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if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","location":"/AdiEliyahuBehar","scheme":"https","host":"ariel.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AdiEliyahuBehar","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-2e0c5aff-735f-4b91-870e-6120fe714cac"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-2e0c5aff-735f-4b91-870e-6120fe714cac"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Adi Eliyahu Behar" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2734569/883769/30117030/s200_adi.eliyahu_behar.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Adi Eliyahu Behar</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/">Ariel University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/Departments/Land_of_Israel_Studies_and_Archaeology_and_the_Department_of_Chemical_Sciences/Documents">Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology and the Department of Chemical Sciences</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Adi" data-follow-user-id="2734569" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="2734569"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">224</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">120</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">33</p></div></a><a href="/AdiEliyahuBehar/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">I am a chemist engaged in archaeological research and excavations. I received my B.Sc. (1995, Tel Aviv University) and M.Sc (1998, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel) in Chemistry. In 2008 I received my doctorate (Weizmann Institute of Science). Since then my academic activity involve the application and development of various analytical techniques in order to solve archaeological and historical research questions.<br /><br />My main research interest lies in the reconstruction and understanding of ancient pyro-technological processes, such as the production of metals, plaster, ceramic, glass and glazes. The study of technological choices and technological styles, manipulation and processing of raw materials, and the formation of by-products, have far reaching implications on the reconstruction of ancient society's cultural behaviors and stylistic choices, the spread of technological innovations, economic interactions and trade routes. <br />These include;<br />(a) General ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy:  the use and manufacturing of metals throughout the span of archaeological and historical periods. These for example might include; technological aspects related to the making and processing of ‘hacksilber’ and silver coinage, the change and developments in the use of bronze alloys, the study of metallurgical refractories such as crucibles, as a tool for understanding and reconstruction of bronze, silver and gold production processes, alloying techniques, refining procedures etc. <br />(b) Early iron production in the Levant: studying the advent of iron technology in the Southern Levant and characterizing the transition from the use of bronze to the use of iron. Identifying production centers, production technologies and the socio-political organization.<br />(c) Technological capabilities of the ancient iron smiths: using metallography methods to study ancient iron tools and infer on technological capabilities and production methods such as steeling, quenching and tempering. <br />(d) Identifying pyro-technology activities: developing new means for the identification of pyro-technological activities (controlled use of fire for the production of new man-made materials, such as ceramic, plaster, glass and metals) and the identification on of these technologies in the archaeological record. <br />(e) Materials and provenance: developing new means for identification of raw materials sources (gem and semi-precious stones, metal ores etc.) in order to shed light on socio-political organizations and trade routes of the ancient world.<br />(f) Early vitreous materials, Faience and Glass: production technologies, pattern of technological discovery, adoption, choice, transfer and provenance of vitreous materials such as glazed steatite, faience, Egyptian blue and green frits, and glazed pottery and bricks. <br />(g) Lime plaster and ceramic:  production of lime and ceramic materials has far and long histories which leave behind numerous types of archaeological artifacts and debris that can be studied in order to answer various questions concerning cultural issues of past societies.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2734569">View All (6)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2734569" 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data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>36</span> Papers</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Reviewed papers" id="Reviewed papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Reviewed papers by Adi Eliyahu Behar</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114247885"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114247885/Call_for_Application_for_Ladislav_%C5%A0mejda_Postdoctoral_Fellowship_2024"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Call for Application for Ladislav Šmejda Postdoctoral Fellowship 2024" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110995654/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114247885/Call_for_Application_for_Ladislav_%C5%A0mejda_Postdoctoral_Fellowship_2024">Call for Application for Ladislav Šmejda Postdoctoral Fellowship 2024</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Ariel University (AU) is focused on promoting research through international scientific collabora...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Ariel University (AU) is focused on promoting research through international scientific collaborations. As such, AU is distributing this call for application for a postdoctoral Fellowship named after a close friend of the university, who promoted research collaborations between Ariel University and academia in the Czech Republic.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b1f551d4a9577a2f6acf15e5b4506158" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":110995654,"asset_id":114247885,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110995654/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114247885"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114247885"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114247885; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114247885]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114247885]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114247885; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114247885']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 114247885, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b1f551d4a9577a2f6acf15e5b4506158" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114247885]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114247885,"title":"Call for Application for Ladislav Šmejda Postdoctoral Fellowship 2024","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Ariel University (AU) is focused on promoting research through international scientific collaborations. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105571402"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105571402/Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104988030/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105571402/Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis">Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent excavations at Naḥal 'Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent excavations at Naḥal 'Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel, unearthed for the first time four iron tips of mining picks. The present study undertakes a complex investigation of the picks, including metallographic, indentation hardness, slag inclusions (SIs), metal matrix, and osmium isotopic composition (Os-IC) analyses. The results indicate that the picks were manufactured via similar blacksmithing techniques, using two types of hard alloys: quench-hardened steel and phosphoric iron. A correlation was found between the composition of SIs, metal, and osmium isotopic signature, suggesting that three different ore sources were exploited to produce these picks. The quenched steel likely originated from a single ore source, whereas the two P-rich iron probably provenance from two different, yet geographically close or geologically similar ore deposits. The undertaken study highlights the importance of an integrative provenancing approach, which relies on the analyses of siderophile/chalcophile elements of the metal, lithophile trace elements of slag inclusions, and osmium isotopic analyses. This approach allows the complete characterization of the ore provenance signature of an artefact. However, the final provenance assignment to a specific ore deposit is currently limited, as it depends on our knowledge and familiarity with potential ore sources and on the archaeological evidence of their exploitation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="32be296d707a78c1ce233f1dae19ec85" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104988030,"asset_id":105571402,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104988030/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105571402"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105571402"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105571402; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105571402]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105571402]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105571402; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105571402']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 105571402, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "32be296d707a78c1ce233f1dae19ec85" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105571402]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105571402,"title":"Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104166","abstract":"Recent excavations at Naḥal 'Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel, unearthed for the first time four iron tips of mining picks. 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The results indicate that the picks were manufactured via similar blacksmithing techniques, using two types of hard alloys: quench-hardened steel and phosphoric iron. A correlation was found between the composition of SIs, metal, and osmium isotopic signature, suggesting that three different ore sources were exploited to produce these picks. The quenched steel likely originated from a single ore source, whereas the two P-rich iron probably provenance from two different, yet geographically close or geologically similar ore deposits. The undertaken study highlights the importance of an integrative provenancing approach, which relies on the analyses of siderophile/chalcophile elements of the metal, lithophile trace elements of slag inclusions, and osmium isotopic analyses. This approach allows the complete characterization of the ore provenance signature of an artefact. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80432963"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80432963/Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86816439/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80432963/Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel">Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ccaf8f0d3819419ee75bc0d5caaf15c4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86816439,"asset_id":80432963,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86816439/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80432963"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80432963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80432963; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80432963]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80432963]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80432963; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80432963']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80432963, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ccaf8f0d3819419ee75bc0d5caaf15c4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80432963]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80432963,"title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/J.JASREP.2015.11.011","abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. 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These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80432963/Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-01T01:28:59.696-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":38316423,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":1581801,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***r@gmail.com","affiliation":"Bar-Ilan University","display_order":1,"name":"Aren M . Maeir","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316424,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":1046755,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***k@gmail.com","affiliation":"Ariel University","display_order":2,"name":"Itzick Shai","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316425,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":26341291,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***m@walla.com","affiliation":"Bar-Ilan University","display_order":4,"name":"Shira Albaz","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316427,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":1989510,"email":"g***f@cc.umanitoba.ca","display_order":5,"name":"Haskel Greenfield","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316428,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":5677887,"email":"h***1@gmail.com","display_order":6,"name":"Haskel Greenfield","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86816439,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86816439/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86816439/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86816439/Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads-libre.pdf?1654072902=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZUA0sjmpwt1DWTqL4ECQMLlCklK8pHBOZbcY5QtQChWWD4oHqbIeRb4AeQpskexrzXdMB7Yu8X9mRHD5wivtNVPF8T7Yt5EgNsJ-HujrxeaA4sFfMcRABHFpcQMFvvTHjCfHMYUEcDkJhDxg461EVb1JXYRV~MOMeUljxtCVjXEgD6pWH6c1B~TPlxpGKK4j5hM7zPE6IGvvsTvnaidMH6Pan9ldL1tdsSE3FyipYHeOYMZlOvsHdBGGxok~0o~AnsG8YzddyXutlADaNDVmxve~Ccn6JxFgQnuAimwWTxQNQw7rloAUWDLgLCD-yg6nTc5VAqQskU7V-40GwK~x-g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel","translated_slug":"","page_count":5,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"bDNQTEV4UExDcTJUOVdBSmNLdVFHSm9yeTF2MGhENnFXZ3VQdXB1dnpFTkhTcHlSbysyYisrR0FWRXlIdG8zSy0tNXd2amo3OHFHa3FHQXNYZXdNMEU2Zz09--4575b42b1f438703ef48576123b703379ffca605"},"attachments":[{"id":86816439,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86816439/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86816439/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86816439/Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads-libre.pdf?1654072902=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZUA0sjmpwt1DWTqL4ECQMLlCklK8pHBOZbcY5QtQChWWD4oHqbIeRb4AeQpskexrzXdMB7Yu8X9mRHD5wivtNVPF8T7Yt5EgNsJ-HujrxeaA4sFfMcRABHFpcQMFvvTHjCfHMYUEcDkJhDxg461EVb1JXYRV~MOMeUljxtCVjXEgD6pWH6c1B~TPlxpGKK4j5hM7zPE6IGvvsTvnaidMH6Pan9ldL1tdsSE3FyipYHeOYMZlOvsHdBGGxok~0o~AnsG8YzddyXutlADaNDVmxve~Ccn6JxFgQnuAimwWTxQNQw7rloAUWDLgLCD-yg6nTc5VAqQskU7V-40GwK~x-g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="75646368"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/75646368/By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83332571/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/75646368/By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting">By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://worldcommunitymuseum.academia.edu/VanessaWorkman">Vanessa Workman</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences </span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter's decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4197b089a31922bb72ab5d284b355909" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83332571,"asset_id":75646368,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83332571/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75646368"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75646368"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75646368; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75646368]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75646368]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75646368; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='75646368']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75646368, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4197b089a31922bb72ab5d284b355909" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=75646368]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":75646368,"title":"By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1007/s12520-022-01516-3","abstract":"Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter's decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences "},"translated_abstract":"Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter's decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75646368/By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-04-06T10:01:00.096-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":37986398,"work_id":75646368,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":411161,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"i***8@yandex.ru","affiliation":"Curt-Engelhorn-Centre Archaeometry gGmbH Mannheim","display_order":1,"name":"Ivan Stepanov","title":"By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting"},{"id":37986399,"work_id":75646368,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":3004905,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"w***a@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology","display_order":2,"name":"Vanessa Workman","title":"By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83332571,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83332571/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83332571/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/83332571/Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter-libre.pdf?1649265393=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBy_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=eGWTVMI9J6ruIzon1saOF30o4tRrLip9LANNiLipo2WwIe3BADCuDTd86XSOLFlEdPNVv628n1TgHTpDHkR9HeUWYNS36tlnh6kGUtxpOju1X7UKbBjQo4kl3wUgPaxnHAXIFcmLkkVUFi0Ps5F9MwWpuX28M-d5e9-AqfE0yIkGEkAxj3lbquCnQ1j7~ZoW-AoY42HszwjiXD2fCok3utLTOL0gAGfP0mAKNmMIZj~~633NftmGVE2nlkjYTOC1cCxwQaHZpeNFM83E9qk3oVcsrgRpppRId7ETvnLxeEm0nu9vIC3Jq6Rh4qsX2W-Te-bMIhJKSLirDm~4bB6vXA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"M1NySXJZaW0raVNMLzFiOU1oMkZXT0ZEYkppVmtVODVNMVkvbnc1VHNpbGFMZ0Nmd2djY2txbFhBSnc1Q1NLVy0tbEtZV05MVnFWUUlWYnNRdGloa2VlZz09--5f87de86d3e8396c288661937239e70accd99e56"},"attachments":[{"id":83332571,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83332571/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83332571/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/83332571/Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter-libre.pdf?1649265393=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBy_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=eGWTVMI9J6ruIzon1saOF30o4tRrLip9LANNiLipo2WwIe3BADCuDTd86XSOLFlEdPNVv628n1TgHTpDHkR9HeUWYNS36tlnh6kGUtxpOju1X7UKbBjQo4kl3wUgPaxnHAXIFcmLkkVUFi0Ps5F9MwWpuX28M-d5e9-AqfE0yIkGEkAxj3lbquCnQ1j7~ZoW-AoY42HszwjiXD2fCok3utLTOL0gAGfP0mAKNmMIZj~~633NftmGVE2nlkjYTOC1cCxwQaHZpeNFM83E9qk3oVcsrgRpppRId7ETvnLxeEm0nu9vIC3Jq6Rh4qsX2W-Te-bMIhJKSLirDm~4bB6vXA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":395,"name":"Experimental Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Archaeology"},{"id":444681,"name":"Iron ores","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_ores"},{"id":2646436,"name":"Bloomery Experiments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bloomery_Experiments"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="53743547"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/53743547/An_Iron_IIA_Iron_and_Bronze_Workshop_in_the_Lower_City_of_Tell_es_Safi_Gath"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/70442121/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/53743547/An_Iron_IIA_Iron_and_Bronze_Workshop_in_the_Lower_City_of_Tell_es_Safi_Gath">An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tel Aviv</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron II...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. Analyses show that iron objects were likely produced and maintained on a large scale, alongside bronze, employing regionally unique forms of crucibles and tuyères. The material culture of metalworking is discussed in relation to contemporaneous iron production sites in the region, building a more robust picture of the adoption of iron metallurgy in the Levant versus the status of bronze and iron.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="992a4c6f8447741d73846205c9068907" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":70442121,"asset_id":53743547,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70442121/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="53743547"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53743547"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743547; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743547]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743547]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743547; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='53743547']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53743547, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "992a4c6f8447741d73846205c9068907" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=53743547]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":53743547,"title":"An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. 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Maeir</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Sou...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Southern Levant during the early Iron Age. While nearly a dozen sites with metallurgical debris and technical ceramics dating to the 10th-8th c. BCE have contributed to the visibility of the craft, in situ high-temperature installations remain enigmatic in the archaeological record. Our ability to reconstruct the chaîne opératoire of iron production processes within each working context is restricted by the lack of this critical data. In this study we employ methods of experimental archaeology in order to investigate and interpret an assemblage of vitrified technical ceramics found in an early Iron Age metal workshop at the site of Tell es-Safi/Gath situated on the border between the southern coastal plain and the Judean foothills of Israel. As part of a broader research framework, iron smelting experiments were carried out in a simple, clay-built bowl furnace. Materials analogous to the archaeological ceramics were employed to address high temperature alterations occurring in a single installation. Using structural mineralogical and chemical analyses (FTIR, pXRF and SEM-EDS) we characterize the experimental and archaeological technical ceramics to identify the processes that affect and transform these materials during iron production activities. Results were then utilized to interpret production processes and the implementation of technical ceramics in ironworking at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Based on our observations, we address the specialized preparation of technical ceramics in early ironworking, possible reasons for the alteration and preservation of metallurgical installations following their abandonment and attempt to improve the interpretation and classification of vitrified ceramic waste from ancient metallurgical contexts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b18824e4bd3dc49c9685a352cc7264ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":70442211,"asset_id":53743546,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70442211/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="53743546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53743546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743546]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='53743546']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53743546, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b18824e4bd3dc49c9685a352cc7264ef" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=53743546]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":53743546,"title":"In search of the invisible hearth: An experimental perspective on early Levantine iron production","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Southern Levant during the early Iron Age. While nearly a dozen sites with metallurgical debris and technical ceramics dating to the 10th-8th c. BCE have contributed to the visibility of the craft, in situ high-temperature installations remain enigmatic in the archaeological record. Our ability to reconstruct the chaîne opératoire of iron production processes within each working context is restricted by the lack of this critical data. In this study we employ methods of experimental archaeology in order to investigate and interpret an assemblage of vitrified technical ceramics found in an early Iron Age metal workshop at the site of Tell es-Safi/Gath situated on the border between the southern coastal plain and the Judean foothills of Israel. As part of a broader research framework, iron smelting experiments were carried out in a simple, clay-built bowl furnace. Materials analogous to the archaeological ceramics were employed to address high temperature alterations occurring in a single installation. 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Results were then utilized to interpret production processes and the implementation of technical ceramics in ironworking at Tell es-Safi/Gath. 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This missing information has the potential to shed light on political, economic, craft-production, and trading patterns of past societies. This paper presents the results of smelting experiments performed in graphite crucibles and a muffle furnace, using 14 iron ore samples from the Southern Levant, in an attempt to determine their suitability for smelting using ancient techniques. A range of analytical techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and portable X-ray fluorescence were used to comparatively investigate the mineralogy and composition of the precursor iron ores and their smelting products: Iron bloom and slag. Several parameters attesting to the ability of a given ore to be successfully reduced and consolidated into a solid metal mass were quantified. The generated results highlight the significance of a 'correct balance' between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. These data contribute to the understanding of factors, potentially influencing choices of iron ore exploitation by past human societies in the Southern Levant.