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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savarkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savarkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Savarkar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savarkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Supreme Court of India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindutva_under_Modi_(2014–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindutva_under_Modi_(2014–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Hindutva under Modi (2014–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindutva_under_Modi_(2014–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrogation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrogation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Abrogation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrogation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayodhya_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayodhya_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Ayodhya dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayodhya_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_conversion_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_conversion_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Forced conversion bans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_conversion_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishva_Hindu_Parishad_and_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishva_Hindu_Parishad_and_Bharatiya_Janata_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Vishva Hindu Parishad and Bharatiya Janata Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishva_Hindu_Parishad_and_Bharatiya_Janata_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_and_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_and_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Concepts and issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts_and_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concepts and issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts_and_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uniform_Civil_Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform_Civil_Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Uniform Civil Code </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform_Civil_Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_Hindu_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_Hindu_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Protection of Hindu interests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_Hindu_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindutva_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindutva_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Hindutva violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hindutva_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hindutva violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hindutva_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cow_vigilantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cow_vigilantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cow vigilantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cow_vigilantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_apologetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_apologetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism and apologetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_apologetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and apologetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_apologetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_fascism_and_Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_fascism_and_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Similarities with fascism and Nazism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_fascism_and_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_casteism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_casteism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Upper casteism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_casteism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahistorical_premises,_separatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahistorical_premises,_separatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Ahistorical premises, separatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahistorical_premises,_separatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_academic_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_academic_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Threats to academic freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_academic_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindutva_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindutva_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hindutva pop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindutva_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hindutva</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7" title="هندوتفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندوتفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="হিন্দুত্ব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দুত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="হিন্দুত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দুত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="हिंदुत्व – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदुत्व" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_(%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%B1)" title="Ινδικότητα (Χίντουτβα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδικότητα (Χίντουτβα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvo" title="Hindutvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindutvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="هندوتوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هندوتوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="હિંદુત્વ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદુત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%ED%8A%B8%EB%B0%94" title="힌두트바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두트바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="हिन्दुत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दुत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%94" title="הינדוטבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדוטבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಹಿಂದುತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിന്ദുത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദുത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="हिंदुत्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदुत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoetva" title="Hindoetva – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindoetva" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="हिन्दुत्व – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दुत्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1" title="ヒンドゥトヴァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥトヴァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5" title="ਹਿੰਦੂਤਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੂਤਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ہندوتوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوتوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хиндутва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиндутва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80" title="හින්දුත්ව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දුත්ව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindutva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hindutva (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hɪnˈdʊtvə/</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Hindu-ness') is a political ideology encompassing the cultural justification of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> and the belief in establishing Hindu hegemony within <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BrownMcLean2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haokip-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GregoryJohnston2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-online-hindutva-4">[4]</a> The political ideology was formulated by <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2012-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman_Malik-6">[6]</a> It is used by the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> (VHP), the current ruling <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP),<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindutva_Road-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna2011324-8">[8]</a> and other organisations, collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a>. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">European fascism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brown_Sant-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Noorani-10">[10]</a> the Hindutva movement has been variously described as a variant of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing extremism">right-wing extremism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leidig-11">[11]</a> as "almost <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a><a href="#cite_note-j3517631-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parel-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varadarajan-15">[15]</a> Some analysts dispute the identification of Hindutva with fascism and suggest that Hindutva is an extreme form of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalism">ethno-nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt_&_Mukta-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED), Hindutva is "Originally: the state or quality of being Hindu; ‘Hinduness’. Now: an ideology advocating, or movement seeking to establish, the hegemony of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> within India; Hindu nationalism."<a href="#cite_note-OED-online-hindutva-4">[4]</a> Its etymology, according to the OED, is: "from modern Sanskrit hindutva (Hindu qualities, Hindu identity) from hindu (from Hindi hindū : see Hindu n.) + classical Sanskrit -tva, suffix forming abstract nouns, after Hindi hindupan, in the same sense."<a href="#cite_note-OED-online-hindutva-4">[4]</a> The etymology and meaning of hindu, according to the OED is: "Partly a borrowing from Hindi and Urdu. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: Urdu hindū, Persian hindū. from (i) Hindi hindū and Urdu hindū, originally denoting a person from India, now specifically a follower of Hinduism, and its etymon (ii) Persian hindū, in the same senses (Middle Persian hindūg, denoting a person from India), apparently formed already in Old Persian ... hindu, denoting an eastern province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid empire">Achaemenid empire</a>."<a href="#cite_note-OED-online-hindu-17">[17]</a> According to Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Hindutva is a concept of "Indian cultural, national, and religious identity".<a href="#cite_note-mwewr1999-18">[18]</a> The term "conflates a geographically based religious, cultural, and national identity: a true 'Indian' is one who partakes of this 'Hindu-ness'. Some Indians insist, however, that Hindutva is primarily a cultural term to refer to the traditional and indigenous heritage of the Indian nation-state, and they compare the relationship between Hindutva and India to that of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>."<a href="#cite_note-mwewr1999-18">[18]</a> This view, as summarised by Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, holds that "even those who are not religiously Hindu but whose religions originated in India – Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, and others – share in this historical, cultural, and national essence. Those whose religions were imported to India, meaning primarily the country’s Muslim and Christian communities, may fall within the boundaries of Hindutva only if they subsume themselves into the majority culture".<a href="#cite_note-mwewr1999-18">[18]</a> According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations, "Hindutva, translated as 'Hinduness,' refers to the ideology of Hindu nationalists, stressing the common culture of the inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent. ... Modern politicians have attempted to play down the racial and anti-Muslim aspects of Hindutva, stressing the inclusiveness of the Indian identity; but the term has <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> undertones."<a href="#cite_note-BrownMcLean2018-1">[1]</a> According to The Dictionary of Human Geography, "Hindutva encapsulates the cultural justification of Hindu nationalism, a 'Hinduness' allegedly shared by all Hindus."<a href="#cite_note-GregoryJohnston2011-3">[3]</a> According to A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia, "One of the main purposes behind the concept of Hindutva was to construct a collective identity to support the cause of 'Hindu-unity' (Hindu Sanghatan) and to avoid too narrow a definition of Hinduism, which had the consequence of excluding Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains from the Hindu community. Later, Hindu-nationalist ideologues transformed the concept into a strategy to include non-Hindus, in order to widen their social base, and for political mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-SchottliMitra2015-19">[19]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>'s article on <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>, a Hindu and Indian nationalist,<a href="#cite_note-britannica-savarkar1-20">[20]</a> "Hindutva ("Hinduness") ... sought to define Indian culture as a manifestation of Hindu values; this concept grew to become a major tenet of Hindu nationalist ideology."<a href="#cite_note-britannica-savarkar1-20">[20]</a> According to the Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Hindutva as defined in the classic statement of its ideology, is the "culture of the Hindu race" where Hinduism is but an element and "Hindu dharma is a religion practiced by Hindus as well as Sikhs and Buddhists". The article further states, "proponents of Hindutva have sought to promote the identification of national identity with the religious and broader cultural heritage of Hindus. Measures taken to achieve this end have included attempts to 'reclaim' individuals judged to have taken up 'alien' religions, the pursuit of social, cultural and philanthropic activities designed to strengthen awareness of Hindu belonging, and direct political action through various organisations, including recognized political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP)."<a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2012-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savarkar">Savarkar</h3></div> For Savarkar, in <a href="/wiki/Hindutva:_Who_Is_a_Hindu%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu?">Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu?</a>, Hindutva is an inclusive term of everything Indic. The three essentials of Hindutva in Savarkar's definition were the common nation (rashtra), common race (jati), and common culture or civilisation (sanskriti).<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-22">[22]</a> Savarkar used the words "Hindu" and "Sindhu" interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">[23]</a> Those terms were at the foundation of his Hindutva, as geographic, cultural and ethnic concepts, and "religion did not figure in his ensemble", states Sharma.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUSSBAUM2009p58-24">[24]</a> His elaboration of Hindutva included all <a href="/wiki/Indic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic religions">Indic religions</a>, i.e. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Savarkar restricted "Hindu nationality" to "Indian religions" in the sense that they shared a common culture and fondness for the land of their origin.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">[23]</a> Savarkar had made clear distinction between Hinduism and Hindutva, that they are not same things as Hindutva does not concern religion or rituals but the basis of India's national character.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A Hindu means a person who regards this land of Bharatvarsha, from the Indus to the seas as his Fater-Land as well as his Holy-Land that is the cradle land of his religion<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hinditva - Who is a Hindu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf">https://archive.org/details/hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf</a></cite></div></blockquote> In summary, Savarkar's Hinduism is a concept beyond the practice of religion. It encompasses India's cultural, historical, and national identity rooted in Hindu traditions and values. Hindutva is to build a strong Hindu nation, and this is the principle that holds together the customs and culture of this land.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Christophe Jaffrelot</a>, a political scientist specialising in South Asia, Savarkar – declaring himself as an <a href="/wiki/Hindu_atheism" title="Hindu atheism">atheist</a> – "minimizes the importance of religion in his definition of Hindu", and instead emphasises an ethnic group with a shared culture and cherished geography.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUSSBAUM2009p58-24">[24]</a> To Savarkar, states Jaffrelot, a Hindu is "first and foremost someone who lives in the area beyond the Indus river, between the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean".<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">[23]</a> Savarkar composed his ideology in reaction to the "pan-Islamic mobilization of the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat movement">Khilafat movement</a>", where Indian Muslims were pledging support to the Istanbul-based Caliph of the Ottoman Empire and to Islamic symbols, his thoughts predominantly reflect deep hostility to Islam and its followers. To Savarkar, states Jaffrelot, "Muslims were the real enemies, not the British", because their Islamic ideology posed "a threat to the real nation, namely Hindu Rashtra" in his vision.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">[23]</a> All those who reject this historic "common culture" were excluded by Savarkar. He included those who had converted to Christianity or Islam but accepted and cherished the shared Indic culture, considering them as those who can be re-integrated.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">[23]</a> According to Chetan Bhatt, a sociologist specialising in Human Rights and Indian nationalism, Savarkar "distances the idea of Hindu and of Hindutva from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt1997p186-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[a]</a> He describes Hindutva, states Bhatt, as "one of the most comprehensive and bewildering synthetic concepts known to the human tongue" and "Hindutva is not a word but a history; not only the spiritual or religious history of our people as at times it is mistaken to be by being confounded with the other cognate term Hinduism, but a history in full".<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt1997p186-28">[28]</a> Savarkar's notion of Hindutva formed the foundation for his <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-22">[22]</a> It was a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> per the criteria set by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Fallers" title="Lloyd Fallers">Lloyd Fallers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Anthony D. Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199612–13-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_of_India">Supreme Court of India</h3></div> The definition and the use of Hindutva and its relationship with Hinduism has been a part of several court cases in India. In 1966, the Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Gajendragadkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajendragadkar">Gajendragadkar</a> wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in Yagnapurushdasji (AIR 1966 SC 1127), that "Hinduism is impossible to define".<a href="#cite_note-senewc-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[b]</a> The court adopted Radhakrishnan's submission that Hinduism is complex and "the theist and atheist, the sceptic and agnostic, may all be Hindus if they accept the Hindu system of culture and life".<a href="#cite_note-senewc-32">[31]</a> The Court judged that Hinduism historically has had an "inclusive nature" and it may "broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more".<a href="#cite_note-senewc-32">[31]</a> The 1966 decision has influenced how the term Hindutva has been understood in later cases, in particular the seven decisions of the Supreme Court in the 1990s that are now called the "Hindutva judgments".<a href="#cite_note-senewc-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarty2018-35">[33]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ram_Jethmalani" title="Ram Jethmalani">Ram Jethmalani</a>, an Indian lawyer and a former president of its Supreme Court Bar Association, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in 1995 ruled that "Ordinarily, Hindutva is understood as a way of life or a state of mind and is not to be equated with or understood as religious Hindu fundamentalism ... it is a fallacy and an error of law to proceed on the assumption ... that the use of words Hindutva or Hinduism per se depicts an attitude hostile to all persons practising any religion other than the Hindu religion ... It may well be that these words are used in a speech to promote secularism or to emphasise the way of life of the Indian people and the Indian culture or ethos, or to criticise the policy of any political party as discriminatory or intolerant."<a href="#cite_note-Supremecourt-36">[34]</a> According to Jethmalani, the Supreme Court has properly explained the "true meaning" of the term, and "Hindutva is not hostility to any organised religion nor does it proclaim its superiority of any religion to another". According to him, it is unfortunate that "the communal propaganda machinery relentlessly disseminates "Hindutva" as a communal word, something that has also become embedded in the minds and language of opinion leaders, including politicians, media, civil society and the intelligentsia".<a href="#cite_note-Supremecourt-36">[34]</a> The Indian lawyer <a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">Abdul Noorani</a> disagrees, and states that the Supreme Court in its 1995 ruling gave "Hindutva a benign meaning, calling Hindutva the same as Indianization, etc." and these were unnecessary digressions from the facts of the case, and in doing so, the court may have brought down the wall separating religion and politics".<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by 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privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The word Hindutva was already in use by the late 1890s by <a href="/wiki/Chandranath_Basu" title="Chandranath Basu">Chandranath Basu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ThePrint20202-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p77-41">[39]</a> Basu's usage of the word was to merely portray a traditional Hindu cultural view in contrary to the formation of the political ideology by <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Savarkar, a right-wing nationalist and Indian freedom activist, wrote a book titled Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?" in 1922,<a href="#cite_note-Sweetman_Malik-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2010p142-44">[42]</a> in which he outlined his ideology and "the idea of a universal and essential Hindu identity". The term "Hindu identity" is broadly interpreted and distinguished from "ways of life and values of others".<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2010p142-44">[42]</a> The contemporary meaning and usage of Hindutva largely derives from Savarkar's ideas, as does the post-1980s nationalism and mass political activity in India.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p77-41">[39]</a> According to Jaffrelot, Hindutva as outlined in Savarkar's writings "perfectly illustrates" an effort at identity-building through the "stigmatisation and emulation of threatening others". In particular, it was pan-Islamism and similar "Pan-isms" that he assumed made the Hindus vulnerable, as he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">O Hindus, consolidate and strengthen Hindu nationality; not to give wanton offence to any of our non-Hindu compatriots, in fact to any one in the world but in just and urgent defence of our race and land; to render it impossible for others to betray her or to subject her to unprovoked attack by any of those "Pan-isms" that are struggling forth from continent to continent.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, quoted by Christophe Jaffrelot<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1999p25-45">[43]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Hindutva ideology borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">European fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_Sant-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Noorani-10">[10]</a> Parallels between Hindutva and European fascism are observed in the concepts such as repeated mobilisations, appeals to a mythic past, anti-socialism and other concepts.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Since Savarkar's time, the "Hindu identity" and the associated Hindutva ideology has been built upon the perceived vulnerability of Indian religions, culture and heritage from those who through "orientalist construction" have vilified them as inferior to a non-Indian religion, culture and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p60-47">[45]</a> In its nationalistic response, Hindutva has been conceived "primarily as an ethnic community" concept, states Jaffrelot, then presented as cultural nationalism, where Hinduism along with other Indian religions are but a part.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1999p30-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[d]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a>, a scholar of Hinduism, Hindutva has not been a "static and monolithic concept", rather its meaning and "context, text and subtext has changed over time". The struggles of the colonial era and the formulation of neo-Hinduism by the early 20th century added a sense of "ethnicity" to the original "Hinduness" meaning of Hindutva.<a href="#cite_note-sharma20-55">[51]</a> Its early formulation incorporated the racism and nationalism concepts prevalent in Europe during the first half of the 20th century, and culture was in part rationalised as a result of "shared blood and race". Savarkar and his Hindutva colleagues adopted the <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a> theories prevalent by the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p77-56">[52]</a> In the post-independence period, states Sharma, the concept has suffered from ambiguity and its understanding aligned on "two different axes" – one of religion versus culture, another of nation versus state. In general, the Hindutva thought among many Indians has "tried to align itself with the culture and nation" axes.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> According to Prabhu Bapu, a historian and scholar of Oriental Studies, the term and the contextual meaning of Hindutva emerged from the Indian experience in the colonial era, memories of its religious wars as the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> decayed, an era of Muslim and Christian <a href="/wiki/Proselytisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytisation">proselytisation</a>, a feeling that their traditions and cultures were being insulted, whereby the Hindu intellectuals formulated Hindutva as a "Hindu identity" as a prelude to a national resurgence and a unified Indian nation against the "foreign invaders".<a href="#cite_note-Bapu2012p62-58">[54]</a> The development of "religious nationalism" and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">demand</a> by the Muslim leaders on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of British India</a> into Muslim and non-Muslim nations (Pakistan and Bangladesh being Muslim-majority, and India being Hindu-majority) during the middle of the 20th century, confirmed its narrative of geographical and cultural nationalism based on Indian culture and religions.