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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Eukaryoten" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Eukaryoten" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overzicht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overzicht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overzicht</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overzicht-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Overzicht-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overzicht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eukaryoten_als_organismen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eukaryoten_als_organismen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Eukaryoten als organismen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eukaryoten_als_organismen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eukaryoten_versus_prokaryoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eukaryoten_versus_prokaryoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eukaryoten versus prokaryoten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eukaryoten_versus_prokaryoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eukaryotische_celbouw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eukaryotische_celbouw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eukaryotische celbouw</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eukaryotische_celbouw-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Eukaryotische celbouw-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eukaryotische_celbouw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interne_membranen_en_vesikels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interne_membranen_en_vesikels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Interne membranen en vesikels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interne_membranen_en_vesikels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitochondriën_en_plastiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondriën_en_plastiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mitochondriën en plastiden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondriën_en_plastiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cytoskelet_en_extern_membraan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytoskelet_en_extern_membraan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cytoskelet en extern membraan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytoskelet_en_extern_membraan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voortplanting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voortplanting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voortplanting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voortplanting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutie_en_indeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutie_en_indeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolutie en indeling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutie_en_indeling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Evolutie en indeling-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutie_en_indeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_classificatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis_van_de_classificatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Geschiedenis van de classificatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_classificatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huidige_fylogenie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huidige_fylogenie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Huidige fylogenie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huidige_fylogenie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oorsprong_van_eukaryoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oorsprong_van_eukaryoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oorsprong van eukaryoten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oorsprong_van_eukaryoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossielen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossielen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fossielen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossielen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voetnoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voetnoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voetnoten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voetnoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eukaryoten</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 139 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioot" title="Eukarioot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eukarioot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="حقيقيات النوى – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="حقيقيات النوى – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1" title="সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="Eukariotlar – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эўкарыёты – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эўкарыёты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC" title="সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariotes" title="Eucariotes – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eucariotes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-h%C5%8Fk_s%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk" title="Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эукариоташ – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эукариотсем – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эукариотсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewcaryot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – Nedersorbisch" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%85%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADkariotoj" title="Eŭkariotoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭkariotoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukar%C3%BCoodid" title="Eukarüoodid – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eukarüoodid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یوکاریوت – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitotumaiset" title="Aitotumaiset – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aitotumaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioten" title="Eukarioten – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eukarioten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89karyota" title="Ékaryota – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékaryota" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-fu%CC%8Dt" title="Chṳ̂n-fu̍t – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-fu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אאוקריוטים – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאוקריוטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="सुकेन्द्रिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुकेन्द्रिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekary%C3%B2t" title="Ekaryòt – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekaryòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukari%C3%B3t%C3%A1k" title="Eukarióták – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eukarióták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կորիզավորներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորիզավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucaryote" title="Eucaryote – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eucaryote" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эукариоташ – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilkj%C3%B6rnungar" title="Heilkjörnungar – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilkjörnungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ევკარიოტები – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევკარიოტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timzi%C9%A3wawin" title="Timziɣwawin – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timziɣwawin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%95%B5%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="진핵생물 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진핵생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariyot" title="Eukariyot – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Eukariyot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="Eucariota – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarya" title="Eukarya – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eukarya" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="Eucariota – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ຢູກາຣີໂອດ – Laotiaans" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຢູກາຣີໂອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laotiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotai" title="Eukariotai – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eukariotai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikarioti" title="Eikarioti – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eikarioti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ – Meitei" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Meitei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="सकेंद्रक सजीव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सकेंद्रक सजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Napolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Napolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotar" title="Eukaryotar – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eukaryotar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirmaat-dhugee" title="Wirmaat-dhugee – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wirmaat-dhugee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Эукариоттæ – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эукариоттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eukarionty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9" title="یوکیریوٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکیریوٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یوکاریوت – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эукариоты – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Еукариоты – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="يوڪيريئوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوڪيريئوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariote" title="Eukariote – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eukariote" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evkarionti" title="Evkarionti – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evkarionti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell%C3%A2v%C3%A1%C3%A1imusliih" title="Sellâvááimusliih – Inari-Samisch" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sellâvááimusliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Еукариоте – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еукариоте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="மெய்க்கருவுயிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்க்கருவுயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Эукариотҳо – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эукариотҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95" title="ยูแคริโอต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูแคริโอต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96karyot" title="Ökaryot – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ökaryot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариотлар – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эукариотлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукаріоти – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еукаріоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81" title="حقیقی المرکزیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حقیقی المرکزیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="Eukariotlar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_nh%C3%A2n_th%E1%BB%B1c" title="Sinh vật nhân thực – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật nhân thực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryootn" title="Eukaryootn – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eukaryootn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#e0d0b0; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><big>Eukaryoten</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">Fossiel</a> voorkomen: <a href="/wiki/Orosirium" title="Orosirium">Orosirium</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Holoceen" title="Holoceen">heden</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eukaryoten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/266px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/399px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/532px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="919" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#e0d0b0; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">Domein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="ta-center"><b>Eukaryota</b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harding_Whittaker" title="Robert Harding Whittaker">Whittaker</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis</a></small><small>, 1978</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #e0d0b0; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" colspan="2">Supergroepen en rijken </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a> (Amorphea) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a><br />(schimmels en dieren)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-clade" title="SAR-clade">SAR-clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopila" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopila">Stramenopila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> <br />(planten en sommige algen)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #e0d0b0; text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <table style="margin:0 auto;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eukaryoten</b> (Eukaryota) zijn een van de drie <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a> waarin de huidige <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologische</a> wetenschap het <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a> indeelt. De eukaryoten vormen een grote groep van diverse <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a>, die zich kenmerken doordat hun <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cellen</a> een <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a> bevatten en relatief complex van bouw zijn. Alle <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a>, plus de eencellige <a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten">protisten</a> zijn