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fedd61cb8366a5f5a05ea60ca3f2944e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61875137,"asset_id":41715904,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61875137/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41715904"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41715904"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41715904; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41715904]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41715904]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41715904; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41715904']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41715904, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fedd61cb8366a5f5a05ea60ca3f2944e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41715904]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41715904,"title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.3390/min10010033","abstract":"There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. 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The generated results highlight the significance of a 'correct balance' between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. These data contribute to the understanding of factors, potentially influencing choices of iron ore exploitation by past human societies in the Southern Levant.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Minerals"},"translated_abstract":"There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. This missing information has the potential to shed light on political, economic, craft-production, and trading patterns of past societies. This paper presents the results of smelting experiments performed in graphite crucibles and a muffle furnace, using 14 iron ore samples from the Southern Levant, in an attempt to determine their suitability for smelting using ancient techniques. A range of analytical techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and portable X-ray fluorescence were used to comparatively investigate the mineralogy and composition of the precursor iron ores and their smelting products: Iron bloom and slag. Several parameters attesting to the ability of a given ore to be successfully reduced and consolidated into a solid metal mass were quantified. The generated results highlight the significance of a 'correct balance' between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. These data contribute to the understanding of factors, potentially influencing choices of iron ore exploitation by past human societies in the Southern Levant.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41715904/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-01-23T10:54:48.014-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":33552131,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":411161,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"i***8@yandex.ru","affiliation":"Curt-Engelhorn-Centre Archaeometry gGmbH Mannheim","display_order":1,"name":"Ivan Stepanov","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"},{"id":33552132,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":79051,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"k***b@ariel.ac.il","affiliation":"Ariel University","display_order":2,"name":"Konstantin Borodianskiy","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"},{"id":41725299,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":79051,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":8129249,"email":"a***i@ariel.ac.il","display_order":1073741825,"name":"Adi Eliyahu-Behar","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"},{"id":41725302,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":79051,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":1744037,"email":"a***r@weizmann.ac.il","display_order":1610612736,"name":"Adi Eliyahu-behar","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61875137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61875137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61875137/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61875137/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp-libre.pdf?1579806686=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf\u0026Expires=1732380994\u0026Signature=HsarI7Bkd~FKhmFt2EiRu8Py8Eh5APmlov5y8w1KhNpIPi9ebTDAdqc4O-ydsPSbAHcrbLqzVSDjfMbvUNqhIl4WTLlV62vUfJVPcTI2S-~hlucodRL1EqriV9CrmyC-xmxhV2jTywsAHpvcunTdPUXtb9h8ADboYnF6oPy-RcfFbpHM2Mf031PYLQUOxBCK072IO~KwyLbet6VrnOj9pWYdy0KpD29iVoMMP-8NWgtp2yPNn6CE8E4f2MIS0WgOTFRYIxU09VxNCqb-qr~6KTCThrgWfpgUu-d2JdpE4XPDArFl9CK8cPGfUoftFBZC4I8N~tmm5qMbMJVMOYRv3g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments","translated_slug":"","page_count":25,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar"},"attachments":[{"id":61875137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61875137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61875137/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61875137/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp-libre.pdf?1579806686=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf\u0026Expires=1732380994\u0026Signature=HsarI7Bkd~FKhmFt2EiRu8Py8Eh5APmlov5y8w1KhNpIPi9ebTDAdqc4O-ydsPSbAHcrbLqzVSDjfMbvUNqhIl4WTLlV62vUfJVPcTI2S-~hlucodRL1EqriV9CrmyC-xmxhV2jTywsAHpvcunTdPUXtb9h8ADboYnF6oPy-RcfFbpHM2Mf031PYLQUOxBCK072IO~KwyLbet6VrnOj9pWYdy0KpD29iVoMMP-8NWgtp2yPNn6CE8E4f2MIS0WgOTFRYIxU09VxNCqb-qr~6KTCThrgWfpgUu-d2JdpE4XPDArFl9CK8cPGfUoftFBZC4I8N~tmm5qMbMJVMOYRv3g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":994472,"name":"Assaying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assaying"},{"id":1312192,"name":"Iron Slags","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Slags"},{"id":2646436,"name":"Bloomery Experiments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bloomery_Experiments"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Near Eastern Archaeology 80/4 (2017)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55742156/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35764530/Issue_1_of_2_on_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Archaeological_Project_Near_Eastern_Archaeology_80_4_2017_">Issue 1 of 2 on Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project. Near Eastern Archaeology 80/4 (2017)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/YigalLevin">Yigal Levin</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/HendrikBruins">Hendrik J. Bruins</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LioraKolskaHorwitz">Liora Kolska Horwitz</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/MechaelOsband">Mechael (Mickey) Osband</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://antiquities.academia.edu/JoeUziel">Joe Uziel</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/TinaGreenfield">Tina L Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uib.academia.edu/JeremyBeller">Jeremy A Beller</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/AndreaSquitieri">Andrea Squitieri</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/JonRoss">Jon Ross</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/PhilippWolfgangStockhammer">Philipp Wolfgang Stockhammer</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Collection of articles (first of two issues), edited by Aren Maeir, on the Tell es-Safi/Gath Arch...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Collection of articles (first of two issues), edited by Aren Maeir, on the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35981500"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35981500/Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55865833/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35981500/Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis">Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as carburization and quenching, were behind the significant transition to utilitarian use of iron in the eastern Mediterranean has been long debated, with the answer relying on the analyses of a few exceptionally well-preserved objects from Israel and Cyprus. In order to systematically examine this question, 59 iron objects from several major Iron Age settlements in Israel were sampled for metallographic analysis. First and foremost, it is shown that none of the analyzed objects were preserved in metallic form and that only in rare cases, small islands of metallic iron were preserved. Objects with full preservation of metal, heavily relied upon in past discussions, are therefore the exception and not the rule. Using relics (" ghost structures ") of the original metallic microstructure, pearlite and cementite were observed in an overwhelming majority of the samples, indicating that almost all of the objects were made of steel. A wide variety of carbon concentrations was estimated, reflecting a range of compositions from low-carbon hypoeu-tectoid to high-carbon and hypereutectoid steels. Since no clear correlation between object type and steel quality was observed, we conclude that steeling was, in fact, a spontaneous and non-deliberate result of the smelting process, rather than a deliberate systematic act of carburization. In addition, martensitic structures, indicative of quenching, were not identified, suggesting that quenching was not routinely performed and that iron was unlikely to have been superior to bronze at this time. It thus appears that the iron-working skills of the Iron Age smiths cannot be used as a factor that can explain the advent of iron in the Southern Levant nor as a reason for the dramatic increase in iron production during the 10th–9th centuries BCE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3e0d1d41c0bf4b556c6f4a9d09336ae7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55865833,"asset_id":35981500,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55865833/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35981500"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35981500"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35981500; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35981500]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35981500]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35981500; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35981500']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35981500, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3e0d1d41c0bf4b556c6f4a9d09336ae7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35981500]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35981500,"title":"Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as carburization and quenching, were behind the significant transition to utilitarian use of iron in the eastern Mediterranean has been long debated, with the answer relying on the analyses of a few exceptionally well-preserved objects from Israel and Cyprus. In order to systematically examine this question, 59 iron objects from several major Iron Age settlements in Israel were sampled for metallographic analysis. First and foremost, it is shown that none of the analyzed objects were preserved in metallic form and that only in rare cases, small islands of metallic iron were preserved. Objects with full preservation of metal, heavily relied upon in past discussions, are therefore the exception and not the rule. Using relics (\" ghost structures \") of the original metallic microstructure, pearlite and cementite were observed in an overwhelming majority of the samples, indicating that almost all of the objects were made of steel. A wide variety of carbon concentrations was estimated, reflecting a range of compositions from low-carbon hypoeu-tectoid to high-carbon and hypereutectoid steels. Since no clear correlation between object type and steel quality was observed, we conclude that steeling was, in fact, a spontaneous and non-deliberate result of the smelting process, rather than a deliberate systematic act of carburization. In addition, martensitic structures, indicative of quenching, were not identified, suggesting that quenching was not routinely performed and that iron was unlikely to have been superior to bronze at this time. It thus appears that the iron-working skills of the Iron Age smiths cannot be used as a factor that can explain the advent of iron in the Southern Levant nor as a reason for the dramatic increase in iron production during the 10th–9th centuries BCE."},"translated_abstract":"A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as carburization and quenching, were behind the significant transition to utilitarian use of iron in the eastern Mediterranean has been long debated, with the answer relying on the analyses of a few exceptionally well-preserved objects from Israel and Cyprus. In order to systematically examine this question, 59 iron objects from several major Iron Age settlements in Israel were sampled for metallographic analysis. First and foremost, it is shown that none of the analyzed objects were preserved in metallic form and that only in rare cases, small islands of metallic iron were preserved. Objects with full preservation of metal, heavily relied upon in past discussions, are therefore the exception and not the rule. Using relics (\" ghost structures \") of the original metallic microstructure, pearlite and cementite were observed in an overwhelming majority of the samples, indicating that almost all of the objects were made of steel. A wide variety of carbon concentrations was estimated, reflecting a range of compositions from low-carbon hypoeu-tectoid to high-carbon and hypereutectoid steels. Since no clear correlation between object type and steel quality was observed, we conclude that steeling was, in fact, a spontaneous and non-deliberate result of the smelting process, rather than a deliberate systematic act of carburization. In addition, martensitic structures, indicative of quenching, were not identified, suggesting that quenching was not routinely performed and that iron was unlikely to have been superior to bronze at this time. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35292988"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292988/Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153671/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292988/Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age">Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/YuvalGadot">Yuval Gadot</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/IsraelFinkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urba...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urban centres in Israel (Hazor, Tel Beer sheba and Rehov), were analysed in order to better understand the organization of iron production during the Iron Age. The production remains studied are all dated not earlier than the Iron Age IIA, and thus shed light on a period of transition from bronze to iron production. Chemical composition and microstructural analyses enable us to determine that both the smelting of iron ores and the refining of the bloom took place within the urban centres of Hazor and Beer-Sheba. We show that slag cakes are the products of smelting, possibly carried out in pit-furnaces. Hammerscales, products of primary and secondary smithing, were attached to slags. From these observations we infer that all stages of iron production were practiced in these urban centres.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="08b3430aa5168cb2b6992e62f3024a23" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55153671,"asset_id":35292988,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153671/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35292988"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35292988"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292988; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292988]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292988]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292988; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35292988']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35292988, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "08b3430aa5168cb2b6992e62f3024a23" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35292988]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35292988,"title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urban centres in Israel (Hazor, Tel Beer sheba and Rehov), were analysed in order to better understand the organization of iron production during the Iron Age. The production remains studied are all dated not earlier than the Iron Age IIA, and thus shed light on a period of transition from bronze to iron production. Chemical composition and microstructural analyses enable us to determine that both the smelting of iron ores and the refining of the bloom took place within the urban centres of Hazor and Beer-Sheba. We show that slag cakes are the products of smelting, possibly carried out in pit-furnaces. Hammerscales, products of primary and secondary smithing, were attached to slags. From these observations we infer that all stages of iron production were practiced in these urban centres."},"translated_abstract":"By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urban centres in Israel (Hazor, Tel Beer sheba and Rehov), were analysed in order to better understand the organization of iron production during the Iron Age. The production remains studied are all dated not earlier than the Iron Age IIA, and thus shed light on a period of transition from bronze to iron production. Chemical composition and microstructural analyses enable us to determine that both the smelting of iron ores and the refining of the bloom took place within the urban centres of Hazor and Beer-Sheba. We show that slag cakes are the products of smelting, possibly carried out in pit-furnaces. Hammerscales, products of primary and secondary smithing, were attached to slags. From these observations we infer that all stages of iron production were practiced in these urban centres.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35292988/Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-11-29T14:08:32.418-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":30712526,"work_id":35292988,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":2490830,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***t@gmail.com","affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","display_order":1,"name":"Yuval Gadot","title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age"},{"id":30712527,"work_id":35292988,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":914499,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"f***2@post.tau.ac.il","affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","display_order":2,"name":"Israel Finkelstein","title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age"},{"id":30712528,"work_id":35292988,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":4272480,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***a@hotmail.com","display_order":4,"name":"Naama Yahalom-Mack","title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55153671,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153671/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153671/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153671/Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing-libre.pdf?1511993478=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf\u0026Expires=1732203515\u0026Signature=eyTE8aaSAnU8-7S5jjS35BOxq5QGiK62uH3STFA5NQMJunqq6TGzAqIJUF8ioo1rxaNffHVqJYSqTWKD8yymj4g4nbAUfW8gaPPguSsyZKJFs1g0pwhr8rJDVuSGjl-a9PPYyh7cNMG~ZKz1QmiR3alm0UOdfLYITN5Y3jveHOdsC1n7nN0IF46A0WpdduDtIC1eUsO2VbJde0AlehBwi~r5lTiOoG-K4IVapebytHCwq38sMW3Dfi3MzwEZHdhy-98kF9cw1aQncZ2M-mu97dsUl~-GaSHAkOCT02HGYAvytF0XMLFFa1XgIWZaBPQ4tFJtrm9jqUeXRoAteSPeOA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar"},"attachments":[{"id":55153671,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153671/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153671/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153671/Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing-libre.pdf?1511993478=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf\u0026Expires=1732203515\u0026Signature=eyTE8aaSAnU8-7S5jjS35BOxq5QGiK62uH3STFA5NQMJunqq6TGzAqIJUF8ioo1rxaNffHVqJYSqTWKD8yymj4g4nbAUfW8gaPPguSsyZKJFs1g0pwhr8rJDVuSGjl-a9PPYyh7cNMG~ZKz1QmiR3alm0UOdfLYITN5Y3jveHOdsC1n7nN0IF46A0WpdduDtIC1eUsO2VbJde0AlehBwi~r5lTiOoG-K4IVapebytHCwq38sMW3Dfi3MzwEZHdhy-98kF9cw1aQncZ2M-mu97dsUl~-GaSHAkOCT02HGYAvytF0XMLFFa1XgIWZaBPQ4tFJtrm9jqUeXRoAteSPeOA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36142393"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36142393/Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56035729/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36142393/Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln">Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early Iron Age kiln found at Tel H...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early<br />Iron Age kiln found at Tel Hebron. Remains of quicklime and slagging material found at the bottom of the kiln were analysed using FTIR and SEM-EDS, showing that the kiln was originally used for lime production. Later addition of small inner chambers suggests that the feature was reused, although it cannot be concluded on the basis of the physical remains whether lime production continued. While significant<br />lime use is known as early as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, early (dateable) lime production remains are rare. The lime kiln from Tel Hebron is therefore an important addition to the limited existing repertoire.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ec52d1026a19963f01758a3e5bf69cb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56035729,"asset_id":36142393,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56035729/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36142393"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36142393"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36142393; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36142393]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36142393]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36142393; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36142393']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36142393, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5ec52d1026a19963f01758a3e5bf69cb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36142393]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36142393,"title":"Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early\nIron Age kiln found at Tel Hebron. Remains of quicklime and slagging material found at the bottom of the kiln were analysed using FTIR and SEM-EDS, showing that the kiln was originally used for lime production. Later addition of small inner chambers suggests that the feature was reused, although it cannot be concluded on the basis of the physical remains whether lime production continued. While significant\nlime use is known as early as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, early (dateable) lime production remains are rare. The lime kiln from Tel Hebron is therefore an important addition to the limited existing repertoire."},"translated_abstract":"The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early\nIron Age kiln found at Tel Hebron. Remains of quicklime and slagging material found at the bottom of the kiln were analysed using FTIR and SEM-EDS, showing that the kiln was originally used for lime production. Later addition of small inner chambers suggests that the feature was reused, although it cannot be concluded on the basis of the physical remains whether lime production continued. While significant\nlime use is known as early as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, early (dateable) lime production remains are rare. The lime kiln from Tel Hebron is therefore an important addition to the limited existing repertoire.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36142393/Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-12T10:46:28.118-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":31181466,"work_id":36142393,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":2722728,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***7@yahoo.com","affiliation":"Ariel University","display_order":1,"name":"David Ben-Shlomo","title":"Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56035729,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56035729/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56035729/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56035729/Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln-libre.pdf?1520877145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExcavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=H~zSMd7Q29YvqwexJP~wJXcWqRnMEx8l-T2mpQ4mRLPSFA56lOZareINBIJyC~FNAnd3rUsdrPiEYXgyTOxv9SqqmCJ2JikI~Kd91hG9e3~BpugR8mrvpj3EOdUKxk3w7WgHZotLBexih3-ZK9yOhxV94ljOC1ZUtUYRyDAe~IcDgEJzEcbnVMcYksby~2NMYWBAOeDPq0griVPjU77HNPXt7ZcVVceLAX8MwWqehsa5YMS0qKhfoejjNIHID6Tz2Q1UzOX9TQUqI2bqFCeowSRAWIRMoCmIiTjXJjo49zZcmTGJBN5XGU2DOPXo-QYvlQKTwas4JQOeQlbwIu9BMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln","translated_slug":"","page_count":23,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"Q3NjemxDWHhWU3BHcW1qWkJQSVJnVHR0aExyY1JTamtYWEFaenlaZldpMjZ4RWloeXNDaEdFOHJLKzF4V1VpUi0tT21zbnJIYXNLUVpUY1RPWldQYjhtZz09--c23b4f544ab66ba8283439aa1a6891fe473ceb01"},"attachments":[{"id":56035729,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56035729/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56035729/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56035729/Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln-libre.pdf?1520877145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExcavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=H~zSMd7Q29YvqwexJP~wJXcWqRnMEx8l-T2mpQ4mRLPSFA56lOZareINBIJyC~FNAnd3rUsdrPiEYXgyTOxv9SqqmCJ2JikI~Kd91hG9e3~BpugR8mrvpj3EOdUKxk3w7WgHZotLBexih3-ZK9yOhxV94ljOC1ZUtUYRyDAe~IcDgEJzEcbnVMcYksby~2NMYWBAOeDPq0griVPjU77HNPXt7ZcVVceLAX8MwWqehsa5YMS0qKhfoejjNIHID6Tz2Q1UzOX9TQUqI2bqFCeowSRAWIRMoCmIiTjXJjo49zZcmTGJBN5XGU2DOPXo-QYvlQKTwas4JQOeQlbwIu9BMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3247050"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3247050/Iron_and_bronze_production_in_Iron_Age_IIA_Philistia_new_evidence_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35856519/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3247050/Iron_and_bronze_production_in_Iron_Age_IIA_Philistia_new_evidence_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel">Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron and bronze production dating to the early Iron Age IIA. Two pit-like features, which differed considerably from one another in colour, texture and content, were excavated. Evidence shows that each feature represents a different in situ activity related to iron production, inferred by the presence of hammerscales, slag prills and slag. An upturned crucible was found on top of one of the features. Analysis of the crucible slag showed that it was used for bronze metallurgy. Tuyères, both round and square in cross-section, were found in and around the two features. The presence of the two industries together presents a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between copper and iron working. This is especially important against the background of the scarcity of evidence for iron production in the Levant during the early phases of the Iron Age.