<a href="#cite_note-sharma20-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[f]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Muqtedar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqtedar Khan">Muqtedar Khan</a> has argued that Hindu nationalism further grew because of the religious divisions between Hindus and Muslims that were fomented by post-1947 <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism#India" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistani terrorist attacks</a> in and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">military conflicts</a> with India.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> According to Chetan Bhatt, the various forms of Hindu nationalism including the recent "cultural nationalist" form of Hindutva, have roots in the second half of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p3-66">[60]</a> These are a "dense cluster of ideologies" of <a href="/wiki/Primordialism" title="Primordialism">primordialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[g]</a> and they emerged from the colonial experiences of the Indian people in conjunction with ideas borrowed from European thinkers but thereafter debated, adapted and negotiated. These ideas included those of a nation, nationalism, race, <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p3-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[h]</a> Decades before he wrote his treatise on Hindutva, Savarkar was already famous in colonial India for his version of 1857 "Mutiny" history. He studied in London between 1906 and 1910. There he discussed and evolved his ideas of "what constituted a Hindu identity", made friends with Indian student groups as well as non-Indian groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p3-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhattp185-72">[64]</a> He was a part of the underground home rule and liberation movement of Indians, before getting arrested for anti-British activities. His political activities and intellectual journeys through the European publications, according to Bhatt, influenced him, his future writings and the 20th-century Hindutva ideology that emerged from his writings.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p3-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhattp185-72">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption">Adoption</h3></div> Savarkar's Hindutva ideology reached <a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> (Maharashtra) in 1925, and he found Savarkar's Hindutva inspirational.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersenDamle198734-73">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p96-74">[66]</a> He visited Savarkar in <a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri" title="Ratnagiri">Ratnagiri</a> shortly after and discussed with him methods for organising the 'Hindu nation'.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> Savarkar and Hedgewar discussions led in September that year to Hedgewar starting <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS, lit. "National Volunteer Society") with this mission. This organisation rapidly grew to become the largest Hindu nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p96-74">[66]</a> However, the term Hindutva was not used to describe the ideology of the new organisation; it was Hindu Rashtra (Hindu nation), with one RSS publication stating, "it became evident that Hindus were the nation in <a href="/wiki/Names_of_India#Bhārata" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of India">Bharat</a> and that Hindutva was Rashtriyatva [nationalism]."<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> Hedgewar's RSS not only propagated Hindutva ideology, it developed a grassroots organizational structure (<a href="/wiki/RSS_shakha" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS shakha">shakhas</a>) to reform the Hindu society. Village level groups met for morning and evening physical training sessions, martial training and Hindutva ideology lessons.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p96-74">[66]</a> Hedgewar kept RSS an ideologically active but an "apolitical" organisation. This practice of keeping out of national and international politics was retained by his successor <a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> through the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p96-74">[66]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Jason Stanley</a> states "the RSS was explicitly influenced by European fascist movements, its leading politicians regularly praised <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> in the late 1930s and 1940s."<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">B. S. Moonje</a> met with Mussolini and expressed a desire to replicate the fascist youth movement in India.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> According to Sali Augustine, the core institution of Hindutva has been the RSS. While the RSS states that Hindutva is different from Hinduism, it has been linked to religion. Therefore "cultural nationalism" is a euphemism, states Augustine, and it is meant to mask the creation of a state with a "Hindu religious identity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine200969–70-80">[72]</a> According to Jaffrelot, the regional heads of the RSS have included Indians who are Hindus as well as those who belong to other Indian religions such as <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1999p140-81">[73]</a> In parallel to the RSS, Savarkar, after his release from the colonial prison, joined and became the president of <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Hindu_Mahasabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha">Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha</a> in 1937. There, he used the terms Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra liberally, according to Graham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350–352-82">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a>, who served as its president in 1944 and joined the <a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">Jawaharlal Nehru Cabinet</a> after independence, was a Hindu traditionalist politician who wanted to uphold Hindu values but not necessarily to the exclusion of other communities. He asked for the membership of Hindu Mahasabha to be thrown open to all communities. When this was not accepted, he resigned from the party and founded a new political party in collaboration with the RSS. He understood Hinduism as a nationality rather than a community but, realising that this is not the common understanding of the term Hindu, he chose "Bharatiya" instead of "Hindu" to name the new party, which came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350–352-82">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3></div> The cabinet of the first prime minister of India <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> banned the RSS and arrested more than 200,000 RSS volunteers, after <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a former volunteer of RSS, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">assassinated Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196-83">[75]</a> Nehru also appointed government commissions to investigate the assassination and related circumstances. The series of investigations by these commissions, states the political science scholar Nandini Deo, later found the RSS leadership and "the RSS innocent of a role in the assassination".<a href="#cite_note-Deo2015p55-84">[76]</a> The mass arrested RSS volunteers were released by the Indian courts, and the RSS has ever since used this as evidence of "being falsely accused and condemned".<a href="#cite_note-Deo2015p55-84">[76]</a> According to the historian Robert Frykenberg specialising in <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, the RSS membership enormously expanded in <a href="/wiki/Independent_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent India">independent India</a>. In this period, while RSS remained "discretely out of politics", Jan Sangh, another Hindutva-ideology-based organisation, entered the political arena. The Jan Sangh had limited success in the Indian general elections between 1952 and 1971.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham2007p196-86">[78]</a> This was, in part, because of its poor organisation and leadership; its focus on the Hindutva sentiment did not appeal to the voters, and its campaign lacked adequate social and economic themes.<a href="#cite_note-Graham2007p196-86">[78]</a> This was also, in part, because Congress party leaders such <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> had co-opted some of the key Hindutva ideology themes and fused it with socialist policies and her father's Jawaharlal Nehru Soviet-style centrally controlled economic model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt2007-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> The RSS continued its grassroots operations between 1947 and early 1970s, and its volunteers provided humanitarian assistance to Hindu and Sikh refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">partition of British India</a>, victims of war and violence, and helped disaster victims to resettle economically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> Between 1975 and 1977, Indira Gandhi declared and enforced <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">Emergency</a> with press censorship, the arrests of opposition leaders, and the suspension of many fundamental human rights of Indian citizens. The abuses of Emergency triggered a mass resistance and the rapid growth of volunteers and political support to the Hindutva ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt2007-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> Indira Gandhi and her party were voted out of power in 1977. The Hindutva ideology-based Jan Sangh members such as <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Varma" title="Brij Lal Varma">Brij Lal Varma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> gained national prominence, and the Hindutva ideology sympathiser <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> became the prime minister of a coalition non-Congress government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196-83">[75]</a> This coalition did not last past 1980, and from the consequent break-up of coalition parties was founding of the Bharatiya Janata Party in April 1980. This new national political party relied on the Hindutva ideology-based rural and urban grassroots organisations that had rapidly grown across India from the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196-83">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindutva_under_Modi_(2014–present)">Hindutva under Modi (2014–present)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi#Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi § Narendra Modi</a></div> Since the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 Indian general election</a> with the BJP winning, the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">premiership of Narendra Modi</a> and state based BJP governments have pushed parts of the Hindutva agenda. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abrogation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir">Abrogation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir</h4></div> On 5 August 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Modi_ministry" title="Second Modi ministry">Modi administration</a> revoked the special status, or <a href="/wiki/Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India#Autonomy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir:_Structure_and_limitations" title="Article 370 of the Constitution of India">limited autonomy</a>, granted under <a href="/wiki/Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Article 370 of the Constitution of India">Article 370</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> The Supreme Court has however upheld the abrogation of article 370 as part of an exercise to integrate Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-z120-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-d928-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-x698-95">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayodhya_dispute">Ayodhya dispute</h4></div> On 9 November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> passed a verdict on creation of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">disputed land of Ayodhya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Ayodhya-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2019_Supreme_Court_verdict_on_Ayodhya_dispute" title="2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute">verdict</a> also stated to provide 5 acres (20,000 m2) for creation of a mosque on another alternative site which was given to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Waqf_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Waqf Board">Sunni Waqf Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) report which had stated that remains of a “Hindu structure” were found at the disputed Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi site was one of the evidences used for such a verdict.<a href="#cite_note-o629-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Ayodhya-98">[90]</a> On 5 August 2019, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> held the Bhoomipujan at the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>. He became the first prime minister to visit <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Garhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman Garhi">Hanuman Garhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> On 22 January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a> was completed and inaugurated by Prime Minister Modi.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> In a speech he said, "<a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Ram</a> is the faith of India, Ram is the foundation of India, Ram is the idea of India, Ram is the law of India. Ram is the prestige of India, Ram is the glory of India...Ram is the leader and Ram is the policy."<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forced_conversion_bans">Forced conversion bans</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_states_that_ban_forced_conversions_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indian_states_that_ban_forced_conversions_map.svg/220px-Indian_states_that_ban_forced_conversions_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indian_states_that_ban_forced_conversions_map.svg/330px-Indian_states_that_ban_forced_conversions_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indian_states_that_ban_forced_conversions_map.svg/440px-Indian_states_that_ban_forced_conversions_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption>Indian states that prohibit forced conversions (2022)</figcaption></figure> Many BJP-ruled states, such as <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, have considered laws designed to prevent <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a> from Hinduism to Islam through marriage. Hindutva advocates call this "<a href="/wiki/Love_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Love jihad">love jihad</a>", and it is widely considered to be an Islamophobic conspiracy theory.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-107">[99]</a> In September 2020, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a> asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent "religious conversions in the name of love".<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> On 31 October, he announced that a law to curb "love jihad"<a href="#cite_note-111">[i]</a> would be passed by his government. The law, which also includes provisions against "unlawful religious conversion", declares a marriage null and void if the sole intention was to "change a girl's religion" and both it and the one in Madhya Pradesh imposed sentences of up to 10 years in prison for those who broke the law.<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> The ordinance came into effect on 28 November 2020<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_Unlawful_Religious_Conversion_Ordinance,_2020" title="Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020">Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance</a>. In December 2020, Madhya Pradesh approved an anti-conversion law similar to the Uttar Pradesh one.<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> As of 25 November 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindutva&action=edit">[update]</a>, Haryana and Karnataka were still in discussion over similar ordinances.<a href="#cite_note-:10-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-107">[99]</a> In April 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat Assembly">Gujarat Assembly</a> amended the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Freedom_of_Religion_Act" title="Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act">Freedom of Religion Act, 2003</a>, bringing in stringent provisions against forcible conversion through marriage or allurement, with the intention of targeting "love jihad".<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a> The Karnataka state cabinet also approved an anti-conversion bill, making it a law in December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> This law was revoked by the new Government of Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-s676-126">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vishva_Hindu_Parishad_and_Bharatiya_Janata_Party">Vishva Hindu Parishad and Bharatiya Janata Party</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></div> The RSS established a number of affiliate organisations after <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian Independence</a> to carry its ideology to various parts of the society. Prominent among them is the Vishva Hindu Parishad, which was set up in 1964 with the objective of protecting and promoting the Hindu religion. It subscribed to Hindutva ideology, which came to mean in its hands political Hinduism and Hindu militancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatju20133–4-127">[118]</a> A number of political developments in the 1980s caused a sense of vulnerability among the Hindus in India. This was much discussed and leveraged by the Hindutva ideology organisations. These developments include the mass killing of the Hindus by the militant <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a>, the influx of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_in_India#Bangladeshi_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration in India">undocumented Bangladeshi immigration</a> into <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> coupled with the expulsion of Hindus from Bangladesh, the Congress-led government's pro-Muslim bias in the <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India#Shah_Bano_case" title="Secularism in India">Shah Bano case</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="Satanic Verses controversy">the Rushdie affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot1996343–345_with_footnotes-128">[119]</a> The VHP and the BJP utilised these developments to push forward a militant Hindutva nationalist agenda leading to the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a> movement. The BJP officially adopted Hindutva as its ideology in its 1989 Palampur resolution.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindutva_Road-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna2011324-8">[8]</a> The BJP claims that Hindutva represents "cultural nationalism" and its conception of "Indian nationhood", but not a religious or theocratic concept.<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a> It is "India's identity", according to the RSS Chief <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Bhagwat" title="Mohan Bhagwat">Mohan Bhagwat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> According to the anthropologist and South Asia Politics scholar Thomas Hansen, Hindutva in the post-Independence era has emerged as a political ideology and a populist form of Hindu nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p166-131">[122]</a> For Indian nationalists, it has subsumed "religious sentiments and public rituals into a larger discourse of national culture (Bharatiya culture) and the Hindu nation, Hindu rashtra", states Hansen.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p166-131">[122]</a> This notion has appealed to the masses in part because it "connects meaningfully with everyday anxieties of security, a sense of disorder" in modern Indian life.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p166-131">[122]</a> The BJP has deployed the Hindutva theme in its election campaign since early 1991, as well as nominated candidates who are affiliated with organisations that support the Hindutva ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p166-131">[122]</a> The campaign language of the Congress Party leader <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> in the 1980s mirrored those of Hindutva proponents. The political speeches and publications by Indian Muslim leaders have declared their "Islamic religious identity" being greater than any "political ideology or national identity". These developments, states Hansen, have helped Hindu nationalists spread essentialist constructions per contemporary Hindutva ideology.<a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_and_issues">Concepts and issues</h2></div> Hindutva ideology has focused on the following issues: <ul><li>Political representation of Hindu nationalists, and in some cases exclusivist interests of the Hindus and Indic-centered culture<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot_2013_876–894-134">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> as an integral, inseparable part of India<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a></li> <li>Address Christian and Islamic proselytisation, religious conversion practices and the arithmetic of religious communities in India;<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> insist that Muslims and Christians accept its doctrine of equality of religions<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a></li> <li>Implement social justice, reservations and rural Indic interests according to the Hindutva model<a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a></li> <li>Textbook revision and educating Indian youth in the Hindutva version of Indian history<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya</a> and other sites of historic religious disputes<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a></li> <li>Strengthen the defence forces of India<a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a></li> <li>Replace "pseudo-secularism" with "true secularism", the latter being the Western style separation of religion and state<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot_2013_876–894-134">[125]</a></li> <li>Decentralize and reform the Indian economy, end the socialist, centrally-planned, state-owned economic model<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a></li> <li>Represent the diaspora and its Indic cultural interests in the international forums<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniform_Civil_Code">Uniform Civil Code</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code" title="Uniform Civil Code">Uniform Civil Code</a></div> The Hindutva leaders have sought a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code" title="Uniform Civil Code">Uniform Civil Code</a> for all the <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">citizens of India</a>, where the same law applies to all its citizens irrespective of the individual's religion.<a href="#cite_note-HutchinsonSmith2000p888-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2012p103-150">[141]</a> They state that differential laws based on religion violate the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> and have sowed the seeds of divisiveness between different religious communities.<a href="#cite_note-HutchinsonSmith2000p888-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2012p103-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> Under the current laws that were enacted in 1955–56, state John Hutchinson and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Anthony D. Smith</a>, the constitutionally directive principle of a Uniform Civil Code covers only non-Muslims. The Uniform Civil Code is opposed by the Muslim leaders.<a href="#cite_note-HutchinsonSmith2000p888-149">[140]</a> A Uniform Civil Code that applies equally to the Muslims in India is also opposed by political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_of_Hindu_interests">Protection of Hindu interests</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muscular_Hinduism" title="Muscular Hinduism">Muscular Hinduism</a></div> The followers of Hindutva are known for their criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> as too passive with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> by Kashmiri Muslim separatists and the <a href="/wiki/1998_Wandhama_massacre" title="1998 Wandhama massacre">1998 Wandhama massacre</a>, and advocates of Hindutva wish a harder stance in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> The supporters of Hindutva sought to protect the native Hindu culture and traditions especially those that symbolised the Hindu culture. They believe that Indian culture is identical with the Hindu culture.<a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a> These include animals, language, holy structures, rivers and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-156">[147]</a> They opposed the continuation of Urdu being used as a vernacular language as they associated it with Muslims. They felt that Urdu symbolised a foreign culture. For them, Hindi alone was the unifying factor for all the diverse forces in the country. They even wanted to make Hindi as the official language of India and felt that it should be promoted at the expense of English and the other regional languages, with some Hindutva followers describing this with the slogan "Hindi-Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-158">[149]</a> However, this caused a state of tension and alarm in the non-Hindi regions. The non-Hindi regions saw it as an attempt by the north to dominate the rest of the country. Eventually, this demand was put down in order to protect the cultural diversity of the country.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> Hindutva activists have <a href="/wiki/Urduwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Urduwood">boycotted</a> several <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Bollywood</a> movies in recent years, claiming that they use too much Urdu and are anti-Hindu;<a href="#cite_note-:03-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a> some activists have called for <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India" title="Cinema of South India">South Indian cinema</a> to be patronised instead, claiming that it is more culturally rooted.<a href="#cite_note-:1-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> Hindutva opposition to Urdu coincides with a desire to spread a <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">Sanskritised</a> Hindi across India.<a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-158">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_nationalist_political_parties" title="List of Hindu nationalist political parties">List of Hindu nationalist political parties</a></div> Hindutva is the guiding ideology of the RSS and its affiliated family of organisations, the <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009-166">[157]</a> In general, Hindutvavadis (followers of Hindutva) believe that they represent the well-being of Dharmic religions: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most nationalists are organised into political, cultural and social organisations using the concept of Hindutva as a political tool. The first Hindutva organisation formed was the RSS, founded in 1925. A prominent Indian political party, the BJP, is closely associated with a group of organisations that advocate Hindutva. They collectively refer to themselves as the "Sangh Parivar" or family of associations, and include the RSS, <a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a> and the VHP.