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accesskey="z"><span>Hoofdpagina</span></a></li><li id="n-zoekartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/28_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. 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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Fylogenetische+stamboom" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Fylogenetische+stamboom" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Fylogenetische+stamboom" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hypothesen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothesen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hypothesen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothesen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stamboom_van_het_cellulaire_leven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stamboom_van_het_cellulaire_leven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stamboom van het cellulaire leven</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stamboom_van_het_cellulaire_leven-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Stamboom van het cellulaire leven-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stamboom_van_het_cellulaire_leven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indeling_van_Aristoteles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeling_van_Aristoteles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Indeling van Aristoteles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeling_van_Aristoteles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laatste_kwart_20e_eeuw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laatste_kwart_20e_eeuw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Laatste kwart 20e eeuw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laatste_kwart_20e_eeuw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naar_de_21e_eeuw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naar_de_21e_eeuw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Naar de 21e eeuw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naar_de_21e_eeuw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnen,_noten,_referenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnen,_noten,_referenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bronnen, noten, referenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnen,_noten,_referenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fylogenetische stamboom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 42 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شجرة تطور السلالات – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شجرة تطور السلالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيلوجينيا – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلوجينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filoxen%C3%A9ticu" title="Árbol filoxenéticu – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árbol filoxenéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogen%C3%A8tic" title="Arbre filogenètic – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arbre filogenètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetick%C3%BD_strom" title="Fylogenetický strom – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fylogenetický strom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetischer_Baum" title="Phylogenetischer Baum – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phylogenetischer Baum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phylogenetic tree" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogeneza_arbo" title="Filogeneza arbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filogeneza arbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filogen%C3%A9tico" title="Árbol filogenético – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árbol filogenético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="درخت تبارزایی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درخت تبارزایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluutiopuu" title="Evoluutiopuu – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evoluutiopuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Arbre phylogénétique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbre phylogénétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann_f%C3%ADliginiteach" title="Crann fíliginiteach – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crann fíliginiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbore_filoxen%C3%A9tica" title="Árbore filoxenética – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Árbore filoxenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A5_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="עץ פילוגנטי – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עץ פילוגנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohon_filogenetika" title="Pohon filogenetika – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pohon filogenetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albero_filogenetico" title="Albero filogenetico – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albero filogenetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%B9" title="系統樹 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="系統樹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эволюциялық ағаш – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эволюциялық ағаш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EC%88%98" title="계통수 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계통수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_filojenetical_de_vive" title="Arbor filojenetical de vive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arbor filojenetical de vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетско дрво – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филогенетско дрво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pokok filogenetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamtre_(evolusjon)" title="Stamtre (evolusjon) – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stamtre (evolusjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogenetic" title="Arbre filogenetic – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arbre filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drzewo_filogenetyczne" title="Drzewo filogenetyczne – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drzewo filogenetyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rvore_filogen%C3%A9tica" title="Árvore filogenética – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árvore filogenética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbore_filogenetic" title="Arbore filogenetic – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arbore filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетическое дерево – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филогенетическое