► An in situ Iron Age IIA smithy was identified at Tell es-Safi/Gath. ► Two features were identified; a pit used for iron smelting and a forging hearth. ► The in situ slag was identified as a bloomery slag. ► We suggest a possible explanation for the scarcity of evidence for iron working.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fd0ead8a7c63ce34da97f3a6356321d1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35856519,"asset_id":3247050,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35856519/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3247050"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3247050"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3247050; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3247050]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3247050]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3247050; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3247050']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3247050, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fd0ead8a7c63ce34da97f3a6356321d1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3247050]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3247050,"title":"Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron and bronze production dating to the early Iron Age IIA. 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This is especially important against the background of the scarcity of evidence for iron production in the Levant during the early phases of the Iron Age.► An in situ Iron Age IIA smithy was identified at Tell es-Safi/Gath. ► Two features were identified; a pit used for iron smelting and a forging hearth. ► The in situ slag was identified as a bloomery slag. ► We suggest a possible explanation for the scarcity of evidence for iron working.","publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},"translated_abstract":"A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron and bronze production dating to the early Iron Age IIA. Two pit-like features, which differed considerably from one another in colour, texture and content, were excavated. Evidence shows that each feature represents a different in situ activity related to iron production, inferred by the presence of hammerscales, slag prills and slag. An upturned crucible was found on top of one of the features. Analysis of the crucible slag showed that it was used for bronze metallurgy. Tuyères, both round and square in cross-section, were found in and around the two features. The presence of the two industries together presents a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between copper and iron working. This is especially important against the background of the scarcity of evidence for iron production in the Levant during the early phases of the Iron Age.► An in situ Iron Age IIA smithy was identified at Tell es-Safi/Gath. ► Two features were identified; a pit used for iron smelting and a forging hearth. ► The in situ slag was identified as a bloomery slag. ► We suggest a possible explanation for the scarcity of evidence for iron working.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3247050/Iron_and_bronze_production_in_Iron_Age_IIA_Philistia_new_evidence_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-04-08T17:08:37.053-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":30712506,"work_id":3247050,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":4272480,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***a@hotmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Naama Yahalom-Mack","title":"Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":30712507,"work_id":3247050,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":1581801,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***r@gmail.com","affiliation":"Bar-Ilan University","display_order":2,"name":"Aren M . 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35292986"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292986/THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153658/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292986/THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT">THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, " Reconstructing Ancient (Bibli...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, " Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Isra-el: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, " we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the Iron I local independent bronzesmiths adopted the new iron technology. Under local administrations that developed during the Iron IIA, workshops that previously produced bronze turned to iron production, although they continued to manufacture bronze items as a secondary venture. Significantly, at some of the major urban centers iron production was an independent industry that included the entire operational sequence, including the on-site smelting of the ore. This development appears to have been a major contributor to the transition to systematic production of iron.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="26f226d2d4b5d3f0d442d938ab666364" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55153658,"asset_id":35292986,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35292986"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35292986"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292986; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292986]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292986]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292986; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35292986']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35292986, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "26f226d2d4b5d3f0d442d938ab666364" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35292986]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35292986,"title":"THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, \" Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Isra-el: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, \" we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the Iron I local independent bronzesmiths adopted the new iron technology. Under local administrations that developed during the Iron IIA, workshops that previously produced bronze turned to iron production, although they continued to manufacture bronze items as a secondary venture. Significantly, at some of the major urban centers iron production was an independent industry that included the entire operational sequence, including the on-site smelting of the ore. This development appears to have been a major contributor to the transition to systematic production of iron."},"translated_abstract":"In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, \" Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Isra-el: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, \" we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the Iron I local independent bronzesmiths adopted the new iron technology. Under local administrations that developed during the Iron IIA, workshops that previously produced bronze turned to iron production, although they continued to manufacture bronze items as a secondary venture. Significantly, at some of the major urban centers iron production was an independent industry that included the entire operational sequence, including the on-site smelting of the ore. This development appears to have been a major contributor to the transition to systematic production of iron.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35292986/THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-11-29T14:08:32.195-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":30712521,"work_id":35292986,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":4272480,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***a@hotmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Naama Yahalom-Mack","title":"THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55153658,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153658/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153658/Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon-libre.pdf?1511993426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTHE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZKcc0ZWZ6R1jElomCYigvhyPMen7~ZUY4jbvb2S3tKApn8W1UqRDFp-WmY~NtmJg18uXVXHXquJQELwKmWDD1yPRrY3Q2GCjTBeXPjdRdbxdzosqRh4t7ui6LQzAjA~k0CqZiOjaUBv5SwPGzfmLQGw4Dp6UyxuByjE-SEEpmQxfS8GIWditf2d-3P-V3qML4N~R0GS1m7qgRTFTHre0gHcZbi6qUE0l3fyL4wH~Ei1ghApkZYnXfHU-vhDhGeEE0SUCjzUKH2A-W2QM3cuJVKg~H4KMw08woFpljNsrcCYCg5RzJT89sYyGk6ezGYjwfOGBed4gzh~sW8u30-h6Cg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"M3dYTnMyeGJnQzl2VXNieG41R3VzbTdVOWRabHVvV01NV1VKeHRkZGl5cm5QSHZtN0IyTk1aYXRkcXZwRTVvTy0tNElicVU2bXg1SmJLYjY4WXN0OFZkZz09--48229d27604822bc404c4bf1f1032728d620f743"},"attachments":[{"id":55153658,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153658/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153658/Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon-libre.pdf?1511993426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTHE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZKcc0ZWZ6R1jElomCYigvhyPMen7~ZUY4jbvb2S3tKApn8W1UqRDFp-WmY~NtmJg18uXVXHXquJQELwKmWDD1yPRrY3Q2GCjTBeXPjdRdbxdzosqRh4t7ui6LQzAjA~k0CqZiOjaUBv5SwPGzfmLQGw4Dp6UyxuByjE-SEEpmQxfS8GIWditf2d-3P-V3qML4N~R0GS1m7qgRTFTHre0gHcZbi6qUE0l3fyL4wH~Ei1ghApkZYnXfHU-vhDhGeEE0SUCjzUKH2A-W2QM3cuJVKg~H4KMw08woFpljNsrcCYCg5RzJT89sYyGk6ezGYjwfOGBed4gzh~sW8u30-h6Cg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18846974"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18846974/Faience_beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Faience beads from Early Bronze Age contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40287722/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18846974/Faience_beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel">Faience beads from Early Bronze Age contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1">Shira Albaz</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently<br />unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beadswere subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify<br />the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian,<br />steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of<br />two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show<br />that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used<br />in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed inmanufacturing<br />procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ec0de6481933250aaa9fc924fad0898d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40287722,"asset_id":18846974,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40287722/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18846974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18846974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18846974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18846974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18846974]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18846974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18846974']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18846974, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ec0de6481933250aaa9fc924fad0898d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18846974]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18846974,"title":"Faience beads from Early Bronze Age contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently\nunearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beadswere subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify\nthe mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian,\nsteatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of\ntwo faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show\nthat cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used\nin the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed inmanufacturing\nprocedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period."},"translated_abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently\nunearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beadswere subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify\nthe mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian,\nsteatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of\ntwo faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show\nthat cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used\nin the production of the other. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31692607"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31692607/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52010056/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31692607/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization">Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/ShiraGurArieh">Shira Gur-Arieh</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/SuembikyaSueFrumin">Suembikya (Sue) Frumin</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/EhudWeiss">Ehud Weiss</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/SteveRosen">Steve Rosen</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/TinaGreenfield">Tina L Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/ManclossiFrancesca">Manclossi Francesca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ae0e67f0972ab0c7c557b5c9c56c8153" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52010056,"asset_id":31692607,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52010056/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31692607"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31692607"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31692607; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31692607]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31692607]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31692607; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31692607']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31692607, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ae0e67f0972ab0c7c557b5c9c56c8153" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31692607]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31692607,"title":"Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures."},"translated_abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/31714797/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52028158/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31714797/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization">Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/SuembikyaSueFrumin">Suembikya (Sue) Frumin</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/EhudWeiss">Ehud Weiss</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/ManclossiFrancesca">Manclossi Francesca</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/SteveRosen">Steve Rosen</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1587ff4968a4603dca354d6ea8037d50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52028158,"asset_id":31714797,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52028158/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31714797"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31714797"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31714797; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31714797]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31714797]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31714797; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31714797']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31714797, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1587ff4968a4603dca354d6ea8037d50" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31714797]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31714797,"title":"Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures."},"translated_abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. 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In press. Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40355065/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18964171/Eliyahu_Behar_A_et_al_In_press_Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_Journal_of_Archaeological_Science_Reports">Eliyahu-Behar, A., et al. In press. Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/ShiraAlbaz">Shira Albaz</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show<br />that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="285e41c67bff034946cf66f62ecf8394" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40355065,"asset_id":18964171,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40355065/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18964171"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18964171"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18964171; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18964171]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18964171]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18964171; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18964171']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18964171, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "285e41c67bff034946cf66f62ecf8394" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18964171]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18964171,"title":"Eliyahu-Behar, A., et al. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105571402"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105571402/Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104988030/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105571402/Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis">Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent excavations at Naḥal 'Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent excavations at Naḥal 'Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel, unearthed for the first time four iron tips of mining picks. The present study undertakes a complex investigation of the picks, including metallographic, indentation hardness, slag inclusions (SIs), metal matrix, and osmium isotopic composition (Os-IC) analyses. The results indicate that the picks were manufactured via similar blacksmithing techniques, using two types of hard alloys: quench-hardened steel and phosphoric iron. A correlation was found between the composition of SIs, metal, and osmium isotopic signature, suggesting that three different ore sources were exploited to produce these picks. The quenched steel likely originated from a single ore source, whereas the two P-rich iron probably provenance from two different, yet geographically close or geologically similar ore deposits. The undertaken study highlights the importance of an integrative provenancing approach, which relies on the analyses of siderophile/chalcophile elements of the metal, lithophile trace elements of slag inclusions, and osmium isotopic analyses. This approach allows the complete characterization of the ore provenance signature of an artefact. However, the final provenance assignment to a specific ore deposit is currently limited, as it depends on our knowledge and familiarity with potential ore sources and on the archaeological evidence of their exploitation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="32be296d707a78c1ce233f1dae19ec85" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104988030,"asset_id":105571402,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104988030/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105571402"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105571402"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105571402; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105571402]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105571402]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105571402; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105571402']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 105571402, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "32be296d707a78c1ce233f1dae19ec85" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105571402]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105571402,"title":"Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104166","abstract":"Recent excavations at Naḥal 'Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel, unearthed for the first time four iron tips of mining picks. The present study undertakes a complex investigation of the picks, including metallographic, indentation hardness, slag inclusions (SIs), metal matrix, and osmium isotopic composition (Os-IC) analyses. The results indicate that the picks were manufactured via similar blacksmithing techniques, using two types of hard alloys: quench-hardened steel and phosphoric iron. A correlation was found between the composition of SIs, metal, and osmium isotopic signature, suggesting that three different ore sources were exploited to produce these picks. The quenched steel likely originated from a single ore source, whereas the two P-rich iron probably provenance from two different, yet geographically close or geologically similar ore deposits. The undertaken study highlights the importance of an integrative provenancing approach, which relies on the analyses of siderophile/chalcophile elements of the metal, lithophile trace elements of slag inclusions, and osmium isotopic analyses. This approach allows the complete characterization of the ore provenance signature of an artefact. However, the final provenance assignment to a specific ore deposit is currently limited, as it depends on our knowledge and familiarity with potential ore sources and on the archaeological evidence of their exploitation.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2023,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Recent excavations at Naḥal 'Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel, unearthed for the first time four iron tips of mining picks. The present study undertakes a complex investigation of the picks, including metallographic, indentation hardness, slag inclusions (SIs), metal matrix, and osmium isotopic composition (Os-IC) analyses. The results indicate that the picks were manufactured via similar blacksmithing techniques, using two types of hard alloys: quench-hardened steel and phosphoric iron. A correlation was found between the composition of SIs, metal, and osmium isotopic signature, suggesting that three different ore sources were exploited to produce these picks. The quenched steel likely originated from a single ore source, whereas the two P-rich iron probably provenance from two different, yet geographically close or geologically similar ore deposits. The undertaken study highlights the importance of an integrative provenancing approach, which relies on the analyses of siderophile/chalcophile elements of the metal, lithophile trace elements of slag inclusions, and osmium isotopic analyses. This approach allows the complete characterization of the ore provenance signature of an artefact. However, the final provenance assignment to a specific ore deposit is currently limited, as it depends on our knowledge and familiarity with potential ore sources and on the archaeological evidence of their exploitation.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105571402/Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-08-14T02:20:39.515-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":40221328,"work_id":105571402,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":7895986,"email":"i***v@ceza.de","display_order":1,"name":"Ivan Stepanov","title":"Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis"},{"id":40221329,"work_id":105571402,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":411161,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"i***8@yandex.ru","affiliation":"Curt-Engelhorn-Centre Archaeometry gGmbH Mannheim","display_order":2,"name":"Ivan Stepanov","title":"Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis"},{"id":40221330,"work_id":105571402,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":7895987,"email":"i***o@myune.edu.au","display_order":3,"name":"Ivan Stepanov","title":"Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal 'Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":104988030,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104988030/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Stepanove_et_al_2023_Nahal_Amram_iron_picks.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104988030/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104988030/Stepanove_et_al_2023_Nahal_Amram_iron_picks-libre.pdf?1692007667=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434160\u0026Signature=LSy-YxGTzXl0lwFfzJOggRPQrHRyH-tNZsDIIicEzgH-YhReU8fr1byhG9Lk31ks23YH1HwlgtkztaRzSpdIvxkHdZOKmafdlaof9l8Wr1PrJiYJ9wRhWO5yE3NZt8PC3l4L1xGFF3O2PIxGiLF0HduAj7BAHZGCzTMsj7YKDPmXGjedfLshtiLXFQ2X2bBYFJA0l-S5dyjEKyhABWi~a-WW3S9JzYrLCx9K6cBMlzKSIIogjZ77bSuh2Nw76a7bdVbXygwNnqonpG5cyIKP2BhPfm5P9e3Yd1tlIxsM3KMiT2UKNyP63LBb7LlKJ94T59PsB1Okw3Iz2-spiDep-w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis","translated_slug":"","page_count":17,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"WDBZTEl2SkpXZ2poYm8rR3dYYXlsZFExMXE5RjMzbW1VWXZpSkNzSVBLYTMrQ255NjVUb0wrVm5tWmFwL2pjZC0tdWl5OUZwRDkxampCdjhKOW1GVGpLZz09--0927dfccf2ac8933501a2ec5ff4b338bc22b8dcb"},"attachments":[{"id":104988030,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104988030/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Stepanove_et_al_2023_Nahal_Amram_iron_picks.