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other organisations include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, the overseas branch of the RSS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a>, a workers' union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a>, a students' union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a>, a farmers' organisation</li></ul> Political parties that are independent from the Sangh Parivar's influence but that also espouse the Hindutva ideology include the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, Prafull Goradia's Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh,<a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a> and the Marathi nationalist <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(UBT)" title="Shiv Sena (UBT)">Shiv Sena (UBT)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Navnirman_Sena" title="Maharashtra Navnirman Sena">Maharashtra Navnirman Sena</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> (SAD) is a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> religious party that maintained ties with Hindutva organisations and political parties, as they also represent Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> By September 2020, SAD left the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">NDA</a> over the farms bill.<a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindutva_violence">Hindutva violence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu terrorism</a></div> Since the mid-2010s, there has been a notable increase in violence motivated by Hindutva ideology, particularly towards Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> and includes acts of <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremist</a> terroristic violence.<a href="#cite_note-Gatade_pawns-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> This has principally been perpetrated by or has implicated members, or alleged members, of Hindu nationalist organizations such as the RSS or <a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-175">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-deepsaffron-176">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gatade_saffron_terror-177">[168]</a> The violence has also been condoned by the BJP politicians and used as an electoral strategy to garner support from the far-right Hindu population.<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> The veneration of cows as deities and restrictions on meat consumption have also been used by to justify violence against <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>, and lower-caste Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cow_vigilantism">Cow vigilantism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_cow_slaughter_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India_cow_slaughter_map.svg/220px-India_cow_slaughter_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India_cow_slaughter_map.svg/330px-India_cow_slaughter_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India_cow_slaughter_map.svg/440px-India_cow_slaughter_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>Cow slaughter laws in various states in India</figcaption></figure> There has been a rise in the number of incidents of cow vigilantism since the election of a BJP majority in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> in 2014. The frequency and severity of cow vigilante violence has been described as "unprecedented".<a href="#cite_note-PRI-181">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has reported that there has been a surge in such violence since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1-182">[173]</a> The surge is attributed to the recent rise in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-PRI-181">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-JobLoss-183">[174]</a> Many vigilante groups say they feel "empowered" by the victory of the Hindu nationalist BJP in the 2014 election.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-184">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Risk-185">[176]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> report, there were 63 attacks in India between 2010 and mid 2017 resulting in 28 deaths, 24 of them Muslim, and 124 injuries. Most attacks occurred after Narendra Modi took office in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-reuters20102017-186">[177]</a> Many BJP states have passed laws against cattle slaughter such as Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> On 6 June 2017, Uttar Pradesh's Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a> directed the state police to take action against cow slaughter and cattle smuggling under the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(India)" title="National Security Act (India)">National Security Act</a> and the Gangster Act,<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> and in (2021) <a href="/wiki/Assam_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Assembly">Assam Assembly</a> passed a bill that prohibits the slaughter or sale of beef within a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) radius of any temple. The legislation seeks to ensure that permission for slaughter is not granted to areas that are predominantly inhabited by Hindu, Jain, Sikh and other non-beef eating communities or places that fall within a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) radius of a temple, satra and any other institution as may be prescribed by the authorities. Exemptions, however, might be granted for certain religious occasions.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_apologetics">Criticism and apologetics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_with_fascism_and_Nazism">Similarities with fascism and Nazism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a> (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a> (1930)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></div> The Hindutva ideology of organisations such as RSS have long been compared to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. An editorial published on 4 February 1948, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/National_Herald" title="National Herald">National Herald</a>, the mouthpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> party, stated that "it [RSS] seems to embody Hinduism in a Nazi form" with the recommendation that it must be ended.<a href="#cite_note-Graham2007-194">[185]</a> Similarly, in 1956, another Congress party leader compared Jana Sangh to the Nazis in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[j]</a> After the 1940s and 1950s, a number of scholars have labelled or compared Hindutva to fascism.<a href="#cite_note-:3-198">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> Marzia Casolari has linked the association and the borrowing of pre-World War II European nationalist ideas by early leaders of Hindutva ideology.<a href="#cite_note-:6-201">[191]</a> According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations, the term Hindutva has "fascist undertones".<a href="#cite_note-BrownMcLean2018-1">[1]</a> Many scholars have pointed out that early Hindutva ideologues were inspired by fascist movements in early 20th-century Italy and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a> The Indian Marxist economist and political commentator <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Patnaik" title="Prabhat Patnaik">Prabhat Patnaik</a> calls Hindutva "almost fascist in the classical sense". He states that the Hindutva movement is based on "class support, methods and programme".<a href="#cite_note-j3517631-12">[12]</a> According to Patnaik, Hindutva has the following fascist ingredients: "an attempt to create a unified homogeneous majority under the concept of "the Hindus"; a sense of grievance against past injustice; a sense of cultural superiority; an interpretation of history according to this grievance and superiority; a rejection of rational arguments against this interpretation; and an appeal to the majority based on <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-j3517631-12">[12]</a> According to some opinion writers, Hindutva shows ethno-nationalism and hyper-militarism similar to <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[200]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] According to Jaffrelot, the early Hindutva proponents such as Golwalkar envisioned it as an extreme form of "ethnic nationalism", but the ideology differed from fascism and Nazism in three respects.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1996p77-211">[201]</a> First, unlike fascism and Nazism, it did not closely associate Hindutva with its leader. Second, while fascism emphasised the primacy of the state, Hindutva considered the state to be a secondary. Third, while Nazism emphasised primacy of the race, the Hindutva ideology emphasised primacy of the society over race.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1996p77-211">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[k]</a> According to Achin Vanaik, several authors have labelled Hindutva as fascist, but such a label requires "establishing a fascist minimum". Hindu nationalism, states Vanaik, is "a specific Indian manifestation of a generic phenomenon [of nationalism] but not one that belongs to the genus of fascism".<a href="#cite_note-215">[204]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Juergensmeyer" title="Mark Juergensmeyer">Mark Juergensmeyer</a>, a number of writers in India and outside India have variously described Hindutva as "fundamentalist" and "India's flirtation with native fascism", while others disagree.<a href="#cite_note-Juergensmeyer1996p129-216">[205]</a> The debate on Hindutva is a matter of perspective. The Indians debate it from the perspective of their own colonial past and their contemporary issues, while the Euro-American view considers it from the global issues, their own experiences with fundamentalism in light of classic liberal and relativist positions, states Juergensmeyer.<a href="#cite_note-Juergensmeyer1996p129-216">[205]</a> Sociologists Chetan Bhatt and Parita Mukta have described difficulties in identifying Hindutva with fascism or Nazism, because of Hindutva's embrace of cultural rather than racial nationalism, its "distinctively Indian" character, and "the RSS's disavowal of the seizure of state power in preference for long-term cultural labour in <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>". They describe Hindutva as a form of "revolutionary conservatism" or "ethnic absolutism".<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt_&_Mukta-16">[16]</a> According to Thomas Hansen, Hindutva represents a "conservative revolution" in postcolonial India, and its proponents have been combining "paternalistic and xenophobic discourses" with "democratic and universalist discourses on rights and entitlements" based on "desires, anxieties and fractured subjectivities" in India.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p4-217">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_casteism">Upper casteism</h3></div> When Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission" title="Mandal Commission">Mandal Commission</a> to broaden <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reservations</a> in government and public university jobs to a significant portion of the <a href="/wiki/Shudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudras">Shudras</a> who were officially branded the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Classes</a> (OBC), the mouthpiece of the Hindutva organisation RSS, <a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a> magazine, wrote of "an urgent need to build up moral and spiritual forces to counter any fallout from an expected Shudra revolution".<a href="#cite_note-218">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndianExpress7181746-219">[208]</a> According to social scientist and economist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dr%C3%A8ze" title="Jean Drèze">Jean Drèze</a>, the Mandal Commission angered the <a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">upper castes</a> and threatened to distance the OBCs, but the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid's destruction</a> and ensuing events helped to reduce this challenge and reunified Hindus on an <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Muslim</a> stance. He further claims "The Hindutva project is a lifeboat for the upper castes in so far as it promises to restore the <a href="/wiki/Brahminical_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahminical Hinduism">Brahminical</a> social order" and the potential enemies of this ideology is anybody whose acts or might hinder the process of restoring the Brahminic social order. Drèze further claims that although Hindutva is known as a majoritarian movement, it can be best expressed as an oppressive minority movement.<a href="#cite_note-220">[209]</a> According to Jaffrelot, the Sangh Parivar organisations with their Hindutva ideology have strived to impose the belief structure of the upper caste Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-IndianExpress7181746-219">[208]</a> According to Dalit rights activist and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Kancha_Ilaiah" title="Kancha Ilaiah">Kancha Ilaiah</a>, "Hindutva Is Nothing But Brahminism" and that only "Dalitisation can effectively counter the danger of Brahminical fascism disguised as Hindutva".<a href="#cite_note-221">[210]</a> According to sociologist Amritorupa Sen, the privileges of the upper caste and especially Brahmins have become invisible. There has been a cultural norm that Brahmins take care of the lower castes out of a moral responsibility but also out of human kindness.<a href="#cite_note-222">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahistorical_premises,_separatism">Ahistorical premises, separatism</h3></div> According to Jaffrelot, the Hindutva ideology has roots in an era where the fiction in ancient Indian mythology and <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> antiquity was presumed to be valid. This fiction was used to "give sustenance to Hindu ethnic consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1996p77-211">[201]</a> Its strategy emulated the Muslim identity politics of the Khilafat movement after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and borrowed political concepts from the West – mainly German.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1996p77-211">[201]</a> Hindutva organizations treat events in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> as history.<a href="#cite_note-223">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[215]</a> Hindutva organizations have been criticized for their belief in statements or practices that they claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[217]</a> Hindutva ideology is also described to be separatist in its form. <a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Varadarajan" title="Siddharth Varadarajan">Siddharth Varadarajan</a> writes that Hindutva separatism seeks to depart from the "philosophical, cultural and civilization mores of the country, including <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> itself".<a href="#cite_note-Parel-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varadarajan-15">[15]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Parel" title="Anthony Parel">Anthony Parel</a>, a historian and political scientist, Savarkar's Hindutva, Who is a Hindu? published in 1923 is a fundamental text of Hindutva ideology. It asserts, states Parel, India of the past to be "the creation of a racially superior people, the Aryans. They came to be known to the outside world as Hindus, the people beyond the Indus River. Their identity was created by their race (jati) and their culture (sanskriti). All Hindus claim to have in their veins the blood of the mighty race incorporated with and descended from the Vedic fathers. They created a culture – an ensemble of mythologies, legends, epic stories, philosophy, art and architecture, laws and rites, feasts and festivals. They have a special relationship to India: India is to them both a fatherland and a holy land." The Savarkar's text presents the "Hindu culture as a self-sufficient culture, not needing any input from other cultures", which is "an unhistorical, narcissistic and false account of India's past", states Parel.<a href="#cite_note-Parel2006p42-229">[218]</a> The premises of early Hindu nationalist thought, states Chetan Bhatt, reflected the colonial era European scholarship and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> of its times.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p11-230">[219]</a> The idea of "India as the cradle of civilization" (Voltaire, Herder, Kant, Schlegel), or as "humanity's homeland and primal philosophy" (Herder, Schlegel), or the "humanism in Hindu values" (Herder), or of Hinduism offering redemption for contemporary humanity (Schopenhauer), along with the colonial era scholarship of Frederich Muller, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkins" title="Charles Wilkins">Charles Wilkins</a>, William Jones, Alexander Hamilton and others were the natural intellectual matrix for Savarkar and others to borrow and germinate their Hindu nationalist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt2001p11-230">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_Ram-Prasad" title="Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad">Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a> and a scholar of Politics and Philosophy of Religion, states that Hindutva is a form of nationalism that is expounded differently by its opponents and its proponents.<a href="#cite_note-Ram‐Prasad1993p285-231">[220]</a> The opponents of Hindutva either consider it as a fundamentalist ideology that "aims to regulate the working of civil society with the imperatives of Hindu religious doctrine", or alternatively, as another form of fundamentalism while accepting that Hinduism is a diverse collection of doctrines, is complex and is different from other religions. According to Ram-Prasad, the proponents reject these tags, viewing it to be their right and a desirable value to cherish their religious and cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Ram‐Prasad1993p285-231">[220]</a> The Hindutva ideology according to Savarkar, states Ram-Prasad, is a "geography, race, and culture" based concept. However, the "geography" is not strictly territorial but is an "ancestral homeland of a people", and the "race" is not biogenetic but described as the historic descendants of the intermarriage of Aryans, native inhabitants and "different peoples" who arrived over time.<a href="#cite_note-Flood2008p527-232">[221]</a> So, "the ultimate category for Hindutva is culture", and this culture is "not strictly speaking religious, if by religion is meant a commitment to certain doctrines of transcendence", he states.<a href="#cite_note-Flood2008p527-232">[221]</a> The proponents state that in the Hindutva thought, there is a kernel of coherent and justifiable thesis about the Indian culture and history.<a href="#cite_note-Ram‐Prasad1993p285-231">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_to_academic_freedom">Threats to academic freedom</h3></div> Hindutva ideology has been linked to threats to academics and students, both in India and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-233">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-234">[223]</a> For instance, in 2011, Hindutva activists successfully led a charge to remove an essay about the multiple narratives of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayanas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Delhi_University" title="Delhi University">Delhi University's</a> history syllabus.<a href="#cite_note-235">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>, one of India's most eminent historians, has faced repeated Hindutva-led attacks.<a href="#cite_note-236">[225]</a> The Hindu right has been responsible for pushback against scholars of South Asia and Hinduism based in North America, including <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a>; Doniger's book was no longer printed after its publisher settled a lawsuit claiming that it defamed Hinduism and Pollock was accused of misrepresenting India's cultural heritage and that he had “shown disrespect for the unity and integrity of India”.<a href="#cite_note-237">[226]</a> Under BJP leadership, the Indian state has been accused of monitoring scholars and denying some research access.<a href="#cite_note-238">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Truschke" title="Audrey Truschke">Audrey Truschke</a> is one such example who remains frequent target of their threats.<a href="#cite_note-239">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[229]</a> In 2021, a group of North American-based scholars of South Asia formed a collective and published the Hindutva Harassment Field Manual to, they argue, answer the Hindutva threat to their academic freedom.<a href="#cite_note-241">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-234">[223]</a> They documented further incidents of Hindutva harassment of academics in North America, dating back to the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-242">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Asian_Studies" title="Association for Asian Studies">Association for Asian Studies</a> noted that Hindutva, described as a "majoritarian ideological doctrine" different from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, resorted to "increasing attacks on numerous scholars, artists and journalists who critically analyze its politics".<a href="#cite_note-243">[232]</a> A number of scholars and participants withdrew from the conference following the threats they received from ultranationalists and Hindutva supporters.<a href="#cite_note-244">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindutva_pop">Hindutva pop</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></div> Hindutva pop is a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Indian_pop" title="Indian pop">Indian pop</a> promoting Hindutva ideas. It openly calls for violence against many non-Hindu minorities, especially Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-:02-247">[236]</a> Hindutva pop artists defend their music as neither xenophobic nor Islamophobic, arguing it promotes truth. Popular Hindutva pop artists like Laxmi Dubey and Prem Krishnavanshi mainstream the xenophobic values of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-248">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-247">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism (South Asia)</a> – Violence between ethnic or other communal groupsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> – Territorial nationalist movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a> – Disbeliever in Islam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a> – Political ideology advocating traditional values and power structures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a> – Policies to impose Hindu nationalist view of history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> According to sociologist Aparna Devare, Savarkar distinguishes between Hindutva and Hinduism, but includes it in his definition. Savarkar wrote, "Hinduism is only a derivative, a fraction, a part of Hindutva".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Sen writes, "Drawing primarily from English language sources, the Court put forward the view that Hinduism was "impossible" to define [quoting from the case file Yagnapurushdasji at 1121–1128]: "When we think of the Hindu religion, we find it difficult, if not impossible, to define Hindu religion or even adequately describe it. Unlike other religions in the world, the Hindu religion does not claim any one God; it does not subscribe to any one dogma; it does not believe in one philosophic concept; it does not follow any one set of religious rites." Confronted with this amorphous entity, the Court concluded, “[I]t [Hinduism] does not appear to satisfy the narrow traditional features of any religion or creed. It may broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, a scholar of Hinduism, the term "Hindutva" differs from "Hindu dharma". The latter term means Hinduism and its various sub-traditions, while the term Hindutva in Savarkar's ideology meant the "socio-political force to unite all Hindus against foreign influences," states Flood.<a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p262-49">[47]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a>, a scholar of Hinduism, Hindutva has become more than the original search for Hinduness during the Indian freedom movement, and has morphed into "Hindutva movement" in the post-Independent India.<a href="#cite_note-klostermaierp16-50">[48]</a> This movement – though reviled by Western and West-oriented Indian scholars – has been ongoing, according to Klostermaier, as a political ideology which "takes elements of Hindu tradition and reshapes them in the light of their own time so as to provide answers to the needs of their contemporaries."<a href="#cite_note-klostermaierp16-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In this historical and sociological context, Hindutva is an assertion of values and a non-aberrant response to the Indic experiences and memories of Islamic conquests, Christian imperialism, and the abuses of colonialism, according to Klostermaier.<a href="#cite_note-klostermaierp16-50">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius Lipner</a>, also a scholar of Hinduism, Hindutva is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word, which connotes "Hinduness", and the term first gained usage among the Bengali Indian intellectuals during the British colonial era. The term took roots in light of the description of Indic religions and the "western preconceptions about the nature of religion", which the Indian intellectuals disagreed with. This attempt to articulate what Hinduism is, coupled with emerging political and cultural beliefs, has evolved and contributed to the various meanings of the term, states Lipner.<a href="#cite_note-Lipner2012p12-53">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Savarkar's early writings and speeches on cultural nationalism contained an embryonic form of a two-nation theory. This embryo took a more detailed form with the Lahore Resolution of 1940 of the Muslim League, which declared, "India’s Muslims were a ‘separate nation’."<a href="#cite_note-Bapup77-59">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah">Mohammed Ali Jinnah</a> explained the Indian Muslims demand by asserting a cultural distinctiveness of Islam and this "constituted the rationale for a separate nation-state of ‘Pakistan’." Jinnah's speech and rationale confirmed Savarkar's beliefs and his early Hindutva's narrative.<a href="#cite_note-Bapup77-59">[55]</a> The historian Prabhu Bapu quotes and summarises the ideas of the Muslim leaders in British India around 1940: "there were two nations in India, Hindu and Muslim", said Jinnah, British India should be partitioned into "Pakistan and Hindustan". According to Jinnah, "the differences between Hindus and Muslims in India were not merely religious, but entirely different ways of life and thought. [...] The two communities were distinct peoples, with different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures, and histories. [...] For more than a thousand years, the bulk of Muslims in India had lived in a different world, in a different society, in a different philosophy and a different faith. [...] Muslims must have a state of their own in which they would establish their own constitution and make their own laws."<a href="#cite_note-Bapup77-59">[55]</a> According to Prabhu, such ideas and rationale fuelled the Hindutva narrative for a radical exclusivist Hindu nation, and became "the apologia for the two-nation theory of the 1940s".<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> According to the Political Scientist Christophe Jaffrelot, in the pre-1947 period, the two nationalism and separatist movements in South Asia influenced each other. This history is an example of the Ernest Gellner theory of nationalism, states Jaffrelot.