дерево" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punong_pilohenetiko" title="Punong pilohenetiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punong pilohenetiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetik_a%C4%9Fac%C4%B1" title="Filogenetik ağacı – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filogenetik ağacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Філогенетичне дерево – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філогенетичне дерево" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="ارتقائی شجر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارتقائی شجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2y_ph%C3%A1t_sinh_h%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Cây phát sinh hệ thống – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cây phát sinh hệ thống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="系統發生樹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/510px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/680px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Een fylogenetische stamboom geeft grafisch weer hoe verschillende taxa verwant zijn. Bovenstaande stamboom geeft een overzicht van de verwantschap tussen de <a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">rijken</a> waar alle organismen onder vallen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>fylogenetische stamboom</b> is in de <a href="/wiki/Evolutiebiologie" title="Evolutiebiologie">evolutiebiologie</a> een schema dat de <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutionaire</a> geschiedenis van een bepaalde groep verwante <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologische</a> <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soorten</a> (of andere <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>) weergeeft. De relaties zelf worden de <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a> genoemd. De boom laat het patroon zien waarmee de soorten van een <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschappelijke_voorouder" title="Gemeenschappelijke voorouder">gemeenschappelijke voorouder</a> afstammen. Hij laat zien wanneer bepaalde taxa en <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">afstammingslijnen</a> verschenen en hoe nauw deze taxa met elkaar <a href="/wiki/Verwantschap_(biologie)" title="Verwantschap (biologie)">verwant</a> zijn.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In de boom representeert elk <a href="/wiki/Knooppunt_(wiskunde)" title="Knooppunt (wiskunde)">knooppunt</a> de <a href="/wiki/Recentste_gemeenschappelijke_voorouder" title="Recentste gemeenschappelijke voorouder">recentste gemeenschappelijke voorouder</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Grafentheorie" title="Grafentheorie">gerichte</a> lijnen hun relatie. Soms geeft de lengte van de lijnen een schatting van de verstreken tijd weer. Aan de uiteinden en niet bij de knopen staan de <i>taxonomische eenheden</i>. Interne knooppunten noemt men <i>hypothetische taxonomische eenheden</i> omdat deze niet direct <a href="/wiki/Waarneming_(perceptie)" title="Waarneming (perceptie)">waargenomen</a> kunnen worden. Vaak wordt er bij een knoop toch de naam van een taxonomische groep gezet om het verband te tonen met een taxonomische indeling - zo wordt aangegeven dat alle er onder staande taxa tot die bepaalde taxonomische groep behoren. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypothesen">Hypothesen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Hypothesen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Hypothesen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Eocyte_hypothesis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eocyte_hypothesis.png/350px-Eocyte_hypothesis.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eocyte_hypothesis.png/525px-Eocyte_hypothesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Eocyte_hypothesis.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Eocyte-hypothese</figcaption></figure> <p>Bij verschil van inzicht ontstaan verschillende stambomen naast elkaar. Het voorbeeld toont verschillende <a href="/wiki/Hypothese" title="Hypothese">hypothesen</a> voor het ontstaan van de eukaryoten.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Links hebben alle <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a> + <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crenarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crenarchaeota (de pagina bestaat niet)">Crenarchaeota</a>) en de <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> één gezamenlijke voorouder en vormen twee aparte <a href="/wiki/Domeinen" title="Domeinen">domeinen</a>. Rechts hebben de <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> zich pas later samen met de Crenarchaeota ontwikkeld uit één gemeenschappelijke voorouder (vanaf het pijltje). Daar vormen de Archaea en de Eukaryoten samen één domein. Links vormen de Archaea een <a href="/wiki/Monofyletische_groep" title="Monofyletische groep">monofyletisch</a> taxon, rechts is die groep <a href="/wiki/Parafyletische_groep" title="Parafyletische groep">parafyletisch</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stamboom_van_het_cellulaire_leven">Stamboom van het cellulaire leven</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Stamboom van het cellulaire leven" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Stamboom van het cellulaire leven"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virussen</a> duidelijke, en vaak ook snelle <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> vertonen (denk aan <a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">griepvirussen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hiv" title="Hiv">hiv</a>), worden ze niet gerekend tot het <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a>, onder andere omdat ze niet bestaan uit <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cellen</a>. Hoe het fylogenetisch verband is tussen virussen en het cellulaire leven is nog verre van duidelijk. </p><p>Een verkort overzicht van de <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">supergroepen</a> van het cellulaire leven ziet er dan als volgt uit: </p> <table class="vatop" style="background-color:aliceblue;text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:110%;border:dotted thin teal;border-radius:8px;" cellspacing="0"> <caption><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:dimgray;border:double medium transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>Fylogenetische stamboom domeinen, supergroepen en rijken</b></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56498116">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:20px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li.lastline{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul{margin-left:-1px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/LUCA_(evolutie)" title="LUCA (evolutie)">LUCA</a> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">Domein</a> <a href="/wiki/Eubacteri%C3%ABn" title="Eubacteriën">Eubacteria</a> (Ehrenberg 1828) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryoten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a></span>)</small></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Domein <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (Woese et al. 1990) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">prokaryoten, Monera</span>)</small></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Domein <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">Supergroep</a> <a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002) <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">Rijk</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> (Linnaeus 1758)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Fungi</a> (Linnaeus 1753)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoae</a> (Lühe 1913, em. Corliss 1984) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten">protisten</a></span>)</small></li></ul></div></li> <li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Supergroep <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">protisten</span>)</small> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euexcavatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euexcavatae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Euexcavatae</a> (Holt & Iudica)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discicristatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discicristatae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Discicristatae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002)</li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Bikonta</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002) <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Supergroep <a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> (Adl et al. 2005) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">protisten</span>)</small> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacrobiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacrobiae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hacrobiae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2010)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Harosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harosa">Harosa</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2010) <small>(SAR, RAS)</small> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizariae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1993) <small>(Rhizaria)</small></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Alveolatae" title="Alveolatae">Alveolatae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1991)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Heterokontae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1986) <small>(Stramenopiles)</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Supergroep <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (Adl et al. 2005) <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1981)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Rhodoplantae" title="Rhodoplantae">Rhodoplantae</a> (Saunders & Hommersand 2004) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">protisten</span>)</small></li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:whitesmoke;border:solid thin slategray;border-radius:2px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <dl><dd><small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">behoort tot de ...</span>)</small> wordt ook gerekend tot een <a href="/wiki/Polyfyletische_groep" title="Polyfyletische groep">polyfyletische groep</a></dd></dl></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Een meer uitgewerkt voorbeeld van een stamboom van het cellulaire leven naar J.R. Holt en C.A. Iudica: </p> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color:aliceblue;text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;border:dotted thin dimgray;border-radius:8px;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightyellow;border:double medium transparent;border-radius:8px;color:darkred;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="font-size:120%;letter-spacing:3.0pt;"><span class="nowrap">Fylogenetische stamboom van het cellulaire leven</span></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56498116"><div class="treeview"> <li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/LUCA_(evolutie)" title="LUCA (evolutie)">LUCA</a> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">Domein</a> <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> (Ehrenberg 1828) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryoten</a></span>)</small> <ul><li>Rijk Thermotogae</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutae</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">Oxyphotobacteria</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk Chloroflexae</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk Proteobacteria</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetae</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk Pirellae</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk Chlorosulphatae</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk Saprospirae</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Domein <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (Woese et al. 1990) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">prokaryoten</span>)</small> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Rijk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crenarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crenarchaeota (de pagina bestaat niet)">Crenarchaeota</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crenarchaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crenarchaea (de pagina bestaat niet)">Crenarchaea</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk Thermoprotei</li></ul></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Rijk <a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurythermea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurythermea (de pagina bestaat niet)">Eurythermea</a> <ul><li>Rijk Thermoplasmobacteria (Thermoplasmata, Reysenbach 2001)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk Thermobacteria (Thermococci, Zillig & Reysenbach 2001)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neobacteria (de pagina bestaat niet)">Neobacteria</a> <ul><li>Rijk Methanobacteria</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk Halobacteria</li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Domein <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Supergroep_(biologie)" title="Supergroep (biologie)">Supergroep</a> <a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002) <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> (Copeland 