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104988030/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104988030/Stepanove_et_al_2023_Nahal_Amram_iron_picks-libre.pdf?1692007667=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434160\u0026Signature=LSy-YxGTzXl0lwFfzJOggRPQrHRyH-tNZsDIIicEzgH-YhReU8fr1byhG9Lk31ks23YH1HwlgtkztaRzSpdIvxkHdZOKmafdlaof9l8Wr1PrJiYJ9wRhWO5yE3NZt8PC3l4L1xGFF3O2PIxGiLF0HduAj7BAHZGCzTMsj7YKDPmXGjedfLshtiLXFQ2X2bBYFJA0l-S5dyjEKyhABWi~a-WW3S9JzYrLCx9K6cBMlzKSIIogjZ77bSuh2Nw76a7bdVbXygwNnqonpG5cyIKP2BhPfm5P9e3Yd1tlIxsM3KMiT2UKNyP63LBb7LlKJ94T59PsB1Okw3Iz2-spiDep-w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82970844]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82970844]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82970844; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='82970844']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 82970844, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80432963"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80432963/Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86816439/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80432963/Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel">Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ccaf8f0d3819419ee75bc0d5caaf15c4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86816439,"asset_id":80432963,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86816439/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80432963"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80432963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80432963; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80432963]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80432963]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80432963; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80432963']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80432963, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ccaf8f0d3819419ee75bc0d5caaf15c4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80432963]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80432963,"title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/J.JASREP.2015.11.011","abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80432963/Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-01T01:28:59.696-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":38316423,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":1581801,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***r@gmail.com","affiliation":"Bar-Ilan University","display_order":1,"name":"Aren M . Maeir","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316424,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":1046755,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***k@gmail.com","affiliation":"Ariel University","display_order":2,"name":"Itzick Shai","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316425,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":26341291,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***m@walla.com","affiliation":"Bar-Ilan University","display_order":4,"name":"Shira Albaz","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316427,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":1989510,"email":"g***f@cc.umanitoba.ca","display_order":5,"name":"Haskel Greenfield","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":38316428,"work_id":80432963,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":5677887,"email":"h***1@gmail.com","display_order":6,"name":"Haskel Greenfield","title":"Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86816439,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86816439/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86816439/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86816439/Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads-libre.pdf?1654072902=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZUA0sjmpwt1DWTqL4ECQMLlCklK8pHBOZbcY5QtQChWWD4oHqbIeRb4AeQpskexrzXdMB7Yu8X9mRHD5wivtNVPF8T7Yt5EgNsJ-HujrxeaA4sFfMcRABHFpcQMFvvTHjCfHMYUEcDkJhDxg461EVb1JXYRV~MOMeUljxtCVjXEgD6pWH6c1B~TPlxpGKK4j5hM7zPE6IGvvsTvnaidMH6Pan9ldL1tdsSE3FyipYHeOYMZlOvsHdBGGxok~0o~AnsG8YzddyXutlADaNDVmxve~Ccn6JxFgQnuAimwWTxQNQw7rloAUWDLgLCD-yg6nTc5VAqQskU7V-40GwK~x-g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel","translated_slug":"","page_count":5,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"bDNQTEV4UExDcTJUOVdBSmNLdVFHSm9yeTF2MGhENnFXZ3VQdXB1dnpFTkhTcHlSbysyYisrR0FWRXlIdG8zSy0tNXd2amo3OHFHa3FHQXNYZXdNMEU2Zz09--4575b42b1f438703ef48576123b703379ffca605"},"attachments":[{"id":86816439,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86816439/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86816439/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86816439/Eliyahu_Behar_2016_Faience_beads-libre.pdf?1654072902=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Cont.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZUA0sjmpwt1DWTqL4ECQMLlCklK8pHBOZbcY5QtQChWWD4oHqbIeRb4AeQpskexrzXdMB7Yu8X9mRHD5wivtNVPF8T7Yt5EgNsJ-HujrxeaA4sFfMcRABHFpcQMFvvTHjCfHMYUEcDkJhDxg461EVb1JXYRV~MOMeUljxtCVjXEgD6pWH6c1B~TPlxpGKK4j5hM7zPE6IGvvsTvnaidMH6Pan9ldL1tdsSE3FyipYHeOYMZlOvsHdBGGxok~0o~AnsG8YzddyXutlADaNDVmxve~Ccn6JxFgQnuAimwWTxQNQw7rloAUWDLgLCD-yg6nTc5VAqQskU7V-40GwK~x-g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="75646368"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/75646368/By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83332571/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/75646368/By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting">By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://worldcommunitymuseum.academia.edu/VanessaWorkman">Vanessa Workman</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences </span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter's decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4197b089a31922bb72ab5d284b355909" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83332571,"asset_id":75646368,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83332571/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75646368"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75646368"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75646368; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75646368]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75646368]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75646368; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='75646368']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75646368, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4197b089a31922bb72ab5d284b355909" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=75646368]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":75646368,"title":"By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1007/s12520-022-01516-3","abstract":"Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter's decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences "},"translated_abstract":"Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter's decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75646368/By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-04-06T10:01:00.096-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":37986398,"work_id":75646368,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":411161,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"i***8@yandex.ru","affiliation":"Curt-Engelhorn-Centre Archaeometry gGmbH Mannheim","display_order":1,"name":"Ivan Stepanov","title":"By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting"},{"id":37986399,"work_id":75646368,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":3004905,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"w***a@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology","display_order":2,"name":"Vanessa Workman","title":"By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83332571,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83332571/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83332571/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/83332571/Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter-libre.pdf?1649265393=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBy_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=eGWTVMI9J6ruIzon1saOF30o4tRrLip9LANNiLipo2WwIe3BADCuDTd86XSOLFlEdPNVv628n1TgHTpDHkR9HeUWYNS36tlnh6kGUtxpOju1X7UKbBjQo4kl3wUgPaxnHAXIFcmLkkVUFi0Ps5F9MwWpuX28M-d5e9-AqfE0yIkGEkAxj3lbquCnQ1j7~ZoW-AoY42HszwjiXD2fCok3utLTOL0gAGfP0mAKNmMIZj~~633NftmGVE2nlkjYTOC1cCxwQaHZpeNFM83E9qk3oVcsrgRpppRId7ETvnLxeEm0nu9vIC3Jq6Rh4qsX2W-Te-bMIhJKSLirDm~4bB6vXA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_impact_of_decision_making_in_bloomery_iron_smelting","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"M1NySXJZaW0raVNMLzFiOU1oMkZXT0ZEYkppVmtVODVNMVkvbnc1VHNpbGFMZ0Nmd2djY2txbFhBSnc1Q1NLVy0tbEtZV05MVnFWUUlWYnNRdGloa2VlZz09--5f87de86d3e8396c288661937239e70accd99e56"},"attachments":[{"id":83332571,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83332571/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83332571/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"By_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/83332571/Stepanov_2022_ByTheHandOfTheSmelter-libre.pdf?1649265393=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBy_the_hand_of_the_smelter_tracing_the_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=eGWTVMI9J6ruIzon1saOF30o4tRrLip9LANNiLipo2WwIe3BADCuDTd86XSOLFlEdPNVv628n1TgHTpDHkR9HeUWYNS36tlnh6kGUtxpOju1X7UKbBjQo4kl3wUgPaxnHAXIFcmLkkVUFi0Ps5F9MwWpuX28M-d5e9-AqfE0yIkGEkAxj3lbquCnQ1j7~ZoW-AoY42HszwjiXD2fCok3utLTOL0gAGfP0mAKNmMIZj~~633NftmGVE2nlkjYTOC1cCxwQaHZpeNFM83E9qk3oVcsrgRpppRId7ETvnLxeEm0nu9vIC3Jq6Rh4qsX2W-Te-bMIhJKSLirDm~4bB6vXA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":395,"name":"Experimental Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Archaeology"},{"id":444681,"name":"Iron ores","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_ores"},{"id":2646436,"name":"Bloomery Experiments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bloomery_Experiments"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="53743547"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/53743547/An_Iron_IIA_Iron_and_Bronze_Workshop_in_the_Lower_City_of_Tell_es_Safi_Gath"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/70442121/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/53743547/An_Iron_IIA_Iron_and_Bronze_Workshop_in_the_Lower_City_of_Tell_es_Safi_Gath">An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tel Aviv</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron II...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. Analyses show that iron objects were likely produced and maintained on a large scale, alongside bronze, employing regionally unique forms of crucibles and tuyères. The material culture of metalworking is discussed in relation to contemporaneous iron production sites in the region, building a more robust picture of the adoption of iron metallurgy in the Levant versus the status of bronze and iron.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="992a4c6f8447741d73846205c9068907" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":70442121,"asset_id":53743547,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70442121/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="53743547"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53743547"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743547; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743547]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743547]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743547; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='53743547']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53743547, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "992a4c6f8447741d73846205c9068907" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=53743547]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":53743547,"title":"An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. 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Maeir</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Sou...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Southern Levant during the early Iron Age. While nearly a dozen sites with metallurgical debris and technical ceramics dating to the 10th-8th c. BCE have contributed to the visibility of the craft, in situ high-temperature installations remain enigmatic in the archaeological record. Our ability to reconstruct the chaîne opératoire of iron production processes within each working context is restricted by the lack of this critical data. In this study we employ methods of experimental archaeology in order to investigate and interpret an assemblage of vitrified technical ceramics found in an early Iron Age metal workshop at the site of Tell es-Safi/Gath situated on the border between the southern coastal plain and the Judean foothills of Israel. As part of a broader research framework, iron smelting experiments were carried out in a simple, clay-built bowl furnace. Materials analogous to the archaeological ceramics were employed to address high temperature alterations occurring in a single installation. Using structural mineralogical and chemical analyses (FTIR, pXRF and SEM-EDS) we characterize the experimental and archaeological technical ceramics to identify the processes that affect and transform these materials during iron production activities. Results were then utilized to interpret production processes and the implementation of technical ceramics in ironworking at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Based on our observations, we address the specialized preparation of technical ceramics in early ironworking, possible reasons for the alteration and preservation of metallurgical installations following their abandonment and attempt to improve the interpretation and classification of vitrified ceramic waste from ancient metallurgical contexts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b18824e4bd3dc49c9685a352cc7264ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":70442211,"asset_id":53743546,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70442211/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="53743546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53743546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53743546]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53743546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='53743546']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53743546, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b18824e4bd3dc49c9685a352cc7264ef" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=53743546]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":53743546,"title":"In search of the invisible hearth: An experimental perspective on early Levantine iron production","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Southern Levant during the early Iron Age. While nearly a dozen sites with metallurgical debris and technical ceramics dating to the 10th-8th c. BCE have contributed to the visibility of the craft, in situ high-temperature installations remain enigmatic in the archaeological record. Our ability to reconstruct the chaîne opératoire of iron production processes within each working context is restricted by the lack of this critical data. In this study we employ methods of experimental archaeology in order to investigate and interpret an assemblage of vitrified technical ceramics found in an early Iron Age metal workshop at the site of Tell es-Safi/Gath situated on the border between the southern coastal plain and the Judean foothills of Israel. As part of a broader research framework, iron smelting experiments were carried out in a simple, clay-built bowl furnace. Materials analogous to the archaeological ceramics were employed to address high temperature alterations occurring in a single installation. 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Results were then utilized to interpret production processes and the implementation of technical ceramics in ironworking at Tell es-Safi/Gath. 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This missing information has the potential to shed light on political, economic, craft-production, and trading patterns of past societies. This paper presents the results of smelting experiments performed in graphite crucibles and a muffle furnace, using 14 iron ore samples from the Southern Levant, in an attempt to determine their suitability for smelting using ancient techniques. A range of analytical techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and portable X-ray fluorescence were used to comparatively investigate the mineralogy and composition of the precursor iron ores and their smelting products: Iron bloom and slag. Several parameters attesting to the ability of a given ore to be successfully reduced and consolidated into a solid metal mass were quantified. The generated results highlight the significance of a 'correct balance' between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. These data contribute to the understanding of factors, potentially influencing choices of iron ore exploitation by past human societies in the Southern Levant.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fedd61cb8366a5f5a05ea60ca3f2944e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61875137,"asset_id":41715904,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61875137/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41715904"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41715904"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41715904; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41715904]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41715904]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41715904; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41715904']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41715904, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fedd61cb8366a5f5a05ea60ca3f2944e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41715904]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41715904,"title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.3390/min10010033","abstract":"There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. 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The generated results highlight the significance of a 'correct balance' between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. These data contribute to the understanding of factors, potentially influencing choices of iron ore exploitation by past human societies in the Southern Levant.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Minerals"},"translated_abstract":"There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. This missing information has the potential to shed light on political, economic, craft-production, and trading patterns of past societies. This paper presents the results of smelting experiments performed in graphite crucibles and a muffle furnace, using 14 iron ore samples from the Southern Levant, in an attempt to determine their suitability for smelting using ancient techniques. A range of analytical techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and portable X-ray fluorescence were used to comparatively investigate the mineralogy and composition of the precursor iron ores and their smelting products: Iron bloom and slag. Several parameters attesting to the ability of a given ore to be successfully reduced and consolidated into a solid metal mass were quantified. The generated results highlight the significance of a 'correct balance' between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. These data contribute to the understanding of factors, potentially influencing choices of iron ore exploitation by past human societies in the Southern Levant.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41715904/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-01-23T10:54:48.014-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":33552131,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":411161,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"i***8@yandex.ru","affiliation":"Curt-Engelhorn-Centre Archaeometry gGmbH Mannheim","display_order":1,"name":"Ivan Stepanov","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"},{"id":33552132,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":79051,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"k***b@ariel.ac.il","affiliation":"Ariel University","display_order":2,"name":"Konstantin Borodianskiy","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"},{"id":41725299,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":79051,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":8129249,"email":"a***i@ariel.ac.il","display_order":1073741825,"name":"Adi Eliyahu-Behar","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"},{"id":41725302,"work_id":41715904,"tagging_user_id":79051,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":1744037,"email":"a***r@weizmann.ac.il","display_order":1610612736,"name":"Adi Eliyahu-behar","title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61875137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61875137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61875137/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61875137/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp-libre.pdf?1579806686=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf\u0026Expires=1732380994\u0026Signature=HsarI7Bkd~FKhmFt2EiRu8Py8Eh5APmlov5y8w1KhNpIPi9ebTDAdqc4O-ydsPSbAHcrbLqzVSDjfMbvUNqhIl4WTLlV62vUfJVPcTI2S-~hlucodRL1EqriV9CrmyC-xmxhV2jTywsAHpvcunTdPUXtb9h8ADboYnF6oPy-RcfFbpHM2Mf031PYLQUOxBCK072IO~KwyLbet6VrnOj9pWYdy0KpD29iVoMMP-8NWgtp2yPNn6CE8E4f2MIS0WgOTFRYIxU09VxNCqb-qr~6KTCThrgWfpgUu-d2JdpE4XPDArFl9CK8cPGfUoftFBZC4I8N~tmm5qMbMJVMOYRv3g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments","translated_slug":"","page_count":25,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar"},"attachments":[{"id":61875137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61875137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61875137/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61875137/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_Stepanov_202020200123-45985-2ptebp-libre.pdf?1579806686=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_B.pdf\u0026Expires=1732380994\u0026Signature=HsarI7Bkd~FKhmFt2EiRu8Py8Eh5APmlov5y8w1KhNpIPi9ebTDAdqc4O-ydsPSbAHcrbLqzVSDjfMbvUNqhIl4WTLlV62vUfJVPcTI2S-~hlucodRL1EqriV9CrmyC-xmxhV2jTywsAHpvcunTdPUXtb9h8ADboYnF6oPy-RcfFbpHM2Mf031PYLQUOxBCK072IO~KwyLbet6VrnOj9pWYdy0KpD29iVoMMP-8NWgtp2yPNn6CE8E4f2MIS0WgOTFRYIxU09VxNCqb-qr~6KTCThrgWfpgUu-d2JdpE4XPDArFl9CK8cPGfUoftFBZC4I8N~tmm5qMbMJVMOYRv3g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":994472,"name":"Assaying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assaying"},{"id":1312192,"name":"Iron Slags","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Slags"},{"id":2646436,"name":"Bloomery Experiments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bloomery_Experiments"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Near Eastern Archaeology 80/4 (2017)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55742156/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35764530/Issue_1_of_2_on_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Archaeological_Project_Near_Eastern_Archaeology_80_4_2017_">Issue 1 of 2 on Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project. Near Eastern Archaeology 80/4 (2017)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/YigalLevin">Yigal Levin</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/HendrikBruins">Hendrik J. Bruins</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LioraKolskaHorwitz">Liora Kolska Horwitz</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/MechaelOsband">Mechael (Mickey) Osband</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://antiquities.academia.edu/JoeUziel">Joe Uziel</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/TinaGreenfield">Tina L Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uib.academia.edu/JeremyBeller">Jeremy A Beller</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/AndreaSquitieri">Andrea Squitieri</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/JonRoss">Jon Ross</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/PhilippWolfgangStockhammer">Philipp Wolfgang Stockhammer</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Collection of articles (first of two issues), edited by Aren Maeir, on the Tell es-Safi/Gath Arch...