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2002p10-62">[57]</a> The Gellner theory states that nationalistic movements arise when there exist two groups, one privileged and other under-privileged. When the privilege-power equation is threatened by the social forces of history, "culture, skin pigmentation" and such ethnic markers become a basis to presume inferiority of the other and a pretext to manipulate the situation. Using a language of nationalism, one group tries to maintain the status quo, while the other seeks to overthrow it. In British India, states Jaffrelot, Muslim nationalism and separatism "certainly did not develop" from feelings of having been discriminated against, but their mobilisation came from "the fear of decline and marginalization" of their historic privilege among the Muslim elites in British India.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2002p10-62">[57]</a> They deployed Islamic cultural symbols and pressed for Perso-Arabic script-based Urdu language for their separatist and nationalist rationale, while Hindu nationalists deployed Hindu cultural symbols and pressed for the use of Indic script-based (Hindi) language – both languages nearly similar when spoken. The mutual use of identity symbols helped crystallise the other's convictions and fuel each other's fears.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2002p10-62">[57]</a> These identity symbols and the continued mutual use of such ideological statements fuel the nationalistic discourse in contemporary India and Pakistan. They have been and remain central to organisations such as the BJP and the Sangh Parivar associated with the Hindutva ideology, according to Jean-Luc Racine, a scholar of nationalisms and separatisms with a focus on South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Primordialism is the belief that the deep historical and cultural roots of nations is a quasi‐objective phenomenon, by which outsiders identify individuals of an ethnic group and what contributes to how an individual forms a self-identity.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> For example, the "writings of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> made a profound impression on Savarkar", states Thomas Hansen.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen1999p77-56">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> As of November 2020, "love jihad" is a term not recognized by the Indian legal system.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> The Hindutva organisations were not exclusively criticised in the 1940s by the Indian political leaders. The Muslim League was also criticised for "its creed of Islamic exclusiveness, its cult of communal hatred" and called a replica of the German Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> For further elaboration on the primacy of state in fascism, see Walter Laqueur.<a href="#cite_note-Laqueur1978-212">[202]</a> For further elaboration on the primacy of race in Nazism, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Richard Bessel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BesselBessel1996-213">[203]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BrownMcLean2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrownMcLean2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrownMcLean2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrownMcLean2018_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018" class="citation cs2">Brown, Garrett W; McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3FGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT381">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 381–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-254584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-254584-8"><bdi>978-0-19-254584-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223648/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3FGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT381#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024, retrieved 9 May 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft.pages=381-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-254584-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Garrett+W&rft.au=McLean%2C+Iain&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3FGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haokip-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Haokip_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaokip2014" class="citation book cs1">Haokip, Jangkholam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4MuDgAAQBAJ">Can God Save My Village?: A Theological Study of Identity among the Tribal People of North-East India with a Special Reference to the Kukis of Manipur</a>. Langham Monographs. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-981-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-981-1"><bdi>978-1-78368-981-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2023. <q>Hindutva is a political ideology that does not necessarily represent the view of the majority of Hindus in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+God+Save+My+Village%3F%3A+A+Theological+Study+of+Identity+among+the+Tribal+People+of+North-East+India+with+a+Special+Reference+to+the+Kukis+of+Manipur&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Langham+Monographs&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78368-981-1&rft.aulast=Haokip&rft.aufirst=Jangkholam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4MuDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GregoryJohnston2011-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GregoryJohnston2011_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregoryJohnston2011_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryJohnstonPrattWatts2011" class="citation cs2">Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael; Whatmore, Sarah (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCHckKszz0C&pg=RA1-PT467">The Dictionary of Human Geography</a>, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5995-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5995-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-5995-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221356/https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCHckKszz0C&pg=RA1-PT467#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024, retrieved 9 May 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Human+Geography&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5995-4&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Ron&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Geraldine&rft.au=Watts%2C+Michael&rft.au=Whatmore%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gCHckKszz0C%26pg%3DRA1-PT467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-online-hindutva-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-online-hindutva_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-online-hindutva_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-online-hindutva_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/291968?redirectedFrom=Hindutva#eid">"Hindutva, n."</a>, Oxford English Dictionary Online, Oxford University Press, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016151555/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/291968?redirectedFrom=Hindutva#eid">archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015, retrieved 17 November 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindutva%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F291968%3FredirectedFrom%3DHindutva%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2012-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2012_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2012" class="citation book cs1">Ross, M.H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osHNwPkLh30C&pg=PA34">Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes</a>. Book collections on Project MUSE. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0350-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-0350-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Belonging+in+Divided+Societies%3A+Contestation+and+Symbolic+Landscapes&rft.series=Book+collections+on+Project+MUSE&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0350-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosHNwPkLh30C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweetman_Malik-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sweetman_Malik_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweetman_Malik_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetmanMalik2016" class="citation book cs1">Sweetman, W.; Malik, A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW02DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Hinduism in India: Modern and Contemporary Movements</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-231-9"><bdi>978-93-5150-231-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+India%3A+Modern+and+Contemporary+Movements&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-231-9&rft.aulast=Sweetman&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Malik%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW02DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hindutva_Road-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindutva_Road_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindutva_Road_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30225920.ece">"The Hindutva road"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>. 4 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604095642/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30225920.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+Hindutva+road&rft.date=2004-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle30225920.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna2011324-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna2011324_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna2011324_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrishna2011">Krishna 2011</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_Sant-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Sant_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Sant_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_M._Sant1999" class="citation book cs1">Patricia M. Sant (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JmAAAAAMAAJ">Indigeneity: Construction and Re/presentation</a>. Nova Science Publishers. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-674-6"><bdi>978-1-56072-674-6</bdi></a>. <q>Hindutva, especially in their early stages, exemplify a process of ideological borrowing from both European fascism and a fabrication of " Vedic Hinduism " that defies the binarism of local/global.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigeneity%3A+Construction+and+Re%2Fpresentation&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56072-674-6&rft.au=Patricia+M.+Sant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JmAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna_Noorani-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_Noorani_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_Noorani_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaitanya_Krishna,_A._G._Noorani2003" class="citation book cs1">Chaitanya Krishna, <a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">A. G. Noorani</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnEMAQAAMAAJ">Fascism in India: Faces, Fangs, and Facts</a>. Manak Publications. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7827-067-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7827-067-8"><bdi>978-81-7827-067-8</bdi></a>. <q>the archival evidence presented by Marzia Casolari conclusively shows how much the proponents of Hindutva admired European fascism; liberally borrowed from it and this influence continues even today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+India%3A+Faces%2C+Fangs%2C+and+Facts&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Manak+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7827-067-8&rft.au=Chaitanya+Krishna%2C+A.+G.+Noorani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnEMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leidig-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Leidig_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeidig2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leidig, Eviane (17 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">"Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism"</a>. Patterns of Prejudice. 54 (3): 215–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F84144">10852/84144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Hindutva+as+a+variant+of+right-wing+extremism&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-237&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F84144&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861&rft.aulast=Leidig&rft.aufirst=Eviane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0031322X.2020.1759861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j3517631-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j3517631_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j3517631_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j3517631_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhat_Patnaik1993" class="citation journal cs1">Prabhat Patnaik (1993). "Fascism of our times". Social Scientist. 21 (3/4): 69–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517631">10.2307/3517631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517631">3517631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Fascism+of+our+times&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=69-77&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517631&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Prabhat+Patnaik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg 2008</a>, pp. 178–220: "This essay attempts to show how — from an analytical or from an historical perspective — Hindutva is a melding of Hindu fascism and Hindu fundamentalism." </li> <li id="cite_note-Parel-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parel_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parel_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Parel2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Parel" title="Anthony Parel">Anthony Parel</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC">Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule</a>. Lexington Books. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0137-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0137-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221355/https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2023. <q>The agendas of Hindutva though strong on the issues of self - identity and self - definition, have tended to be separatist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+Freedom%2C+and+Self-rule&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0137-7&rft.au=Anthony+Parel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsErf-DzVI9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varadarajan-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varadarajan_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varadarajan_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddharth_Varadarajan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Varadarajan" title="Siddharth Varadarajan">Siddharth Varadarajan</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC">Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy</a>. Penguin Books. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4"><bdi>978-0-14-302901-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%2C+the+Making+of+a+Tragedy&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-302901-4&rft.au=Siddharth+Varadarajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kc9GmFWePUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatt_&_Mukta-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt_&_Mukta_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt_&_Mukta_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetan_BhattParita_Mukta2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chetan Bhatt; Parita Mukta (May 2000). "Hindutva in the West: Mapping the Antinomies of Diaspora Nationalism". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 23 (3): 407–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F014198700328935">10.1080/014198700328935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143287533">143287533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Hindutva+in+the+West%3A+Mapping+the+Antinomies+of+Diaspora+Nationalism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-441&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F014198700328935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143287533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Chetan+Bhatt&rft.au=Parita+Mukta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> Quote: "It is also argued that the distinctively Indian aspects of Hindu nationalism, and the RSS's disavowal of the seizure of state power in preference for long-term cultural labour in civil society, suggests a strong distance from both German Nazism and Italian Fascism. Part of the problem in attempting to classify Golwalkar's or Savarkar's Hindu nationalism within the typology of 'generic fascism', Nazism, racism and ethnic or cultural nationalism is the unavailability of an appropriate theoretical orientation and vocabulary for varieties of revolutionary conservatism and far-right-wing ethnic and religious absolutist movements in 'Third World' countries". </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-online-hindu-17"><a href="#cite_ref-OED-online-hindu_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/87084?redirectedFrom=Hindu#eid">"Hindu, n."</a>, Oxford English Dictionary Online, Oxford University Press, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221401/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/hindu_n#eid">archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024, retrieved 17 November 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindu%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F87084%3FredirectedFrom%3DHindu%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwewr1999-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mwewr1999_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mwewr1999_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mwewr1999_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster,_IncEncyclopaedia_Britannica1999" class="citation book cs1">Merriam-Webster, Inc; Encyclopaedia Britannica (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Merriam-Webster. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221356/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc&rft.au=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP_f9icf2roC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchottliMitra2015-19"><a href="#cite_ref-SchottliMitra2015_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchottliMitraWolf2015" class="citation cs2">Schottli, Jivanta; Mitra, Subrata K.; Wolf, Siegried (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOIjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT215">A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 215–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35575-3"><bdi>978-1-135-35575-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221456/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOIjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT215#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024, retrieved 9 May 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=215-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35575-3&rft.aulast=Schottli&rft.aufirst=Jivanta&rft.au=Mitra%2C+Subrata+K.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Siegried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOIjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-savarkar1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-savarkar1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-savarkar1_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinayak-Damodar-Savarkar">"Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Hindu and Indian Nationalist"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725034949/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinayak-Damodar-Savarkar">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vinayak+Damodar+Savarkar%3A+Hindu+and+Indian+Nationalist&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVinayak-Damodar-Savarkar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CushRobinson2012-21"><a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2012_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2012" class="citation cs2">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC&pg=PA351">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>, Routledge, pp. 351–352, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18978-5"><bdi>978-1-135-18978-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221501/https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC&pg=PA351#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024, retrieved 9 May 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=351-352&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18978-5&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=York%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3N4mGlbutbgC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_22-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 22–23, 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685270252772759">10.1163/15685270252772759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">3270470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=On+Hindu%2C+Hindustan%2C+Hinduism+and+Hindutva&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-23%2C+1-36&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685270252772759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p86-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p86_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p86_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p86_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p86_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p86_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p86_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p86_23-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 14–15, 86–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=14-15%2C+86-93&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXWgr53A5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUSSBAUM2009p58-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUSSBAUM2009p58_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUSSBAUM2009p58_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartha_Nussbaum2009" class="citation book cs1">Martha Nussbaum (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLMQh4oc38gC">The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04156-1"><bdi>978-0-674-04156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+Within%3A+Democracy%2C+Religious+Violence%2C+and+India%27s+Future&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04156-1&rft.au=Martha+Nussbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJLMQh4oc38gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Savarkar had long lived abroad, and his Hindutva is a European product from its opening words on. [...] Savarkar was not a religious man; for him, traditional religious belief and practice did not lie at the heart of Hindutva. He did, however, consider the religion's cultural traditions to be key markers of Hindutva, along with geographical attachment to the motherland and a sense of oneself as a part of a "race determined by a common origin, possessing a common blood". </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurandare2019" class="citation web cs1">Purandare, Vaibhav (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550">"Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar"</a>. Telegraph India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420011457/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+India&rft.atitle=Hindutva+is+not+the+same+as+Hinduism+said+Savarkar&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.aulast=Purandare&rft.aufirst=Vaibhav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Findia%2Fhindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar%2Fcid%2F1699550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noorani2000-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_G_Noorani2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A_G_Noorani" class="mw-redirect" title="A G Noorani">A G Noorani</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT106">The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour</a>. Green School Series. LeftWord Books. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7"><bdi>978-81-87496-13-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT106#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RSS+and+the+BJP%3A+A+Division+of+Labour&rft.series=Green+School+Series&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=LeftWord+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87496-13-7&rft.au=A+G+Noorani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PnBFW7cdtsC%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinayak_Damodar_Savarkar." class="citation book cs1">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf">hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf&rft.au=Vinayak+Damodar+Savarkar.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatt1997p186-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt1997p186_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt1997p186_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetan_Bhatt1997" class="citation book cs1">Chetan Bhatt (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC">Liberation and Purity: Race, New Religious Movements and the Ethics of Postmodernity</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-423-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-423-2"><bdi>978-1-85728-423-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221859/https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberation+and+Purity%3A+Race%2C+New+Religious+Movements+and+the+Ethics+of+Postmodernity&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-423-2&rft.au=Chetan+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daap0HaCzrFwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAparna_Devare2013" class="citation book cs1">Aparna Devare (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1drfCgAAQBAJ">History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self</a>. Routledge. pp. 195–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19708-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19708-6"><bdi>978-1-136-19708-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221940/https://books.google.com/books?id=1drfCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Making+of+a+Modern+Hindu+Self&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-19708-6&rft.au=Aparna+Devare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1drfCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199612–13-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199612–13_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-senewc-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senewc_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-senewc_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-senewc_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-senewc_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonojoy_Sen2007" class="citation book cs1">Ronojoy Sen (2007). Legalizing Religion: The Indian Supreme Court and Secularism. East-West Center, Washington. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932728-57-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932728-57-6"><bdi>978-1-932728-57-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legalizing+Religion%3A+The+Indian+Supreme+Court+and+Secularism&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=East-West+Center%2C+Washington&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932728-57-6&rft.au=Ronojoy+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonojoy_Sen2006" class="citation book cs1">Ronojoy Sen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/6936/1/Ronojoy_Sen_Defining_Religion_final_version.pdf">Defining Religion: The Indian Supreme Court and Hinduism</a> (PDF). South Asia Institute, Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg. pp. 15–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224035515/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/6936/1/Ronojoy_Sen_Defining_Religion_final_version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Religion%3A+The+Indian+Supreme+Court+and+Hinduism&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=South+Asia+Institute%2C+Department+of+Political+Science%2C+University+of+Heidelberg&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Ronojoy+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fvolltextserver%2F6936%2F1%2FRonojoy_Sen_Defining_Religion_final_version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakrabarty2018-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarty2018_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidyut_Chakrabarty2018" class="citation book cs1">Bidyut Chakrabarty (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-1GDwAAQBAJ">Constitutional Democracy in India</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 178–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-37530-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-37530-6"><bdi>978-1-351-37530-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221932/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-1GDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Democracy+in+India&rft.pages=178-180&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-37530-6&rft.au=Bidyut+Chakrabarty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-1GDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supremecourt-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supremecourt_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supremecourt_36-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/hindutva-is-a-secular-way-of-life">Hindutva is a secular way of life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217121448/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/hindutva-is-a-secular-way-of-life">Archived</a> 17 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ram Jethmalani, The Sunday Guardian, 5 March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoorani2006" class="citation book cs1">Noorani, A.G. (2006). "The Supreme Court on Hindutva1". The Supreme Court on Hindutva. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195678291.003.0076">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567829-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567829-1"><bdi>978-0-19-567829-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court+on+Hindutva1&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+on+Hindutva&rft.pages=76-83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195678291.003.0076&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567829-1&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThePrint20202-38"><a href="#cite_ref-ThePrint20202_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2020" class="citation web cs1">Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (30 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/hindutva-and-idea-that-hindus-in-danger-born-in-bengal/513174/">"Hindutva and idea that 'Hindus are in danger' were born in Bengal"</a>. ThePrint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217061214/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/hindutva-and-idea-that-hindus-in-danger-born-in-bengal/513174/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <q>Chadra Nath Basu's book Hindutva was published in 1892 by Gurudas Chatterjee. The first recorded use of the word Hindutva, at least in print, is believed to have been made in this book.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Hindutva+and+idea+that+%27Hindus+are+in+danger%27+were+born+in+Bengal&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Snigdhendu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fpageturner%2Fexcerpt%2Fhindutva-and-idea-that-hindus-in-danger-born-in-bengal%2F513174%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNP2019" class="citation web cs1">NP, Ullekh (28 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openthemagazine.com/features/politics-features/general-election-2019/will-its-hindu-revivalist-past-haunt-west-bengals-future/">"Will its Hindu revivalist past haunt West Bengal's future?"</a>. Open The Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105014340/https://openthemagazine.com/features/politics-features/general-election-2019/will-its-hindu-revivalist-past-haunt-west-bengals-future/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+The+Magazine&rft.atitle=Will+its+Hindu+revivalist+past+haunt+West+Bengal%27s+future%3F&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.aulast=NP&rft.aufirst=Ullekh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenthemagazine.com%2Ffeatures%2Fpolitics-features%2Fgeneral-election-2019%2Fwill-its-hindu-revivalist-past-haunt-west-bengals-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gopal, Sangita (1 July 2003). "Hindu Buying/Hindu Being: Hindutva Online and the Commodity Logic of Cultural Nationalism". South Asian Review. 24 (1): 161–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02759527.2003.11978304">10.1080/02759527.2003.11978304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-9527">0275-9527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158146106">158146106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Hindu+Buying%2FHindu+Being%3A+Hindutva+Online+and+the+Commodity+Logic+of+Cultural+Nationalism&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-179&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158146106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0275-9527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02759527.2003.11978304&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Sangita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatt2001p77-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt2001p77_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt2001p77_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetan_Bhatt2001" class="citation book cs1">Chetan Bhatt (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ">Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths</a>. Berg. pp. 77 (context: Chapter 4). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-343-1"><bdi>978-1-85973-343-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221901/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+nationalism%3A+origins%2C+ideologies+and+modern+myths&rft.pages=77+%28context%3A+Chapter+4%29&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-343-1&rft.au=Chetan+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2PXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2014" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amiya P. (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098966.001.0001/acprof-9780198098966-chapter-2">Discourses, Public Addresses, and Informal Talks</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198098966.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098966.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199083015" title="Special:BookSources/9780199083015"><bdi>9780199083015</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027124128/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098966.001.0001/acprof-9780198098966-chapter-2">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses%2C+Public+Addresses%2C+and+Informal+Talks&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198098966.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199083015&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198098966.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198098966-chapter-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatt2004" class="citation book cs1">Bhatt, Chetan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203563397/chapters/10.4324/9780203563397-20">"'Majority ethnic' claims and authoritarian nationalism: the case of Hindutva"</a>. In Kaufmann, Eric P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203563397">Rethinking Ethnicity : Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203563397">10.4324/9780203563397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203563397" title="Special:BookSources/9780203563397"><bdi>9780203563397</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130140317/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203563397">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Majority+ethnic%27+claims+and+authoritarian+nationalism%3A+the+case+of+Hindutva&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Ethnicity+%3A+Majority+Groups+and+Dominant+Minorities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203563397&rft.isbn=9780203563397&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Chetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9780203563397%2Fchapters%2F10.4324%2F9780203563397-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2010p142-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2010p142_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2010p142_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._J._Johnson2010" class="citation book cs1">W. J. Johnson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MztqQgAACAAJ">A Dictionary of Hinduism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861026-7"><bdi>978-0-19-861026-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221901/https://books.google.com/books?id=MztqQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861026-7&rft.au=W.+J.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMztqQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095937609">Quote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509052426/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095937609">Archived</a> 9 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "A term that first surfaces in literary form in the mid 1870s in Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's serialization of his novel Ānandamaṭh in the journal, Bangadarshan. It was subsequently employed by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his book Hindutva: Who is a Hindu (1923) to convey the idea of a universal and essential Hindu identity. As used by its author, and other right-wing nationalist ideologues, it is predicated on an assumed consensus about what constitutes Hindu identity and distinguishes it from the ways of life and values of other (implicitly ‘foreign’) people and traditions, especially Indian Muslims." </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot1999p25-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot1999p25_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot1999" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC">The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)</a>. Penguin. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5"><bdi>978-0-14-024602-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221902/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+and+Indian+Politics%3A+1925+to+the+1990s+%3A+Strategies+of+Identity-building%2C+Implantation+and+Mobilisation+%28with+Special+Reference+to+Central+India%29&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024602-5&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVsfVOTUnYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ywAAAAIAAJ">Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 34</a>. 1999. p. 712. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221935/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ywAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly%2C+Volume+34&rft.pages=712&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do_ywAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen1999p60-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen1999p60_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Blom_Hansen1999" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Blom Hansen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 60–65, 69–70, 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6"><bdi>1-4008-2305-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Wave%3A+Democracy+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=60-65%2C+69-70%2C+77-79&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-4008-2305-6&rft.au=Thomas+Blom+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqn3OIGE54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot1999p30-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot1999p30_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot1999" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC">The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)</a>. Penguin. pp. 25–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5"><bdi>978-0-14-024602-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221902/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+and+Indian+Politics%3A+1925+to+the+1990s%3A+Strategies+of+Identity-building%2C+Implantation+and+Mobilisation+%28with+Special+Reference+to+Central+India%29&rft.pages=25-30&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024602-5&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVsfVOTUnYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood1996p262-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood1996p262_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_D._Flood1996" class="citation book cs1">Gavin D. Flood (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA262">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221949/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2020. <q>The party's most vociferous leader was Vinayak Damodar Savarkar who made a distinction between 'Hindu Dharma', the religion of the various traditions, and 'Hindutva', the socio-political force to unite all Hindus against foreign influences</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Gavin+D.+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klostermaierp16-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klostermaierp16_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klostermaierp16_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klostermaierp16_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Klostermaier2006" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Klostermaier (2006). Anna King (ed.). Indian Religions: Renaissance and Renewal - The Spalding Papers on Indic Studies. Equinox. pp. 16–18, 3–27, also see comments of Anna King at p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-53169-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-53169-0"><bdi>978-1-845-53169-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Religions%3A+Renaissance+and+Renewal+-+The+Spalding+Papers+on+Indic+Studies&rft.pages=16-18%2C+3-27%2C+also+see+comments+of+Anna+King+at+p.+xii&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-845-53169-0&rft.au=Klaus+Klostermaier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bauman, Chad (2008). "Indian Religions: Renaissance and Renewal". Numen. 55 (2). Brill: 343–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852708X284022">10.1163/156852708X284022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142656106">142656106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Indian+Religions%3A+Renaissance+and+Renewal&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=343-347&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852708X284022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142656106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipner2012p12-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Lipner2012p12_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Lipner2012" class="citation book cs1">Julius Lipner (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC">Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. Routledge. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24060-8"><bdi>978-1-135-24060-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221905/https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-24060-8&rft.au=Julius+Lipner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoH1FIareczEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharma20-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharma20_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharma20_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 20–24, 26–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685270252772759">10.1163/15685270252772759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">3270470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=On+Hindu%2C+Hindustan%2C+Hinduism+and+Hindutva&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-24%2C+26-29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685270252772759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen1999p77-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen1999p77_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen1999p77_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Blom_Hansen1999" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Blom Hansen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6"><bdi>1-4008-2305-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Wave%3A+Democracy+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-4008-2305-6&rft.au=Thomas+Blom+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqn3OIGE54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 26–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685270252772759">10.1163/15685270252772759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">3270470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=On+Hindu%2C+Hindustan%2C+Hinduism+and+Hindutva&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685270252772759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bapu2012p62-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Bapu2012p62_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhu_Bapu2012" class="citation book cs1">Prabhu Bapu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNzfCgAAQBAJ">Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History</a>. Routledge. pp. 62–67, 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25500-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25500-7"><bdi>978-1-136-25500-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221906/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNzfCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mahasabha+in+Colonial+North+India%2C+1915-1930%3A+Constructing+Nation+and+History&rft.pages=62-67%2C+70-71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-25500-7&rft.au=Prabhu+Bapu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNzfCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bapup77-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bapup77_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bapup77_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bapup77_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhu_Bapu2013" class="citation book cs1">Prabhu Bapu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC">Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History</a>. Routledge. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67165-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mahasabha+in+Colonial+North+India%2C+1915-1930%3A+Constructing+Nation+and+History&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67165-1&rft.au=Prabhu+Bapu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUFalxUFFWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988">; For additional context on the two-nation theory history based on Hindu-Muslim cultural conflicts and the partition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkat_Dhulipala2015" class="citation book cs1">Venkat Dhulipala (2015). "Ch. Introduction; Nationalists, Communalists and the 1937 Provincial Elections". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ">Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–24, 25–28, 360–367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-25838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-25838-5"><bdi>978-1-316-25838-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221937/https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+Introduction%3B+Nationalists%2C+Communalists+and+the+1937+Provincial+Elections&rft.btitle=Creating+a+New+Medina%3A+State+Power%2C+Islam%2C+and+the+Quest+for+Pakistan+in+Late+Colonial+North+India&rft.pages=1-24%2C+25-28%2C+360-367&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-25838-5&rft.au=Venkat+Dhulipala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPrqLBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhu_Bapu2013" class="citation book cs1">Prabhu Bapu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC">Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History</a>. Routledge. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67165-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mahasabha+in+Colonial+North+India%2C+1915-1930%3A+Constructing+Nation+and+History&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67165-1&rft.au=Prabhu+Bapu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUFalxUFFWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot2002p10-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2002p10_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2002p10_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2002p10_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2002" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC">Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Nation</a>. Zed Books. pp. 10–11, context: 10–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-117-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-117-4"><bdi>978-1-84277-117-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007225522/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Nationalism+Without+A+Nation&rft.pages=10-11%2C+context%3A+10-16&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-117-4&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2avL3aZzSEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Luc_Racine2002" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Luc Racine (2002). Christophe Jaffrelot (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC">Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Nation</a>. Zed Books. pp. 205–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-117-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-117-4"><bdi>978-1-84277-117-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007225522/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Nationalism+Without+A+Nation&rft.pages=205-211&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-117-4&rft.au=Jean-Luc+Racine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2avL3aZzSEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/muqtedar-khan-on-why-religious-nationalism-is-poisoning-south-asia/">"Muqtedar Khan on Why Religious Nationalism Is Poisoning South Asia"</a>. thediplomat.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827200555/https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/muqtedar-khan-on-why-religious-nationalism-is-poisoning-south-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Muqtedar+Khan+on+Why+Religious+Nationalism+Is+Poisoning+South+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2023%2F08%2Fmuqtedar-khan-on-why-religious-nationalism-is-poisoning-south-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatt2001p3-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt2001p3_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt2001p3_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt2001p3_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt2001p3_66-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetan_Bhatt2001" class="citation book cs1">Chetan Bhatt (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ">Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths</a>. Berg. pp. 3–5, 8–14, 77–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-343-1"><bdi>978-1-85973-343-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221901/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+nationalism%3A+origins%2C+ideologies+and+modern+myths&rft.pages=3-5%2C+8-14%2C+77-86&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-343-1&rft.au=Chetan+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2PXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coakley, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology(28e99592-2d86-421f-9fd3-2c4517aa7278).html">"'Primordialism' in nationalism studies: theory or ideology?"</a>. Nations and Nationalism. 24 (2). Wiley: 327, context: 328–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12349">10.1111/nana.12349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149288553">149288553</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217061210/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=%27Primordialism%27+in+nationalism+studies%3A+theory+or+ideology%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=327%2C+context%3A+328-347&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149288553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fprimordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology%2828e99592-2d86-421f-9fd3-2c4517aa7278%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTina_Reuter2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tina Reuter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-conflict">"Ethnic Conflict"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503165521/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Conflict&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Tina+Reuter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fethnic-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeepa_Reddy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Deepa Reddy (2003). "Review: Hindu Nationalism by Chetan Bhatt". American Ethnologist. 30 (1): 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Hindu+Nationalism+by+Chetan+Bhatt&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Deepa+Reddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhattp185-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhattp185_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhattp185_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetan_Bhatt1997" class="citation book cs1">Chetan Bhatt (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC">Liberation and Purity: Race, New Religious Movements and the Ethics of Postmodernity</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 185–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-423-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-423-2"><bdi>978-1-85728-423-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221859/https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberation+and+Purity%3A+Race%2C+New+Religious+Movements+and+the+Ethics+of+Postmodernity&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-423-2&rft.au=Chetan+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daap0HaCzrFwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersenDamle198734-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersenDamle198734_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersenDamle1987">Andersen & Damle 1987</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot2009p96-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p96_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p96_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p96_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009p96_74-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–17, 96–97, 179–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=15-17%2C+96-97%2C+179-183&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXWgr53A5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeer1988">Keer 1988</a>, p. 170 cited in <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelkar1950" class="citation journal cs1">Kelkar, D. V. (4 February 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1950_2/4/the_rss.pdf">"The R.S.S."</a> (PDF). Economic Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108154837/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1950_2/4/the_rss.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+R.S.S.&rft.date=1950-02-04&rft.aulast=Kelkar&rft.aufirst=D.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2F1950_2%2F4%2Fthe_rss.