet)">macronucleus</a>. Een macronucleus bevat vaak meerdere kopieën van het <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">genoom</a> van de cel. Een bekend voorbeeld is het <a href="/wiki/Pantoffeldiertjes" title="Pantoffeldiertjes">pantoffeldiertje (<i>Paramecium</i></a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stramenopila">Stramenopila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Stramenopila" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Stramenopila"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De tak <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Heterokontae</a> = <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Stramenopila</a> = <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> wordt gekenmerkt door de harige flagella (pilos is <a href="/wiki/Latijn" title="Latijn">Latijn</a> voor haar). Tot deze groep behoren onder andere </p> <ul><li>Stam: <a href="/wiki/Waterschimmels" title="Waterschimmels">Oömycota</a> (Waterschimmels)</li> <li>Stam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrysophyta</a> (Goudwieren)</li> <li>Stam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Xanthophyta</a></li> <li>Stam: <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Phaeophyta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Bruinwieren</a>)</li> <li>Stam: <a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">Bacillariophyta</a> = <a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">Diatomeeën</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">Kiezelwieren</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisten&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversiteit" title="Biodiversiteit">Biodiversiteit</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-16px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voetnoten">Voetnoten</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De vroegste eukaryote eencellige levensvormen waren protisten.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In de traditionele vier-rijkenverdeling van Whittaker werden alle <a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencellige organismen</a>, waaronder alle bacteriën, gerekend tot de <i>Protista</i>. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland" title="Herbert Copeland">Herbert Copeland</a> stelde een nieuw rijkensysteem voor waarin onderscheid werd gemaakt tussen prokaryoten (<a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>) en eukaryoten die geen planten en geen dieren waren (Protoctista). Uitgaande van die denkwijze introduceerde Whittaker uiteindelijk zijn vijf-rijkenverdeling.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1959_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1959-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5kingdoms_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5kingdoms-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenties">Referenties</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Adl2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Adl2012_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, <i>et al</i>.</span> (2012). <cite>The revised classification of eukaryotes</cite>. <i>The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</i> <b>59</b> (5): 429–93. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020233">23020233</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x</a>. </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">vrije toegang</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Een natuurlijke groep is een groep waarin alle evolutionaire afstammelingen van een enkele voorouder zijn vertegenwoordigd</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2007"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Sina M. Adl, Brian S. Leander, Alastair G. B. Simpson, et al.</span> (2007). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2007-08_56_4/page/684">Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists</a></cite>. <i>Systematic Biology</i> <b>56</b> (4): 684–689. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701494127">10.1080/10635150701494127</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker1959-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker1959_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF1959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Whittaker RH</span> (1959). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1959-09_34_3/page/210">On the Broad Classification of Organisms</a></cite>. <i>Quarterly Review of Biology</i> <b>34</b> (3): 210–226. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/402733">10.1086/402733</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5kingdoms-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5kingdoms_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Joel B. Hagen</span> (2012). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2012-01_62_1/page/67">depiction of Whittaker's early four-kingdom system, based on three modes of nutrition and the distinction between unicellular and multicellular body plans</a></cite>. <i>BioScience</i> <b>62</b>: 67–74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.11">10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.11</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitaker5kingdoms-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-whitaker5kingdoms_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF1969"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Whittaker RH</span> (January 1969). <cite>New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms</cite>. <i>Science</i> <b>163</b> (3863): 150–60. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5762760">5762760</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3863.150">10.1126/science.163.3863.150</a>. </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302043220/http://pevsnerlab.kennedykrieger.org/genomics/1969_whittaker.pdf">vrije toegang</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonite2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Simonite2005_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2005"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Simonite T</span> (2005). <cite>Protists push animals aside in rule revamp</cite>. <i>Nature</i> <b>438</b> (7064): 8–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267517">16267517</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/438008b">10.1038/438008b</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-4051-4157-3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-4051-4157-3_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2009_207"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">David Harper, Michael Benton</span> (2009). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopa00bent">Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record</a></i></cite>. Wiley-Blackwell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopa00bent/page/n219">207</a>. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-4051-4157-4" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-4051-4157-4">ISBN 978-1-4051-4157-4</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2009"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lynn Margulis, Michael J. Chapman</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2009-03-19">19 maart 2009</span>). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C">Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth</a></i></cite>. Academic Press. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780080920146" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780080920146">ISBN 9780080920146</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2016"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Siddiqui R, Kulsoom H, Lalani S, Khan NA</span> (2016). <cite>Isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris-specific antibody fragments from a bacteriophage antibody display library</cite>. <i>Experimental Parasitology</i> <b>166</b>: 94–6. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27055361">27055361</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.001">10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.001</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Woese_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF1990"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Woese, C.R., Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M.L.</span> (1990). <cite>Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya</cite>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> <b>87</b> (12): 4576–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744">2112744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Een <a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">supergroep</a> ligt taxonomisch tussen een <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domein</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">rijk</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2013_243-245"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Raven, P. Evert, R</span> (2013). <cite><i>Biology of Plants, 8th edition</i></cite>. W.H. Freeman Publishers, pp. 243-245. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9781464113512" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9781464113512">ISBN 9781464113512</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Campbell, N,A. et al.</span> (2008) <i>Biology.</i> 8th edition. Person International Edition, San Francisco</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2013"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Raven, P. Evert, R</span> (2013). <cite><i>Biology of Plants, 8th edition</i></cite>. W.H. Freeman Publishers. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9781464113512" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9781464113512">ISBN 9781464113512</a></span>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2008"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Campbell, N. & Reece, J</span> (2008). <cite><i>Biology - 8th Edition</i></cite>. Pearson International Edition. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-321-53616-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-321-53616-9">ISBN 0-321-53616-9</a></span>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2009"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Harper, D. & Benton, M</span> (2009). <cite><i>Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record</i></cite>. Wiley-Blackwell. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/1-4051-4157-3" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/1-4051-4157-3">ISBN 1-4051-4157-3</a></span>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2005"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Simonite, T.</span> (2005). <cite>Protists push animals aside in rule revamp</cite>. <i>Nature</i> <b>438</b> (7064): 8-9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/438008b">10.1038/438008b</a>. </span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Hoofdindeling_van_Eukaryoten"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_eukaryoten" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie eukaryoten"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nl:Overleg_sjabloon:Navigatie_eukaryoten" title="Overleg sjabloon"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_eukaryoten&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Hoofdindeling_van_Eukaryoten" class="navigatie-titel">Hoofdindeling van <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <div style="background: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b>Indeling in <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">supergroepen</a>:</b></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:9em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteria</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts">(met ongeveer 9 <a href="/wiki/Stam_(biologie)" title="Stam (biologie)">stammen</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts">(met ongeveer 5 stammen)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryota</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Bikonta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> · <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b>Verouderde indeling in <a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">rijken</a>:</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:9em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">Rijken</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren (Animalia)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten (Plantae)</a> · (<a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels (Fungi)</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">protisten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">moneren (prokaryoten)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protisten&oldid=67504589">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protisten&oldid=67504589</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Protista" 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