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Collection of articles (first of two issues), edited by Aren Maeir, on the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35981500"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35981500/Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55865833/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35981500/Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis">Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as carburization and quenching, were behind the significant transition to utilitarian use of iron in the eastern Mediterranean has been long debated, with the answer relying on the analyses of a few exceptionally well-preserved objects from Israel and Cyprus. In order to systematically examine this question, 59 iron objects from several major Iron Age settlements in Israel were sampled for metallographic analysis. First and foremost, it is shown that none of the analyzed objects were preserved in metallic form and that only in rare cases, small islands of metallic iron were preserved. Objects with full preservation of metal, heavily relied upon in past discussions, are therefore the exception and not the rule. Using relics (" ghost structures ") of the original metallic microstructure, pearlite and cementite were observed in an overwhelming majority of the samples, indicating that almost all of the objects were made of steel. A wide variety of carbon concentrations was estimated, reflecting a range of compositions from low-carbon hypoeu-tectoid to high-carbon and hypereutectoid steels. Since no clear correlation between object type and steel quality was observed, we conclude that steeling was, in fact, a spontaneous and non-deliberate result of the smelting process, rather than a deliberate systematic act of carburization. In addition, martensitic structures, indicative of quenching, were not identified, suggesting that quenching was not routinely performed and that iron was unlikely to have been superior to bronze at this time. It thus appears that the iron-working skills of the Iron Age smiths cannot be used as a factor that can explain the advent of iron in the Southern Levant nor as a reason for the dramatic increase in iron production during the 10th–9th centuries BCE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3e0d1d41c0bf4b556c6f4a9d09336ae7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55865833,"asset_id":35981500,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55865833/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35981500"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35981500"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35981500; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35981500]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35981500]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35981500; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35981500']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35981500, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3e0d1d41c0bf4b556c6f4a9d09336ae7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35981500]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35981500,"title":"Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as carburization and quenching, were behind the significant transition to utilitarian use of iron in the eastern Mediterranean has been long debated, with the answer relying on the analyses of a few exceptionally well-preserved objects from Israel and Cyprus. In order to systematically examine this question, 59 iron objects from several major Iron Age settlements in Israel were sampled for metallographic analysis. First and foremost, it is shown that none of the analyzed objects were preserved in metallic form and that only in rare cases, small islands of metallic iron were preserved. Objects with full preservation of metal, heavily relied upon in past discussions, are therefore the exception and not the rule. Using relics (\" ghost structures \") of the original metallic microstructure, pearlite and cementite were observed in an overwhelming majority of the samples, indicating that almost all of the objects were made of steel. A wide variety of carbon concentrations was estimated, reflecting a range of compositions from low-carbon hypoeu-tectoid to high-carbon and hypereutectoid steels. Since no clear correlation between object type and steel quality was observed, we conclude that steeling was, in fact, a spontaneous and non-deliberate result of the smelting process, rather than a deliberate systematic act of carburization. In addition, martensitic structures, indicative of quenching, were not identified, suggesting that quenching was not routinely performed and that iron was unlikely to have been superior to bronze at this time. It thus appears that the iron-working skills of the Iron Age smiths cannot be used as a factor that can explain the advent of iron in the Southern Levant nor as a reason for the dramatic increase in iron production during the 10th–9th centuries BCE."},"translated_abstract":"A B S T R A C T The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as carburization and quenching, were behind the significant transition to utilitarian use of iron in the eastern Mediterranean has been long debated, with the answer relying on the analyses of a few exceptionally well-preserved objects from Israel and Cyprus. In order to systematically examine this question, 59 iron objects from several major Iron Age settlements in Israel were sampled for metallographic analysis. First and foremost, it is shown that none of the analyzed objects were preserved in metallic form and that only in rare cases, small islands of metallic iron were preserved. Objects with full preservation of metal, heavily relied upon in past discussions, are therefore the exception and not the rule. Using relics (\" ghost structures \") of the original metallic microstructure, pearlite and cementite were observed in an overwhelming majority of the samples, indicating that almost all of the objects were made of steel. A wide variety of carbon concentrations was estimated, reflecting a range of compositions from low-carbon hypoeu-tectoid to high-carbon and hypereutectoid steels. Since no clear correlation between object type and steel quality was observed, we conclude that steeling was, in fact, a spontaneous and non-deliberate result of the smelting process, rather than a deliberate systematic act of carburization. In addition, martensitic structures, indicative of quenching, were not identified, suggesting that quenching was not routinely performed and that iron was unlikely to have been superior to bronze at this time. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35292988"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292988/Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153671/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292988/Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age">Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/YuvalGadot">Yuval Gadot</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/IsraelFinkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urba...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urban centres in Israel (Hazor, Tel Beer sheba and Rehov), were analysed in order to better understand the organization of iron production during the Iron Age. The production remains studied are all dated not earlier than the Iron Age IIA, and thus shed light on a period of transition from bronze to iron production. Chemical composition and microstructural analyses enable us to determine that both the smelting of iron ores and the refining of the bloom took place within the urban centres of Hazor and Beer-Sheba. We show that slag cakes are the products of smelting, possibly carried out in pit-furnaces. Hammerscales, products of primary and secondary smithing, were attached to slags. From these observations we infer that all stages of iron production were practiced in these urban centres.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="08b3430aa5168cb2b6992e62f3024a23" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55153671,"asset_id":35292988,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153671/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35292988"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35292988"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292988; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292988]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292988]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292988; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35292988']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35292988, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "08b3430aa5168cb2b6992e62f3024a23" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35292988]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35292988,"title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urban centres in Israel (Hazor, Tel Beer sheba and Rehov), were analysed in order to better understand the organization of iron production during the Iron Age. The production remains studied are all dated not earlier than the Iron Age IIA, and thus shed light on a period of transition from bronze to iron production. Chemical composition and microstructural analyses enable us to determine that both the smelting of iron ores and the refining of the bloom took place within the urban centres of Hazor and Beer-Sheba. We show that slag cakes are the products of smelting, possibly carried out in pit-furnaces. Hammerscales, products of primary and secondary smithing, were attached to slags. From these observations we infer that all stages of iron production were practiced in these urban centres."},"translated_abstract":"By-products of iron production, mainly slag and bloom fragments, unearthed at three Iron Age urban centres in Israel (Hazor, Tel Beer sheba and Rehov), were analysed in order to better understand the organization of iron production during the Iron Age. The production remains studied are all dated not earlier than the Iron Age IIA, and thus shed light on a period of transition from bronze to iron production. Chemical composition and microstructural analyses enable us to determine that both the smelting of iron ores and the refining of the bloom took place within the urban centres of Hazor and Beer-Sheba. We show that slag cakes are the products of smelting, possibly carried out in pit-furnaces. Hammerscales, products of primary and secondary smithing, were attached to slags. From these observations we infer that all stages of iron production were practiced in these urban centres.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35292988/Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-11-29T14:08:32.418-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":30712526,"work_id":35292988,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":2490830,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***t@gmail.com","affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","display_order":1,"name":"Yuval Gadot","title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age"},{"id":30712527,"work_id":35292988,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":914499,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"f***2@post.tau.ac.il","affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","display_order":2,"name":"Israel Finkelstein","title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age"},{"id":30712528,"work_id":35292988,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":4272480,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***a@hotmail.com","display_order":4,"name":"Naama Yahalom-Mack","title":"Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55153671,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153671/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153671/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153671/Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing-libre.pdf?1511993478=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf\u0026Expires=1732203515\u0026Signature=eyTE8aaSAnU8-7S5jjS35BOxq5QGiK62uH3STFA5NQMJunqq6TGzAqIJUF8ioo1rxaNffHVqJYSqTWKD8yymj4g4nbAUfW8gaPPguSsyZKJFs1g0pwhr8rJDVuSGjl-a9PPYyh7cNMG~ZKz1QmiR3alm0UOdfLYITN5Y3jveHOdsC1n7nN0IF46A0WpdduDtIC1eUsO2VbJde0AlehBwi~r5lTiOoG-K4IVapebytHCwq38sMW3Dfi3MzwEZHdhy-98kF9cw1aQncZ2M-mu97dsUl~-GaSHAkOCT02HGYAvytF0XMLFFa1XgIWZaBPQ4tFJtrm9jqUeXRoAteSPeOA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urban_centers_in_Israel_during_the_Iron_Age","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar"},"attachments":[{"id":55153671,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153671/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153671/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Iron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153671/Eliyahu_Behar_2013-Iron_smelting_and_Smithing-libre.pdf?1511993478=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIron_smelting_and_smithing_in_major_urba.pdf\u0026Expires=1732203515\u0026Signature=eyTE8aaSAnU8-7S5jjS35BOxq5QGiK62uH3STFA5NQMJunqq6TGzAqIJUF8ioo1rxaNffHVqJYSqTWKD8yymj4g4nbAUfW8gaPPguSsyZKJFs1g0pwhr8rJDVuSGjl-a9PPYyh7cNMG~ZKz1QmiR3alm0UOdfLYITN5Y3jveHOdsC1n7nN0IF46A0WpdduDtIC1eUsO2VbJde0AlehBwi~r5lTiOoG-K4IVapebytHCwq38sMW3Dfi3MzwEZHdhy-98kF9cw1aQncZ2M-mu97dsUl~-GaSHAkOCT02HGYAvytF0XMLFFa1XgIWZaBPQ4tFJtrm9jqUeXRoAteSPeOA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36142393"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36142393/Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56035729/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36142393/Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln">Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early Iron Age kiln found at Tel H...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early<br />Iron Age kiln found at Tel Hebron. Remains of quicklime and slagging material found at the bottom of the kiln were analysed using FTIR and SEM-EDS, showing that the kiln was originally used for lime production. Later addition of small inner chambers suggests that the feature was reused, although it cannot be concluded on the basis of the physical remains whether lime production continued. While significant<br />lime use is known as early as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, early (dateable) lime production remains are rare. The lime kiln from Tel Hebron is therefore an important addition to the limited existing repertoire.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ec52d1026a19963f01758a3e5bf69cb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56035729,"asset_id":36142393,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56035729/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36142393"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36142393"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36142393; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36142393]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36142393]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36142393; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36142393']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36142393, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5ec52d1026a19963f01758a3e5bf69cb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36142393]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36142393,"title":"Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early\nIron Age kiln found at Tel Hebron. Remains of quicklime and slagging material found at the bottom of the kiln were analysed using FTIR and SEM-EDS, showing that the kiln was originally used for lime production. Later addition of small inner chambers suggests that the feature was reused, although it cannot be concluded on the basis of the physical remains whether lime production continued. While significant\nlime use is known as early as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, early (dateable) lime production remains are rare. The lime kiln from Tel Hebron is therefore an important addition to the limited existing repertoire."},"translated_abstract":"The present study focuses on the excavation and analysis of an early\nIron Age kiln found at Tel Hebron. Remains of quicklime and slagging material found at the bottom of the kiln were analysed using FTIR and SEM-EDS, showing that the kiln was originally used for lime production. Later addition of small inner chambers suggests that the feature was reused, although it cannot be concluded on the basis of the physical remains whether lime production continued. While significant\nlime use is known as early as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, early (dateable) lime production remains are rare. The lime kiln from Tel Hebron is therefore an important addition to the limited existing repertoire.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36142393/Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-12T10:46:28.118-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":31181466,"work_id":36142393,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":2722728,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***7@yahoo.com","affiliation":"Ariel University","display_order":1,"name":"David Ben-Shlomo","title":"Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56035729,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56035729/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56035729/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56035729/Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln-libre.pdf?1520877145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExcavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=H~zSMd7Q29YvqwexJP~wJXcWqRnMEx8l-T2mpQ4mRLPSFA56lOZareINBIJyC~FNAnd3rUsdrPiEYXgyTOxv9SqqmCJ2JikI~Kd91hG9e3~BpugR8mrvpj3EOdUKxk3w7WgHZotLBexih3-ZK9yOhxV94ljOC1ZUtUYRyDAe~IcDgEJzEcbnVMcYksby~2NMYWBAOeDPq0griVPjU77HNPXt7ZcVVceLAX8MwWqehsa5YMS0qKhfoejjNIHID6Tz2Q1UzOX9TQUqI2bqFCeowSRAWIRMoCmIiTjXJjo49zZcmTGJBN5XGU2DOPXo-QYvlQKTwas4JQOeQlbwIu9BMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln","translated_slug":"","page_count":23,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"Q3NjemxDWHhWU3BHcW1qWkJQSVJnVHR0aExyY1JTamtYWEFaenlaZldpMjZ4RWloeXNDaEdFOHJLKzF4V1VpUi0tT21zbnJIYXNLUVpUY1RPWldQYjhtZz09--c23b4f544ab66ba8283439aa1a6891fe473ceb01"},"attachments":[{"id":56035729,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56035729/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56035729/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56035729/Eliyahu-Behar_et_al_IEJ_2017-Rumeda_Kiln-libre.pdf?1520877145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExcavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=H~zSMd7Q29YvqwexJP~wJXcWqRnMEx8l-T2mpQ4mRLPSFA56lOZareINBIJyC~FNAnd3rUsdrPiEYXgyTOxv9SqqmCJ2JikI~Kd91hG9e3~BpugR8mrvpj3EOdUKxk3w7WgHZotLBexih3-ZK9yOhxV94ljOC1ZUtUYRyDAe~IcDgEJzEcbnVMcYksby~2NMYWBAOeDPq0griVPjU77HNPXt7ZcVVceLAX8MwWqehsa5YMS0qKhfoejjNIHID6Tz2Q1UzOX9TQUqI2bqFCeowSRAWIRMoCmIiTjXJjo49zZcmTGJBN5XGU2DOPXo-QYvlQKTwas4JQOeQlbwIu9BMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3247050"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3247050/Iron_and_bronze_production_in_Iron_Age_IIA_Philistia_new_evidence_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35856519/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3247050/Iron_and_bronze_production_in_Iron_Age_IIA_Philistia_new_evidence_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel">Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron and bronze production dating to the early Iron Age IIA. Two pit-like features, which differed considerably from one another in colour, texture and content, were excavated. Evidence shows that each feature represents a different in situ activity related to iron production, inferred by the presence of hammerscales, slag prills and slag. An upturned crucible was found on top of one of the features. Analysis of the crucible slag showed that it was used for bronze metallurgy. Tuyères, both round and square in cross-section, were found in and around the two features. The presence of the two industries together presents a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between copper and iron working. This is especially important against the background of the scarcity of evidence for iron production in the Levant during the early phases of the Iron Age.► An in situ Iron Age IIA smithy was identified at Tell es-Safi/Gath. ► Two features were identified; a pit used for iron smelting and a forging hearth. ► The in situ slag was identified as a bloomery slag. ► We suggest a possible explanation for the scarcity of evidence for iron working.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fd0ead8a7c63ce34da97f3a6356321d1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35856519,"asset_id":3247050,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35856519/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3247050"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3247050"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3247050; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3247050]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3247050]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3247050; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3247050']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3247050, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fd0ead8a7c63ce34da97f3a6356321d1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3247050]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3247050,"title":"Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron and bronze production dating to the early Iron Age IIA. 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This is especially important against the background of the scarcity of evidence for iron production in the Levant during the early phases of the Iron Age.► An in situ Iron Age IIA smithy was identified at Tell es-Safi/Gath. ► Two features were identified; a pit used for iron smelting and a forging hearth. ► The in situ slag was identified as a bloomery slag. ► We suggest a possible explanation for the scarcity of evidence for iron working.","publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},"translated_abstract":"A metallurgically-oriented excavation in Area A at Tell es-Safi/Gath yielded evidence for iron and bronze production dating to the early Iron Age IIA. Two pit-like features, which differed considerably from one another in colour, texture and content, were excavated. Evidence shows that each feature represents a different in situ activity related to iron production, inferred by the presence of hammerscales, slag prills and slag. An upturned crucible was found on top of one of the features. Analysis of the crucible slag showed that it was used for bronze metallurgy. Tuyères, both round and square in cross-section, were found in and around the two features. The presence of the two industries together presents a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between copper and iron working. This is especially important against the background of the scarcity of evidence for iron production in the Levant during the early phases of the Iron Age.► An in situ Iron Age IIA smithy was identified at Tell es-Safi/Gath. ► Two features were identified; a pit used for iron smelting and a forging hearth. ► The in situ slag was identified as a bloomery slag. ► We suggest a possible explanation for the scarcity of evidence for iron working.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3247050/Iron_and_bronze_production_in_Iron_Age_IIA_Philistia_new_evidence_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-04-08T17:08:37.053-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":30712506,"work_id":3247050,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":4272480,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***a@hotmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Naama Yahalom-Mack","title":"Iron and bronze production in Iron Age IIA Philistia: new evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel"},{"id":30712507,"work_id":3247050,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":1581801,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***r@gmail.com","affiliation":"Bar-Ilan University","display_order":2,"name":"Aren M . 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35292986"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292986/THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153658/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35292986/THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT">THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, " Reconstructing Ancient (Bibli...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, " Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Isra-el: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, " we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the Iron I local independent bronzesmiths adopted the new iron technology. Under local administrations that developed during the Iron IIA, workshops that previously produced bronze turned to iron production, although they continued to manufacture bronze items as a secondary venture. Significantly, at some of the major urban centers iron production was an independent industry that included the entire operational sequence, including the on-site smelting of the ore. This development appears to have been a major contributor to the transition to systematic production of iron.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="26f226d2d4b5d3f0d442d938ab666364" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55153658,"asset_id":35292986,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35292986"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35292986"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292986; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292986]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35292986]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35292986; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35292986']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35292986, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "26f226d2d4b5d3f0d442d938ab666364" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35292986]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35292986,"title":"THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, \" Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Isra-el: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, \" we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the Iron I local independent bronzesmiths adopted the new iron technology. Under local administrations that developed during the Iron IIA, workshops that previously produced bronze turned to iron production, although they continued to manufacture bronze items as a secondary venture. Significantly, at some of the major urban centers iron production was an independent industry that included the entire operational sequence, including the on-site smelting of the ore. This development appears to have been a major contributor to the transition to systematic production of iron."},"translated_abstract":"In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, \" Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Isra-el: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, \" we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the Iron I local independent bronzesmiths adopted the new iron technology. Under local administrations that developed during the Iron IIA, workshops that previously produced bronze turned to iron production, although they continued to manufacture bronze items as a secondary venture. Significantly, at some of the major urban centers iron production was an independent industry that included the entire operational sequence, including the on-site smelting of the ore. This development appears to have been a major contributor to the transition to systematic production of iron.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35292986/THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-11-29T14:08:32.195-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":30712521,"work_id":35292986,"tagging_user_id":2734569,"tagged_user_id":4272480,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"y***a@hotmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Naama Yahalom-Mack","title":"THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE TO IRON IN CANAAN: CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTEXT"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55153658,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153658/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153658/Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon-libre.pdf?1511993426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTHE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZKcc0ZWZ6R1jElomCYigvhyPMen7~ZUY4jbvb2S3tKApn8W1UqRDFp-WmY~NtmJg18uXVXHXquJQELwKmWDD1yPRrY3Q2GCjTBeXPjdRdbxdzosqRh4t7ui6LQzAjA~k0CqZiOjaUBv5SwPGzfmLQGw4Dp6UyxuByjE-SEEpmQxfS8GIWditf2d-3P-V3qML4N~R0GS1m7qgRTFTHre0gHcZbi6qUE0l3fyL4wH~Ei1ghApkZYnXfHU-vhDhGeEE0SUCjzUKH2A-W2QM3cuJVKg~H4KMw08woFpljNsrcCYCg5RzJT89sYyGk6ezGYjwfOGBed4gzh~sW8u30-h6Cg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CANAAN_CHRONOLOGY_TECHNOLOGY_AND_CONTEXT","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"M3dYTnMyeGJnQzl2VXNieG41R3VzbTdVOWRabHVvV01NV1VKeHRkZGl5cm5QSHZtN0IyTk1aYXRkcXZwRTVvTy0tNElicVU2bXg1SmJLYjY4WXN0OFZkZz09--48229d27604822bc404c4bf1f1032728d620f743"},"attachments":[{"id":55153658,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55153658/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55153658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"THE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55153658/Yahalom_and_Eliyahu_2015_-The_transitions_from_Bronze_to_Iron-Radiocarbon-libre.pdf?1511993426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTHE_TRANSITION_FROM_BRONZE_TO_IRON_IN_CA.