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBharat_Prakashan1955">Bharat Prakashan 1955</a>, pp. 24–25 quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGoyal1979">Goyal 1979</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Stanley, Jason</a> (2018). How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. New York: Random House. pp. 14–15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52551183-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52551183-0">978-0-52551183-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeltumbde2019" class="citation book cs1">Teltumbde, Anand (2019). Hindutva and Dalits. SAGE. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindutva+and+Dalits&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Teltumbde&rft.aufirst=Anand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine200969–70-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine200969–70_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAugustine2009">Augustine 2009</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot1999p140-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot1999p140_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot1999" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC">The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)</a>. Penguin. pp. 140–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5"><bdi>978-0-14-024602-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221902/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+and+Indian+Politics%3A+1925+to+the+1990s%3A+Strategies+of+Identity-building%2C+Implantation+and+Mobilisation+%28with+Special+Reference+to+Central+India%29&rft.pages=140-145&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024602-5&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVsfVOTUnYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350–352-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350–352_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350–352_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham1968">Graham 1968</a>, pp. 350–352. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008193–196_83-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg 2008</a>, pp. 193–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deo2015p55-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deo2015p55_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deo2015p55_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandini_Deo2015" class="citation book cs1">Nandini Deo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjzgCgAAQBAJ">Mobilizing Religion and Gender in India: The Role of Activism</a>. Routledge. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53067-1"><bdi>978-1-317-53067-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222542/https://books.google.com/books?id=GjzgCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+Religion+and+Gender+in+India%3A+The+Role+of+Activism&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53067-1&rft.au=Nandini+Deo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjzgCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg 2008</a>, pp. 193–196: "After Independence in 1947, the RSS saw an enormous expansion in numbers of new swayamsevaks and a proliferation of disciplined and drilled shakhas. This occurred despite Gandhi’s assassination (January 30, 1948) by Nathuram Vinayak Godse, a former sevak and despite being outlawed. (p. 193) [...] Thus, even as the RSS discretely stayed out of open politics, and continued its campaign to convert more and more people to the cause of Hindutva, its new party [Jan Sangh] engaged in political combat. (p. 194) [...] For the next two decades, the Jan Sangh followed a narrowly focused agenda. [...] In 1971, despite softening its Hindutva voice and joining a grand alliance, it was not successful. (p. 195)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham2007p196-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham2007p196_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham2007p196_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Desmond_Graham2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Desmond Graham (2007). "The Jana Sangh in electoral politics, 1951 to 1967". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–198, context: Chapter 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7"><bdi>978-0-521-05374-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jana+Sangh+in+electoral+politics%2C+1951+to+1967&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+Indian+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Bharatiya+Jana+Sangh&rft.pages=196-198%2C+context%3A+Chapter+7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05374-7&rft.au=Bruce+Desmond+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxMgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988">; Quote: "We have now considered the main factors which worked against the Jana Sangh's attempt to become a major party in Indian politics [between 1951 and 1967]. It was seriously handicapped in electoral competition by the limitations of its organization and leadership, by its inability to gather support through appeals to Hindu nationalist sentiment, and by its failure to establish a broad base of social and economic interests." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitt2007-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt2007_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt2007_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon_Hewitt2007" class="citation book cs1">Vernon Hewitt (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC">Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency</a>. Routledge. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09762-3"><bdi>978-1-134-09762-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222442/https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Mobilisation+and+Democracy+in+India%3A+States+of+Emergency&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-09762-3&rft.au=Vernon+Hewitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsh6yVyWM4pwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The use of socialism, of garibi hatao (Indira Gandhi's populist slogan translated as 'out with poverty') and of Hindutva are in the first instance conceptualized as differing state strategies of co-optation, deployed by elites ..."; From Taylor & Francis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203944967">summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506154127/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203944967">Archived</a> 6 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "[Vernon Hewitt's book] demonstrates how the Internal Emergency of 1975 led to increased support of groups such as the BJS and the RSS, accounting for the rise of political movements advocating Hindu nationalism – Hindutva – as a response to rapid political mobilization triggered by the Emergency, and an attempt by political elites to control this to their advantage". </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumit_Sarkar2013" class="citation book cs1">Sumit Sarkar (2013). Radhika Desai (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTSPAQAAQBAJ">Developmental and Cultural Nationalisms</a>. Routledge. pp. 41–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96821-4"><bdi>978-1-317-96821-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222547/https://books.google.com/books?id=fTSPAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+and+Cultural+Nationalisms&rft.pages=41-45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96821-4&rft.au=Sumit+Sarkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTSPAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrata_Kumar_MitraMike_EnskatClemens_Spiess2004" class="citation book cs1">Subrata Kumar Mitra; Mike Enskat; Clemens Spiess (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC">Political Parties in South Asia</a>. Greenwood. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96832-8"><bdi>978-0-275-96832-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222444/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96832-8&rft.au=Subrata+Kumar+Mitra&rft.au=Mike+Enskat&rft.au=Clemens+Spiess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdObxI9xahSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 329–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=329-330&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXWgr53A5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988">; [b] For various sides in the Judiciary versus the Executive authority on Indira Gandhi's government and Hindutva politicians during this period, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_J._Jacobsohn2003" class="citation book cs1">Gary J. Jacobsohn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ceoc1i1KF8C">The Wheel of Law: India's Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 189–197 with footnotes, context: Chapter 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09245-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09245-1"><bdi>0-691-09245-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222550/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ceoc1i1KF8C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wheel+of+Law%3A+India%27s+Secularism+in+Comparative+Constitutional+Context&rft.pages=189-197+with+footnotes%2C+context%3A+Chapter+7&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-09245-1&rft.au=Gary+J.+Jacobsohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Ceoc1i1KF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505,">"Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&K with Indian Union"</a>. pib.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075212/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505,">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=Parliament+approves+Resolution+to+repeal+Article+370%3B+paves+way+to+truly+integrate+J%26K+with+Indian+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D192505%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms">Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130063447/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms">Archived</a> 30 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Economic Times, 5 August 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-z120-93"><a href="#cite_ref-z120_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopal2023" class="citation web cs1">Rajagopal, Krishnadas (11 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union/article67626914.ece">"SC upholds abrogation of Article 370, says move was part of 70-year-old exercise to integrate J&K to the Union"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 23 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=SC+upholds+abrogation+of+Article+370%2C+says+move+was+part+of+70-year-old+exercise+to+integrate+J%26K+to+the+Union&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft.aulast=Rajagopal&rft.aufirst=Krishnadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fsc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union%2Farticle67626914.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d928-94"><a href="#cite_ref-d928_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastianHrishikesh2023" class="citation web cs1">Sebastian, Meryl; Hrishikesh, Sharanya (11 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67634689">"Article 370: India Supreme Court upholds repeal of Kashmir's special status"</a>. BBC Home. Retrieved 23 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Home&rft.atitle=Article+370%3A+India+Supreme+Court+upholds+repeal+of+Kashmir%27s+special+status&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft.aulast=Sebastian&rft.aufirst=Meryl&rft.au=Hrishikesh%2C+Sharanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-67634689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-x698-95"><a href="#cite_ref-x698_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardhan2023" class="citation web cs1">Vardhan, Anand (13 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/12/13/article-370-verdict-firms-up-judicial-ground-for-jk-integration-prioritises-national-sovereignty">"Article 370 verdict firms up judicial ground for J&K integration, prioritises national sovereignty"</a>. Newslaundry. Retrieved 23 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newslaundry&rft.atitle=Article+370+verdict+firms+up+judicial+ground+for+J%26K+integration%2C+prioritises+national+sovereignty&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft.aulast=Vardhan&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newslaundry.com%2F2023%2F12%2F13%2Farticle-370-verdict-firms-up-judicial-ground-for-jk-integration-prioritises-national-sovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-hindus-win-possession-of-site-disputed-by-muslims">"Ayodhya: India's top court gives Hindus site claimed by Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 9 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222547/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-hindus-win-possession-of-site-disputed-by-muslims">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Ayodhya%3A+India%27s+top+court+gives+Hindus+site+claimed+by+Muslims&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fnov%2F09%2Fayodhya-verdict-hindus-win-possession-of-site-disputed-by-muslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/india-court-rules-in-favor-of-hindus-over-ayodhya-temple-mosque-dispute/a-51177838">"India: Court rules in favor of Hindus over Ayodhya temple-mosque dispute | DW | 09.11.2019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222454/https://www.dw.com/en/india-court-rules-in-favor-of-hindus-over-ayodhya-temple-mosque-dispute/a-51177838">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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Retrieved 23 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Karnataka+scraps+anti-conversion+law%3B+BJP+says+it+is+in+line+with+PFI+agenda%2C+Archbishop+hails+decision&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fanti-conversion-law-karnataka-govt-repeals%2Farticleshow%2F101018084.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatju20133–4-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatju20133–4_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatju2013">Katju 2013</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot1996343–345_with_footnotes-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot1996343–345_with_footnotes_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, pp. 343–345 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831081149/http://www.bjp.org/about-the-party/philosophy/?u=hindutva">BJP PHILOSOPHY: HINDUTVA (CULTURAL NATIONALISM)</a>, Bharatiya Janata Party, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjp.org/about-the-party/philosophy/?u=hindutva">the original</a> on 31 August 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJP+PHILOSOPHY%3A+HINDUTVA+%28CULTURAL+NATIONALISM%29&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Janata+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjp.org%2Fabout-the-party%2Fphilosophy%2F%3Fu%3Dhindutva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindutva-is-indias-identity-rss-chief/article4937750.ece">"Hindutva is India's identity: RSS chief"</a>. The Hindu. 21 July 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604095642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindutva-is-indias-identity-rss-chief/article4937750.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Hindutva+is+India%27s+identity%3A+RSS+chief&rft.date=2013-07-21&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhindutva-is-indias-identity-rss-chief%2Farticle4937750.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen1999p166-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen1999p166_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen1999p166_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen1999p166_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen1999p166_131-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Blom_Hansen1999" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Blom Hansen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 10–11, 18–20, 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6"><bdi>1-4008-2305-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Wave%3A+Democracy+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=10-11%2C+18-20%2C+165-166&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-4008-2305-6&rft.au=Thomas+Blom+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqn3OIGE54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Blom_Hansen1999" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Blom Hansen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 148–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6"><bdi>1-4008-2305-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Wave%3A+Democracy+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=148-152&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-4008-2305-6&rft.au=Thomas+Blom+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqn3OIGE54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Jaffrelot (2009). "The RSS and Politics". Hindu Nationalism. Princeton University Press. pp. 175–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s415.15">10.2307/j.ctt7s415.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+RSS+and+Politics&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism&rft.pages=175-192&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s415.15&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christopher+Jaffrelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot_2013_876–894-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot_2013_876–894_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot_2013_876–894_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2013). "Refining the moderation thesis. Two religious parties and Indian democracy: the Jana Sangh and the BJP between Hindutva radicalism and coalition politics". Democratization. 20 (5): 876–894. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2013.801256">10.1080/13510347.2013.801256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144174913">144174913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=Refining+the+moderation+thesis.+Two+religious+parties+and+Indian+democracy%3A+the+Jana+Sangh+and+the+BJP+between+Hindutva+radicalism+and+coalition+politics&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=876-894&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2013.801256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144174913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Jaffrelot (2009). "Jammu & Kashmir". Hindu Nationalism. Princeton University Press. pp. 193–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s415.16">10.2307/j.ctt7s415.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248925346">248925346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jammu+%26+Kashmir&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism&rft.pages=193-217&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248925346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s415.16&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christopher+Jaffrelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Jaffrelot (2009). 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Princeton University Press. pp. 233–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s415.18">10.2307/j.ctt7s415.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conversion+and+the+Arithmetic+of+Religious+Communities&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism&rft.pages=233-254&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s415.18&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christopher+Jaffrelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongkumer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Longkumer, Arkotong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/28487092/Hindutva_Paper_Final_2_2016.pdf">"The power of persuasion: Hindutva, Christianity, and the discourse of religion and culture in Northeast India"</a> (PDF). Religion. 47 (2). Informa UK Limited: 203–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0048721x.2016.1256845">10.1080/0048721x.2016.1256845</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Fdd23cf50-aaa1-4120-b362-eee7028c3c8f">20.500.11820/dd23cf50-aaa1-4120-b362-eee7028c3c8f</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151354081">151354081</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724030304/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/28487092/Hindutva_Paper_Final_2_2016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=The+power+of+persuasion%3A+Hindutva%2C+Christianity%2C+and+the+discourse+of+religion+and+culture+in+Northeast+India&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-227&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Fdd23cf50-aaa1-4120-b362-eee7028c3c8f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151354081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0048721x.2016.1256845&rft.aulast=Longkumer&rft.aufirst=Arkotong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F28487092%2FHindutva_Paper_Final_2_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_De_RooverSarah_Clarehout2014" class="citation book cs1">Jacob De Roover; Sarah Clarehout (2014). 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Routledge. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49109-5"><bdi>978-1-317-49109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proselytization+Revisited%3A+Rights+Talk%2C+Free+Markets+and+Culture+Wars&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49109-5&rft.au=Jacob+De+Roover&rft.au=Sarah+Clarehout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5TCBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2009). "Reservation and Social Justice". Hindu Nationalism. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 279–281, 289–294, context: 279–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ayodhya%2C+the+Babri+Masjid%2C+and+the+Ramjanmabhumi+Dispute&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism&rft.pages=279-281%2C+289-294%2C+context%3A+279-298&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2009). "Defence". Hindu Nationalism. Princeton University Press. pp. 299–302, context: 299–312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defence&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism&rft.pages=299-302%2C+context%3A+299-312&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2009). "Secularism". Hindu Nationalism. Princeton University Press. pp. 313–317, context: 313–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Secularism&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism&rft.pages=313-317%2C+context%3A+313-340&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2009). "The Economy". Hindu Nationalism. 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The Hindu. 12 February 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029230134/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/A-yen-for-Sanskritised-Hindi/article60435857.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. 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Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+siege+of+Bollywood&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2021%2F02%2F25%2Fthe-siege-of-bollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-162"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajGurmat2022" class="citation news cs1">Raj, Kaushik; Gurmat, Sabah (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/30/bollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite">"Bollywood under siege as rightwing social media boycotts start to bite"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bollywood+under+siege+as+rightwing+social+media+boycotts+start+to+bite&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft.au=Gurmat%2C+Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2022%2Fsep%2F30%2Fbollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/boycott-bollywood-trend-impact-on-industry-explained-8115054/">"Explained: The #BoycottBollywood trend, and its impact on the industry"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+The+%23BoycottBollywood+trend%2C+and+its+impact+on+the+industry&rft.date=2022-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-culture%2Fboycott-bollywood-trend-impact-on-industry-explained-8115054%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> McCartney, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6274287/The_Sanitising_Power_of_Spoken_Sanskrit">"The Sanitising Power of Spoken Sanskrit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223033/https://www.academia.edu/6274287/The_Sanitising_Power_of_Spoken_Sanskrit">Archived</a> 7 October 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Himāl South Asian (2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/2079526/explaining-indian-hindu-right-wings-hate-for-the-urdu-language">"Why does India's Hindu right-wing hate the Urdu language so much?"</a>. Quartz. 26 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029230133/https://qz.com/india/2079526/explaining-indian-hindu-right-wings-hate-for-the-urdu-language">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Why+does+India%27s+Hindu+right-wing+hate+the+Urdu+language+so+much%3F&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Findia%2F2079526%2Fexplaining-indian-hindu-right-wings-hate-for-the-urdu-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot2009-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2009_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (10 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA23">Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 2–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223038/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Gujarat+to+tighten+cow+slaughter+law&rft.aulast=Langa&rft.aufirst=Mahesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Fgujarat-to-tighten-cow-slaughter-law%2Farticle17754329.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/life-term-for-killing-cows-cm-vijay-rupani-says-want-vegetarian-gujarat-slaughterhouses-cow-protection-4594523/">"Life term for killing cows, Chief Minister Vijay Rupani says want 'vegetarian' Gujarat"</a>. The Indian Express. 1 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401182503/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/life-term-for-killing-cows-cm-vijay-rupani-says-want-vegetarian-gujarat-slaughterhouses-cow-protection-4594523/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Life+term+for+killing+cows%2C+Chief+Minister+Vijay+Rupani+says+want+%27vegetarian%27+Gujarat&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Flife-term-for-killing-cows-cm-vijay-rupani-says-want-vegetarian-gujarat-slaughterhouses-cow-protection-4594523%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cattle-smuggling-slaughter-to-be-punishable-under-nsa-gangsters-act-in-up/story-y7yzwXPWtMvu8aj0UzPArJ.html">"Cattle smuggling, slaughter in UP now punishable under National Security Act"</a>. Hindustan Times. 6 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608100135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cattle-smuggling-slaughter-to-be-punishable-under-nsa-gangsters-act-in-up/story-y7yzwXPWtMvu8aj0UzPArJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Cattle+smuggling%2C+slaughter+in+UP+now+punishable+under+National+Security+Act&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Flucknow%2Fcattle-smuggling-slaughter-to-be-punishable-under-nsa-gangsters-act-in-up%2Fstory-y7yzwXPWtMvu8aj0UzPArJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeenews.india.com/india/assam-bans-sale-of-beef-within-5-km-radius-of-any-temple-passes-cattle-preservation-bill-2384702.html">"Assam bans sale of beef within 5 km radius of any temple, passes Cattle Preservation Bill"</a>. Zee News. 14 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314094331/https://zeenews.india.com/india/assam-bans-sale-of-beef-within-5-km-radius-of-any-temple-passes-cattle-preservation-bill-2384702.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=Assam+bans+sale+of+beef+within+5+km+radius+of+any+temple%2C+passes+Cattle+Preservation+Bill&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Findia%2Fassam-bans-sale-of-beef-within-5-km-radius-of-any-temple-passes-cattle-preservation-bill-2384702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-assembly-passes-cow-protection-bill/article35905184.ece">"Assam Assembly passes cow protection Bill"</a>. The Hindu. 14 August 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314092927/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-assembly-passes-cow-protection-bill/article35905184.