eukaryoten. De andere twee domeinen in de biologie zijn de <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacteriën</a>, het grootste domein, en de <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>. Deze twee laatste domeinen worden, ter onderscheiding van de eukaryoten als <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryoot</a> aangeduid. </p><p>Eukaryoten vormen slechts een minderheid van het totaal aantal organismen op aarde, maar vanwege hun grotere omvang is hun gezamenlijke <a href="/wiki/Biomassa" title="Biomassa">biomassa</a> veel groter dan die van de prokaryoten. Eukaryoten ontwikkelden zich ruwweg 2,2 miljard jaar geleden, tijdens het <a href="/wiki/Proterozo%C3%AFcum" title="Proterozoïcum">Proterozoïcum</a>. Een cruciale stap in de evolutie van de eukaryotische cel was de verwerving van <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a> en van <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasten</a>; beide zijn het resultaat van <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a>. De oudst bekende eukaryotische fossielen – meercellige <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonische</a> organismen – zijn gedateerd op een ouderdom van 2,1 miljard jaar. </p><p>De soortenrijkste groepen binnen de eukaryoten bestaan uit eencellige vertegenwoordigers, met de verzamelnaam <a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten">protisten</a>. De evolutionaire diversiteit van protisten is zeer groot. De systematiek ervan is in de loop van de geschiedenis sterk veranderd en met de komst van nieuwe genetische technieken nog steeds volop in beweging. Naast eencellige protisten behoren bijna alle <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellige organismen</a> tot de eukaryoten. Eukaryoten planten zich ongeslachtelijk voort door middel van simpele <a href="/wiki/Mitose" title="Mitose">mitose</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">geslachtelijk</a> door middel van <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bevruchting" title="Bevruchting">versmelting van gameten</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overzicht">Overzicht</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Overzicht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Overzicht"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eukaryoten_als_organismen">Eukaryoten als organismen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eukaryoten als organismen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eukaryoten als organismen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het domein van de eukaryoten omvat <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">levende wezens</a> die zich uitstrekken van de microscopische schaal – eencelligen van enkele millimeters – tot dieren als de <a href="/wiki/Blauwe_vinvis" title="Blauwe vinvis">blauwe vinvis</a>, die tientallen meters groot kunnen worden, of planten als de <a href="/wiki/Mammoetboom" title="Mammoetboom">mammoetboom</a> (reuzensequoia) die over de 100 m hoog kunnen worden. Vrijwel alle levende organismen die men met het blote oog kan zien en in het dagelijks leven tegenkomt, zoals planten, dieren en schimmels, zijn eukaryoten. De meeste vertegenwoordigers zijn echter eencellig en leven in de grond of in het water.<sup id="cite_ref-burki2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotische cellen zijn groter en complexer dan die van prokaryoten, de <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacteriën</a> en <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deze eencellige eukaryoot (een ciliaat) heeft cyanobacteriën opgenomen"><img alt="Deze eencellige eukaryoot (een ciliaat) heeft cyanobacteriën opgenomen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg/200px-The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg/300px-The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg/400px-The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deze eencellige eukaryoot (een <a href="/wiki/Ciliaten" title="Ciliaten">ciliaat</a>) heeft <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">cyanobacteriën</a> opgenomen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Hundipiim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vruchtlichamen van de bloedweizwam (Lycogala epidendrum)"><img alt="Vruchtlichamen van de bloedweizwam (Lycogala epidendrum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hundipiim.jpg/200px-Hundipiim.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hundipiim.jpg/300px-Hundipiim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hundipiim.jpg/400px-Hundipiim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5309" data-file-height="3540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vruchtlichamen van de <a href="/wiki/Gewone_boomwrat" title="Gewone boomwrat">bloedweizwam</a> (<i>Lycogala epidendrum</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Three_moon_jellyfishes_captured_by_a_lion%27s_mane_jellyfish_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drie oorkwallen (Aurelia aurita), gevangen door een gele haarkwal (Cyanea capillata)"><img alt="Drie oorkwallen (Aurelia aurita), gevangen door een gele haarkwal (Cyanea capillata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Three_moon_jellyfishes_captured_by_a_lion%27s_mane_jellyfish_1.jpg/200px-Three_moon_jellyfishes_captured_by_a_lion%27s_mane_jellyfish_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Three_moon_jellyfishes_captured_by_a_lion%27s_mane_jellyfish_1.jpg/300px-Three_moon_jellyfishes_captured_by_a_lion%27s_mane_jellyfish_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Three_moon_jellyfishes_captured_by_a_lion%27s_mane_jellyfish_1.jpg/400px-Three_moon_jellyfishes_captured_by_a_lion%27s_mane_jellyfish_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4165" data-file-height="3012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drie <a href="/wiki/Oorkwal" title="Oorkwal">oorkwallen</a> (<i>Aurelia aurita</i>), gevangen door een <a href="/wiki/Gele_haarkwal" title="Gele haarkwal">gele haarkwal</a> (<i>Cyanea capillata</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <p>De eukaryoten vormen een zeer diverse <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxonomische</a> groep. Alle meercellige levensvormen – met uitsluiting van enkele uitzonderlijke bacteriën – behoren tot dit domein. Meercelligheid is minstens twintig keer onafhankelijk ontstaan binnen de eukaryoten.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complexe meercellige organismen komen voor in zes verschillende evolutielijnen: <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a>, hogere <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">bruinwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">groenwieren</a> en <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">landplanten</a>. Kolonievormende <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">slijmzwammen</a> begeven zich op de rand van meercelligheid. Eukaryoten worden in de moderne biologie vooral gegroepeerd op basis van genetische overeenkomsten.