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=ZKcc0ZWZ6R1jElomCYigvhyPMen7~ZUY4jbvb2S3tKApn8W1UqRDFp-WmY~NtmJg18uXVXHXquJQELwKmWDD1yPRrY3Q2GCjTBeXPjdRdbxdzosqRh4t7ui6LQzAjA~k0CqZiOjaUBv5SwPGzfmLQGw4Dp6UyxuByjE-SEEpmQxfS8GIWditf2d-3P-V3qML4N~R0GS1m7qgRTFTHre0gHcZbi6qUE0l3fyL4wH~Ei1ghApkZYnXfHU-vhDhGeEE0SUCjzUKH2A-W2QM3cuJVKg~H4KMw08woFpljNsrcCYCg5RzJT89sYyGk6ezGYjwfOGBed4gzh~sW8u30-h6Cg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18846974"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18846974/Faience_beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Faience beads from Early Bronze Age contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40287722/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18846974/Faience_beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel">Faience beads from Early Bronze Age contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1">Shira Albaz</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently<br />unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beadswere subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify<br />the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian,<br />steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of<br />two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show<br />that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used<br />in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed inmanufacturing<br />procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ec0de6481933250aaa9fc924fad0898d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40287722,"asset_id":18846974,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40287722/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18846974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18846974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18846974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18846974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18846974]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18846974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18846974']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18846974, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ec0de6481933250aaa9fc924fad0898d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18846974]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18846974,"title":"Faience beads from Early Bronze Age contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently\nunearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beadswere subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify\nthe mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian,\nsteatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of\ntwo faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show\nthat cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used\nin the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed inmanufacturing\nprocedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period."},"translated_abstract":"A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently\nunearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beadswere subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify\nthe mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian,\nsteatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of\ntwo faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show\nthat cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used\nin the production of the other. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31692607"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31692607/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52010056/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31692607/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization">Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/ShiraGurArieh">Shira Gur-Arieh</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/SuembikyaSueFrumin">Suembikya (Sue) Frumin</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/EhudWeiss">Ehud Weiss</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/SteveRosen">Steve Rosen</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/TinaGreenfield">Tina L Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/ManclossiFrancesca">Manclossi Francesca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ae0e67f0972ab0c7c557b5c9c56c8153" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52010056,"asset_id":31692607,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52010056/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31692607"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31692607"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31692607; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31692607]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31692607]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31692607; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31692607']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31692607, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ae0e67f0972ab0c7c557b5c9c56c8153" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31692607]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31692607,"title":"Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures."},"translated_abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/31714797/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52028158/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31714797/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization_Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization">Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/SuembikyaSueFrumin">Suembikya (Sue) Frumin</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/EhudWeiss">Ehud Weiss</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/ManclossiFrancesca">Manclossi Francesca</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/SteveRosen">Steve Rosen</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1587ff4968a4603dca354d6ea8037d50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52028158,"asset_id":31714797,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52028158/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31714797"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31714797"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31714797; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31714797]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31714797]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31714797; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31714797']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31714797, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1587ff4968a4603dca354d6ea8037d50" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31714797]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31714797,"title":"Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es- Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures."},"translated_abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. 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In press. Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40355065/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18964171/Eliyahu_Behar_A_et_al_In_press_Faience_Beads_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Contexts_at_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_Journal_of_Archaeological_Science_Reports">Eliyahu-Behar, A., et al. In press. Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/AMaeir">Aren M . Maeir</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/HaskelGreenfield">Haskel J Greenfield</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://biu.academia.edu/ShiraAlbaz">Shira Albaz</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show<br />that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="285e41c67bff034946cf66f62ecf8394" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40355065,"asset_id":18964171,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40355065/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18964171"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18964171"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18964171; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18964171]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18964171]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18964171; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18964171']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18964171, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "285e41c67bff034946cf66f62ecf8394" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18964171]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18964171,"title":"Eliyahu-Behar, A., et al. 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Rigorous analyses of iron and s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter’s decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="15ecd14e111ec9145aafbd60387e675e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83285238,"asset_id":75569168,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83285238/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75569168"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75569168"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75569168; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75569168]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75569168]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75569168; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='75569168']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75569168, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "15ecd14e111ec9145aafbd60387e675e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=75569168]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":75569168,"title":"Stepanov et al 2022 ByTheHandOfTheSmelter","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1007/s12520-022-01516-3","abstract":"Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41466980"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41466980/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61641024/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41466980/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments">Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cez-archaeometrie.academia.edu/IvanStepanov">Ivan Stepanov</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/KonstantinBorodianskiy">Konstantin Borodianskiy</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar">Adi Eliyahu Behar</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Minerals 2020, 10, 33</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions includi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. This missing information has the potential to shed light on political, economic, craft-production, and trading patterns of past societies. This paper presents the results of smelting experiments performed in graphite crucibles and a muffle furnace, using 14 iron ore samples from the Southern Levant, in an attempt to determine their suitability for smelting using ancient techniques. A range of analytical techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and portable X-ray fluorescence were used to comparatively investigate the mineralogy and composition of the precursor iron ores and their smelting products: Iron bloom and slag. Several parameters attesting to the ability of a given ore to be successfully reduced and consolidated into a solid metal mass were quantified. The generated results highlight the significance of a 'correct balance' between iron oxides and other major elements in the smelting system in order to form fluid slag and a well-consolidated bloom. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="11064545" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114105420"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114105420/Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal ‘Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114105420/Nabataean_iron_picks_for_copper_mining_from_Nahal_Amram_Israel_Chemical_isotopic_and_production_technology_analysis">Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal ‘Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent excavations at Naḥal ‘Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent excavations at Naḥal ‘Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel, unearthed for the first time four iron tips of mining picks. The present study undertakes a complex investigation of the picks, including metallographic, indentation hardness, slag inclusions (SIs), metal matrix, and osmium isotopic composition (Os-IC) analyses. The results indicate that the picks were manufactured via similar blacksmithing techniques, using two types of hard alloys: quench-hardened steel and phosphoric iron. A correlation was found between the composition of SIs, metal, and osmium isotopic signature, suggesting that three different ore sources were exploited to produce these picks. The quenched steel likely originated from a single ore source, whereas the two P-rich iron probably provenance from two different, yet geographically close or geologically similar ore deposits. The undertaken study highlights the importance of an integrative provenancing approach, which relies on the analyses of siderophile/chalcophile elements of the metal, lithophile trace elements of slag inclusions, and osmium isotopic analyses. This approach allows the complete characterization of the ore provenance signature of an artefact. However, the final provenance assignment to a specific ore deposit is currently limited, as it depends on our knowledge and familiarity with potential ore sources and on the archaeological evidence of their exploitation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114105420"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114105420"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114105420; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114105420]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114105420]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114105420; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114105420']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 114105420, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114105420]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114105420,"title":"Nabataean iron picks for copper mining from Nahal ‘Amram, Israel; Chemical, isotopic and production technology analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Recent excavations at Naḥal ‘Amram, a Nabataean copper mining center in the Arabah valley, Israel, unearthed for the first time four iron tips of mining picks. 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A correlation was found between the composition of SIs, metal, and osmium isotopic signature, suggesting that three different ore sources were exploited to produce these picks. The quenched steel likely originated from a single ore source, whereas the two P-rich iron probably provenance from two different, yet geographically close or geologically similar ore deposits. The undertaken study highlights the importance of an integrative provenancing approach, which relies on the analyses of siderophile/chalcophile elements of the metal, lithophile trace elements of slag inclusions, and osmium isotopic analyses. This approach allows the complete characterization of the ore provenance signature of an artefact. 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Rigorous analyses of iron and s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter’s decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics....</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="51628a42fba350e5443d6396fa8e5c13" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87695998,"asset_id":81764597,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87695998/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764597"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764597"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764597; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764597]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764597]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764597; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764597']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764597, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "51628a42fba350e5443d6396fa8e5c13" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764597]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764597,"title":"By the hand of the smelter: tracing the impact of decision-making in bloomery iron smelting","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81764595"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764595/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87695995/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764595/Assessing_the_Quality_of_Iron_Ores_for_Bloomery_Smelting_Laboratory_Experiments">Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Minerals</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions includi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. This missing information has the potential to shed light on political, economic, craft-production, and trading patterns of past societies. This paper presents the results of smelting experiments performed in graphite crucibles and a muffle furnace, using 14 iron ore samples from the Southern Levant, in an attempt to determine their suitability for smelting using ancient techniques. A range of analytical techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and portable X-ray fluorescence were used to comparatively investigate the mineralogy and composition of the precursor iron ores and their smelting products: Iron bloom and slag. Several parameters attesting to the ability of a given ore to be successfully reduced and consolidated into a solid metal mass were quantified. The generated results hi...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="db3dc29909e7ba26f0ad99c1a7044b92" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87695995,"asset_id":81764595,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87695995/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764595"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764595"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764595; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764595]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764595]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764595; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764595']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764595, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "db3dc29909e7ba26f0ad99c1a7044b92" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764595]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764595,"title":"Assessing the Quality of Iron Ores for Bloomery Smelting: Laboratory Experiments","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"There is fragmentary knowledge of iron ore sources exploited in the past for many regions including the Southern Levant. 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text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764594/An_Iron_IIA_Iron_and_Bronze_Workshop_in_the_Lower_City_of_Tell_es_Safi_Gath">An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tel Aviv</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron II...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. Analyses show that iron objects were likely produced and maintained on a large scale, alongside bronze, employing regionally unique forms of crucibles and tuyères. The material culture of metalworking is discussed in relation to contemporaneous iron production sites in the region, building a more robust picture of the adoption of iron metallurgy in the Levant versus the status of bronze and iron.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764594"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764594"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764594; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764594]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764594]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764594; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764594']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764594, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764594]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764594,"title":"An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. Analyses show that iron objects were likely produced and maintained on a large scale, alongside bronze, employing regionally unique forms of crucibles and tuyères. The material culture of metalworking is discussed in relation to contemporaneous iron production sites in the region, building a more robust picture of the adoption of iron metallurgy in the Levant versus the status of bronze and iron.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tel Aviv"},"translated_abstract":"An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. Analyses show that iron objects were likely produced and maintained on a large scale, alongside bronze, employing regionally unique forms of crucibles and tuyères. The material culture of metalworking is discussed in relation to contemporaneous iron production sites in the region, building a more robust picture of the adoption of iron metallurgy in the Levant versus the status of bronze and iron.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81764594/An_Iron_IIA_Iron_and_Bronze_Workshop_in_the_Lower_City_of_Tell_es_Safi_Gath","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-18T07:26:06.805-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"An_Iron_IIA_Iron_and_Bronze_Workshop_in_the_Lower_City_of_Tell_es_Safi_Gath","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":175618,"name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tel_Aviv"}],"urls":[{"id":21548943,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03344355.2020.1820040"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81764593"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764593/In_search_of_the_invisible_hearth_An_experimental_perspective_on_early_Levantine_iron_production"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of In search of the invisible hearth: An experimental perspective on early Levantine iron production" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764593/In_search_of_the_invisible_hearth_An_experimental_perspective_on_early_Levantine_iron_production">In search of the invisible hearth: An experimental perspective on early Levantine iron production</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Southern Levant during the early Iron Age. While nearly a dozen sites with metallurgical debris and technical ceramics dating to the 10th–8th c. BCE have contributed to the visibility of the craft, in situ high-temperature installations remain enigmatic in the archaeological record. Our ability to reconstruct the chaine operatoire of iron production processes within each working context is restricted by the lack of this critical data. In this study we employ methods of experimental archaeology in order to investigate and interpret an assemblage of vitrified technical ceramics found in an early Iron Age metal workshop at the site of Tell es-Safi/Gath situated on the border between the southern coastal plain and the Judean foothills of Israel. As part of a broader research framework, iron smelting experiments were carried out in a simple, clay-built bowl furnace. Materials analogous to the archaeological ceramics were employed to address high temperature alterations occurring in a single installation. Using structural mineralogical and chemical analyses (FTIR, pXRF and SEM-EDS) we characterize the experimental and archaeological technical ceramics to identify the processes that affect and transform these materials during iron production activities. Results were then utilized to interpret production processes and the implementation of technical ceramics in ironworking at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Based on our observations, we address the specialized preparation of technical ceramics in early ironworking, possible reasons for the alteration and preservation of metallurgical installations following their abandonment and attempt to improve the interpretation and classification of vitrified ceramic waste from ancient metallurgical contexts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764593"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764593"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764593; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764593]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764593]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764593; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764593']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764593, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764593]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764593,"title":"In search of the invisible hearth: An experimental perspective on early Levantine iron production","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Southern Levant during the early Iron Age. While nearly a dozen sites with metallurgical debris and technical ceramics dating to the 10th–8th c. BCE have contributed to the visibility of the craft, in situ high-temperature installations remain enigmatic in the archaeological record. Our ability to reconstruct the chaine operatoire of iron production processes within each working context is restricted by the lack of this critical data. In this study we employ methods of experimental archaeology in order to investigate and interpret an assemblage of vitrified technical ceramics found in an early Iron Age metal workshop at the site of Tell es-Safi/Gath situated on the border between the southern coastal plain and the Judean foothills of Israel. As part of a broader research framework, iron smelting experiments were carried out in a simple, clay-built bowl furnace. Materials analogous to the archaeological ceramics were employed to address high temperature alterations occurring in a single installation. Using structural mineralogical and chemical analyses (FTIR, pXRF and SEM-EDS) we characterize the experimental and archaeological technical ceramics to identify the processes that affect and transform these materials during iron production activities. Results were then utilized to interpret production processes and the implementation of technical ceramics in ironworking at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Based on our observations, we address the specialized preparation of technical ceramics in early ironworking, possible reasons for the alteration and preservation of metallurgical installations following their abandonment and attempt to improve the interpretation and classification of vitrified ceramic waste from ancient metallurgical contexts.