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Assam+Assembly+passes+cow+protection+Bill&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fassam-assembly-passes-cow-protection-bill%2Farticle35905184.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham2007-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Graham2007_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Desmond_Graham2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Desmond Graham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7"><bdi>978-0-521-05374-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+Indian+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Bharatiya+Jana+Sangh&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05374-7&rft.au=Bruce+Desmond+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxMgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Desmond_Graham2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Desmond Graham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 66 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7"><bdi>978-0-521-05374-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+Indian+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Bharatiya+Jana+Sangh&rft.pages=66+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05374-7&rft.au=Bruce+Desmond+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxMgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Desmond_Graham2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Desmond Graham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7"><bdi>978-0-521-05374-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+Indian+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Bharatiya+Jana+Sangh&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05374-7&rft.au=Bruce+Desmond+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxMgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-198"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_198-0">^</a> [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1993" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Sumit (1 January 1993). "The Fascism of the Sangh Parivar". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (5): 163–167. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399339">4399339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Fascism+of+the+Sangh+Parivar&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=163-167&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4399339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> [b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Aijaz (1993). "Fascism and National Culture: Reading Gramsci in the Days of Hindutva". 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Economic and Political Weekly. Research in Political Economy. 51 (53). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS0161-7230201530A">10.1108/S0161-7230201530A</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78560-295-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78560-295-5"><bdi>978-1-78560-295-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164125/http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/53/review-article/hindutva-and-fascism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2017. 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Patterns of Prejudice. 54 (3): 215–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F77740">10852/77740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221839031">221839031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223543/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861#d1e144">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Hindutva+as+a+variant+of+right-wing+extremism&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-237&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F77740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221839031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861&rft.aulast=Leidig&rft.aufirst=Eviane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy, Deepa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00289.x">"Capturing Hindutva: Rhetorics and Strategies"</a>. Religion Compass. 5 (8): 427–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00289.x">10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00289.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8171">1749-8171</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711003616/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00289.x">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=Capturing+Hindutva%3A+Rhetorics+and+Strategies&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=427-438&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00289.x&rft.issn=1749-8171&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Deepa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00289.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (10 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-01-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXWgr53A5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaarma2023" class="citation web cs1">Shaarma, Shubham (2 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231230151607/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/thread-that-binds-hindutva-and-zionism">"Thread that binds Hindutva and Zionism"</a>. nationalheraldindia.com. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/world/hindutva-israel-tweets-palestine-conflict">the original</a> on 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wire.in&rft.atitle=Unpacking+the+Hindutva+Embrace+of+Israel&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=Angshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fworld%2Fhindutva-israel-tweets-palestine-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2019" class="citation web cs1">Bose, Sumantra (14 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230728063639/https://theconversation.com/why-indias-hindu-nationalists-worship-israels-nation-state-model-111450">"Why India's Hindu nationalists worship Israel's nation-state model"</a>. theconversation.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-indias-hindu-nationalists-worship-israels-nation-state-model-111450">the original</a> on 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theconversation.com&rft.atitle=Why+India%27s+Hindu+nationalists+worship+Israel%27s+nation-state+model&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-indias-hindu-nationalists-worship-israels-nation-state-model-111450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2023" class="citation web cs1">Hilton, Em (9 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231230151517/https://www.972mag.com/india-israel-zionism-hundutva/">"The violent phobias that bind Hindutva and Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/972mag" class="mw-redirect" title="972mag">972mag</a>. 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Columbia University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0"><bdi>978-0-231-10335-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223700/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2buDDwdgIsC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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University of California Press. pp. 355–360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03642-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03642-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03642-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide+%3A+Analyses%2C+Interpretations%2C+Bibliography&rft.pages=355-360&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03642-0&rft.au=Zeev+Sternhell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2s8OaLD7y_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BesselBessel1996-213"><a href="#cite_ref-BesselBessel1996_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Lyttelton1996" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Lyttelton (1996). <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Richard Bessel</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJvzjv12CkcC">Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47711-6"><bdi>978-0-521-47711-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223545/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJvzjv12CkcC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-2305-6"><bdi>1-4008-2305-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Wave%3A+Democracy+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-4008-2305-6&rft.au=Thomas+Blom+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqn3OIGE54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/farmer-protests-caste-modi-shudra-obc">"The farm laws are an assault on Shudra power"</a>. The Caravan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223651/https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/farmer-protests-caste-modi-shudra-obc">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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Retrieved 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India%27s+Soundtrack+of+Hate%2C+With+a+Pop+Sheen&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-hindutva-pop-narendra-modi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehbar" class="citation web cs1">Rehbar, Quratulain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/2/hindutva-pop-the-singers-producing-anti-muslim-music-in-india">"'Hindutva pop': The singers producing anti-Muslim music in India"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527115935/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/2/hindutva-pop-the-singers-producing-anti-muslim-music-in-india">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=%27Hindutva+pop%27%3A+The+singers+producing+anti-Muslim+music+in+India&rft.aulast=Rehbar&rft.aufirst=Quratulain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F6%2F2%2Fhindutva-pop-the-singers-producing-anti-muslim-music-in-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenDamle1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Andersen" title="Walter K. Andersen">Andersen, Walter K.</a>; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press]. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Delhi: Vistaar Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brotherhood+in+Saffron%3A+The+Rashtriya+Swayamsevak+Sangh+and+Hindu+Revivalism&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Vistaar+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Walter+K.&rft.au=Damle%2C+Shridhar+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine2009" class="citation book cs1">Augustine, Sali (2009). "Religion and Cultural Nationalism: Socio-Political Dynamism of Communal Violence in India". In Erich Kolig; Vivienne S. M. Angeles; Sam Wong (eds.). Identity in Crossroad Civilisations. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 65–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-127-4"><bdi>978-90-8964-127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Cultural+Nationalism%3A+Socio-Political+Dynamism+of+Communal+Violence+in+India&rft.btitle=Identity+in+Crossroad+Civilisations&rft.pages=65-83&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-127-4&rft.aulast=Augustine&rft.aufirst=Sali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharat_Prakashan1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Prakashan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bharat Prakashan (page does not exist)">Bharat Prakashan</a> (1955). Shri Guruji: The Man and His Mission, On the Occasion of His 51st Birthday. Delhi: Bharat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24593952">24593952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shri+Guruji%3A+The+Man+and+His+Mission%2C+On+the+Occasion+of+His+51st+Birthday&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Bharat+Prakashan&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24593952&rft.au=Bharat+Prakashan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElst1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (1997). Bharatiya Janata Party Vis-a-vis Hindu Resurgence. Voice of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185990477" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185990477"><bdi>978-8185990477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bharatiya+Janata+Party+Vis-a-vis+Hindu+Resurgence&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8185990477&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert (2008). "Hindutva as a Political Religion: An Historical Perspective". In R. Griffin; R. Mallett and J. Tortorice (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGOHDAAAQBAJ">The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics: Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 178–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24163-3"><bdi>978-0-230-24163-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224810/https://books.google.com/books?id=JGOHDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindutva+as+a+Political+Religion%3A+An+Historical+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+in+Twentieth-Century+Politics%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Professor+Stanley+G.+Payne&rft.pages=178-200&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-24163-3&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGOHDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolwalkar2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar, M. S.</a> (2007) [first published in 1939 by Bharat Prakashan]. "We, or our Nationhood Defined (Extracts)". In Christophe Jaffrelot (ed.). Hindu Nationalism - A Reader. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13097-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13097-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13097-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=We%2C+or+our+Nationhood+Defined+%28Extracts%29&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+-+A+Reader&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13097-2&rft.aulast=Golwalkar&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyal1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Des_Raj_Goyal" title="Des Raj Goyal">Goyal, Des Raj</a> (1979). Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Delhi: Radha Krishna Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836405668" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836405668"><bdi>978-0836405668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashtriya+Swayamsevak+Sangh&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Radha+Krishna+Prakashan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0836405668&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=Des+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1968" class="citation cs2">Graham, B. D. (1968), "Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative", in D. A. Low (ed.), Soundings in Modern South Asian History, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CO7K5">B0000CO7K5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syama+Prasad+Mookerjee+and+the+communalist+alternative&rft.btitle=Soundings+in+Modern+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CO7K5%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850653011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850653011"><bdi>978-1850653011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+and+Indian+Politics&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1850653011&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatju2013" class="citation book cs1">Katju, Manjari (2013). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2476-7"><bdi>978-81-250-2476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vishva+Hindu+Parishad+and+Indian+Politics&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2476-7&rft.aulast=Katju&rft.aufirst=Manjari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeer1988" class="citation book cs1">Keer, Dhananjay (1988). Veer Savarkar. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861321827" title="Special:BookSources/9780861321827"><bdi>9780861321827</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221231727">221231727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veer+Savarkar&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221231727&rft.isbn=9780861321827&rft.aulast=Keer&rft.aufirst=Dhananjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2011" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Ananth V. (2011). India since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131734650" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131734650"><bdi>978-8131734650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+since+Independence%3A+Making+Sense+of+Indian+Politics&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8131734650&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Ananth+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_Pandey" title="Gyanendra Pandey">Pandey, Gyanendra</a> (1993). "Which of Us are Hindus?". In Gyanendra Pandey (ed.). Hindus and Others: The Question of Identity in India Today. New Delhi: Viking. pp. 238–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Which+of+Us+are+Hindus%3F&rft.btitle=Hindus+and+Others%3A+The+Question+of+Identity+in+India+Today&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=238-272&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Gyanendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._N._Panikkar" title="K. N. Panikkar">Panikkar, K. N.</a> (1993). "Culture and Communalism". Social Scientist. 21 (3/4): 24–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517629">10.2307/3517629</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517629">3517629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Culture+and+Communalism&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517629%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._N._Panikkar" title="K. N. Panikkar">Panikkar, K. N.</a> (13 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2106/stories/20040326005400400.htm">"In the Name of Nationalism"</a>. Frontline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904095012/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2106/stories/20040326005400400.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=In+the+Name+of+Nationalism&rft.date=2004-03-13&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2106%2Fstories%2F20040326005400400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvathy1994" class="citation book cs1">Parvathy, A. A. (1994). Secularism and Hindutva, A Discursive Study. Codewood Process & Printing. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006F4Y1A">B0006F4Y1A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism+and+Hindutva%2C+A+Discursive+Study&rft.pub=Codewood+Process+%26+Printing&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006F4Y1A%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Parvathy&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Andersen" title="Walter K. Andersen">Andersen, Walter K.</a>, "Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face", In The New Politics of the Right: Neo–Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, ed. Hans–Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 219–232. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21134-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21134-1">0-312-21134-1</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21338-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21338-7">0-312-21338-7</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2014" class="citation journal cs1">Desai, Radhika (30 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/35/special-articles/latter-day-fascism.html">"A latter day fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a>. 49 (35). Sameeksha Trust (India): 48–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081005/http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/35/special-articles/latter-day-fascism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=A+latter+day+fascism&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=48-58&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Radhika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fjournal%2F2014%2F35%2Fspecial-articles%2Flatter-day-fascism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie T.</a>, ‘The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation’, in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project 4, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 617–652. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4">0-226-50885-4</a>)</li> <li>Gold, Daniel, "Organised Hinduisms: From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation" in: Fundamentalisms Observed: The Fundamentalism Project Vol. 4, eds. M. E. Marty, R. S. Appleby, University of Chicago Press (1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8">978-0-226-50878-8</a>, pp. 531–593.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonacha1993" class="citation journal cs1">Poonacha, Veena (13 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.in/journal/1993/11/commentary/hindutva-s-hidden-agenda-why-women-fear-religious-fundamentalism.html">"Hindutva's hidden agenda: why women fear religious fundamentalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a>. 28 (11). Sameeksha Trust (India): 438–439. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042629/http://www.epw.in/journal/1993/11/commentary/hindutva-s-hidden-agenda-why-women-fear-religious-fundamentalism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Hindutva%27s+hidden+agenda%3A+why+women+fear+religious+fundamentalism&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=438-439&rft.date=1993-03-13&rft.aulast=Poonacha&rft.aufirst=Veena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fjournal%2F1993%2F11%2Fcommentary%2Fhindutva-s-hidden-agenda-why-women-fear-religious-fundamentalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partha_Banerjee" title="Partha Banerjee">Banerjee, Partha</a>, In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120205048" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120205048">978-8120205048</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chetan_Bhatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chetan Bhatt (page does not exist)">Bhatt, Chetan</a>, Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths, Berg Publishers (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-348-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-348-4">1-85973-348-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinayak_Chaturvedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinayak Chaturvedi (page does not exist)">Chaturvedi, Vinayak</a>, Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History (Albany: SUNY, 2022).</li> <li>Hansen, Thomas Blom; Roy, Srirupa, eds. (2022). Saffron Republic: Hindu Nationalism and State Power in India. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Desai, Radhika. Slouching Towards Ayodhya: From Congress to Hindutva in Indian Politics (2nd ed.), New Delhi: Three Essays, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meera_Nanda" title="Meera Nanda">Nanda, Meera</a>, The God Market: How Globalization Is Making India More Hindu, Noida, Random House India. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-095-5">978-81-8400-095-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_C._Nussbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha C. Nussbaum">Nussbaum, Martha C.</a>, The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence and India's Future, Harvard University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03059-6">978-0-674-03059-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuniyani2005" class="citation book cs1">Puniyani, Ram, ed. (2005). Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times. New Delhi; Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761933380" title="Special:BookSources/9780761933380"><bdi>9780761933380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+power+%26+violence%3A+expression+of+politics+in+contemporary+times&rft.place=New+Delhi%3B+Thousand+Oaks%2C+Cal.&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780761933380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampath2019" class="citation book cs1">Sampath, Vikram (2019). <a href="/wiki/Savarkar:_Echoes_from_a_Forgotten_Past" class="mw-redirect" title="Savarkar: Echoes from a Forgotten Past">Savarkar: Echoes from a Forgotten Past</a> (First ed.). Penguin Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670090303" title="Special:BookSources/9780670090303"><bdi>9780670090303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savarkar%3A+Echoes+from+a+Forgotten+Past&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Penguin+Viking&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780670090303&rft.aulast=Sampath&rft.aufirst=Vikram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindutva" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ruthven, Malise, Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, USA (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921270-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921270-5">978-0-19-921270-5</a>.</li> <li>Sharma, Jyotirmaya, Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism, Penguin Global (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-04990-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-04990-5">0-670-04990-5</a>.</li> <li>Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity, Blackwell Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20862-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20862-3">0-631-20862-3</a></li> <li>Webb, Adam Kempton, Beyond the global culture war: Global horizons, CRC Press (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415953139" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415953139">978-0415953139</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Hindu nationalist sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Saffron_Swastika" class="mw-redirect" title="The Saffron Swastika">The Saffron Swastika: The Notion of "Hindu Fascism"</a>. New Delhi: Voice of India, 2001, 2 Vols., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85990-69-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-85990-69-7">81-85990-69-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060528235634/http://www.indiastar.com/rameshrao.html">IndiaStar Review of Books review</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060520001544/http://www.asianetglobal.com:8080/asianet/2004/news/detailedstory.jsp?catId=10&newsId=2">Asianet review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a>: Decolonizing the Hindu Mind: Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism. Rupa, Delhi 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Goel, Sita Ram</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voi.org/books/pipp/index.html">Perversion of India's Political Parlance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126175535/http://www.voi.org/books/pipp/index.html">Archived</a> 26 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Voice of India, Delhi 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Goel, Sita Ram</a> (editor): Time for Stock Taking. Whither Sangh Parivar? Voice of India, Delhi, 1997. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185990484" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185990484">978-8185990484</a>)</li> <li>Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar: <a href="/wiki/Hindutva_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva (book)">Hindutva</a>. Bharati Sahitya Sadan, Delhi 1989 (1923).</li> <li>Tembarai Krishnamachari, Rajesh: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301075925/http://southasiaanalysis.org/paper883">"Call for an intellectual kshatriya"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, South Asia Analysis Group, Paper 883, Jan 2004.