<sup id="cite_ref-burki2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eukaryoten_versus_prokaryoten">Eukaryoten versus prokaryoten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eukaryoten versus prokaryoten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eukaryoten versus prokaryoten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/260px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/390px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/520px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>Een <a href="/wiki/Pantoffeldiertje" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantoffeldiertje">pantoffeldiertje</a> (<i>Paramecium</i>) met links gramnegatieve bacteriën</figcaption></figure> <p>Eukaryoten hebben een andere celbouw dan <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryoten</a>, de organismen in de twee andere domeinen. Eukaryote cellen hebben een gecompartimenteerde bouw: ze hebben interne celstructuren die omgeven zijn door een <a href="/wiki/Membraan" title="Membraan">membraan</a>. Voorbeelden van dergelijke structuren zijn de celkern, het <a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex" title="Golgicomplex">golgi-apparaat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a> en <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a>. De aanwezigheid van een celkern vormt de minimumvoorwaarde voor een organisme om überhaupt als eukaryoot geclassificeerd te worden. </p><p>Als men de prokaryoten en de eukaryoten met elkaar vergelijkt, dan lijken de eukaryoten <a href="/wiki/Chimaera_(biologie)" title="Chimaera (biologie)">chimerische organismen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">Evolutie</a> heeft dan ook niet alleen langs Darwiniaanse lijnen (zoals <a href="/wiki/Mutatie_(biologie)" title="Mutatie (biologie)">mutaties</a> en <a href="/wiki/Selectie_(genetica)" title="Selectie (genetica)">selectie</a>) plaatsgevonden, maar waarschijnlijk ook langs niet-Darwiniaanse lijnen als <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotische_genoverdracht" title="Endosymbiotische genoverdracht">endosymbiotische genoverdracht</a> (EGT), versmelting van cellen en <a href="/wiki/Horizontale_genoverdracht" title="Horizontale genoverdracht">horizontale genoverdracht</a> (HGT). Door een dergelijke evolutie moeten bij de soortvorming de resulterende veranderingen geleid hebben tot grote evolutionaire sprongen en niet tot een geleidelijke evolutie. De grootste evolutionaire overgang (of sprong) is waarschijnlijk de overgang vanuit uitgestorven prokaryote eencelligen naar eukaryote eencelligen geweest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eukaryotische_celbouw">Eukaryotische celbouw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eukaryotische celbouw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eukaryotische celbouw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eukaryotische <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cellen</a> zijn veel groter en complexer dan prokaryotische cellen. Het belangrijkste onderscheidende kenmerk is de aanwezigheid van een of meer <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkernen</a>; bij eukaryoten is het <a href="/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie)">DNA</a> opgeslagen in een eigen membraan-omsloten compartiment. Daarnaast hebben eukaryoten verschillende <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organellen</a>: interne membranen en andere intracellulaire structuren. Organellen vervullen verschillende functies die aan de basis liggen van alle cellulaire activiteit, zoals energieproductie of verwerking van eiwitten. Het <a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">cytoskelet</a>, dat is opgebouwd uit <a href="/wiki/Microtubulus" title="Microtubulus">microtubuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">microfilamenten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Intermediair_filament" title="Intermediair filament">intermediaire filamenten</a>, bepaalt de interne organisatie en vorm van de cel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interne_membranen_en_vesikels">Interne membranen en vesikels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Interne membranen en vesikels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Interne membranen en vesikels"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_nl.svg/350px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_nl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_nl.svg/525px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_nl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_nl.svg/700px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_nl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_ed238ab34cd2c383" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Endomembrane_system_diagram_nl.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ed238ab34cd2c383"><area href="/wiki/Golgiapparaat" shape="rect" coords="19,189,74,205" alt="Golgiapparaat" title="Golgiapparaat" /><area href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" shape="rect" coords="74,0,172,14" alt="Ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum" title="Ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum" /><area href="/wiki/Celkern" shape="rect" coords="183,1,218,19" alt="Celkern" title="Celkern" /><area href="/wiki/Kernmembraan" shape="rect" coords="216,106,280,125" alt="Kernmembraan" title="Kernmembraan" /><area href="/wiki/Kernporie" shape="rect" coords="205,125,260,136" alt="kernporiën" title="kernporiën" /><area href="/wiki/Ribosoom" shape="rect" coords="201,137,257,147" alt="Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom" /><area href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" shape="rect" coords="163,146,272,161" alt="glad endoplasmatisch reticulum" title="glad endoplasmatisch reticulum" /><area href="/wiki/Vesicle_(cel)" shape="rect" coords="164,166,234,183" alt="los vesike" title="los vesike" /><area href="/wiki/Lysosoom" shape="rect" coords="168,184,230,201" alt="Lysosoom" title="Lysosoom" /><area href="/wiki/Celwand" shape="rect" coords="196,203,276,221" alt="celmembraan" title="celmembraan" /></map><figcaption>Doorsnede van een eukaryotische cel waarin het inwendige <a href="/wiki/Endomembraansysteem" title="Endomembraansysteem">endomembraansysteem</a> zichtbaar is.</figcaption></figure> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a> is omgeven door een dubbel membraan met <a href="/wiki/Kernporie" title="Kernporie">kernporiën</a> waardoor materiaal aan- en afgevoerd kan worden. Binnen de celkern is het genetisch materiaal (DNA) opgeslagen, verdeeld over een aantal <a href="/wiki/Chromosoom" title="Chromosoom">chromosomen</a>. Het <a href="/wiki/Kernmembraan" title="Kernmembraan">kernmembraan</a> wordt omgeven door het <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisch reticulum">endoplasmatisch reticulum</a>, een ingewikkeld netwerk van ronde of vlakke uitstulpingen. Het endoplasmatisch reticulum kan worden verdeeld in een ruw reticulum dat zich direct om de celkern heen bevindt en een glad reticulum verder van de kern af. Het ruwe gedeelte herbergt <a href="/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom">ribosomen</a>, kleine complexen die eiwitten synthetiseren. Nieuw gevormde eiwitten worden in het endoplasmatisch reticulum verwerkt en getransporteerd. </p><p>In het <a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex" title="Golgicomplex">golgicomplex</a> worden de producten afkomstig van het endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER) omgebouwd en opgeslagen, en dan later naar andere bestemmingen getransporteerd te worden. Bij de meeste eukaryoten bestaat het uit afgeplatte en opgestapelde vesikels. Zulke stapels eiwithoudende vesikels worden <a href="/wiki/Dictyosoom" title="Dictyosoom">dictyosomen</a> genoemd. </p><p>Eukaryotische cellen