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Abstract Conclusive evidence has surfaced for the production of iron objects in urban workshops in the Southern Levant during the early Iron Age. While nearly a dozen sites with metallurgical debris and technical ceramics dating to the 10th–8th c. BCE have contributed to the visibility of the craft, in situ high-temperature installations remain enigmatic in the archaeological record. Our ability to reconstruct the chaine operatoire of iron production processes within each working context is restricted by the lack of this critical data. In this study we employ methods of experimental archaeology in order to investigate and interpret an assemblage of vitrified technical ceramics found in an early Iron Age metal workshop at the site of Tell es-Safi/Gath situated on the border between the southern coastal plain and the Judean foothills of Israel. As part of a broader research framework, iron smelting experiments were carried out in a simple, clay-built bowl furnace. Materials analogous to the archaeological ceramics were employed to address high temperature alterations occurring in a single installation. Using structural mineralogical and chemical analyses (FTIR, pXRF and SEM-EDS) we characterize the experimental and archaeological technical ceramics to identify the processes that affect and transform these materials during iron production activities. Results were then utilized to interpret production processes and the implementation of technical ceramics in ironworking at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Based on our observations, we address the specialized preparation of technical ceramics in early ironworking, possible reasons for the alteration and preservation of metallurgical installations following their abandonment and attempt to improve the interpretation and classification of vitrified ceramic waste from ancient metallurgical contexts.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81764593/In_search_of_the_invisible_hearth_An_experimental_perspective_on_early_Levantine_iron_production","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-18T07:26:06.597-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"In_search_of_the_invisible_hearth_An_experimental_perspective_on_early_Levantine_iron_production","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":430889,"name":"Hearth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hearth"}],"urls":[{"id":21548942,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352409X21000158?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81764592"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764592/Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696035/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764592/Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis">Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ac9b46be6c3f51f84cc110332c3b291b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87696035,"asset_id":81764592,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696035/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764592"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764592"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764592; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764592]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764592]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764592; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764592']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764592, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ac9b46be6c3f51f84cc110332c3b291b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764592]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764592,"title":"Reevaluating early iron-working skills in the Southern Levant through microstructure analysis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","grobid_abstract":"The question of whether improved technological skills of Iron Age smiths, such as carburization and quenching, were behind the significant transition to utilitarian use of iron in the eastern Mediterranean has been long debated, with the answer relying on the analyses of a few exceptionally well-preserved objects from Israel and Cyprus. In order to systematically examine this question, 59 iron objects from several major Iron Age settlements in Israel were sampled for metallographic analysis. First and foremost, it is shown that none of the analyzed objects were preserved in metallic form and that only in rare cases, small islands of metallic iron were preserved. Objects with full preservation of metal, heavily relied upon in past discussions, are therefore the exception and not the rule. Using relics (\"ghost structures\") of the original metallic microstructure, pearlite and cementite were observed in an overwhelming majority of the samples, indicating that almost all of the objects were made of steel. A wide variety of carbon concentrations was estimated, reflecting a range of compositions from low-carbon hypoeutectoid to high-carbon and hypereutectoid steels. Since no clear correlation between object type and steel quality was observed, we conclude that steeling was, in fact, a spontaneous and non-deliberate result of the smelting process, rather than a deliberate systematic act of carburization. In addition, martensitic structures, indicative of quenching, were not identified, suggesting that quenching was not routinely performed and that iron was unlikely to have been superior to bronze at this time. It thus appears that the iron-working skills of the Iron Age smiths cannot be used as a factor that can explain the advent of iron in the Southern Levant nor as a reason for the dramatic increase in iron production during the 10th-9th centuries BCE.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":87696035},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81764592/Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-18T07:26:06.346-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87696035,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696035/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.jasrep.2018.01.04020220618-1-1xdwe07.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696035/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87696035/j.jasrep.2018.01.04020220618-1-1xdwe07-libre.pdf?1655563540=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=gGWwOmEfE~hJbf27G7r6fE8296d0caJuNDSt0dkOtDNFQAe~SodeP7dwQM23lWPWINA~uYV4EZtp-~1Lxc-9MjuXjp3B2NEuJSZVt8jxCHcKJUyc0j5Je0JJIwL5P8K4F3Wpr861kJUkJLnZjvDV5Kc6dBkuxm4ey4Tj~eTa3vjIeHFCLZ~fL~ORaQisDrnYiGcY3e7VPQzAPVmrcc3s9ZMeHe1DfQQX~03a9e--YObdUFlVsJracaq5hFIKJNQW0-WrxSx2Jxy~ur5rH9d0wI32uuHS49T3l7lq0VeL4UwZQAKX8ntX3~gMaTERF9SF0HhbzYyZYXIZCYzhi3TRvQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_in_the_Southern_Levant_through_microstructure_analysis","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"TEdtUlNQZ3V4NmRlbllKTmppaE5MK1Rta3czZ1pBc1BsZmtZQzkrNjdsb2RiUlZFTDdaaDdobGM1SzJRNE8yai0teGdkdUdQR3dWbXJ0Q25XdDQzMFR0Zz09--251a9fa0956d8aca50fa631e24fb7dfe4c71e980"},"attachments":[{"id":87696035,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696035/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.jasrep.2018.01.04020220618-1-1xdwe07.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696035/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Reevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87696035/j.jasrep.2018.01.04020220618-1-1xdwe07-libre.pdf?1655563540=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReevaluating_early_iron_working_skills_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=gGWwOmEfE~hJbf27G7r6fE8296d0caJuNDSt0dkOtDNFQAe~SodeP7dwQM23lWPWINA~uYV4EZtp-~1Lxc-9MjuXjp3B2NEuJSZVt8jxCHcKJUyc0j5Je0JJIwL5P8K4F3Wpr861kJUkJLnZjvDV5Kc6dBkuxm4ey4Tj~eTa3vjIeHFCLZ~fL~ORaQisDrnYiGcY3e7VPQzAPVmrcc3s9ZMeHe1DfQQX~03a9e--YObdUFlVsJracaq5hFIKJNQW0-WrxSx2Jxy~ur5rH9d0wI32uuHS49T3l7lq0VeL4UwZQAKX8ntX3~gMaTERF9SF0HhbzYyZYXIZCYzhi3TRvQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography"},{"id":42197,"name":"Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age"},{"id":172645,"name":"Archaeology of the Southern Levant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_the_Southern_Levant"},{"id":293688,"name":"Archaeology of the Levant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_the_Levant"},{"id":391366,"name":"Iron and Steel Metallurgy Since Early Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_and_Steel_Metallurgy_Since_Early_Iron_Age"}],"urls":[{"id":21548941,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352409X1730696X?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81764591"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764591/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764591/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization">Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Levant</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro- and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764591"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764591"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764591; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764591]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764591]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764591; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764591']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764591, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764591]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764591,"title":"Early Bronze Age pebble installations from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: evidence for their function and utilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro- and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Levant"},"translated_abstract":"Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro- and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81764591/Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-18T07:26:06.106-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Early_Bronze_Age_pebble_installations_from_Tell_es_Safi_Gath_Israel_evidence_for_their_function_and_utilization","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu 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}); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81764589"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764589/Metalworking_at_Megiddo_during_the_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Ages"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Metalworking at Megiddo during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696002/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764589/Metalworking_at_Megiddo_during_the_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Ages">Metalworking at Megiddo during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div 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href="https://www.academia.edu/81764587/The_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Canaan_Chronology_Technology_and_Context"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Transition from Bronze to Iron in Canaan: Chronology, Technology, and Context" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696031/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764587/The_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Canaan_Chronology_Technology_and_Context">The Transition from Bronze to Iron in Canaan: Chronology, Technology, and Context</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Radiocarbon</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the framework of the European Research Council-funded project, “Reconstructing Ancient (Biblic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the framework of the European Research Council-funded project, “Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Israel: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective,” we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="91401ee956c7c5d343632b235e2292e3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87696031,"asset_id":81764587,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696031/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764587"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764587"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764587; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764587]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764587]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764587; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764587']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764587, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "91401ee956c7c5d343632b235e2292e3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764587]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764587,"title":"The Transition from Bronze to Iron in Canaan: Chronology, Technology, and Context","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In the framework of the European Research Council-funded project, “Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Israel: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective,” we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the...","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Radiocarbon"},"translated_abstract":"In the framework of the European Research Council-funded project, “Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Israel: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective,” we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals. In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition. This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant. Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81764587/The_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Canaan_Chronology_Technology_and_Context","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-18T07:26:05.599-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87696031,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696031/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"7aff6b36dac4e1b5c4261c528845dfd1d08a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696031/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Ca.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87696031/7aff6b36dac4e1b5c4261c528845dfd1d08a-libre.pdf?1655563546=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Ca.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=Fjo~6jZQZo-vyGveLUOpQnsWGYHkrVzWT~-7Q28dp0A~Y2rx8F-8G96p~UQj6NuxVhFpb7rRJOOOm~HNN52odwmYshQacZioE7K3NIWK~IP6hGEgM3qAXQOWQ62GuszNci-yiW9zLw6cnYQTrragMAp-YlL1C2Ti7nllUqxgCe-a2p3OWbY7atg0xSKCanDkvZ0xRF28U3DzSHBJenaDo4s4M~1FodVzCKlf02jckvzOX-9PgzqFQWQzgm1cUGtBaUspMHMllPHAiVycgVbsroEAMD61DSuEXkCfq4N-roYU5u8sqgfk6cJPiGPhQ4iKjajikN-MVAa2fQyCMYG7cg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Canaan_Chronology_Technology_and_Context","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"L1pEZ3FDNnZmT0plOWZaOHUreC90ZWxxOW5vdlFiL3pGNXFZamNlN0tieHZOdVhvc3U3a0NNSTZXL1U0elFDRC0tcEVZN2s0WWVWSUgrQTF1V0FNUGxydz09--ba7843551bb232ba21a033c298808a220460bb1e"},"attachments":[{"id":87696031,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696031/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"7aff6b36dac4e1b5c4261c528845dfd1d08a.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696031/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Ca.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87696031/7aff6b36dac4e1b5c4261c528845dfd1d08a-libre.pdf?1655563546=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Transition_from_Bronze_to_Iron_in_Ca.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=Fjo~6jZQZo-vyGveLUOpQnsWGYHkrVzWT~-7Q28dp0A~Y2rx8F-8G96p~UQj6NuxVhFpb7rRJOOOm~HNN52odwmYshQacZioE7K3NIWK~IP6hGEgM3qAXQOWQ62GuszNci-yiW9zLw6cnYQTrragMAp-YlL1C2Ti7nllUqxgCe-a2p3OWbY7atg0xSKCanDkvZ0xRF28U3DzSHBJenaDo4s4M~1FodVzCKlf02jckvzOX-9PgzqFQWQzgm1cUGtBaUspMHMllPHAiVycgVbsroEAMD61DSuEXkCfq4N-roYU5u8sqgfk6cJPiGPhQ4iKjajikN-MVAa2fQyCMYG7cg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry"},{"id":14717,"name":"Radiocarbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiocarbon"},{"id":58724,"name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bronze_Age"},{"id":66892,"name":"Chronology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronology"}],"urls":[{"id":21548938,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0033822200034780"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81764586"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764586/Sediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_reconstructing_pyrotechnological_processes_in_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_Strata_at_Tel_Dor_Israel_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sediments exposed to high temperatures: reconstructing pyrotechnological processes in Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata at Tel Dor (Israel)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696034/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81764586/Sediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_reconstructing_pyrotechnological_processes_in_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_Strata_at_Tel_Dor_Israel_">Sediments exposed to high temperatures: reconstructing pyrotechnological processes in Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata at Tel Dor (Israel)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="303d7ef1bd863a6b2879a18fa988b9e6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87696034,"asset_id":81764586,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696034/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81764586"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81764586"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764586; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764586]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81764586]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81764586; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81764586']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81764586, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "303d7ef1bd863a6b2879a18fa988b9e6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81764586]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81764586,"title":"Sediments exposed to high temperatures: reconstructing pyrotechnological processes in Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata at Tel Dor (Israel)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","grobid_abstract":"Many of the sediments analysed from Tel Dor (Israel) show structural alterations indicating that they were exposed to high temperatures. This observation is consistent with the abundant evidence for use of pyrotechnology from the earliest exposed Middle Bronze Age strata through the Roman period. Such structurally altered sediments may well represent one of the more widespread and durable records of pyrotechnology, and as such could be invaluable for reconstructing past human activities. The specific aims of this research are therefore to develop the means for identifying local sediments that were altered by different pyrotechnological activities and to elucidate the varying circumstances whereby sediments were exposed to high temperatures in a Late Bronze and Iron Age 1 section. We first characterize natural sediments sampled on and in the proximity of the tell and monitor their transformations due to exposure to high temperatures in an oven and in open fires, focusing in particular on the transformations of the clay mineral components of mud-brick materials. The analytical techniques used include micromorphology, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Using the temperature ''calibrated'' data, we confirm that large volumes of sediments at Tel Dor were exposed to high temperatures. In Area G, we identify three fundamentally different ways that heat-affected sediments were produced and accumulated: (1) In the Late Bronze Age (Phases 11e12) the sediments were heated to temperatures between 800 and 900 C and were then deposited in the area under investigation. A plausible scenario is that these sediments were exposed to heat from ovens or kilns; (2) During the early Iron Age (Phase 10) the heat-affected sediments (heated above 1000 C) formed in close association with casting pits for the working of copper-containing (bronze) objects. (3) During Phase 9 of the Iron Age, heat-affected sediments were produced in situ at this location due to a major conflagration. The temperatures reached around 1000 C. This study shows that analysis of high temperature exposed sediments may be an invaluable means of reconstructing fire-associated activities, even when the actual installations have not been identified during the excavation or were not preserved.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":87696034},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81764586/Sediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_reconstructing_pyrotechnological_processes_in_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_Strata_at_Tel_Dor_Israel_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-18T07:26:05.216-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87696034,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696034/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"aac3ab1e12db0683781f44676422d591278e.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696034/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Sediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_r.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87696034/aac3ab1e12db0683781f44676422d591278e-libre.pdf?1655563541=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_r.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=WrJ50jYyH1FS~49c528ZQuPnstbDAosZ1yRjo7ZsBiO~Yhum7J8wRyhV-NdLwcszwfRS8~F-F0XauZauemjeGvXbjmZ~t8UiUd7bhZEFGXJxEId1~GKl8TQHpXpxUg9VRjycY1V1WwVXmtR~sRsyC8xqXbnQKLFzlWAlOje7SjqWxgX6AQw3r~9EsibHrOmBHdij4LmTOvrcPzB~72YXz3kDn7W9Rto2g~KC9D1SUUHS1xbSylDabslgVuDp~hPF1xmHhiI3rL-SA~VboXIhfbsv-lg~o89BF7r~kHApFQlN4-B12N4RKOwITkPeBpa9ZR9ZIatBASDedvZkZuG1Gw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Sediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_reconstructing_pyrotechnological_processes_in_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_Strata_at_Tel_Dor_Israel_","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"SlJ4Wi90RmVJanNvWjNzM0gvUHNrdUtlNG1UVXJpSEt2SGNJMmhqOWFvMXRyb25tZkFYOEtuSG14Mk9EVEEyTC0tUjdwYmVNYllsYU5PclZwbUovcDhjZz09--d7bd02731cabe8298d18320f654ba1f888671173"},"attachments":[{"id":87696034,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87696034/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"aac3ab1e12db0683781f44676422d591278e.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87696034/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Sediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_r.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87696034/aac3ab1e12db0683781f44676422d591278e-libre.pdf?1655563541=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSediments_exposed_to_high_temperatures_r.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=WrJ50jYyH1FS~49c528ZQuPnstbDAosZ1yRjo7ZsBiO~Yhum7J8wRyhV-NdLwcszwfRS8~F-F0XauZauemjeGvXbjmZ~t8UiUd7bhZEFGXJxEId1~GKl8TQHpXpxUg9VRjycY1V1WwVXmtR~sRsyC8xqXbnQKLFzlWAlOje7SjqWxgX6AQw3r~9EsibHrOmBHdij4LmTOvrcPzB~72YXz3kDn7W9Rto2g~KC9D1SUUHS1xbSylDabslgVuDp~hPF1xmHhiI3rL-SA~VboXIhfbsv-lg~o89BF7r~kHApFQlN4-B12N4RKOwITkPeBpa9ZR9ZIatBASDedvZkZuG1Gw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology"},{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry"},{"id":3316,"name":"Archaeological Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_Science"},{"id":21728,"name":"Clay Minerals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clay_Minerals"},{"id":42197,"name":"Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age"},{"id":58724,"name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bronze_Age"},{"id":80692,"name":"Copper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper"},{"id":191117,"name":"High Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Temperature"},{"id":509556,"name":"Human Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Activity"},{"id":1006711,"name":"X ray Fluorescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_ray_Fluorescence"},{"id":2243423,"name":"Fourier transform infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fourier_transform_infrared"}],"urls":[{"id":21548937,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0305440306001105?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81755794"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81755794/Iron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Negev_Highlands_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Iron IIA slag-tempered pottery in the Negev Highlands, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87690340/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81755794/Iron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Negev_Highlands_Israel">Iron IIA slag-tempered pottery in the Negev Highlands, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a0197135b350a082267367d650dd398a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87690340,"asset_id":81755794,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87690340/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81755794"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81755794"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81755794; 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It focuses on a group of almost exclusively handmade wares that are tempered with crushed slag. The polarizing and electron microscopes explicitly identify these inclusions as copper smelting slag. Based on the slag as well as certain rock inclusions, the slag-tempered wares can be sourced to the copper districts in the Wadi Arabah, and hence for the first time provide a link between the Negev Highlands and the Arabah copper production centers in the period under review. More specifically, they demonstrate direct involvement of at least part of the pastoral-nomadic Negev Highlands population in the copper extraction system.