1956, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005) <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">Rijk</a> <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Fungi</a> (Linnaeus 1753) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidiomycota</a> (Balbiani 1882)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> (Powell 2007)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a> (James et al. 2007)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a> (James et al. 2007)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickxellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickxellomycota (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kickxellomycota</a> (em. Benny 2007)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomophthoromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomophthoromycota (de pagina bestaat niet)">Entomophthoromycota</a> (Humber 2012)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycota (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mucoromycota</a> (em. Benny 2007) <a href="/wiki/Lagere_schimmels" title="Lagere schimmels">Euzygomycota</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a> (James et al. 2006)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Dikaryomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikaryomycota">Dikarya</a> (Hibbett, T.Y.James & Vilgalys 2007) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> (James et al. 2006)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> (Moore 1980)</li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holozoa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Holozoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichthyosporea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichthyosporea (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ichthyosporea</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozoa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Filozoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filasterea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filasterea (de pagina bestaat niet)">Filasterea</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> (Linnaeus 1758) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1993)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a> (Haeckel 1866) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> (Buetschli 1910) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribkwallen" title="Ribkwallen">Ctenophora</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plakdiertjes" title="Plakdiertjes">Placozoa</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diploblastea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diploblastea (de pagina bestaat niet)">Diploblastea</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Hatscheck 1888) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoelomorpha" title="Acoelomorpha">Acoelomorpha</a> (Ehlers 1986)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia">Protostomata</a> (MacAlister 1879) <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pijlwormen" title="Pijlwormen">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> (Aguinaldo et al. 1997) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rondwormen" title="Rondwormen">Nematozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a> (Cephalorhyncha)</li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> (Giribet 2002) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosdiertjes" title="Mosdiertjes">Polyzoa (Thompson 1830)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Trochozoa (Roule 1891)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Platyzoa" title="Platyzoa">Platyzoa</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1998)</li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomata">Deuterostomata</a> (MacAlister 1876) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Rijk <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoae</a> (Lühe 1913, em. Corliss 1984) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten">protisten</a></span>)</small></div></li></ul></div></li> <li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Supergroep <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">protisten</span>)</small> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euexcavatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euexcavatae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Euexcavatae</a> (Holt & Iudica)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discicristatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discicristatae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Discicristatae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002)</li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Bikonta</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2002) <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Supergroep <a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> (Adl et al. 2005) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">protisten</span>)</small> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Rijk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacrobiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacrobiae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hacrobiae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2010)</div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Harosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harosa">Harosa</a> (Cavalier-Smith 2010) <small>(SAR, RAS)</small> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Rhizariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizariae">Rhizariae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1993) <small>(Rhizaria)</small></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Alveolatae" title="Alveolatae">Alveolatae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1991)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Heterokontae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokontae">Heterokontae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1986) <small>(Stramenopiles)</small></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Supergroep <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (Adl et al. 2005) <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Rijk <a href="/wiki/Rhodoplantae" title="Rhodoplantae">Rhodoplantae</a> (Saunders & Hommersand 2004) <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">Rhodophyta</a> (Wettstein 1922), roodwieren</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanidiophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanidiophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cyanidiophyta</a> (Saunders & Hommersand 2004)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">?