bevatten door membranen gevormde structuren, die samen het <a href="/wiki/Endomembraansysteem" title="Endomembraansysteem">endomembraansysteem</a> genoemd worden. Door afsnoeringen van de membranen kunnen soms blaasjes ontstaan, die <a href="/wiki/Vesikel_(cel)" title="Vesikel (cel)">vesikels of vacuolen</a> genoemd worden. Eukaryotische cellen nemen voedsel op door een proces dat <a href="/wiki/Endocytose" title="Endocytose">endocytose</a> genoemd wordt. Het membraan omsluit het op te nemen voorwerp en splitst ten slotte, zodat zich een vesikel rondom de stof vormt. </p><p>Vesikels kunnen verschillende functies binnenin de cel hebben, zoals: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysosoom" title="Lysosoom">lysosomen</a> bevatten bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymen</a> die de inhoud van vesikels gevuld met voedsel afbreken,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisoom" title="Peroxisoom">peroxisomen</a> dienen voor de afbraak van giftig <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a>,</li> <li>veel <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoën</a> hebben vesikels in hun cellen om overvloedig <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> te verzamelen en af te voeren, of vesikels gespecialiseerd in het afvoeren van stoffen die <a href="/wiki/Predator" title="Predator">predators</a> afleiden of een <a href="/wiki/Prooi" title="Prooi">prooi</a> kunnen lokken,</li> <li>in meercellige organismen dienen sommige vesikels om <a href="/wiki/Hormoon" title="Hormoon">hormonen</a> te produceren.</li></ul> <p>Bij planten wordt het grootste deel van het volume van uitgegroeide cellen opgenomen door de <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a> dat dient om de <a href="/wiki/Turgordruk" title="Turgordruk">turgordruk</a> en zo de stevigheid van de cel op peil te houden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitochondriën_en_plastiden"><span id="Mitochondri.C3.ABn_en_plastiden"></span>Mitochondriën en plastiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Mitochondriën en plastiden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Mitochondriën en plastiden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bijna alle eukaryoten hebben <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a> voor hun energievoorziening, die vrij in het <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a> liggen. Mitochondriën worden omhuld door een dubbele membraan van <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipide" title="Fosfolipide">fosfolipiden</a>. Het binnenste membraan is in kleine instulpingen naar binnen geplooid waar <a href="/wiki/Celademhaling" title="Celademhaling">respiratie</a> plaatsvindt, deze worden <a href="/wiki/Crista" title="Crista">cristae</a> genoemd. Mitochondrien bevatten hun <a href="/wiki/Mitochondriaal_DNA" title="Mitochondriaal DNA">eigen DNA (het mtDNA)</a> en ribosomen en zorgen voor hun eigen reproductie. Het aantal mitochondriën in een eukaryotische cel hangt samen met de energiebehoefte. Een klein aantal eukaryoten heeft geen mitochondriën, maar uit mitochondriën afgeleide organellen die een vergelijkbare functie hebben, zoals <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosoom" title="Hydrogenosoom">hydrogenosomen</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitosoom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitosoom (de pagina bestaat niet)">mitosomen</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Haeckel_Stephoidea_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Haeckel_Stephoidea_edit.jpg/260px-Haeckel_Stephoidea_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Haeckel_Stephoidea_edit.jpg/390px-Haeckel_Stephoidea_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Haeckel_Stephoidea_edit.jpg/520px-Haeckel_Stephoidea_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Tekening van <a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a> uit <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckels</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i> (1904). De skeletten van deze eencellige eukaryoten hebben vaak bizarre vormen</figcaption></figure> <p>Bij de planten en verschillende groepen <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> komen daarnaast <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a> voor. Net als mitochondriën bevatten deze hun <a href="/wiki/Plastoom" title="Plastoom">eigen DNA, het plastoom</a>). Er zijn verschillende typen plastiden, maar de belangrijkste soort zijn <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Leukoplast" title="Leukoplast">leukoplasten</a>. Chloroplasten bevatten het <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">biopigment</a> <a href="/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl">chlorofyl</a>, waarmee ze <a href="/wiki/Licht" title="Licht">licht</a> opvangen, waardoor ze voor <a href="/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese">fotosynthese</a> zorgen. Chloroplasten spelen daarmee een belangrijke rol in de energievoorziening van de plantaardige cel. Leukoplasten slaan voedsel op in de vorm van <a href="/wiki/Zetmeel" title="Zetmeel">zetmeel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cytoskelet_en_extern_membraan">Cytoskelet en extern membraan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Cytoskelet en extern membraan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Cytoskelet en extern membraan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het cytoskelet bestaat uit verschillende soorten <a href="/wiki/Polymeer" title="Polymeer">polymeren</a> van eiwitten in de cellen, die samen zorgen voor stevigheid, vorm en beweeglijkheid. Het <a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">cytoskelet</a> bestaat uit drie typen filamenten, namelijk <a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">microfilamenten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microtubulus" title="Microtubulus">microtubuli</a> en <a href="/wiki/Intermediair_filament" title="Intermediair filament">intermediaire filamenten</a>. </p><p>Eukaryotische cellen kunnen aan de buitenkant van de cel structuren in het cytoskelet hebben die beweging mogelijk maken, zoals een of meerdere <a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">flagel of zweepstaartjes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trilhaar" title="Trilhaar">cilia</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamellipodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamellipodia (de pagina bestaat niet)">lamellipodia</a>. </p><p>Flagellen zijn lange staartvormige structuren, ciliën zijn korter. Ze bestaan voornamelijk uit <a href="/wiki/Tubuline" title="Tubuline">tubuline</a> en kunnen gebruikt worden bij de actieve <a href="/wiki/Locomotie" title="Locomotie">voortbeweging</a>, bij het binnenhalen van voedsel of bij aftasten van de omgeving. De flagellen van eurkaryoten verschillen sterk van die van prokaryoten. De flagellen worden ondersteund door een bundel microtubuli, typisch negen paren om twee enkele, die uit een <a href="/wiki/Centriool" title="Centriool">centriool</a> komen. Flagellen kunnen bedekt zijn met haarachtige structuren die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastigoneem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mastigoneem (de pagina bestaat niet)">mastigonemen</a> genoemd worden, of schubben die membranen en interne structuren afdekken. Het binnenste van een flagel is verbonden met het