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919617">Hindutva</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hindutva%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hindutva%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hindutva%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Hindutva%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Hindutva</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/">Hindutva Harassment Field Manual</a>—On what to do in cases of Hindutva harassment</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sangh_Parivar_(RSS_Family_of_Organisations)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FF9933;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sangh_Parivar" title="Template:Sangh Parivar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sangh_Parivar" title="Template talk:Sangh Parivar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sangh_Parivar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sangh Parivar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sangh_Parivar_(RSS_Family_of_Organisations)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar (RSS Family of Organisations)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Foundation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Political party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (1980-present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> (1951-1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Ram_Rajya_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad</a> (1948-1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Religion-specific wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jagarana_Vedike" title="Hindu Jagarana Vedike">Hindu Jagarana Vedike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharm_Jagaran_Samiti" title="Dharm Jagaran Samiti">Dharm Jagaran Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra_Sena" title="Hindu Rashtra Sena">Hindu Rashtra Sena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Strata and trade-based wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Farmers wing: <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hindu_Students%27_Forum" title="National Hindu Students' Forum">National Hindu Students' Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">NGOs and social welfare:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Kendra" title="Vivekananda Kendra">Vivekananda Kendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Tribals_Society" title="Friends of Tribals Society">Friends of Tribals Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Lok_Shiksha_Parishad" title="Bharat Lok Shiksha Parishad">Bharat Lok Shiksha Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Development_and_Relief_Fund" title="India Development and Relief Fund">India Development and Relief Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Think tank affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India Foundation</li> <li>India Policy Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_Jagaran_Manch" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi Jagaran Manch">Swadeshi Jagaran Manch</a></li> <li>Syama Prasad Mookerjee Research Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_International_Foundation" title="Vivekananda International Foundation">Vivekananda International Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Project specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarimala_Ayyappa_Seva_Samajam" title="Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam">Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Region specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Aikya_Vedi" title="Hindu Aikya Vedi">Hindu Aikya Vedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">News and communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Samvad_Kendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Samvad Kendra">Vishwa Samvad Kendra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samskrita_Bharati" title="Samskrita Bharati">Samskrita Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreeda_Bharati" title="Kreeda Bharati">Kreeda Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_Military_Education_Society" title="Central Hindu Military Education Society">Central Hindu Military Education Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sarsanghchalaks_of_the_Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Sarsanghchalaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Bhagwat" title="Mohan Bhagwat">Mohan Bhagwat</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Sudarshan" title="K. S. Sudarshan">K. S. Sudarshan</a> (2000–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Singh_(RSS)" title="Rajendra Singh (RSS)">Rajendra Singh</a> (1994–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Dattatraya_Deoras" title="Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras">Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras</a> (1973–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> (1940–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Vasudev_Paranjape" title="Laxman Vasudev Paranjape">Laxman Vasudev Paranjape</a> (1930–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">K. B. Hedgewar</a> (1925–1930 and 1931–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Other Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Head of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> (Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> (Deputy Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a> (President of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a> (Vice President of India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Freedom fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">Balkrishna Shivram Moonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Senior affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Singhal" title="Ashok Singhal">Ashok Singhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Apte" title="Babasaheb Apte">Babasaheb Apte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Thackeray" title="Bal Thackeray">Bal Thackeray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Ranade" title="Eknath Ranade">Eknath Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhakar_Balwant_Dani" title="Prabhakar Balwant Dani">Prabhakar Balwant Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praveen_Togadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Praveen Togadia">Praveen Togadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Madhav" title="Ram Madhav">Ram Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Das_Paramhans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramchandra Das Paramhans">Ramchandra Das Paramhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Apte" title="S. S. Apte">S. S. Apte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Joshi_(RSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suresh Joshi (RSS)">Suresh Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji_Bhide" title="Sambhaji Bhide">Sambhaji Bhide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giriraj_Kishore" title="Giriraj Kishore">Giriraj Kishore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Govindacharya" title="K. N. Govindacharya">K. N. Govindacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Rao_Bhagwat" title="Madhukar Rao Bhagwat">Madhukar Rao Bhagwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Karpatri" title="Swami Karpatri">Swami Karpatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Sangh_Parivar" title="Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">David Frawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Agrawal" title="D. P. Agrawal">D. P. Agrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar_Chakrabarti" title="Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti">Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Malhotra" title="Rajiv Malhotra">Rajiv Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(author)" title="Ram Gopal (author)">Ram Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Kak" title="Subhash Kak">Subhash Kak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Chavhanke" title="Suresh Chavhanke">Suresh Chavhanke</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balraj_Madhok" title="Balraj Madhok">Balraj Madhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girilal_Jain" title="Girilal Jain">Girilal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">K. S. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Rajaram" title="N. S. Rajaram">N. S. Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Krishna" title="Raj Krishna">Raj Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Dixit" title="Rajiv Dixit">Rajiv Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Swaraj Prakash Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Cultural Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Equality without appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoritarianism" title="Minoritarianism">Anti-minoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva_Dharma_Sama_Bhava" title="Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava">Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhaiva_Kutumbakam" title="Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam">Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma-Dhamma unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Unity of Indian-origin religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bharatiya_Janata_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;;background:#FF9933"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Template:Bharatiya Janata Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Template talk:Bharatiya Janata Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bharatiya Janata Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bharatiya_Janata_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party">Party presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> (1980–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a> (1986–91, 1993–98, 2004–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a> (1991–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushabhau_Thakre" title="Kushabhau Thakre">Kushabhau Thakre</a> (1998–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaru_Laxman" title="Bangaru Laxman">Bangaru Laxman</a> (2000–01)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_Krishnamurthi" title="Jana Krishnamurthi">Jana Krishnamurthi</a> (2001–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a> (2002–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> (2006–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitin_Gadkari" title="Nitin Gadkari">Nitin Gadkari</a> (2009–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a> (2014–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Nadda" title="J. P. Nadda">J. P. Nadda</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasundhara_Raje" title="Vasundhara Raje">Vasundhara Raje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudan_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudan Singh (page does not exist)">Saudan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijayant_Panda" title="Baijayant Panda">Baijayant Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Pandey" title="Saroj Pandey">Saroj Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekha_Verma" title="Rekha Verma">Rekha Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annpurna_Devi" title="Annpurna Devi">Annpurna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharti_Shiyal" title="Bharti Shiyal">Bharti Shiyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Aruna" title="D. K. Aruna">D. K. Aruna</a></li> <li>M. Chuba Ao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Abdullakutty" title="A. P. Abdullakutty">A. P. Abdullakutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxmikant_Bajpai" title="Laxmikant Bajpai">Laxmikant Bajpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Usendi" title="Lata Usendi">Lata Usendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Mansoor" title="Tariq Mansoor">Tariq Mansoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> (1996; 1998–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a> (2002–2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Other prominent leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavurao_Deshpande" title="Bhavurao Deshpande">Bhavurao Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Goyal" title="Piyush Goyal">Piyush Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandiben_Patel" title="Anandiben Patel">Anandiben Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smriti_Irani" title="Smriti Irani">Smriti Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Abbas_Naqvi" title="Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi">Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushil_Kumar_Modi" title="Sushil Kumar Modi">Sushil Kumar Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Naik" title="Ram Naik">Ram Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvendu_Adhikari" title="Suvendu Adhikari">Suvendu Adhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbananda_Sonowal" title="Sarbananda Sonowal">Sarbananda Sonowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakant_Bacchu_Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrakant Bacchu Patil">Chandrakant Bacchu Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Ghosh_(politician)" title="Dilip Ghosh (politician)">Dilip Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Tsering_Namgyal" title="Jamyang Tsering Namgyal">Jamyang Tsering Namgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Khurana" title="Madan Lal Khurana">Madan Lal Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_Singh_Verma" title="Sahib Singh Verma">Sahib Singh Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshubhai_Patel" title="Keshubhai Patel">Keshubhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta_Kumar" title="Shanta Kumar">Shanta Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Kumar_Dhumal" title="Prem Kumar Dhumal">Prem Kumar Dhumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babulal_Marandi" title="Babulal Marandi">Babulal Marandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Munda" title="Arjun Munda">Arjun Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Sadananda_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="D. V. Sadananda Gowda">D. V. Sadananda Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Shettar" title="Jagadish Shettar">Jagadish Shettar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Bharti" title="Uma Bharti">Uma Bharti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babulal_Gaur" title="Babulal Gaur">Babulal Gaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Fadnavis" title="Devendra Fadnavis">Devendra Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Bhairon Singh Shekhawat">Bhairon Singh Shekhawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prakash_Gupta" title="Ram Prakash Gupta">Ram Prakash Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdambika_Pal" title="Jagdambika Pal">Jagdambika Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Swami_(politician)" title="Nityanand Swami (politician)">Nityanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh_Koshyari" title="Bhagat Singh Koshyari">Bhagat Singh Koshyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._C._Khanduri" title="B. C. Khanduri">B. C. Khanduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Pokhriyal" title="Ramesh Pokhriyal">Ramesh Pokhriyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivendra_Singh_Rawat" title="Trivendra Singh Rawat">Trivendra Singh Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Chand_Kataria" title="Gulab Chand Kataria">Gulab Chand Kataria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hriday_Narayan_Dikshit" title="Hriday Narayan Dikshit">Hriday Narayan Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biswabhusan_Harichandan" title="Biswabhusan Harichandan">Biswabhusan Harichandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaru_Dattatreya" title="Bandaru Dattatreya">Bandaru Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajubhai_Vala" title="Vajubhai Vala">Vajubhai Vala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalraj_Mishra" title="Kalraj Mishra">Kalraj Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banwarilal_Purohit" title="Banwarilal Purohit">Banwarilal Purohit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilisai_Soundararajan" title="Tamilisai Soundararajan">Tamilisai Soundararajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Sinha" title="Manoj Sinha">Manoj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Yediyurappa" title="B. S. Yediyurappa">B. S. Yediyurappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himanta_Biswa_Sarma" title="Himanta Biswa Sarma">Himanta Biswa Sarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party">Current chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Khandu" title="Pema Khandu">Pema Khandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himanta_Biswa_Sarma" title="Himanta Biswa Sarma">Himanta Biswa Sarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Deo_Sai" title="Vishnu Deo Sai">Vishnu Deo Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Sawant" title="Pramod Sawant">Pramod Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendrabhai_Patel" title="Bhupendrabhai Patel">Bhupendrabhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayab_Singh_Saini" title="Nayab Singh Saini">Nayab Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Yadav" title="Mohan Yadav">Mohan Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Charan_Majhi" title="Mohan Charan Majhi">Mohan Charan Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan_Lal_Sharma" title="Bhajan Lal Sharma">Bhajan Lal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Biren_Singh" title="N. Biren Singh">N. Biren Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manik_Saha" title="Manik Saha">Manik Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkar_Singh_Dhami" title="Pushkar Singh Dhami">Pushkar Singh Dhami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">Current deputy chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowna_Mein" title="Chowna Mein">Chowna Mein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Fadnavis" title="Devendra Fadnavis">Devendra Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanthungo_Patton" title="Yanthungo Patton">Yanthungo Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Pathak" title="Brajesh Pathak">Brajesh Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Prasad_Maurya" title="Keshav Prasad Maurya">Keshav Prasad Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samrat_Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Samrat Chaudhary">Samrat Chaudhary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Sinha" title="Vijay Kumar Sinha">Vijay Kumar Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Sao" title="Arun Sao">Arun Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Sharma_(politician)" title="Vijay Sharma (politician)">Vijay Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Shukla_(politician)" title="Rajendra Shukla (politician)">Rajendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Devda" title="Jagdish Devda">Jagdish Devda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_Kumari" title="Diya Kumari">Diya Kumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Chand_Bairwa" title="Prem Chand Bairwa">Prem Chand Bairwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanak_Vardhan_Singh_Deo" title="Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo">Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravati_Parida" title="Pravati Parida">Pravati Parida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current national spokespersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Baluni" title="Anil Baluni">Anil Baluni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Mayukh" title="Sanjay Mayukh">Sanjay Mayukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambit_Patra" title="Sambit Patra">Sambit Patra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhanshu_Trivedi" title="Sudhanshu Trivedi">Sudhanshu Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahnawaz_Hussain" title="Syed Shahnawaz Hussain">Syed Shahnawaz Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Pratap_Rudy" title="Rajiv Pratap Rudy">Rajiv Pratap Rudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Kohli" title="Nalin Kohli">Nalin Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Chandrasekhar" title="Rajeev Chandrasekhar">Rajeev Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>Gaurav Bhatia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Zafar_Islam" title="Syed Zafar Islam">Syed Zafar Islam</a></li> <li>Tom Vadakkan</li> <li>Sanju Verma</li> <li>Gopal Krishna Agarwal</li> <li>Iqbal Singh Lalpura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._P._Singh_(politician)" title="R. P. Singh (politician)">R. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyavardhan_Singh_Rathore" title="Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore">Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparajita_Sarangi" title="Aparajita Sarangi">Aparajita Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heena_Gavit" title="Heena Gavit">Heena Gavit</a></li> <li>Guruprakash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmhonlumo_Kikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mmhonlumo Kikon">Mmhonlumo Kikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Bista" title="Raju Bista">Raju Bista</a></li> <li>K. K. Sharma</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current general secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Singh_(Indian_politician)" title="Arun Singh (Indian politician)">Arun Singh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dushyant_Kumar_Gautam" title="Dushyant Kumar Gautam">Dushyant Kumar Gautam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarun_Chugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarun Chugh (page does not exist)">Tarun Chugh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Tawde" title="Vinod Tawde">Vinod Tawde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Bansal" title="Sunil Bansal">Sunil Bansal</a></li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Radha_Mohan_Das_Agarwal" title="Radha Mohan Das Agarwal">Radha Mohan Das Agarwal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._L._Santhosh" title="B. L. Santhosh">B. L. Santhosh</a> (Organisation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prakash" title="Shiv Prakash">Shiv Prakash</a> (Organisation)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current national secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijaya_Rahatkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijaya Rahatkar (page does not exist)">Vijaya Rahatkar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvind_Menon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arvind Menon (page does not exist)">Arvind Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankaja_Munde" title="Pankaja Munde">Pankaja Munde</a></li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Narendra Singh">Narendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alka_Gujar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alka Gujar (page does not exist)">Alka Gujar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Dhurve" title="Om Prakash Dhurve">Om Prakash Dhurve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rituraj_Sinha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rituraj Sinha (page does not exist)">Rituraj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Prasad_Tasa" title="Kamakhya Prasad Tasa">Kamakhya Prasad Tasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Singh_Nagar" title="Surendra Singh Nagar">Surendra Singh Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anil_Antony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anil Antony (page does not exist)">Anil Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjinder_Singh_Sirsa" title="Manjinder Singh Sirsa">Manjinder Singh Sirsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Dhankar" title="Om Prakash Dhankar">Om Prakash Dhankar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party">Political wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJP_Mahila_Morcha" title="BJP Mahila Morcha">BJP Mahila Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJP_IT_Cell" title="BJP IT Cell">BJP IT Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_units_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party">State Units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_presidents_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="List of state presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party">State Presidents</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Related organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_Jagaran_Manch" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi Jagaran Manch">Swadeshi Jagaran Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party_in_the_Parliament_of_India" title="Leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament of India">Party leaders in the Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party">Rajya Sabha members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exceptionalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exceptionalism" title="Template:Exceptionalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exceptionalism" title="Template talk:Exceptionalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exceptionalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exceptionalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exceptionalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception#The_French_Cultural_Exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural Exception</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chinese_exceptionalism" title="Chinese exceptionalism">Chinese exceptionalism</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a> (Europe & <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism#European_exceptionalism" title="Eurocentrism">European exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_exceptionalism" title="Indian exceptionalism">Indian exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_pride" title="Pinoy pride">Pinoy pride</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_exceptionalism" title="Thai exceptionalism">Thai exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_exceptionalism" title="Nicaraguan exceptionalism">Nicaraguan exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Empire" title="Fifth Empire">Fifth Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Religious exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews as the chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> (Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church#Exclusivism" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Debate on Exclusivism in the SDA Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country" title="God's Own Country">God's Own Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China#Zhongguo_and_Zhonghua" title="Names of China">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocentrism" title="Allocentrism">Allocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnocentrism" title="Template:Ethnocentrism">Template:Ethnocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_exceptionalism" title="HIV exceptionalism">HIV exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_chauvinism" title="Carbon chauvinism">Carbon chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_chauvinism" title="Planetary chauvinism">Planetary chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logocentrism" title="Logocentrism">Logocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallocentrism" title="Phallocentrism">Phallocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonocentrism" title="Phonocentrism">Phonocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacist">Supremacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_particularism" title="Multicultural particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocentrism" title="Theocentrism">Theocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism_in_South_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Nationalism in South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Nationalism in South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism in South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism_in_South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> in South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri nationalism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan_National_Front_(Naji)" title="Balawaristan National Front (Naji)">Balawaristan National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha" title="Gorkha Janmukti Morcha">Gorkha Janmukti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathika_Hela_Urumaya" title="Jathika Hela Urumaya">Jathika Hela Urumaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language_Movement" title="Punjabi Language Movement">Punjabi Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a 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