</a> <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a> (Skuja 1954)</li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Rijk <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (Cavalier-Smith 1981) <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Onderrijk <a href="/wiki/Chlorobionta" title="Chlorobionta">Chlorobionta</a>, groene algen <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium darkkhaki;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasinophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasinophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Prasinophyta</a> (Christiansen 1962) <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasinophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasinophyceae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Prasinophyceae</a> 1-9)</small></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Chlorophyta</a> (Pascher 1914)</li></ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Onderrijk <a href="/wiki/Streptobionta" title="Streptobionta">Streptobionta</a> <ul><li><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium darkkhaki;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Basale_clade" title="Basale clade">basale</a> Streptobionta <small>o.a. <a href="/wiki/Charophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a> (Karol & al. 2001), kranswieren</small></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <div style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium paleturquoise;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Superstam <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a> (landplanten) <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">Marchantiophyta</a> (Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:16px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">mossen s.l., bryofyten</span>)</small></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">Bryophyta</a> (Schimper 1836) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:16px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">mossen s.l., bryofyten</span>)</small></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">Anthocerotophyta</a> (Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977) <small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:16px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">mossen s.l., bryofyten</span>)</small></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Vaatplanten" title="Vaatplanten">Tracheophyta, vaatplanten</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul> </li></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:whitesmoke;border:solid thin silver;border-radius:2px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <dl><dd><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium darkkhaki;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">een <a href="/wiki/Polyfyletisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyfyletisch">polyfyletische</a> groep</div></dd> <dd><small>(→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:khaki;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">behoort tot de ...</span>)</small> wordt ook gerekend tot een <a href="/wiki/Polyfyletisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyfyletisch">polyfyletische</a> groep </dd></dl></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indeling_van_Aristoteles">Indeling van Aristoteles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling van Aristoteles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Indeling van Aristoteles"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/260px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/390px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/520px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Stamboom volgens <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> uit 1866.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Stammbaum_haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stammbaum_haeckel.jpg/260px-Stammbaum_haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stammbaum_haeckel.jpg/390px-Stammbaum_haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stammbaum_haeckel.jpg/520px-Stammbaum_haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Stamboom volgens <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> uit 1874, met de mens bovenaan als sluitstuk van de evolutie.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pogingen tot <a href="/wiki/Classificatie" title="Classificatie">classificatie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a> zijn er al zeer lang. <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> (384-322 v.Chr.) maakte een indeling van de <b><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a></b>, waarin al een begin van een fylogenie is te herkennen: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56498116"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Dieren</b> <ul><li><b>Enhaima</b> (dieren met bloed) (± <a href="/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden">gewervelden</a>) <ul><li>levenbarende viervoeters (± <a href="/wiki/Zoogdieren" title="Zoogdieren">zoogdieren</a>)</li> <li>beveerd (<a href="/wiki/Vogels" title="Vogels">vogels</a>)</li> <li>eierleggende dieren <ul><li>beschubd (<a href="/wiki/Reptielen" title="Reptielen">reptielen</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> schubloos (<a href="/wiki/Amfibie%C3%ABn" title="Amfibieën">amfibieën</a>)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Vissen_(dieren)" title="Vissen (dieren)">vissen</a> <ul><li>spoelvormige kraakbeenvissen (<a href="/wiki/Haaien" title="Haaien">haaien</a>)</li> <li>platte kraakbeenvissen (<a href="/wiki/Roggen" title="Roggen">roggen</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Beenvissen" title="Beenvissen">beenvissen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <b>Anaima</b> (dieren zonder bloed) (± <a href="/wiki/Ongewervelden" title="Ongewervelden">ongewervelden</a>) <ul><li>weekdieren (± <a href="/wiki/Inktvissen" title="Inktvissen">inktvissen</a>)</li> <li>weke schaaldieren (± <a href="/wiki/Kreeftachtigen" title="Kreeftachtigen">kreeftachtigen</a>)</li> <li>gelede dieren (± <a href="/wiki/Insecten" title="Insecten">insecten</a> + <a href="/wiki/Spinnen_(dieren)" title="Spinnen (dieren)">spinnen</a> + <a href="/wiki/Ringwormen" title="Ringwormen">ringwormen</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> schaaldieren (± <a href="/wiki/Weekdieren" title="Weekdieren">weekdieren</a> + <a href="/wiki/Stekelhuidigen" title="Stekelhuidigen">stekelhuidigen</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laatste_kwart_20e_eeuw">Laatste kwart 20e eeuw</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Laatste kwart 20e eeuw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Laatste kwart 20e eeuw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tegen het einde van de <a href="/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw">20e eeuw</a> bleek het duidelijk dat de bestaande