cytoplasma van de cel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Centriool" title="Centriool">Centriolen</a> komen ook voor op cellen die geen flagella hebben. Vaak vormen ze de aanhechtingsplek van microtubuli op de cel. Deze structuren in het cytoskelet spelen een rol tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Celdeling" title="Celdeling">celdeling</a>. Flagellen en ciliën kunnen reageren op chemische signalen door beweging van de cel te veroorzaken, zoals bij <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a> of chemokinese. </p><p>Sommige protisten, zoals <a href="/wiki/Wortelpotigen" title="Wortelpotigen">Wortelpotigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stralendiertjes" title="Stralendiertjes">Stralendiertjes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zonnediertjes" title="Zonnediertjes">Zonnediertjes</a>, hebben lang uitgerekte structuren in het cytoskelet, die <a href="/wiki/Pseudopodium" title="Pseudopodium">pseudopodia of schijnvoetjes</a> genoemd worden. Ze kunnen dienen om deze eencellige organisme in water te laten drijven of een prooi te vangen. <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a> hebben een uniek organel, een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haptonema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haptonema (de pagina bestaat niet)">haptonema</a>, dat lijkt op een flagel maar een andere opbouw van de microtubuli heeft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voortplanting">Voortplanting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voortplanting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voortplanting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In tegenstelling tot prokaryoten komt bij eukaryoten naast <a href="/wiki/Ongeslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting">ongeslachtelijke voortplanting</a> ook <a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">geslachtelijke voortplanting</a> voor. Sommige groepen eukaryoten planten zich uitsluitend geslachtelijk voort, andere alleen op ongeslachtelijke wijze, en sommige kunnen zich op beide wijzen voortplanten en hebben een <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscyclus</a>, soms met morfologische <a href="/wiki/Generatiewisseling" title="Generatiewisseling">generatiewisseling</a> en cytologische <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a>. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Celdeling" title="Celdeling">deling</a> van de cel en de celkern gaat tegelijk, volgens een proces dat <a href="/wiki/Mitose" title="Mitose">mitose</a> genoemd wordt. Van elk chromosoom wordt hierbij een kopie gemaakt voor de <a href="/wiki/Dochtercel" title="Dochtercel">dochtercel</a>. De mitochondriën en plastiden reproduceren zich onafhankelijk door <a href="/wiki/Binaire_deling" title="Binaire deling">binaire deling</a> en worden geërfd via de <a href="/wiki/Eicel" title="Eicel">eicel</a>. </p><p>In eukaryotische <a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">diploïde</a> cellen zijn van elk chromosoom twee kopieën aanwezig. Bij geslachtelijke voortplanting worden <a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFdie" title="Haploïdie">haploïde</a> <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">geslachtscellen (gameten)</a> aangemaakt door een proces dat <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> wordt genoemd. Dit zijn cellen waarin niet twee, maar één kopie aanwezig is van elk chromosoom. Bij de <a href="/wiki/Bevruchting" title="Bevruchting">bevruchting</a> versmelten twee haploïde cellen en hun celkernen, van elke ouder één, zodat seksueel voortplantende eukaryoten twee ouders hebben. De manier waarop de meiose en celfusie plaatsvinden verschilt echter sterk tussen de verschillende groepen eukaryoten. </p><p>Omdat eukaryotische cellen groter zijn dan prokaryotische, hebben ze een relatief klein oppervlak-volume-verhouding en daardoor een tragere <a href="/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling">stofwisseling</a>. Ook zit er daardoor meer tijd tussen twee celdelingen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutie_en_indeling">Evolutie en indeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Evolutie en indeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Evolutie en indeling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geschiedenis_van_de_classificatie">Geschiedenis van de classificatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis van de classificatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis van de classificatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-520px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Universele stamboom van de eukaryoten, met de belangrijkste subgroepen aangegeven</figcaption></figure> <p>In de <a href="/wiki/Oudheid" title="Oudheid">oudheid</a> werden de dieren en planten al als twee aparte groepen levensvormen gezien, onder meer door de filosoof <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>. In de 18e eeuw kregen ze door <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> een taxonomische rang: het <a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">rijk</a>. Hoewel hij de <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> met enig voorbehoud bij de planten opnam, werd al vrij snel duidelijk dat dit een aparte groep betreft die tot een eigen rijk behoren. De verschillende eencellige eukaryoten werden oorspronkelijk bij planten of dieren geplaatst toen ze ontdekt werden. </p><p>In 1818 bedacht de Duitse bioloog <a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Goldfuss" title="Georg August Goldfuss">Georg Goldfuss</a> het woord <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> voor microscopische organismen als <a href="/wiki/Ciliaten" title="Ciliaten">ciliaten</a>. In de loop der tijd werden hier andere eencellige eukaryoten aan toegevoegd. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> maakte in 1866 van deze groep een eigen rijk, <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel introduceerde dus een systeem waarin de eukaryoten werden onderverdeeld in vier rijken: <a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten">Protista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Plantae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Fungi</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a>. Deze indeling is lange tijd in zwang geweest onder biologen en systematici. </p><p>Eencellige eukaryoten werden samengevoegd op basis van hun primitief-lijkende eencellige bouw. De onderlinge verwantschappen tussen de groepen eencellige en meercellige eukaryoten ontwikkelde zich pas substantieel met de uitvinding van <a href="/wiki/DNA-sequencing" title="DNA-sequencing">DNA-sequencing</a>. Dit leidde tot een systeem waarin het leven werd verdeeld in drie <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a>, voorgesteld door <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> en anderen in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-w1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dit systeem werden alle eukaryoten verenigd in het domein "Eucarya". In 1996 kwam de evolutiebioloog <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a> met het idee om de domeinen en rijken namen te geven die de endosymbiotische geschiedenis weerspiegelden. Hierbij introduceerde ze de naam "Eukarya".