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":87690340},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81755794/Iron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Negev_Highlands_Israel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-06-18T04:54:43.341-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87690340,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87690340/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.jas.2013.04.02420220618-1-aavtnj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87690340/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Iron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Ne.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87690340/j.jas.2013.04.02420220618-1-aavtnj-libre.pdf?1655554154=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Ne.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=QM8YD35wha-PWxFMg1xe12BZ1k-muGXyKwG-H07UU7llF7ldyahTL-hxl-FRSDe2Onfbkck0NpCWcE2vVPf2dmFDb8OlaCz37w4JDdBrfdTjzK9r8LfyS63ZkkGlOSe1wlHyGI-UxSLtYyOFgFENvBqCDzZQYG6fN0LgVY80nv8dEig5D8vqZlz3zQ9x69Z-whCObxsZZUFM-TJEgI7DcN11zEn0wWjw8V-qsOG4pmaKkSIeZoMBu8bdVcqe88BHju5tHiv3ugKhJ-6mAM-3Z-5pHjRPRopyj5-pItgvqTlZ1~lB-ftz8jjAinpFbo92TH6745Hb7FUmmSHZJGi6xQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Iron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Negev_Highlands_Israel","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"aC9Kd1FLNlZya0dlYzdoa09mc1RibUdLUTNKRWNFZzlCTzBnQUhQd3d6OXVkUGtjOXhrY2t5b1RCdXUxUy9idi0tSmdTYVVSaXNMT3Fmd0hrTSsrOG9iQT09--68b8a6ef2e301417841a44e3a56cab0f95c8bba0"},"attachments":[{"id":87690340,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87690340/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.jas.2013.04.02420220618-1-aavtnj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87690340/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Iron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Ne.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87690340/j.jas.2013.04.02420220618-1-aavtnj-libre.pdf?1655554154=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIron_IIA_slag_tempered_pottery_in_the_Ne.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=QM8YD35wha-PWxFMg1xe12BZ1k-muGXyKwG-H07UU7llF7ldyahTL-hxl-FRSDe2Onfbkck0NpCWcE2vVPf2dmFDb8OlaCz37w4JDdBrfdTjzK9r8LfyS63ZkkGlOSe1wlHyGI-UxSLtYyOFgFENvBqCDzZQYG6fN0LgVY80nv8dEig5D8vqZlz3zQ9x69Z-whCObxsZZUFM-TJEgI7DcN11zEn0wWjw8V-qsOG4pmaKkSIeZoMBu8bdVcqe88BHju5tHiv3ugKhJ-6mAM-3Z-5pHjRPRopyj5-pItgvqTlZ1~lB-ftz8jjAinpFbo92TH6745Hb7FUmmSHZJGi6xQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology"},{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry"},{"id":3316,"name":"Archaeological Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_Science"},{"id":34642,"name":"Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel"},{"id":42197,"name":"Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age"},{"id":43091,"name":"Ceramic Petrography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramic_Petrography"},{"id":53654,"name":"Early Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Iron_Age"},{"id":58128,"name":"Ceramics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramics"},{"id":78479,"name":"Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_East"},{"id":103767,"name":"Petrography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petrography"},{"id":168891,"name":"Chemical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Analysis"},{"id":2292122,"name":"Slag","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slag"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="74387443"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/74387443/RESEARCH_ARTICLE_The_Earliest_Lead_Object_in_the_Levant"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of RESEARCH ARTICLE The Earliest Lead Object in the Levant" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/74387443/RESEARCH_ARTICLE_The_Earliest_Lead_Object_in_the_Levant">RESEARCH ARTICLE The Earliest Lead Object in the Levant</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the deepest section of a large complex cave in the northern Negev desert, Israel, a bi-conical...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the deepest section of a large complex cave in the northern Negev desert, Israel, a bi-conical lead object was found logged onto a wooden shaft. Associated material remains and radiocarbon dating of the shaft place the object within the Late Chalcolithic period, at the late 5th millennium BCE. Based on chemical and lead isotope analysis, we show that this unique object was made of almost pure metallic lead, likely smelted from lead ores origi-nating in the Taurus range in Anatolia. Either the finished object, or the raw material, was brought to the southern Levant, adding another major component to the already-rich Late Chalcolithic metallurgical corpus known to-date. The paper also discusses possible uses of the object, suggesting that it may have been used as a spindle whorl, at least towards its deposition.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="74387443"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74387443"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74387443; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74387443]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74387443]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74387443; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='74387443']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74387443, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=74387443]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":74387443,"title":"RESEARCH ARTICLE The Earliest Lead Object in the Levant","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In the deepest section of a large complex cave in the northern Negev desert, Israel, a bi-conical lead object was found logged onto a wooden shaft. Associated material remains and radiocarbon dating of the shaft place the object within the Late Chalcolithic period, at the late 5th millennium BCE. Based on chemical and lead isotope analysis, we show that this unique object was made of almost pure metallic lead, likely smelted from lead ores origi-nating in the Taurus range in Anatolia. Either the finished object, or the raw material, was brought to the southern Levant, adding another major component to the already-rich Late Chalcolithic metallurgical corpus known to-date. The paper also discusses possible uses of the object, suggesting that it may have been used as a spindle whorl, at least towards its deposition.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"In the deepest section of a large complex cave in the northern Negev desert, Israel, a bi-conical lead object was found logged onto a wooden shaft. Associated material remains and radiocarbon dating of the shaft place the object within the Late Chalcolithic period, at the late 5th millennium BCE. Based on chemical and lead isotope analysis, we show that this unique object was made of almost pure metallic lead, likely smelted from lead ores origi-nating in the Taurus range in Anatolia. Either the finished object, or the raw material, was brought to the southern Levant, adding another major component to the already-rich Late Chalcolithic metallurgical corpus known to-date. The paper also discusses possible uses of the object, suggesting that it may have been used as a spindle whorl, at least towards its deposition.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74387443/RESEARCH_ARTICLE_The_Earliest_Lead_Object_in_the_Levant","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-03-23T07:42:26.536-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"RESEARCH_ARTICLE_The_Earliest_Lead_Object_in_the_Levant","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":18735273,"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.791.3528\u0026rep=rep1\u0026type=pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="68764022"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/68764022/Earliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in_the_ancient_Near_East_The_ass_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Tell_e%E1%B9%A3_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A2fi_Gath_Israel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Earliest evidence for equid bit wear in the ancient Near East: The "ass" from Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79125657/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/68764022/Earliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in_the_ancient_Near_East_The_ass_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Tell_e%E1%B9%A3_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A2fi_Gath_Israel">Earliest evidence for equid bit wear in the ancient Near East: The "ass" from Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PloS one</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Analysis of a sacrificed and interred domestic donkey from an Early Bronze Age (EB) IIIB (c. 2800...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Analysis of a sacrificed and interred domestic donkey from an Early Bronze Age (EB) IIIB (c. 2800-2600 BCE) domestic residential neighborhood at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel, indicate the presence of bit wear on the Lower Premolar 2 (LPM2). This is the earliest evidence for the use of a bit among early domestic equids, and in particular donkeys, in the Near East. The mesial enamel surfaces on both the right and left LPM2 of the particular donkey in question are slightly worn in a fashion that suggests that a dental bit (metal, bone, wood, etc.) was used to control the animal. Given the secure chronological context of the burial (beneath the floor of an EB IIIB house), it is suggested that this animal provides the earliest evidence for the use of a bit on an early domestic equid from the Near East.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4ac145e53f273d14d17f8ea1d3d11934" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79125657,"asset_id":68764022,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79125657/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="68764022"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68764022"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68764022; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68764022]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68764022]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68764022; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='68764022']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68764022, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4ac145e53f273d14d17f8ea1d3d11934" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=68764022]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":68764022,"title":"Earliest evidence for equid bit wear in the ancient Near East: The \"ass\" from Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Analysis of a sacrificed and interred domestic donkey from an Early Bronze Age (EB) IIIB (c. 2800-2600 BCE) domestic residential neighborhood at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel, indicate the presence of bit wear on the Lower Premolar 2 (LPM2). This is the earliest evidence for the use of a bit among early domestic equids, and in particular donkeys, in the Near East. The mesial enamel surfaces on both the right and left LPM2 of the particular donkey in question are slightly worn in a fashion that suggests that a dental bit (metal, bone, wood, etc.) was used to control the animal. Given the secure chronological context of the burial (beneath the floor of an EB IIIB house), it is suggested that this animal provides the earliest evidence for the use of a bit on an early domestic equid from the Near East.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"PloS one"},"translated_abstract":"Analysis of a sacrificed and interred domestic donkey from an Early Bronze Age (EB) IIIB (c. 2800-2600 BCE) domestic residential neighborhood at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel, indicate the presence of bit wear on the Lower Premolar 2 (LPM2). This is the earliest evidence for the use of a bit among early domestic equids, and in particular donkeys, in the Near East. The mesial enamel surfaces on both the right and left LPM2 of the particular donkey in question are slightly worn in a fashion that suggests that a dental bit (metal, bone, wood, etc.) was used to control the animal. Given the secure chronological context of the burial (beneath the floor of an EB IIIB house), it is suggested that this animal provides the earliest evidence for the use of a bit on an early domestic equid from the Near East.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68764022/Earliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in_the_ancient_Near_East_The_ass_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Tell_e%E1%B9%A3_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A2fi_Gath_Israel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-01-19T23:05:46.564-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2734569,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79125657,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79125657/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"6d72b24714d0dfd977bcd245803485f88923.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79125657/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Earliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79125657/6d72b24714d0dfd977bcd245803485f88923-libre.pdf?1642663131=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEarliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=Jh~Tof5vKMBCDqMUAzKcVDZXyFVpGShDlCu7J9jXxOmKiX1HM-4y7IGUgBHkOio2jHqhOdIl2aBX3AcIpQcGbT70Ol6e8UIhwKf3jPaB0RAxfXie61s6nGSVL1XamiprP3CeuI~YGr04vJyL2mJ2cctSQJYADE8vFUy9Di9l7A~ZCyr-tt-Gd0GHVU-S8zT9OcBkhpU4Wy7wPY3-mjDtfX50hx-qa1NFGPJgp~x31hc4lm~WgnTyfYeDQXv~MzAtXwMzFiECRVCobdbLFna7k2BlazF~fEGO~-38p7GflvRodfbsiUMslLHLEqc5TnEgmN6jEyQNlf125A~DmIe7hQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Earliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in_the_ancient_Near_East_The_ass_from_Early_Bronze_Age_Tell_eṣ_Ṣâfi_Gath_Israel","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":2734569,"first_name":"Adi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Eliyahu Behar","page_name":"AdiEliyahuBehar","domain_name":"ariel","created_at":"2012-11-06T19:44:19.872-08:00","display_name":"Adi Eliyahu Behar","url":"https://ariel.academia.edu/AdiEliyahuBehar","email":"ejZlVkdTaWE4b1VJVFBhZGhFSjNoV3NUU1h1WFJmL3lKdk93Vm5WU0h2WjJvRm1PcW12TmtBQ1F6cnRjaWQ5Vy0tRHQraTYyeHhUYVh2Um1UbFFWVnhtdz09--4ebc4efed0d0c2f3b9ec9b7e10cf9447830231ee"},"attachments":[{"id":79125657,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79125657/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"6d72b24714d0dfd977bcd245803485f88923.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79125657/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4NzU1Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Earliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79125657/6d72b24714d0dfd977bcd245803485f88923-libre.pdf?1642663131=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEarliest_evidence_for_equid_bit_wear_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1732434161\u0026Signature=Jh~Tof5vKMBCDqMUAzKcVDZXyFVpGShDlCu7J9jXxOmKiX1HM-4y7IGUgBHkOio2jHqhOdIl2aBX3AcIpQcGbT70Ol6e8UIhwKf3jPaB0RAxfXie61s6nGSVL1XamiprP3CeuI~YGr04vJyL2mJ2cctSQJYADE8vFUy9Di9l7A~ZCyr-tt-Gd0GHVU-S8zT9OcBkhpU4Wy7wPY3-mjDtfX50hx-qa1NFGPJgp~x31hc4lm~WgnTyfYeDQXv~MzAtXwMzFiECRVCobdbLFna7k2BlazF~fEGO~-38p7GflvRodfbsiUMslLHLEqc5TnEgmN6jEyQNlf125A~DmIe7hQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":22878,"name":"Ancient Greek History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":34642,"name":"Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel"},{"id":37881,"name":"Animal Husbandry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Husbandry"},{"id":56473,"name":"Tooth wear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tooth_wear"},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans"},{"id":77510,"name":"Equidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equidae"},{"id":90326,"name":"Fossils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fossils"},{"id":97158,"name":"Paleodontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleodontology"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="68763945"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/68763945/Interregional_Trade_and_Exchange_at_Early_Bronze_Age_Tell_e%E1%B9%A3_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A2fi_Gath"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Interregional Trade and Exchange at Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/68763945/Interregional_Trade_and_Exchange_at_Early_Bronze_Age_Tell_e%E1%B9%A3_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A2fi_Gath">Interregional Trade and Exchange at Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Near Eastern Archaeology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There are various strands of evidence to demonstrate that the occupants of Area E participated in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There are various strands of evidence to demonstrate that the occupants of Area E participated in an interregional exchange system. Several hippopotamus ivory objects, including an ivory cylinder seal, are likely of exotic origin. Some were shaped and drilled (fig. 1). They are found in almost all of the buildings in Area E, suggesting that they were not limited to elite individuals only. It is not yet clear whether they were made from hippopotamus ivory from the Nile or from local southern Levantine rivers, since hippopotami existed in the coastal plain of Israel until the early Iron Age (Horwitz and Tchernov 1990). To date, sixty-six basalt artifacts have been recovered at Tell es -S âfi/Gath (fig. 2; see Beller, this issue). The absence of suitable basalt sources within the Shephelah suggests that residents of Tell es -S âfi/Gath acquired these basalt commodities from distant sources through exchange. A provenance analysis was performed in order to determine the regions with which residents of Tell es -S âfi/Gath conducted exchange. This analysis involved the generation and comparison of the geochemical profiles of nineteen basalt artifacts, all of which were grinding stones, with those of previously published basalt sources from the southern Levant, Sinai, and Egypt. The results of the provenance analysis demonstrated that fifteen of the nineteen basalt artifacts were chemically consistent, specifically in terms of their total alkali-silica content, with a source or, at minimum, a specific region within the southern Levant. In this manner, four were most consistent with sources around the Sea of Galilee region, one with the Golan, two with the Galilee, three with the Jezreel Valley, and five with the eastern Dead Sea in modern Jordan. Basalt artifacts were transported over distances of 60 km from the eastern Dead Sea region and 100 km from within the Jezreel Valley and around the Sea of Galilee region. It should be noted that no artifacts were linked to more distant sources, such as those in Sinai and Egypt (Beller, Greenfield, Fayek et al. 2016; Beller, Greenfield, Shai et al. 2016). Unfortunately, no basalt ground stone quarry or workshop dating to the EB has been discovered (Milevski 2009: 121). This absence has prohibited insight into the nature of raw material procurement and stymied estimations of the scale of the basalt industry. However, urban centers proximate to basalt sources (e.g., Bet Yerah, Megiddo, Batrawy, Interregional Trade and Exchange at Early Bronze Age Tell es. -S. âfi / Gath</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="68763945"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68763945"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68763945; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68763945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68763945]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68763945; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='68763945']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68763945, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=68763945]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":68763945,"title":"Interregional Trade and Exchange at Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"There are various strands of evidence to demonstrate that the occupants of Area E participated in an interregional exchange system. Several hippopotamus ivory objects, including an ivory cylinder seal, are likely of exotic origin. Some were shaped and drilled (fig. 1). They are found in almost all of the buildings in Area E, suggesting that they were not limited to elite individuals only. It is not yet clear whether they were made from hippopotamus ivory from the Nile or from local southern Levantine rivers, since hippopotami existed in the coastal plain of Israel until the early Iron Age (Horwitz and Tchernov 1990). To date, sixty-six basalt artifacts have been recovered at Tell es -S âfi/Gath (fig. 2; see Beller, this issue). The absence of suitable basalt sources within the Shephelah suggests that residents of Tell es -S âfi/Gath acquired these basalt commodities from distant sources through exchange. A provenance analysis was performed in order to determine the regions with which residents of Tell es -S âfi/Gath conducted exchange. This analysis involved the generation and comparison of the geochemical profiles of nineteen basalt artifacts, all of which were grinding stones, with those of previously published basalt sources from the southern Levant, Sinai, and Egypt. The results of the provenance analysis demonstrated that fifteen of the nineteen basalt artifacts were chemically consistent, specifically in terms of their total alkali-silica content, with a source or, at minimum, a specific region within the southern Levant. In this manner, four were most consistent with sources around the Sea of Galilee region, one with the Golan, two with the Galilee, three with the Jezreel Valley, and five with the eastern Dead Sea in modern Jordan. Basalt artifacts were transported over distances of 60 km from the eastern Dead Sea region and 100 km from within the Jezreel Valley and around the Sea of Galilee region. It should be noted that no artifacts were linked to more distant sources, such as those in Sinai and Egypt (Beller, Greenfield, Fayek et al. 2016; Beller, Greenfield, Shai et al. 2016). Unfortunately, no basalt ground stone quarry or workshop dating to the EB has been discovered (Milevski 2009: 121). This absence has prohibited insight into the nature of raw material procurement and stymied estimations of the scale of the basalt industry. However, urban centers proximate to basalt sources (e.g., Bet Yerah, Megiddo, Batrawy, Interregional Trade and Exchange at Early Bronze Age Tell es. -S. âfi / Gath","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","publication_name":"Near Eastern Archaeology"},"translated_abstract":"There are various strands of evidence to demonstrate that the occupants of Area E participated in an interregional exchange system. Several hippopotamus ivory objects, including an ivory cylinder seal, are likely of exotic origin. Some were shaped and drilled (fig. 1). They are found in almost all of the buildings in Area E, suggesting that they were not limited to elite individuals only. It is not yet clear whether they were made from hippopotamus ivory from the Nile or from local southern Levantine rivers, since hippopotami existed in the coastal plain of Israel until the early Iron Age (Horwitz and Tchernov 1990). To date, sixty-six basalt artifacts have been recovered at Tell es -S âfi/Gath (fig. 2; see Beller, this issue). The absence of suitable basalt sources within the Shephelah suggests that residents of Tell es -S âfi/Gath acquired these basalt commodities from distant sources through exchange. A provenance analysis was performed in order to determine the regions with which residents of Tell es -S âfi/Gath conducted exchange. This analysis involved the generation and comparison of the geochemical profiles of nineteen basalt artifacts, all of which were grinding stones, with those of previously published basalt sources from the southern Levant, Sinai, and Egypt. The results of the provenance analysis demonstrated that fifteen of the nineteen basalt artifacts were chemically consistent, specifically in terms of their total alkali-silica content, with a source or, at minimum, a specific region within the southern Levant. In this manner, four were most consistent with sources around the Sea of Galilee region, one with the Golan, two with the Galilee, three with the Jezreel Valley, and five with the eastern Dead Sea in modern Jordan. Basalt artifacts were transported over distances of 60 km from the eastern Dead Sea region and 100 km from within the Jezreel Valley and around the Sea of Galilee region. It should be noted that no artifacts were linked to more distant sources, such as those in Sinai and Egypt (Beller, Greenfield, Fayek et al. 2016; Beller, Greenfield, Shai et al. 2016). Unfortunately, no basalt ground stone quarry or workshop dating to the EB has been discovered (Milevski 2009: 121). This absence has prohibited insight into the nature of raw material procurement and stymied estimations of the scale of the basalt industry. 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Analyses show that iron objects were likely produced and maintained on a large scale, alongside bronze, employing regionally unique forms of crucibles and tuyères. The material culture of metalworking is discussed in relation to contemporaneous iron production sites in the region, building a more robust picture of the adoption of iron metallurgy in the Levant versus the status of bronze and iron.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="53741627"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53741627"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53741627; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53741627]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53741627]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53741627; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='53741627']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53741627, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=53741627]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":53741627,"title":"An Iron IIA Iron and Bronze Workshop in the Lower City of Tell es-Safi/Gath","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An iron and bronze workshop in the lower city of Tell es-Safi/Gath, dated to the mid-late Iron IIA, contributes new data on the chronology, organization, and practice of metal production in the urban Philistine setting. 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