stamboom niet meer voldeed. Het oorspronkelijke <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologisch</a> en <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomisch</a> onderzoek, met het uitgangspunt dat <a href="/wiki/Verwantschap_(biologie)" title="Verwantschap (biologie)">vormverwantschap duidt op bloedverwantschap</a>, werd uitgebreid met <a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">cytologisch</a> onderzoek en <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">biochemisch</a> onderzoek aan <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïne">proteïnen</a> en aan <a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a>. Een eenvoudige indeling in plantenrijk en dierenrijk was niet meer houdbaar: er waren te veel groepen die daar niet te plaatsen waren of juist in beide met evenveel recht. De <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> werden al als zelfstandige groep gezien. Het was echter nog niet goed mogelijk een nieuwe stamboom op te stellen zodat de bestaande nog lang in gebruik bleef. Veel van de verouderde namen worden nog steeds gebruikt, maar meestal als informele omschrijvingen. De stamboom zag er als volgt uit: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56498116"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a> <ul><li>Superrijk <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea"><i>Archaebacteria</i></a></li> <li>Superrijk <a href="/wiki/Eubacteri%C3%ABn" title="Eubacteriën"><i>Eubacteria</i></a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Superrijk <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten"><i>Eukaryota</i></a> <ul><li>Rijk <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten"><i>Plantae</i> (planten)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen"><i>Phycobionta</i> (algen)</a> <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Euglenoida" title="Euglenoida"><i>Euglenophyta</i>, <i>Euglenozoa</i></a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren"><i>Chlorophyta</i>, <i>Phytomonadina</i> (groenwieren)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten"><i>Dinophyta</i>, <i>Dinoflagellatae</i> (dinoflagellaten)</a></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromophyta</a></i> <ul><li>Klasse <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysophyceae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrysophyceae</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysomonadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysomonadina (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrysomonadina</a></i> (goudwieren)</li> <li>Klasse <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthophyceae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Xanthophyceae</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterocontae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterocontae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Heterocontae</a></i></li> <li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën"><i>Bacillariophyceae</i> (diatomeeën)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Klasse <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren"><i>Phaeophyceae</i> (bruinwieren)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren"><i>Rhodophyta</i> (roodwieren)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels"><i>Mycobionta</i> (schimmels)</a> <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen"><i>Myxomycota</i> (slijmzwammen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels"><i>Eumycota</i></a> <ul><li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Lagere_schimmels" title="Lagere schimmels"><i>Phycomycetes</i> (wierzwammen)</a></li> <li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Pezizomycotina" title="Pezizomycotina"><i>Ascomycetes</i></a> (zakjeszwammen)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Klasse <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota"><i>Basidiomycetes</i> (steeltjeszwammen)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">?</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungi_imperfecti" title="Fungi imperfecti">(<i>Deuteromycetes</i>, <i>Fungi imperfecti</i>)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">?</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korstmos" title="Korstmos"><i>Lichenes</i>, korstmossen)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen"><i>Bryobionta</i> (mossen s.l.)</a> <ul><li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen"><i>Hepaticae</i> (levermossen)</a></li> <li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen"><i>Musci</i> (bladmossen of mossen s.s.)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Klasse <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen"><i>Anthocerotae</i> (hauwmossen)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Vaatplanten" title="Vaatplanten"><i>Cormobionta</i> (vaatplanten)</a> <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Pteropsida" title="Pteropsida"><i>Pteridophyta</i> (vaatcryptogamen)</a> <ul><li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Psilotopsida" title="Psilotopsida"><i>Psilophytatae</i></a></li> <li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Lycopsida" title="Lycopsida"><i>Lycopodiatae</i> (wolfsklauwen)</a></li> <li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Equisetopsida" title="Equisetopsida"><i>Articulatae</i> (paardestaarten)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Klasse <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens"><i>Filicatae</i> (varens)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten"><i>Spermatophyta</i> (zaadplanten)</a> <ul><li>Onderstam <a href="/wiki/Naaktzadigen" title="Naaktzadigen"><i>Gymnospermae</i> (naaktzadigen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Onderstam <a href="/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen"><i>Angiospermae</i> (bedektzadigen)</a> <ul><li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Tweezaadlobbigen" title="Tweezaadlobbigen"><i>Dicotyledonae</i> (tweezaadlobbigen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Klasse <a href="/wiki/Eenzaadlobbigen" title="Eenzaadlobbigen"><i>Monocotyledonae</i> (eenzaadlobbigen)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Rijk <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)"><i>Animalia</i> (dieren)</a> <ul><li>Onderrijk <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencelligen</a>)  <ul><li>Klasse <i><a href="/wiki/Flagellata" title="Flagellata">Flagellata</a></i> (zweepdiertjes)  <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysomonadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysomonadina (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrysomonadina</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysophyceae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrysophyceae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglenozoa"><i>Euglenoidina</i>, <i>Euglenophyta</i></a></li> <li><i>Phytomonadina</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorophyceae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chlorophyceae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptomonadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptomonadina (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cryptomonadina</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cryptophyta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinoflagellatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinoflagellatae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Dinoflagellatae</a></i>, <i>Dinophyta</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protomonadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protomonadina (de pagina bestaat niet)">Protomonadina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomonadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplomonadina (de pagina bestaat niet)">Diplomonadina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymastiginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymastiginia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Polymastiginia</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opalinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opalinia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Opalinia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Wortelpotigen" title="Wortelpotigen"><i>Rhizopoda</i> (wortelpotigen)</a></li> <li>Klasse <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa"><i>Sporozoa</i> (sporediertjes)</a></li> <li>Klasse <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnidosporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cnidosporidia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cnidosporidia</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Klasse <a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora"><i>Ciliata</i>, <i>Ciliophora</i> (trilhaardiertjes)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Onderrijk <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meercellig" class="mw-redirect" title="Meercellig">meercelligen</a>)  <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Middendiertjes" title="Middendiertjes"><i>Mesozoa</i> (middendiertjes)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Sponsachtigen" title="Sponsachtigen"><i>Parazoa</i> (sponsachtigen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></i> (orgaandieren)  <ul><li>Onderstam <i><a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">Radiata</a></i> <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Neteldieren" title="Neteldieren"><i>Cnidaria</i> (neteldieren)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <a href="/wiki/Ribkwallen" title="Ribkwallen"><i>Ctenophora</i> (ribkwallen)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Onderstam <i><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a></i> (oermondigen)  <ul><li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Tentaculata" title="Tentaculata">Tentaculata</a></i></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Platwormen" title="Platwormen"><i>Platyhelminthes</i> (platwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Tandmondwormen" title="Tandmondwormen"><i>Gnathostomulida</i> (tandmondwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Snoerwormen" title="Snoerwormen"><i>Nemertini</i> (snoerwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Rondwormen" title="Rondwormen"><i>Aschelminthes</i> (rondwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Weekdieren" title="Weekdieren"><i>Mollusca</i> (weekdieren)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Pindawormen" title="Pindawormen"><i>Sipunculida</i> (spuitwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Kelkwormen" title="Kelkwormen"><i>Kamptozoa</i>, <i>Entoprocta</i> (kelkwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Ringwormen" title="Ringwormen"><i>Annelida</i> (ringwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <i><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida</a></i>, <i>Linguatulida</i></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Beerdiertjes" title="Beerdiertjes"><i>Tardigrada</i> (beerdiertjes)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Fluweelwormen" title="Fluweelwormen"><i>Onychophora</i> (fluweelwormen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <a href="/wiki/Geleedpotigen" title="Geleedpotigen"><i>Arthropoda</i> (geleedpotigen)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Nieuwmondigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuwmondigen"><i>Deuterostomia</i> (nieuwmondigen)</a>  <ul><li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Pijlwormen" title="Pijlwormen"><i>Chaetognatha</i> (pijlwormen)</a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Siboglinidae" title="Siboglinidae"><i>Pogonophora</i>, <i>Branchiata</i></a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Kraagdragers" title="Kraagdragers"><i>Hemichordata</i></a></li> <li>Stam <a href="/wiki/Stekelhuidigen" title="Stekelhuidigen"><i>Echinodermata</i> (stekelhuidigen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> Stam <a href="/wiki/Chordadieren" title="Chordadieren"><i>Chordata</i> (chordadieren)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naar_de_21e_eeuw">Naar de 21e eeuw</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Naar de 21e eeuw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Naar de 21e eeuw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De stamboom bleef in ontwikkeling, maar was nog een indeling grotendeels op grond van overeenkomsten in anatomie, embryologie en morfologie. Er heerste nog grote onduidelijkheid op plaatsen waar de stamboom meer dan twee takken vanuit een punt ("harkjes") heeft. Rond de eeuwwisseling werden de eerste contouren van een meer fylogenetische stamboom beter zichtbaar: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56498116"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea"><i>Archaebacteria</i></a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eubacteri%C3%ABn" title="Eubacteriën"><i>Eubacteria</i></a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten"><i>Eukaryota</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels"><i>Mycobionta</i> (schimmels)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen"><i>Myxomycota</i> (slijmzwammen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi"><i>Eumycota</i>, incl. <i>Lichenes</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen"><i>Phycobionta</i></a>, inclusief <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten"><i>Dinophyta</i> (dinoflagellaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren"><i>Rhodophyta</i> (roodwieren)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chromophyta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen"><i>Bryobionta</i> (mossen)</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">Hepaticae<i> (levermossen</i></a> + <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">hauwmossen</a>)</i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">Musci<i> (bladmossen)</i></a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaatplanten" title="Vaatplanten"><i>Cormobionta</i> (vaatplanten)</a>  <ul><li>(vaatcryptogamen), <i><a href="/wiki/Pteropsida" title="Pteropsida">Pteridophyta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten"><i>Spermatophyta</i> (zaadplanten)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen"><i>Angiospermae</i> (bedektzadigen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Naaktzadigen" title="Naaktzadigen"><i>Gymnospermae</i> (naaktzadigen)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren"><i>Chlorophyta</i> (groenwieren)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenophyta</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)"><i>Animalia</i> (dieren)</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellata" title="Flagellata"><i>Zooflagellata</i> (zweepdiertjes)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelenterata" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelenterata">Coelenterata</a></i>  <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acnidaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acnidaria (de pagina bestaat niet)">Acnidaria</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ribkwallen" title="Ribkwallen"><i>Ctenophora</i> (ribkwallen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/wiki/Neteldieren" title="Neteldieren">Cnidaria (neteldieren)</a></i> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bloemdieren" title="Bloemdieren">bloemdieren</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><i><a href="/wiki/Scyphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyphozoa">Scyphozoa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Schijfkwallen" title="Schijfkwallen">schijfkwallen</a>)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hydro%C3%AFdpoliepen" title="Hydroïdpoliepen">hydroïdpoliepen</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coelomata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coelomata (de pagina bestaat niet)">Coelomata</a></i>  <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoneuralia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoneuralia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Notoneuralia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chordadieren" title="Chordadieren">Chordata</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manteldieren" title="Manteldieren"><i>Tunicata</i> (manteldieren)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden"><i>Vertebrata</i> (gewervelden)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Schedellozen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedellozen"><i>Acrania</i> (lancetvisjes)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/wiki/Kraagdragers" title="Kraagdragers">Hemichordata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Stekelhuidigen" title="Stekelhuidigen"><i>Echinodermata</i> (stekelhuidigen)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentaculata" title="Tentaculata">Tentaculata</a><i></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroneuralia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gastroneuralia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gastroneuralia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></i> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weekdieren" title="Weekdieren"><i>Mollusca</i> (weekdieren)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Geleedpotigen" title="Geleedpotigen"><i>Articulata</i> (geleedpotigen)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Pindawormen" title="Pindawormen"><i>Sipunculata</i> (spuitwormen)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Snoerwormen" title="Snoerwormen"><i>Nemthelmintes</i> (snoerwormen)</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Platwormen" title="Platwormen"><i>Platyhelminthes</i> (platwormen)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Sponsachtigen" title="Sponsachtigen"><i>Parazoa</i> (sponsachtigen)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora"><i>Ciliata</i> (trilhaardiertjes)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Middendiertjes" title="Middendiertjes"><i>Mesozoa</i> (middendiertjes)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wortelpotigen" title="Wortelpotigen"><i>Rhizopoda</i> (wortelpotigen)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa"><i>Sporozoa</i>, <i>Apicomplexa</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnen,_noten,_referenties"><span id="Bronnen.2C_noten.2C_referenties"></span>Bronnen, noten, referenties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bronnen, noten, referenties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bronnen, noten, referenties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><b>Voetnoten</b></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman & Herron (2003), pp 549-550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFCox,_C._J.,_Foster,_P._G.,_Hirt,_R._P.,_Harris,_S._R.,_Embley,_T._M.2008"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cox, C. J., Foster, P. G., Hirt, R. P., Harris, S. R., Embley, T. M.</span> (2008). <cite>The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes</cite>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i> <b>105</b> (51): 20356-61. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810647105">10.1073/pnas.0810647105</a>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Literatuur</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Baum, D.</span>; <b>2008</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/reading-a-phylogenetic-tree-the-meaning-of-41956/"><i>Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups.</i></a> Nature Education</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Freeman, S. & Herron, J.C.</span>; <b>2003</b>: <i>Evolutionary Analysis</i>, Pearson Prentice Hall, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-13-101859-0" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-13-101859-0">ISBN 0-13-101859-0</a></span>.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&oldid=67897076">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetische_stamboom&oldid=67897076</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Verwantschap" title="Categorie:Verwantschap">Verwantschap</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Diagram" title="Categorie:Diagram">Diagram</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taxonomie" title="Categorie:Taxonomie">Taxonomie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 29 jul 2024 om 17:34.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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