<sup id="cite_ref-Margulis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margulis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huidige_fylogenie">Huidige fylogenie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Huidige fylogenie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Huidige fylogenie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de jaren 2010 ontstond er een ruwe consensus over de evolutionaire afstammingsgeschiedenis (<a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a>) van de eukaryoten.<sup id="cite_ref-burki_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bijna alle eukaryoten kunnen geplaatst worden in twee grote <a href="/wiki/Monofyletische_groep" title="Monofyletische groep">monofyletische</a> zustergroepen, de <a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Amorphea</a> (voorheen bekend als de <a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a>), en de <a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Diphoda</a> (ook wel Bikonta) genoemd. Amorphea bevat onder meer <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">amoeben</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">slijmzwammen</a>, de schimmels, de dieren en andere eencellige verwanten. Diphoda bevat onder andere fotosynthetische soorten zoals <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta">glaucofyten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>, evenals de <a href="/wiki/SAR-clade" title="SAR-clade">SAR-clade</a>: een diverse en succesvolle supergroep waarbinnen bijvoorbeeld de micro-algen <a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">diatomeeën</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten">dinoflagellaten</a>, en de vrijlevende <a href="/wiki/Ciliaten" title="Ciliaten">ciliaten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Stralendiertjes" title="Stralendiertjes">radiolariën</a> worden ingedeeld. </p><p>In onderstaande fylogenetische boom zijn de belangrijkste groepen eukaryoten weergegeven. De verwantschappen zijn bepaald op basis van vergelijkende genomische onderzoeken,<sup id="cite_ref-burki_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die zich sinds de jaren 2000 sterk hebben ontwikkeld. Enkele kleine of zeldzame groepen of vertegenwoordigers zijn weggelaten. </p> <div style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><b>Eukaryoten</b></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Diphoda</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptista (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cryptista</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> (roodwieren)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_(single).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg/60px-Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg/90px-Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg/120px-Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Glaucocystis_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/60px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/90px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/120px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (planten)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_Spirogyra._%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_Spirogyra._%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/60px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_Spirogyra._%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_Spirogyra._%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/90px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_Spirogyra._%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_Spirogyra._%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/120px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_Spirogyra._%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4216" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; 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border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apusomonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apusomonadida (de pagina bestaat niet)">Apusomonadida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/60px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/90px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/120px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Holomycota</a> (schimmels)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Asco1013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/60px-Asco1013.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/90px-Asco1013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/120px-Asco1013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Holozoa</a> (dieren)</td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Comb_jelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/45px-Comb_jelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/68px-Comb_jelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/90px-Comb_jelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2177" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oorsprong_van_eukaryoten">Oorsprong van eukaryoten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Oorsprong van eukaryoten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Oorsprong van eukaryoten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De ontwikkeling van de eukaryotische cel is een mijlpaal geweest in de <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> van het leven. Deze gebeurtenis gaf immers aanleiding tot complexe cellen en de verdere ontwikkeling van meercellige organismen. De laatste gemeenschappelijke voorouder van de eukaryoten, soms aangeduid met de afkorting LECA, was vermoedelijk een eencellige protist met een <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Centriool" title="Centriool">centriool</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">flagel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabaldón_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabaldón-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mogelijk was deze voorouder in staat tot geslachtelijke voortplanting (<a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gametogonie" title="Gametogonie">syngamie</a>) en facultatieve <a href="/wiki/Celademhaling" title="Celademhaling">celademhaling</a> door middel van mitochondriën. Waarschijnlijk was LECA geen afzonderlijk individu, maar een <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">biologische populatie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het is onduidelijk hoe de eerste eukaryotische cel is ontstaan. De leidende theorie gaat uit van een endosymbiotische associatie tussen een vrijlevend, anaeroob <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaeon</a> en een aerobe <a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">alphaproteobacterie</a>. Het archaeon groeide en ontwikkelde een inwendig membraansysteem, en de bacterie bleef in de cel leven als een mitochondrion. Aanwijzingen voor het feit dat de eukaryotische cel uit een archaeon is ontstaan, wordt geleverd door het feit dat sommige archaea over genen en eiwitten beschikken die uniek zijn voor eukaryoten.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodrigues_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit zijn bijvoorbeeld eiwitten die een cytoskelet mogelijk maken, of andere complexe cellulaire structuren. Later in de evolutie vond nog een symbiotische gebeurtenis plaats, waarbij een <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">blauwwier</a> werd opgenomen, die evolueerde tot de <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>. Deze evolutionaire gebeurtenis gaf aanleiding tot het ontstaan van plantaardige organismen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossielen">Fossielen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fossielen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fossielen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Diskagma_butonii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/260px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/390px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/520px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructie van de '<a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">problematische</a>' soort <i>Diskagma butonii</i>, een fossiel van 1 mm hoog, uit 2,2 miljard jaar oud gesteente </figcaption></figure> <p>Onder de oudste fossielen van eukaryoten bevinden zich 1,650 miljard jaar oude <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">acritarchen</a>. Nog ouder (2,1 miljard jaar) zijn fossielen van <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grypania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grypania (de pagina bestaat niet)">Grypania</a></i>, een organisme waarvan vanwege zijn grootte wordt vermoed dat het een eukaryotische soort alg was. De oudste fossiele eukaryoten die aan een modern taxon kunnen worden toegeschreven zijn van de roodalg <i><a href="/wiki/Bangiomorpha_pubescens" title="Bangiomorpha pubescens">Bangiomorpha pubescens</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryoten&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">Cladistiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie">Taxonomie</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-16px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voetnoten">Voetnoten</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2006"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Knoll AH, Javaux EJ, Hewitt D, Cohen P</span> (2006). <cite>Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans</cite>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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Cambridge University Press, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326">The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution</a>", 326–339. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-521-76131-4" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-521-76131-4">ISBN 978-0-521-76131-4</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie Knoll <i>et al.</i> (2006) voor een overzicht over de oudste fossielen van eukaryoten; ook Freeman & Herron (2003), p 650; Stanley (1999), p. 321-323; Levin (2003), p. 256-258</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">S.M. Adl, A.G.B. Simpson, M.A.Farmer, R.A. Andersen, O.R.Anderson, J.A.Barta, S.S.Bowser, G.Bragerolle, R.A. Fensome, S. Fredericq, T.Y.James, S.Karpov, P.Kugrens, J.Krug, C.E.Lane, L.A.Lewis, J.Lodge, D.H.Lynn, D.G.Mann, R.M.McCourt, L.Mendoza, Ø.Moestrup, S.E.Mozley-Standridge, T.A.Nerad, C.A.Shearer, A.V.Smirnov, F.W.Spiegel & M.F.J.R.Taylor</span> 2005: <i>The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists</i>, The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology <b>52</b>(5), p. 399-451.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J.J. Brocks, G.A. Logan, R. Buick & R.E. Summons</span>; 1999: <i>Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> <b>285</b>(5430): p. 1033-1036.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">T. Cavalier-Smith</span>; 2002: <i>The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa</i>, International Journal of Systematic & Evolutionary Microbiology <b>52</b>(2): p. 297-354.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">E. Kim & L.E. Graham</span>; 2008: <i>EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata</i>, PLoS ONE <b>3</b>(7): p e2621.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A.H. Knoll, E.J. Javaux, D. Hewitt & P. Cohen</span>; 2006: <i>Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans</i>, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B <b>361</b>(1470): p. 1023-38.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">H.L. Levin</span>; 2003: <i>The Earth through time</i>, John Wiley & sons, Inc., (7th ed.), <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-470-00020-1" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-470-00020-1">ISBN 0-470-00020-1</a></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J.I. Lunine</span>; 1999: <i>Earth, evolution of a habitable world</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Press, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-521-64423-2" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-521-64423-2">ISBN 0-521-64423-2</a></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L.W. Parfrey, E. Barbero, E. Lasser, M. Dunthorn, D. Bhattacharya, D.J. Patterson & L.A. Katz</span> 2006: <i>Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity</i>, PLoS Genetics <b>2</b>(12), p e220.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">S.M. Stanley</span>; 1999: <i>Earth System History</i>, W.H. Freeman & Co, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-7167-2882-6" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-7167-2882-6">ISBN 0-7167-2882-6</a></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harding_Whittaker" title="Robert Harding Whittaker">Robert Whittaker</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></span>; 1978: <i>Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms</i>, Biosystems <b>10</b>(1-2), p. 3-18.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a>, O. Kandler & M.L. Wheelis</span>; 1990: <i>Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya</i>, Proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> of the USA <b>87</b>(12), p. 4576-4579.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66349114">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.mw-collapsible-toggle-default{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxonidentificatiecodes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxonidentificatiecodes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxonidentificatiecodes" title="Help:Taxonidentificatiecodes">Taxonidentificatiecodes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Eukaryota</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q19088">Q19088</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=AlgaeBase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AlgaeBase (de pagina bestaat niet)">AlgaeBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=86701">86701</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Plant_Name_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Plant Name Index (de pagina bestaat niet)">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/237393">237393</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14783">14783</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2908256">2908256</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=306691">306691</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2759">2759</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=304358">304358</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/3">3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5986515">5986515</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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